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Li-dinosaur li phetse neng?
Ithute hore na ke hobane'ng ha li-dinosaur li phetse morao tjena, ka nako e le 'ngoe le batho. Ho bonolo ho belaella lilemo tse limilione ho latela bopaki
Tumelo e tloaelehileng ke hore li-dinosaur li ile tsa busa Lefatše ka lilemo tse fetang limilione tse 100 ho fihlela li timela lilemong tse limilione tse 65 tse fetileng. Taba ena e ’nile ea hatisoa ka mehla ka lingoliloeng le mananeo a thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho, kahoo khopolo ea hore li-dinosaur tse phelang lefatšeng lilemong tse limillione tse fetileng e ’nile ea kenngoa ka matla likelellong tsa batho ba bangata. Ha ho nkoe e le ntho e ka etsahalang hore ebe tse kholohali tsena (Boholo bo lekana. Maruarua a kajeno a boima bo ka bang habeli ho feta li-dinosaur tse kholo ka ho fetisisa)liphoofolo li phetse mehleng ea morao tjena le ka nako e le ’ngoe le batho. Ho ea ka khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ho nahanoa hore li-dinosaurs li ne li phela nakong ea Jurassic le Cretaceous, liphoofolo tsa nako ea Cambrian le pejana, 'me liphoofolo tse anyesang li ile tsa hlaha Lefatšeng la ho qetela. Khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho ea lihlopha tsena tse hlahang polaneteng ena ka linako tse fapaneng e matla haholo likelellong tsa batho hoo ba lumelang hore e emela saense ’me ke ’nete, le hoja ho ka khoneha ho fumana lintlha tse ngata khahlanong le khopolo ena. Ka mor'a moo, re tla hlahloba sehlooho sena ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane. Bopaki bo bongata bo bontša hore ha e e-s’o be nako e telele esale li-dinosaur li hlahella lefatšeng. Re sheba bopaki bona nakong e tlang.
Mesaletsa ea li-Dinosaur ha e hlahlojoa . Bopaki ba hore li-dinosaur li kile tsa phela lefatšeng ke mesaletsa ea tsona. Ho itšetlehile ka tsona, hoa khoneha ho tseba boholo le ponahalo ea li-dinosaur le hore e ne e le liphoofolo tsa sebele. Ha ho na lebaka la ho belaela histori ea bona. Leha ho le joalo, taba ea ho ratana ha li-dinosaur ke taba e fapaneng. Le hoja ho ea ka chate ea nako ea jeoloji e entsoeng lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, li-dinosaur li ile tsa timela lilemong tse limilione tse 65 tse fetileng, qeto e joalo e ke ke ea etsoa ho latela mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale. Mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ha e na matšoao a lilemo tsa tsona le hore na li ile tsa fela neng. Ho e-na le hoo, boemo bo botle ba mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ke taba ea lilemo tse likete, eseng limilione tsa lilemo. E bakoa ke mabaka a latelang:
Hase kamehla masapo a senyehang . Mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e fumanoe ho li-dinosaur, empa hape le masapo a sa senyehang. Batho ba bangata ba na le maikutlo a hore mesaletsa eohle ea li-dinosaur e senyehile, kahoo ke ea khale. Ho feta moo, ba nahana hore petrification e nka limilione tsa lilemo. Leha ho le joalo, petrification e ka ba ts'ebetso e potlakileng. Maemong a laboratori, ho 'nile ha khoneha ho hlahisa lehong le entsoeng ka mahlahahlaha ka matsatsi a seng makae. Maemong a loketseng, joalo ka lilibeng tse chesang tse nang le liminerale tse ngata, masapo a ka boela a phunyeha ka mor'a libeke tse 'maloa. Mekhoa ena ha e hloke limilione tsa lilemo. Kahoo ho fumanoe masapo a li-dinosaur a sa tšabehang. Mesaletsa e meng ea li-dinosaur e ka 'na ea siea boholo ba masapo a eona a pele 'me a ka nkha ho bolile. Setsebi sa thuto ea mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale se lumelang thutong ea ho iphetola ha lintho se ile sa bolela ka sebaka se seng se seholo sa ho sibolla mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur hore “masapo ’ohle a Hell Creek a nkha hampe.” Masapo a ka nkha joang ka mor’a lilemo tse limilione tse mashome? Sengoliloeng sa saense se bolela kamoo C. Barreto le sehlopha sa hae sa mosebetsi ba ithutileng masapo a li-dinosaurs tse nyenyane (Saense, 262: 2020-2023), tse neng li sa senyeha. Masapo a hakanyetsoang hore a na le lilemo tse limilione tse 72-84 a ne a e-na le karo-karolelano ea calcium le phosphorus le masapo a kajeno. Khatiso ea pele e senola lintlha tse nyenyane tse bolokiloeng hantle tsa masapo. Ke masapo a manyane feela a senyehileng a fumanoeng libakeng tse ka leboea joalo ka Alberta le Alaska naheng ea Canada. Journal of Paleontology (1987, Moq. 61, No 1, maq. 198-200) e tlaleha tšibollo e ’ngoe e joalo:
Mohlala o tsoileng matsoho le ho feta o ile oa fumanoa lebōpong le ka leboea la Alaska, moo masapo a likete a batlang a sa tšoha ka ho feletseng. Masapo a shebahala 'me a utloahala joaloka masapo a khale a khomo. Ba sibolotseng ha ba ka ba tlaleha ho sibolloa ha bona ka lilemo tse mashome a mabeli hobane ba ne ba nka hore ke linare, eseng masapo a dinosaur.
Potso e ntle ke hore na masapo a ka be a bolokiloe joang ka lilemo tse mashome a limilione? Nakong ea li-dinosaurs, boemo ba leholimo bo ne bo futhumetse, kahoo ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko e ka be e ile ea senya masapo. Taba ea hore masapo ha a na ts'oaetso, a bolokiloe hantle 'me a shebahala a tšoana le a hloekileng a fana ka maikutlo a nakoana ho e-na le nako e telele.
Li-tissue tse bonolo . Joalokaha ho boletsoe, mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ha e na li-tag lilemong tsa tsona. Ha ho motho ea ka bolelang ka tieo hore na lintho tse phelang tse fumanoeng e le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale li bile teng lefatšeng neng. Sena se ke ke sa fumanoa ka ho toba ho mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho fumana mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur, ke temoho e tsotehang ea hore mesaletsa e mengata ea lintho tsa khale e bolokiloe hantle. Ka mohlala, Yle uutiset e tlalehile ka la 5 Tšitoe 2007: "Mesifa ea li-dinosaur le letlalo li fumanoe USA." Litaba tsena ha se tsona feela tsa mofuta oa tsona, empa litaba tse tšoanang le tse hlokometsoeng li ngata. Ho ea ka tlaleho e 'ngoe ea lipatlisiso, li-tissue tse bonolo li 'nile tsa aroloa hoo e ka bang lesapo le leng le le leng la bobeli la dinosaur ho tloha nakong ea Jurassic (lilemo tse 145.5 - 199.6 tse fetileng tsa ho iphetola ha lintho) (1). Mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e bolokiloeng hantle e hlile e makatsa haholo haeba e tsoa lilemong tse fetang limilione tse 65 tse fetileng. Mohlala o motle ke mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e batlang e feletse e fumanoeng libakeng tsa polokelo ea mokoetla oa Pietraroia ka Boroa ho Italy, eo ho ea ka khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho e neng e nkoa e le lilemo tse limilione tse 110, empa sebete sa eona, mala, mesifa le lefufuru li ne li ntse li siiloe. Ho phaella moo, lintlha tse hlollang tse sibolotsoeng ke mala a bolokiloeng, moo mesifa e neng e ntse e ka bonoa. Ho ea ka bafuputsi, mala a ne a shebahala joalokaha eka a sa tsoa khaoloa! ( TREE, August 1998, Moq. 13, No. 8, maq. 303-304) Mohlala o mong ke mesaletsa ea li-pterosaur (e ne e le mekholutsoane e meholo e fofang) e fumanoeng Araripe, Brazil, e neng e bolokiloe hantle ho feta leha e le neng pele. Setsebi sa thuto ea lintho tsa khale sa Univesithi ea London, Stafford House, se boletse ka lintho tsena tse fumanoeng ka mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale (Discover 2/1994):
Hola sebopuwa seo se ne se shwele dikgweding tse tsheletseng tse fetileng, se epetswe le ho tjhekwa, se ne se tla shebahala hantle tjena. E phethahetse ka ho feletseng ka litsela tsohle.
Kahoo, lintho tse fumanoeng tsa linama tse bonolo tse bolokiloeng hantle li entsoe ka li-dinosaur. Liphuputso li tšoana hantle le tse entsoeng ka mammoth, tseo ho nahanoang hore li shoele lilemong tse likete tse seng kae tse fetileng. Potso e ntle ke hore, na mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e ka hlalosoa joang e le ea khale ho feta mesaletsa ea mammoth, haeba ka bobeli li bolokiloe hantle ka ho lekana? Ha ho na motheo o mong bakeng sa sena haese chate ea nako ea jeoloji, e fumanoeng e thulana le se ka bonoang tlholehong hangata. E tla be e le nako ea ho tlohela chate ena ea nako. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe li-dinosaur le mammoth li ne li phela lefatšeng ka nako e le ’ngoe.
Liprotheine tse kang albumin, collagen le osteocalcin li fumanoe mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur. Hape ho fumanoe liprotheine tse senyehang haholo elastin le laminin [Schweitzer, M. le tse ling tsa 6, Biomolecular characterization le protheine sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Se etsang hore litšibollo tsena e be bothata ke hore lintho tsena ha li fumanehe kamehla esita le mesaletsa ea liphoofolo ho tloha mehleng ea kajeno. Mohlala, sampoleng e le 'ngoe ea masapo a maholohali, eo ho neng ho hakanngoa hore e na le lilemo tse 13,000, collagen eohle e ne e se e nyametse (Saense, 1978, 200, 1275). Leha ho le joalo, collagen e qheletsoe ka thoko ho mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur. Ho latela makasine ea litsebi ea Biochemist, collagen e ke ke ea bolokoa esita le ka lilemo tse limilione tse tharo mochesong o loketseng oa likhato tsa Celsius (2) . Taba ea hore liphuputso tse joalo li etsahala khafetsa, e fana ka maikutlo a hore mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e ka ba lilemo tse likete tse 'maloa. Qeto ea lilemo e ipapisitseng le chate ea nako ea jeoloji ha e tsamaellane le litšibollo tsa hajoale.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, hoa tsebahala hore li-biomolecules li ke ke tsa bolokoa ka lilemo tse fetang 100,000 (Bada, J et al. 1999. Ho boloka li-biomolecules tsa bohlokoa tlalehong ea mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale: tsebo ea hona joale le mathata a nakong e tlang. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 354, [1379]). Sena ke sephetho sa lipatlisiso tsa mahlale a mahlale. Collagen, e leng biomolecule ea lisele tsa liphoofolo, ke hore, protheine e tloaelehileng ea sebopeho, hangata e ka arohanngoa le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale. Hoa tsebahala ka protheine eo ho buuoang ka eona hore e robeha kapele masapong, 'me ke mesaletsa ea eona feela e ka bonoang ka mor'a lilemo tse 30,000, ntle le maemo a khethehileng a omileng haholo. Sebaka sa Hell Creek se na le bonnete ba hore se tla fumana pula nako le nako. Ka hona, collagen ha ea lokela ho fumanoa ka "limilione tse 68" lesapo la lilemo tse kileng tsa patoa mobung. (3)
Haeba maikutlo a mabapi le liprotheine tse arohaneng le masapo a dinosaur, tse kang albumin, collagen le osteocalcin, hammoho le DNA li nepahetse, 'me ha re na lebaka la ho belaela ka hloko ea bafuputsi, e thehiloeng lithutong tsena, masapo a tlameha ho tsosolosoa. ha ho na lilemo tse fetang 40,000-50,000, hobane nako e phahameng e ka khonehang ea ho boloka lintho tseo ho buuoang ka tsona ka tlhaho e ke ke ea fetisoa. (4)
Lisele tsa mali . Ntho e ’ngoe e tsotehang ke ho sibolloa ha lisele tsa mali masalla a li-dinosaur. Lisele tsa mali tse nang le nucleated li fumanoe 'me ho fumanoe hore hemoglobin e ntse e le ho tsona. E 'ngoe ea litšibollo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa lisele tsa mali e se e entsoe ka bo-1990 ke Mary Schweitzer. Ho ’nile ha sibolloa tse ling tse tšoanang ho tloha ka nako eo. Potso e ntle ke hore na lisele tsa mali li ka bolokoa joang ka lilemo tse limilione tse mashome kapa li tsoa ho jeoloji morao tjena? Litšibollo tse ngata tsa mofuta ona li belaella chate ea nako ea jeoloji le lilemo tse limilione tsa eona. Ho itšetlehile ka boemo bo botle ba mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, ha ho na mabaka a utloahalang a ho lumela lilemong tse limilione.
Ha Mary Schweitzer a le lilemo li hlano, o ile a phatlalatsa hore e tla ba mofuputsi oa li-dinosaur. Toro ea hae e ile ea phethahala, ’me ha a le lilemo li 38, o ile a khona ho ithuta ka masapo a batlang a bolokiloe ka ho phethahetseng a Tyrannosaurus Rex, a fumanoeng Montana ka 1998 (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Moq. 270, No 19 , leqepheng la 2376–2377). Lilemo tsa skeleton li ne li hakanngoa "lilemo tse limilione tse 80." Ho ile ha fumanoa masapo a ka etsang 90%, 'me a ne a ntse a tiile. Schweitzer o sebetsa ka ho khetheha lipatlisisong tsa linama 'me o ipitsa setsebi sa palaeontologist ea limolek'hule. O ile a khetha marapo a lirope le shinbone ea ho fumanoa 'me a etsa qeto ea ho hlahloba moko oa masapo. Schweitzer o ile a hlokomela hore moko oa masapo o ne o e-s’o ka oa etsoa mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale le hore o ne o bolokiloe hantle ka tsela e makatsang. Lesapo le ne le le ka ho feletseng 'me le bolokiloe hantle haholo. Schweitzer o ile a ithuta eona a sebelisa microscope ’me a hlokomela lintho tse entsoeng ka bohelehele. Li ne li le nyenyane ’me li le chitja ’me li na le khubu, feela joaloka lisele tse khubelu tsa mali tse mothapong oa mali. Empa lisele tsa mali li ka be li ile tsa nyamela masapong a dinosaur lilemo tse fetileng.Schweitzer o re: "Letlalo la ka le ile la ba le makhopho, joalo ka ha ke shebile lesapo la sejoale-joale . Ke ’nete hore ha kea ka ka kholoa seo ke neng ke se bona ’me ka re ho setsebi sa laborateng: ‘Masapo ana a lilemo li limilione tse 65, lisele tsa mali li ne li ka phela nako e telele hakaalo joang?’” ( Science, July 1993, Moq. 261, NW . leqepheng la 160-163). Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho sibolloa hona ke hore ha se masapo 'ohle a neng a fossilized ka ho feletseng. Gayle Callis, mofuputsi ea hloahloa oa masapo, o ile a bontša lisampole tsa masapo sebokeng sa saense moo setsebi sa mafu se ileng sa a bona. Ngaka ea mafu e ile ea re, "Na u ne u tseba hore ho na le lisele tsa mali lesapong lee?" Sena se ile sa etsa hore ho be le monyaka o tsotehang. Mary Schweitzer o ile a bontša Jack Horner, mofuputsi ea tummeng oa li-dinosaur, mohlala oo."Joale u nahana hore ho na le lisele tsa mali ho eona?" , eo Schweitzer a ileng a arabela ka eona, "Che, ha ke tsebe." "Joale, leka feela ho paka hore ha se lisele tsa mali," Horner a araba (EARTH, 1997, June: 55-57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner o nka hore masapo a tenya hoo metsi le oksijene ha lia khona ho li ama.
Radiocarbon . Mokhoa oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa o sebelisoang ho lekanya lilemo tsa lintho tse phelang ke mokhoa oa radiocarbon. Ka mokhoa ona, halofo ea bophelo ea radiocarbon (C-14) ke lilemo tse 5730, kahoo ha ea lokela ho sala ka mor'a lilemo tse ka bang 100,000. Leha ho le joalo, 'nete ke hore radiocarbon e' nile ea fumanoa ka makhetlo a mangata "lilemong tse limilione tse makholo", liliba tsa oli, libōpuoa tsa Cambrian, lichelete tsa mashala esita le litaemane. Ha halofo ea bophelo ea radiocarbon e le lilemo tse likete tse 'maloa feela, sena ha sea lokela ho khoneha haeba lisampole li tsoa lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng. Ntho feela e ka etsahalang ke hore nako ea ho shoa ha lintho tse phelang e ne e le haufi haholo le hona joale, ke hore, likete-kete, eseng limilione tsa lilemo. Bothata bo tšoanang ke ba li-dinosaurs. Ka kakaretso, li-dinosaur ha li e-so be le nako ea radiocarbon, hobane mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e nkuoe e le ea khale haholo bakeng sa ho ratana ka radiocarbon. Leha ho le joalo, ho entsoe litekanyo tse 'maloa' me ho makatsang ke hore radiocarbon e ntse e le teng. Sena, joaloka se hlokometsoeng pele, se fana ka maikutlo a hore e ke ke ea e-ba lilemo tse limilione ho tloha ha libōpuoa tsena li timela. Mantsoe a latelang a qotsitsoeng a bua haholoanyane ka bothata. Sehlopha sa Jeremane sa bafuputsi se tlaleha ka mesaletsa ea radiocarbon ea li-dinosaur tse fumanoeng libakeng tse 'maloa tse fapaneng:
Mesaletsa eo ho nahanoang hore ke ea khale haholo ha se hangata e entsoeng ka carbon-14 hobane ha ea lokela ho ba le radiocarbon efe kapa efe e setseng. Halofo ea bophelo ba khabone ea radioactive e khuts'oane hoo e batlang e senyehile kaofela ka lilemo tse ka tlase ho 100,000. Ka Phato 2012, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba Majeremane se ile sa tlaleha sebokeng sa litsebi tsa thuto ea mahlale ka liphetho tsa litekanyo tsa carbon-14 tse neng li entsoe ka lisampole tse ngata tsa masapo a li-dinosaur. Ho ea ka liphello, mehlala ea masapo e ne e le lilemo tse 22,000-39,000! Bonyane ka nako ea ho ngola, tlhahiso e fumaneha ho YouTube. (6) Phello e ile ea amoheloa joang? Balula-setulo ba babeli, ba neng ba sa khone ho amohela litekanyo, ba ile ba hlakola tlhaloso ea tlhahiso ho websaeteng ea kopano ntle le ho e bolella bo-rasaense. Liphetho li fumaneha ho http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Nyeoe e bontša kamoo paradigm ea tlhaho e amang kateng. Ho batla ho sa khonehe ho fumana liphello tse hanyetsanang le eona e hatisitsoeng mokhatlong oa saense o laoloang ke tlhaho ea tlhaho. Ho ka etsahala hore morara o omisitsoeng o fofa. (7)
DNA . Pontšo e 'ngoe ea hore mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e ke ke ea ba teng lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng ke ho fumanoa ha DNA ho tsona. DNA e arotsoe ho mohlala, About Tyrannosaurus Rex bone material (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) le mahe a dinosaur naheng ea Chaena (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Se etsang hore litšibollo tsa DNA li be thata bakeng sa khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho ke hore esita le ho litopo tsa khale tsa batho kapa li-mammoth tse ’nileng tsa ithutoa, lisampole tsa DNA li ke ke tsa fumanoa kamehla hobane boitsebiso bona bo senyehile. Mohlala o motle ke ha Svante Pääbo a ne a ithuta lisampole tsa linama tsa litopo tsa batho tse 23 musiamong oa Berlin o Uppsala. O ile a khona ho arola DNA ho 'mè a le mong feela, ho bontša hore ntho ena e ke ke ea tšoarella nako e telele (Nature 314: 644-645). Taba ea hore DNA e ntse e le teng ho li-dinosaur e bontša hore mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e ke ke ea e-ba teng lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng. Se etsang hore ho be thata le ho feta ke hore kamora lilemo tse 10,000 ha hoa lokela ho ba le DNA ho hang (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputsong ea morao-rao ho tloha ka 2012, ho ile ha baloa hore halofo ea bophelo ba DNA ke lilemo tse 521 feela. Sena se bontša hore khopolo ea mesaletsa ea khale ea lilemo tse mashome a limilione e ka hanoa. Litabeng tse amanang le tsona (yle.fi> Uutiset> Tiede, 13.10.2012) ho ile ha thoe:
Moeli oa ho qetela oa ho boloka DNA o ile oa fumanoa - litoro tsa cloning dinosaurs li ile tsa fela
Li-Dinosaurs li ile tsa timela lilemong tse limilione tse 65 tse fetileng. DNA ha e phele nako e telele, esita le maemong a loketseng, ho latela phuputso ea morao tjena ... Li-enzyme le likokoana-hloko li qala ho senya DNA ea lisele hang ka mor'a hore phoofolo e shoe. Leha ho le joalo, ho nahanoa hore lebaka le ka sehloohong la sena ke karabelo e bakoang ke metsi. Kaha ho na le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše hoo e ka bang hohle, ha ho pelaelo hore DNA e lokela ho bola ka lebelo le tsitsitseng. Leha ho le joalo, ho fumana sena, pele ho letsatsi lena ha rea ka ra khona ho fumana palo e lekaneng ea mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e neng e ntse e e-na le DNA e setseng. Bo-rasaense ba Denmark le ba Australia joale ba rarolotse sephiri sena, kaha ba ile ba amohela masapo a 158 a nonyana e khōlō ea Moa laboratoring ea bona, ’me masapo a ne a ntse a e-na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse setseng ho ’ona. Masapo a lilemo tse 600 - 8000 'me a tsoa sebakeng se le seng, kahoo a tsofala maemong a tsitsitseng.
Esita le amber ha e khone ho fana ka DNA nako e eketsehileng
Ka ho bapisa lilemo tsa lisampole le litekanyetso tsa ho bola ha DNA, bo-rasaense ba khonne ho bala halofo ea bophelo ea lilemo tse 521. Sena se bolela hore ka mor'a lilemo tse 521 halofo ea manonyeletso a nucleotide ho DNA e ile ea arohana. Ka mor'a lilemo tse ling tse 521 sena se boetse se etsahetse ho halofo ea manonyeletso a setseng joalo-joalo. Bafuputsi ba hlokometse hore le haeba lesapo le ne le ka phomola mochesong o loketseng, manonyeletso kaofela a ka be a ile a robeha ka mor’a lilemo tse limilione tse 68. Esita le ka mor'a lilemo tse milione le halofo, DNA e fetoha e sa baleheng: ho na le boitsebiso bo fokolang haholo bo setseng, hobane likarolo tsohle tsa bohlokoa li felile.
Haeba DNA e ntse e le teng ho li-dinosaurs 'me halofo ea bophelo ba ntho ena e lekantsoe feela ka makholo a lilemo, ho lokela ho nkoa liqeto ho sena. Mohlomong litekanyo tsa DNA ha li tšepahale, kapa maikutlo a mabapi le li-dinosaur tse phetseng lilemong tse mashome a limilione tse fetileng ha se 'nete. Ka sebele khetho ea ho qetela ke 'nete, hobane litekanyo tse ling li boetse li bua ka nako e khutšoanyane, eseng ho limilione tsa lilemo. Ena ke mahlale a ipapisitseng le litekanyo, 'me haeba a hanoa ka ho felletseng, rea ikhelosa.
TIMETSO EA LI-DINOSAURS . Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea timetso ea li-dinosaurs, hangata ho nahanoa hore e etsahetse lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng, qetellong ea nako ea Cretaceous. Ho lumeloa hore li-ammonite, li-belemnite le mefuta e meng ea limela le liphoofolo le tsona li ile tsa ameha timetsong e tšoanang e khōlō. Ho lumeloa hore timetso e felisitse karolo e kholo ea liphoofolo tsa nako ea Cretaceous. Sesosa se seholo sa timetso hangata se ’nile sa nkoa e le meteorite, e ka beng e phahamisitse leru le leholo la lerōle. Leru la lerole le ne le tla koahetse khanya ea letsatsi ka nako e telele, ha limela li ne li tla shoa ’me liphoofolo tse jang limela le tsona li bolaoe ke tlala. Leha ho le joalo, khopolo ea meteorite le likhopolo-taba tsa ho fetoha ha boemo ba leholimo butle li na le bothata bo le bong: ha li hlalose ho fumanoa ha mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ka har’a majoe a thata le lithabeng. Mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e fumanoa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e ka har'a majoe a thata, e leng ntho e tsotehang. Hoa hlolla, hobane ha ho phoofolo e kholo - mohlomong bolelele ba limithara tse 20 - e ka kenang ka har'a lefika le thata. Nako le eona ha e na thuso, hobane haeba u ne u ka leta lilemo tse limilione hore phoofolo e epetsoe fatše ebe e fossilized, e ne e tla bola hantle pele ho nako eo kapa liphoofolo tse ling li ka e ja. Ha e le hantle, neng le neng ha re kopana le li-dinosaur le mesaletsa e meng ea lintho tsa khale, e tlameha ebe li ile tsa patoa ka potlako tlas’a seretse. Mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e ke ke ea tsoaloa ka tsela leha e le efe e 'ngoe:
Ho hlakile hore haeba ho etsoa ha li-deposit ho ne ho ka etsahala butle hakaalo, ho ne ho ke ke ha e-ba le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e neng e ka bolokoa, kaha e ne e ke ke ea patoa ka mashala pele a bola ke asiti ea metsi, kapa pele e ka timetsoa le ho pshatloa. likotoana ha li ntse li hohla le ho otla botlaaseng ba maoatle a sa tebang. Li ka koaheloa ke litšila ka kotsi, moo li patoang ka tšohanyetso. ( Geochronology kapa Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
Qeto ke hore li-dinosaur tsena tse fumanoeng lefatšeng ka bophara e tlameha ebe li ile tsa patoa ka potlako ke ho ritsa ha seretse. Qalong seretse se bonolo se ile sa a pota-pota eaba se ba thata ka tsela e tšoanang le ea samente. Ke ka tsela ena feela moo tšimoloho ea li-dinosaur, mammoth le mesaletsa ea liphoofolo tse ling e ka hlalosoang. Ruri seo se ne se ka etsahala Moroallong. Re sheba tlhaloso, e fanang ka maikutlo a nepahetseng mabapi le sena. E bontša hore li-dinosaur li fumanoa ka har’a mafika a thata, e leng se bontšang hore e tlameha ebe li koahetsoe ke seretse se bonolo. Joale seretse se thatafetse ho ba potoloha. Ke Moroallong feela, empa eseng potolohong e tloaelehileng ea tlhaho, re ne re ka lebella hore ntho e kang eo e etsahale (sehlooho se boetse se bua ka hore na li-eddies tsa metsi li ka be li ile tsa bokella masapo a dinosaur). Litlhaku li kentsoe mongolong kamora moo ho hlakisa:
O ile a ea mahoatateng a South Dakota, moo ho nang le mabota le majoe a majoe a ’mala o khanyang o mofubelu, o mosehla le oa lamunu. Ka mor'a matsatsi a seng makae o ile a fumana masapo a lerako la majoe ao a ileng a hakanya hore ke a mofuta oo a neng a ikemiselitse ho o fumana. Ha a cheka lejoe ho pota-pota masapo , o ile a fumana hore masapo a ne a le ka tatellano ea sebōpeho sa phoofolo. Li ne li se ka har'a qubu joalo ka masapo a dinosaur hangata. Liqubu tse ngata tse joalo e ne eka li entsoe ke sefefo se matla sa metsi. Joale masapo ana a ne a le lejoeng la lehlabathe le leputsoa, le thata haholo . Lejoe la lehlabathe le ne le lokela ho tlosoa ka grader le ho tlosoa ka ho phatloha. Brown le baratani ba hae ba ile ba etsa sekoti botebong ba limithara tse supileng le halofo ho ntša masapo. Ho tlosa skeleton e le 'ngoe e kholo ho ile ha ba nka lehlabula tse peli. Ho hang ha baa ka ba tlosa masapo lejoeng. Ba tsamaisitse mafika ka terene ho a isa setsing sa pokello ea nalane, moo bo-rasaense ba ileng ba khona ho qhekella mafika le ho theha skeleton. Mokholutsoane ona oa mohatelli hona joale o eme ka holong ea lipontšo ea musiamo. (ts.72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler le Harold G. Coffin)
BOHLATSE BO EKETSEHILENG BA MOROALLO . Kahoo 'nete ke hore mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e fumanoa ka har'a majoe a thata, ao ho leng thata ho a tlosa ho ona. Monyetla o le mong feela oa hore na ba kene joang boemong bona ke hore seretse se bonolo se thehile ka potlako ho ba pota-pota eaba se thatafala ho ba lefika. Ketsahalong e kang ea Moroallo, sena se ka ’na sa etsahala. Leha ho le joalo, ho buuoa ka liphoofolo tse khōlō tse kang tsena historing ea batho esita le ka mor’a moroallo, kahoo ha lia ka tsa shoa kaofela ka nako eo. Ho thoe’ng ka bopaki bo bong ba Moroallo? Mona re totobatsa tse seng kae feela tsa tsona. Seo chate ea nako ea jeoloji se hlalosoang ke limilione tsa lilemo, kapa mohlomong likoluoa tse ngata, kaofela li ka bakoa ke tlokotsi e le ’ngoe: Moroallo. E ka hlalosa timetso ea li-dinosaur hammoho le likarolo tse ling tse ngata tse bonoang mobung. Bopaki bo bong bo matla ba Moroallo ke mohlala oa hore matsoai a leoatle a atile lefatšeng lohle, joalokaha mantsoe a qotsitsoeng a latelang a bontša. Maikutlo a pele a tsoa bukeng ea James Hutton, ntate oa thuto ea jeoloji, ea lilemo tse fetang 200 tse fetileng:
Re tlameha ho fihlela qeto ea hore likarolo tsohle tsa lefats'e (...) li entsoe ke lehlabathe le lehlohlojane tse neng li bokellana holim'a leoatle, likhetla tsa crustacean le taba ea coral, mobu le letsopa. (J. Hutton, Khopolo ea Lefatše l, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Likontinenteng, majoe a sedimentary a leoatleng a tloaelehile haholo ebile a atile ho feta mafika a mang kaofela a kopantsoeng. Ena ke e ’ngoe ea linnete tse bonolo tse hlokang tlhaloso, ho ba khubung ea ntho e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe e amanang le boiteko bo tsoelang pele ba motho ba ho utloisisa ho fetoha ha jeokrafi ea nako e fetileng ea jeoloji. (8)
Pontšo e ’ngoe ea Moroallo ke mashala a pota-potileng lefatše, ao ho tsejoang hore a ne a arotsoe ke metsi. Ho phaella moo, ho ba teng ha mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale le litlhapi tsa leoatleng ho bontša hore li-depositi tsena e ke ke ea e-ba phello ea ho tsamaea butle sebakeng se itseng sa mokhoabo. Ho e-na le hoo, tlhaloso e molemonyana ke hore metsi a ne a tsamaisa limela ho ea libakeng tseo mashala a neng a thehoa ho tsona. Metsi a fothotse limela le lifate, a li bokella litutulung tse khōlō, ’me a tlisa liphoofolo tsa leoatleng har’a limela tsa naha. Sena se ka etsahala feela tlokotsing e khōlō, e kang Moroallo o boletsoeng ka Bibeleng.
Ha meru e ne e epetsoe ka seretse ka lebaka le itseng, ho ne ho etsoa lipolokelo tsa mashala. Setso sa rona sa hajoale sa mochini se ipapisitse le maemo ana. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Tlas'a le ka holim'a seams ea mashala a liminerale ho na le, joalokaha ho boletsoe, lihlopha tse tloaelehileng tsa majoe a letsopa, 'me ho tloha ka sebopeho sa tsona re ka bona hore li khethiloe ho tloha metsing. (9)
Bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a mangata a hore mashala a liminerale a ile a hlahisoa ka potlako ha meru e meholo e ne e senngoa, e koahetsoeng ebe e patoa kapele. Ho na le strata e kholo ea lignite Yallourn, Victoria (Australia) e nang le likutu tse ngata tsa lifate tsa phaene - lifate tseo hajoale li sa melang mobung o mongobo. Mefuta e hlophisitsoeng, e teteaneng e nang le phofshoana e fihlang ho 50% e hloekileng le e hasaneng sebakeng se seholo, e paka ka ho hlaka hore lehlaka la lignite le entsoe ke metsi. (10)
Ho rutoa likolong hore carbon e etsoa butle-butle ho tloha peat, le hoja ho se moo ho ka hlokomeloa hore sena sea etsahala. Ha ho nahanoa ka boholo ba masimo a mashala, mefuta e fapaneng ea limela, le likutu tse otlolohileng tse nang le mealo e mengata, ho bonahala eka mashala a ile a thehoa ke limela tse ngata tse hoholehang, nakong ea moroallo o moholo haholo. Liphaseje tse betliloeng ke lintho tse phelang metsing li boetse li fumanoa mesaletsa ea limela tsena tse nang le carbonized. Mesaletsa ea liphoofolo tsa leoatleng le eona e fumanoe ka mashala a mashala ("Tlhaloso e mabapi le ho etsahala ha Liphoofolo tsa Marine Li lula ka Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118: 307,1981) ... Likhetla tse ngata tsa leoatleng le li-fossils tsa Spirorbis , e neng e lula leoatleng, e ka boela ea fumanoa libakeng tsa mashala.(Weir, J., "Recent Studies of Shells of the Carbon Measures", Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11)
Prof. Price e fana ka linyeoe tseo ho tsona 50- to100 lirafshoa tsa mashala a liminerale li leng holimo ho tse ling 'me pakeng tsa tsona ho na le lihlopha tse kenyeletsang mesaletsa ea leoatle le tebileng. O nka bopaki bona bo le matla ebile bo kholisa hoo ha ho mohla a kileng a leka ho hlalosa lintlha tsena ka lebaka la khopolo ea Lyell ea ho tšoana. (12)
Pontšo ea boraro ea Moroallo ke boteng ba mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tsa metsing lithabeng tse phahameng tse kang Himalaya, Alps le Andes. Mehlala ke ena e tsoang libukeng tsa bo-ramahlale le tsa bo-ramahlale:
Ha a ntse a tsamaea holim'a Beagle Darwin ka boeena o ile a fumana likhetla tsa leoatle tse nang le mesaletsa ea khale ho tloha holimo Lithabeng tsa Andean. E bontša hore, seo kajeno e leng thaba e kile ea e-ba tlas’a metsi. ( Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Hobaneng ho iphetola ha lintho e le ’nete], leq. 127)
Ho na le lebaka la ho sheba ka hloko tlhaho ea pele ea majoe a mokolokong oa lithaba. E bonoa hantle lithabeng tsa Alps, kalaka Alps ea leboea, seo ho thoeng ke sebaka sa Helvetian. Limestone ke thepa e ka sehloohong ea majoe. Ha re sheba lefika mona matsoapong kapa tlhōrōng ea thaba - haeba re ne re e-na le matla a ho hloella mono - re tla qetella re fumane mesaletsa ea liphoofolo, e leng mesaletsa ea liphoofolo, ho eona. Hangata li senyeha hampe empa hoa khoneha ho fumana likotoana tse hlokomelehang. Mesaletsa eo kaofela ke likhetla tsa lime kapa masapo a libōpuoa tsa leoatleng. Har'a tsona ho na le li-ammonite tsa spiral-threaded, haholo-holo li-clam tse nang le likhetla tse peli. (…) ’Mali a ka ’na a ipotsa hona joale hore na ho bolela’ng hore mokoloko oa lithaba o na le matsoai a mangata hakana, ao le ’ona a ka fumanoang a kolokile botebong ba leoatle. (leq. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai oa Univesithi ea Japane e Kyushu o na le lilemo tse ngata a etsa lipatlisiso ka mesaletsa ena ea metsing a Lithabeng tsa Himalaya. Eena le sehlopha sa hae ba thathamisitse aquarium eohle ho tloha nakong ea Mesozoic. Likhahla tsa leoatle tse tetemang, tse amanang le li-urchin tsa leoatleng le li-starfishes, li fumaneha maboteng a majoe ho feta lik'hilomithara tse tharo ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle. Li-ammone, li-belemnite, likorale le plankton li fumanoa e le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale mafikeng a lithaba (…) Bophahamong ba lik’hilomithara tse peli, litsebi tsa jeoloji li ile tsa fumana mohlala o siiloeng ke leoatle ka bolona. Sebaka sa eona sa majoe se kang maqhubu se lumellana le mefuta e setseng lehlabatheng ho tloha maqhubu a metsi a tlaase. Esita le ho tloha tlhōrōng ea Everest, ho fumanoa marapo a mosehla a mokoetla, a hlahileng tlas'a metsi ho tloha mesaletsa ea liphoofolo tse ngata tsa leoatleng. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", leq. 55)
Pontšo ea bone ea Moroallo ke lipale tsa moroallo, tseo ho latela likhakanyo tse ling, ho nang le tse ka bang 500 tsa tsona. Sebopeho sa bokahohle sa lipale tsena se ka nkoa e le bopaki bo molemo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ketsahalo ena:
Litso tse ka bang 500 - ho kopanyelletsa le matsoalloa a Greece, Chaena, Peru le Amerika Leboea - li tsebahala lefatšeng moo litšōmo le litšōmo li hlalosang pale e susumetsang ea moroallo o moholo o ileng oa fetola histori ea moloko oo. Lipale tse ngata, ke batho ba ’maloa feela ba ileng ba pholoha moroallo, feela joaloka tabeng ea Noe. Batho ba bangata ba ne ba nka hore moroallo o bakiloe ke melimo eo, ka mabaka a itseng, e ileng ea tena moloko oa batho. Mohlomong batho ba ne ba le bobolu, joaloka mehleng ea Noe le tšōmong ea Ma-Hopi a Amerika Leboea, kapa mohlomong ho ne ho e-na le batho ba bangata haholo le ba lerata haholo, joaloka pale ea Gilgamesh. (13)
Haeba Moroallo oa lefatše lohle e ne e se oa sebele, lichaba tse ling li ka be li ile tsa hlalosa hore ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang ho tšosang, lifefo tse khōlō tsa lehloa, komello (...) li sentse baholo-holo ba tsona ba khopo. Ka hona, ho ba teng hohle ha pale ea Moroallo ke e ’ngoe ea likarolo tse molemohali tsa bopaki ba bonnete ba eona. Re ka qhelela e 'ngoe ea lipale tsena e le litšōmo tsa motho ka mong 'me ra nahana hore e ne e le menahano feela, empa hammoho, ho ea ka pono ea lefats'e, li batla li ke ke tsa hanyetsoa. (Lefatše)
Li-Dinosaurs le liphoofolo tse anyesang . Ha re bala libuka tsa baeloji le lingoliloeng tsa thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho, khafetsa re kopana le maikutlo a hore na lintho tsohle tse phelang li bile teng joang ho tloha seleng e bonolo ea khale ho ea mefuteng ea hona joale. Thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho e ne e akarelletsa hore litlhapi li ile tsa tlameha ho fetoha lihohoana, lihoho li fetohe lihahabi le li-dinosaur hore e be liphoofolo tse anyesang. Leha ho le joalo, tlhokomeliso ea bohlokoa ke hore masapo a li-dinosaur a fumanoe har'a masapo a kang a pere, khomo le linku (Anderson, A., Tourism e oela ho tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus e ka 'na eaba e shoele ka khutso ka mor'a tsohle, 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), kahoo li-dinosaur le liphoofolo tse anyesang li tlameha ebe li phetse ka nako e le ’ngoe. Mantsoe a qotsitsoeng a latelang a bua ka eona. E bolela kamoo Carl Werner a ileng a etsa qeto ea ho leka khopolo ea Darwin ka mokhoa o sebetsang. O entse lipatlisiso ka lilemo tse 14 mme a nka linepe tse likete. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore liphoofolo tse anyesang le linonyana li ne li phela ka bongata le ka nako e le ’ngoe le li-dinosaur:
Ntle le tsebo e tobileng ea pele mabapi le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, ngaka ea bongaka ea Amerika Carl Werner o ile a etsa qeto ea ho beha khopolo ea Darwin tlas'a teko e sebetsang… O ile a etsa lipatlisiso tse pharaletseng tsa lilemo tse 14 ka mesaletsa ea mehleng ea li-dinosaur.le mefuta e ka bang teng e neng e phela hammoho le tsona… Werner o ile a tloaelana le lingoliloeng tsa profeshenale tsa paleontology ’me a etela limusiamo tse 60 tsa histori ea tlhaho lefatšeng ka bophara, moo a ileng a nka lifoto tse 60 000. O ile a shebana feela le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e ileng ea chekoa sebakeng se le seng, moo mesaletsa ea li-dinosaur e ka fumanoang teng (Triassic -, Jurassic -, le linako tsa Cretaceous lilemong tse limilione tse 250-65 tse fetileng). Eaba o bapisa likete tsa mesaletsa ea khale ka ho lekana eo a e fumaneng limusiamong ’me a e bona libukeng le mefuta ea morao-rao ’me a buisana le litsebi tse ngata lefapheng la paleontology le litsebi tse ling. Sephetho sa hae e bile hore limusiamo le lingoliloeng tse thehiloeng ho paleonto li bonts'itse mesaletsa ea mefuta eohle e teng hona joale ... Re boleletsoe hore liphoofolo tse anyesang li ile tsa qala ho hōla butle-butle nakong ea “mehla e ka sehloohong” ea li-dinosaur, hore liphoofolo tsa pele tse anyesang e ne e le “libōpuoa tse nyenyane tse kang maoatla tse phelang moo li ipatileng ’me li tsamaea bosiu feela ka lebaka la ho tšaba li-dinosaur.” Leha ho le joalo, libukeng tsa litsebi, Werner o ile a sibolla litlaleho tsa li-squirrel, opossums, beaver, primates le platypus tse neng li epolotsoe ho tloha letotong la li-dinosaur. O boetse a bua ka mosebetsi o phatlalalitsoeng ka 2004, ho latela hore na libopuoa tse 432 li fumanoe sebakeng sa Triassic -, Jurassic - le Cretaceous strata, 'me tse ka bang lekholo tsa tsona ke masapo a felletseng ... Puisanong ea video ea Werner, molaoli oa musiamo oa pele oa histori oa Utah, Ngaka Donald Burge, oa hlalosa: “Re fumana mesaletsa ea liphoofolo tse anyesang hoo e ka bang liepollong tsohle tsa rōna tsa li-dinosaur. Re na le lithane tse leshome tsa letsopa la bentonite le nang le mesaletsa ea lintho tse anyesang, ’me re mothating oa ho li fa bafuputsi ba bang. Eseng hobane re ne re ke ke ra li fumana li le bohlokoa, empa hobane bophelo bo bokhutšoaane, 'me ha kea ipabola ka liphoofolo tse anyesang: ke ipabola ka lihahabi le li-dinosaur”. Setsebi sa paleonto Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) se boletse puisanong ea video ea Werner ka May, 2004: “Lentsoe ‘mehla ea li-dinosaur’ ha le bitsoe hantle. Liphoofolo tse anyesang li etsa sehlopha se seholo se ileng sa phela hammoho le li-dinosaur ’me sa pholoha.” (Litlhaloso tsena li tsoa bukeng: Werner C. Living Fossils, leq. 172 –173). (14)
Ho ipapisitsoe le lintho tse fumanoeng ka mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, lentsoe "dinosaur era" ka hona lea khelosa. Liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa kajeno tse tloaelehileng li phetse ka nako e le ’ngoe le li-dinosaur, ke hore bonyane mefuta e 432 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang. Ho thoe’ng ka linonyana tseo ho nahanoang hore li bile teng ho tsoa ho li-dinosaur? Li boetse li fumanoe ka strata e tšoanang hammoho le li-dinosaurs. Ena ke mefuta e tšoanang hantle le ea kajeno: parrot, penguin, ntsu ea ntsu, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet ... , kapa hona ho li taka litšoantšong tse bontšang tikoloho ea li-dinosaur. E fosahetse. Ha e le hantle, neng kapa neng ha T. Rex kapa Triceratops e bontšoa pontšong ea musiamo, matata, li-loon, li-flamingo, kapa tse ling tsa linonyana tsena tsa morao-rao tse fumanoeng ka letoto le tšoanang le li-dinosaur le tsona li lokela ho bontšoa. Empa seo ha se etsahale. Ha ke e-s'o bone letata le nang le daenasore setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea nalane ea tlhaho, na u teng? Sephooko? A parrot?"
Li-Dinosaurs le batho . Khopolong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ho nkoa e le ntho e ke keng ea etsahala hore ebe motho o phetse lefatšeng khale joaloka li-dinosaur. Ha e amoheloe, le hoja ho tsejoa hore liphoofolo tse ling tse anyesang li hlahile ka nako e le ’ngoe le li-dinosaur, ’me le hoja litšibollo tse ling li bile li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba ne ba lokela ho hlaha pele ho li-dinosaur (lintho le mesaletsa ea batho ka har’a mashala a mashala joalo-joalo). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore li-dinosaur le batho ba phetse ka nako e le ’ngoe. Mohlala, litlhaloso tsa drakone li joalo. Nakong e fetileng, batho ba ne ba bua ka lidrakone, empa eseng ka li-dinosaurs, tseo lebitso la tsona le ileng la qaptjoa ke Richard Owen feela lekholong la bo19 la lilemo.
Pale s. Bopaki bo bong ba hore li-dinosaur li phetse morao tjena ke lipale tse ngata le litlhaloso tsa lidrakone tse khōlō le mekholutsoane e fofang. Ha litlhaloso tsena li le tsa khale, ke 'nete ho feta moo. Litlhaloso tsena, tse ka 'nang tsa theoa holim'a lintlha tsa khale tsa mohopolo, li ka fumanoa har'a batho ba bangata ba fapaneng, hoo ho buuoang ka tsona mohlala ka Senyesemane, Irish, Danish, Norwegian, German, Greek, Roman, Egypt le Babylonian lingoliloeng. Mantsoe a latelang a qotsitsoeng a bua ka ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa drakone.
Li-drags tsa litšōmo, ka mokhoa o makatsang, li tšoana le liphoofolo tsa sebele tse neng li phela nakong e fetileng. Li tšoana le lihahabi tse khōlō (li-dinosaur) tse ileng tsa busa naha nako e telele pele motho a ka hlaha. Li-drakone ka kakaretso li ne li nkoa e le tse mpe le tse senyang. Sechaba ka seng se ne se bua ka bona litšōmong tsa bona. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Moq. 5, 1973, leq. 265)
Ho tloha qalong ea histori e tlalehiloeng, li-drags li hlahile hohle: litlalehong tsa pele tsa Assyria le Babylona tsa tsoelo-pele ea tsoelo-pele, historing ea Sejuda ea Testamente ea Khale, litemaneng tsa khale tsa Chaena le Japane, litšōmong tsa Greece, Roma. le Bakreste ba pele, ka lipapiso tsa Amerika ea boholo-holo, litšōmong tsa Afrika le India. Ho thata ho fumana sechaba se neng se sa kenyelle lidrakone nalaneng ea sona ea nalane…Aristotle, Pliny le bangoli ba bang ba nako ea khale ba boletse hore lipale tsa drakone li theiloe holim'a 'nete eseng menahanong. (15)
Setsebi sa jeoloji sa Mofinnishe Pentti Eskola o se a boletse lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng bukeng ea hae ea Muuttuva maa kamoo litšoantšo tsa lidrakone li tšoanang le li-dinosaur kateng:
Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea liphoofolo tse kang mokholutsoane e bonahala e qabola ho rona hobane bongata ba tsona li tšoana - ka tsela e hole le hangata e kang caricature - liphoofolo tsa sejoale-joale tse anyesang tse phelang tlas'a maemo a tšoanang. Leha ho le joalo, li-dinosaur tse ngata li ne li fapane haholo le mefuta ea bophelo ea sejoale-joale hoo lipapiso tse haufi-ufi li ka fumanoang litšoantšong tsa lidrakone litšōmong. Ho makatsang ke hore ka tlhaho, bangoli ba litšōmo ba ne ba sa ithute ka lintho tsa tlhaho kapa ba sa li tsebe. (16)
Mohlala o motle oa hore na li-dinosaur e ka 'na eaba e ne e hlile e le lidrakone ke almanaka ea khoeli ea Chaena le linaleli tsa linaleli, tse tsejoang e le lilemo tse makholo. Kahoo ha linaleli tsa Machaena li thehiloe matšoao a 12 a liphoofolo a iphetang ka nako ea lilemo tse 12, ho na le liphoofolo tse 12 tse amehang. 11 ho tsona li tloaelehile esita le mehleng ea kajeno: likhoto, khomo, nkoe, mmutla, noha, pere, nku, litšoene, mokōkō, ntja le kolobe.Ho e-na le hoo, phoofolo ea bo12 ke drakone, e leng sieo kajeno. Potso e ntle ke hore haeba liphoofolo tse 11 e bile liphoofolo tsa sebele, ke hobane'ng ha drakone e ne e ka ba mokhelo le sebōpuoa sa tšōmong? Na hase ho utloahalang haholoanyane ho nahana hore e kile ea phela ka nako e le ’ngoe le batho, empa e se e felile joaloka liphoofolo tse ling tse se nang palo? Ho hotle ho hopola hape hore lentsoe dinosaur le qapiloe lekholong la bo19 la lilemo ke Richard Owen. Pele ho moo, lebitso la drakone le ne le sebelisoa ka lilemo tse makholo:
Ho feta moo, maikutlo a latelang a ka boleloa:
Hoa thahasellisa hore ebe tempeleng ea lilemo tse 800 morung oa Cambodia, ho fumanoe setšoantšo se betliloeng se shebahalang joaloka stegosaurus. Ke mofuta oa dinosaur. (Ho tsoa tempeleng ea Ta Prohm. Maier, C., Libōpuoa tse Hlollang tsa Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 Hlakola 2006.)
• Chaena, litlhaloso le lipale tse mabapi le li-dragons li tloaelehile haholo; likete tsa tsona lia tsebahala. Li bolela kamoo lidrakone li behelang mahe kateng, kamoo tse ling tsa tsona li neng li e-na le mapheo le kamoo makhakhapha a li apesitseng kateng. Pale ea Sechaena e bua ka monna ea bitsoang Yu ea ileng a kopana le lidrakone ha a ntse a ntša mokhoabo. Sena se etsahetse ka mor’a moroallo o moholo oa lefatše. Chaena, masapo a dinosaur a 'nile a sebelisoa ka lilemo tse makholo e le meriana ea setso le litlolo bakeng sa ho chesa. Lebitso la Sechaena bakeng sa li-dinosaur (kong long) le bolela feela "drakone masapo" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Hape ho boleloa hore Machaena a ne a sebelisa lidrakone e le liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng le mekolokong ea borena ( Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genese 4, 1990, maq. 23-26.)
• Baegepeta ba tšoantšelitse drakone ea Apophis e le sera sa Morena Re. Ka ho tšoanang, litlhaloso tsa lidrakone li potoloha lingoliloeng tsa Babylona. Ho boleloa hore Gilgamesh ea tsebahalang o bolaile drakone, sebōpuoa se seholo se kang sehahabi, morung oa kedare. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Moq. 10, leq. 359)
• Ho boleloa hore Apollo ea Segerike e bolaile drakone ea Python selibeng sa Delfin. Motho ea hlahelletseng ka ho fetesisa oa babolai ba drakone ba Bagerike le Baroma e ne e le motho ea bitsoang Perseus.
• Tlaleho e rekotiloeng ka mokhoa oa thothokiso ho tloha 500-600 AD. e pheta pale ea monna ea sebete ea bitsoang Beowulf, ea neng a filoe mosebetsi oa ho tlosa likhohlano tsa Denmark ho tsoa ho liphoofolo tsa litonanahali tse fofang le tsa metsing. Ketso ea hae ea mohale e ne e le ho bolaea phoofolo ea tonanahali ea Grendel. Ho ne ho boleloa hore phoofolo ena e ne e e-na le maoto a maholo a ka morao le matsoho a manyenyane a ka pele, e khona ho mamella lichapo tsa sabole, ’me e ne e batla e le khōlō ho feta motho. E ile ea tsamaea e otlolohile ka potlako haholo.
• Mongoli oa Moroma Lucanus le eena o buile ka lidrakone. O ile a lebisa mantsoe a hae ho drakone ea Ethiopia: “Uena drakone ea khauta e benyang, u fofela holimo ’me u bolaea lipoho tse khōlō.
• Litlhaloso tsa linoha tse fofang Arabia ka Herodotos oa Segerike (hoo e ka bang ka 484–425 BC) li bolokiloe. O hlalosa li-pterosaur tse ling ka nepo. (Rein, E., Buka ea III-VI ea Herodotos , leq. 58 le Buka ea VII-IX , leq. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny o ile a bolela (Natural History) lekholong la pele la lilemo BC kamoo drakone e leng "ntoeng e sa khaotseng le tlou, 'me eona ka boeona e kholo haholo hoo e phuthelang tlou ka mamenong a eona le ho e phuthela ka har'a lekoko la eona."
• Saetlopedia ea khale ea History Animalium e bolela hore ho ne ho ntse ho e-na le "lidrakone" lilemong tsa bo-1500, empa li ne li fokotsehile haholo ka boholo 'me li ne li fokola.
• Tlaleho ea Senyesemane ea 1405 e bua ka drakone: "Haufi le toropo ea Bures, e haufi le Sudbury, morao tjena ho bonoe drakone e entseng tšenyo e kholo mahaeng. bokaholimo ba hlooho ea eona, meno a eona e ka mahare a sakha, le mohatla oa eona o molelele ka mokhoa o fetisisang. (Cooper, B., Ka mor'a Moroallo-Histori ea pele ea ka mor'a Moroallo ea Europe e qalile morao ho Noah, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)
• Lekholong la bo16 la lilemo, rasaense oa Motaliana Ulysses Aldrovanus o hlalositse drakone e nyenyane ka nepo ho e ’ngoe ea lingoliloeng tsa hae. Edward Topsell o ile a ngola morao tjena ka 1608: “Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea lidrakone. Mefuta e fapaneng e arotsoe ho latela naha ea bona, karolo e 'ngoe ho latela boholo ba eona, karolo e 'ngoe ho latela matšoao a bona a khethollang."
• Letšoao la drakone le ne le tloaelehile har'a mabotho a mangata a sesole. E ne e sebelisoa ke mohlala, baemphera ba Bochabela ba Roma le marena a Manyesemane (Uther Pendragon, ntat’a Morena Arthur, Richard I nakong ea ntoa ea 1191 le Henry III nakong ea ntoa ea hae khahlanong le Mawelsh ka 1245) hammoho le Chaena, drakone e ne e le letšoao la naha. seaparo sa lelapa la borena.
• Li-Dinosaurs le drakone ke karolo ea litšōmo tsa lichaba tse ngata. Ho phaella Chaena, sena se ’nile sa atile har’a lichaba tsa Amerika Boroa.
• Johannes Damascene, oa ho qetela oa Bo-ntate ba Kereke ea Greece, ea hlahileng ka 676 AD, o hlalosa lidrakone (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) ka tsela e latelang:
Roman Dio Cassius (155–236 AD), ea ngotseng nalane ea 'Muso oa Roma le Rephaboliki, o bonts'a lintoa tsa consul ea Roma Regulus Carthage. Drakone e hlabilwe ntweng. E ile ea ntšoa letlalo 'me letlalo la romeloa Senateng. Ka taelo ea Senate, letlalo le ne le lekanngoa 'me le ne le le bolelele ba limithara tse 120 (hoo e ka bang limithara tse 37). Letlalo le ne le bolokoa ka tempeleng maralleng a Roma ho fihlela ka selemo sa 133 BC, ha le nyamela ha Macelt a hapa Roma. ( Plinius, Natural History . Buka ea 8, Khaolo ea 14. Plinius ka boeena o re o bone mohope oo ho buuoang ka oona Roma). (17) • Litšoantšo. Ho bolokiloe litšoantšo, litšoantšo le liemahale tsa lidrakone, tse batlang li tšoana ka botlalo lefatšeng ka bophara. Li fumaneha hoo e ka bang litsong tsohle le malumeling ’ohle, joalokaha lipale tse buang ka tsona li tloaelehile. Litšoantšo tsa lidrakone li ngotsoe ka mohlala, lithebe tsa sesole (Sutton Hoo) le mekhabiso ea lebota la kereke (mohlala, SS Mary le Hardulph, Engelane). Ho phaella ho lipoho le litau, lidrakone li tšoantšetsoa Hekeng ea Ishtar ea motse oa boholo-holo oa Babylona. Litiiso tsa pele tsa li-cylinder tsa Mesopotamia li bontša li-drags tse melaleng ka mehatla hoo e batlang e le bolelele ba melala ea tsona (Moortgat, A., The art of the former Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 le Plate A.) . Ho ka bonoa litšoantšo tse ling tsa dragon-dinosaur, mohlala ho www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Hoa thahasellisa hore ebe ho na le litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo tsena esita le maboteng a mahaheng le likhohlong. Litšibollo tsena li entsoe bonyane Arizona le sebakeng sa Rhodesia ea mehleng (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Ka mohlala, Arizona ka 1924, ha ho hlahlojoa lerako le phahameng la thaba, ho ile ha sibolloa hore litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo tse fapa-fapaneng li ne li betliloe lejoeng, mohlala oa litlou le likhama tsa thaba, empa hape le setšoantšo se hlakileng sa dinosaur ( Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, 1957, leqepheng la 91). Maindia a Mayan a boetse a bolokile setšoantšo se betliloeng se nang le nonyana e kang Archeopteryx, ke hore, nonyana ea mokholutsoane (18) . Ho ea ka pono ea ho iphetola ha lintho, e ne e lokela ho phela ka nako e le ’ngoe le li-dinosaur. Bopaki bo boetse bo bolokiloe ka mekholutsoane e fofang, eo mapheo a eona a neng a ka ba limithara tse mashome a mabeli, 'me ho lumeloa hore a shoele lilemong tse mashome a limilione tse fetileng. Tlhaloso e latelang e bua ka bona le hore na phoofolo e fofang e kang Pterosaur e bontšoa joang ka har'a letsopa:
Lekholutsoane le leholo ka ho fetisisa le fofang e ne e le pterosaur eo mapheo a eona a neng a ka ba bolelele ba limithara tse 17. (…) Ho BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Moq. 13), Richard Greenwell o ile a hakanya ka boteng ba pterosaur kajeno. O qotsa mofuputsi A. Hyatt Verrill, ea neng a fumane lipitsa tsa letsopa tsa Peru. Lijana tsa letsopa li tšoantšetsa pterosaur e tšoanang le pterodactyl. Verrill o hakanya hore baetsi ba litšoantšo ba sebelisitse mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e le mohlala oa bona mme oa ngola:
Ka makholo a lilemo, litlhaloso tse nepahetseng esita le litšoantšo tsa mesaletsa ea pterodactyl li ’nile tsa fetisoa ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong, kaha baholo-holo ba batho ba Cocle ba ne ba lula naheng eo ho eona ho neng ho e-na le mesaletsa e bolokiloeng hantle ea li-pterosaur.
Hape, Maindia a Amerika Leboea a ne a tloaelane le sealuma, seo lebitso la sona le neng le alimiloe bakeng sa koloi. (19)
Ka Bibeleng , ho bonahala eka Behemothe le Leviathane tse boletsoeng bukeng ea Jobo li bua ka li-dinosaur. E re ka Behemothe mohatla oa eona o joaloka sefate sa kedare, hore mesifa ea lirope tsa eona e lohiloeng ka thata, le masapo a joaloka mekoallo ea tšepe. Litlhaloso tsena li lumellana hantle le li-dinosaur tse itseng, tse kang li-sauropods, tse ka hōlang ho feta limithara tse 20 ka bolelele. Ka ho tšoanang, sebaka seo Behemothe e leng ho sona karolong e ka morao ea lehlaka, ’me fens e lumellana le li-dinosaur, hobane tse ’maloa tsa tsona li ne li lula haufi le mabōpo a leoatle. Mabapi le mohatla o kang oa kedare oo Behemothe e o tsamaisang, hoa thahasellisa hore ebe kajeno ha ho phoofolo e khōlō eo ho tsejoang hore e na le mohatla o joalo. Mohatla oa dinosaur e jang litlama o ne o ka ba bolelele ba limithara tse 10-15 le boima ba lithane tse 1-2, 'me liphoofolo tse joalo ha li tsejoe mehleng ea kajeno. Liphetolelo tse ling tsa Bibele li fetolela Behemothe e le kubu (le Leviathane e le koena), empa tlhaloso ea mohatla o kang oa kedare ha e tšoanele kubu ka tsela leha e le efe. Tlhaloso e ’ngoe e thahasellisang tabeng ena e ka fumanoa ho rasaense ea hlomphuoang oa morao tjena oa mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale Stephen Jay Gould, eo e neng e le molumeli oa Marxist ea sa lumeleng hore Molimo o teng. O boletse hore ha buka ea Jobo e bua ka Behemothe, phoofolo e le ’ngoe feela e tšoanelang tlhaloso ena ke daenasore (Pandans Tumme, leq. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). E le setsebi sa thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho, o ne a lumela hore e tlameha ebe mongoli oa buka ea Jobo o fumane tsebo ea hae mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e fumanoeng. Leha ho le joalo, ena ea libuka tsa khale ka ho fetisisa ka Bibeleng ka ho hlaka e bua ka phoofolo e phelang (Jobo 40:15: Bona joale Behemothe, eo ke e entseng le uena…).
- ( Jobo 40:15-23 ) Bona jwale Behemothe , eo ke e entseng le wena; o ja jwang jwaloka kgomo. 16 Bonang jwale, matla a yona a lethekeng la yona, matla a yona a lemenong la mpa ya yona. 17 E sisinya mohatla wa yona jwaloka kedare ; 18 Masapo a hae a joaloka likotoana tsa koporo ; marapo a gagwe a etša mephakalego ya tšhipi. 19 Ke eona e ka sehloohong ea litsela tsa Molimo: Ea e entseng o khona ho atamela sabole ea hae. 20 Ruri dithaba di e hlahisetsa dijo, moo dibata tsohle tsa naha di bapalang teng. 21 E robala tlas’a lifate tse moriti, le sekhukhung sa lehlaka, le ka tlas’a lifate . 22 Lifate tse meriti li e koahela ka moriti oa tsona; meluoane ea noka ea e pota-pota. 23 Bonang, e nwa noka , mme ha e potlake; e tshepile hoba e ka nyollela Jordane molomong wa yona.
Leviathane ke sebōpuoa se seng se thahasellisang se boletsoeng Bukeng ea Jobo. Sebopuoa sena se boleloa e le morena oa liphoofolo 'me ho hlalosoa kamoo lelakabe le tsoang molomong oa sona. (Seo ho thoeng ke bomber beetle e khonang ho ntša mocheso - likhato tse 100 tsa Celsius - khase ka ho toba ho mohlaseli, e boetse e tsejoa sebakeng sa liphoofolo). Ho ka etsahala hore lipale tse ngata tse mabapi le lidrakone tse ka bululelang mollo melomong ea tsona li tsoa ho sena. Liphetolelo tse ling tsa Bibele li fetoletse Leviathane e le koena, empa ke mang ea boneng koena e etsang hore u pshatlehe ha u e bona, ’me ke mang ea ka nkang tšepe e le joang, le koporo e le lehong le bolileng, ’me morena oa liphoofolo tsohle tse khōlō ke mang? Ho ka etsahala hore ebe ke phoofolo e seng e felile e seng e le sieo, empa e ne e tsejoa mehleng ea Jobo. Buka ea Jobo e re:
- ( Jobo 41:1, 2, 9, 13-34 ) Na u ka hula Leviathane ka hoko? kapa leleme la hae ka lehala leo u le theolelang? 2 Na o ka kenya sekoti nkong ea hae? kapa a hlabe mohlahare oa hae ka moutloa? 9 Bonang, tshepo ya wona ke lefeela; na motho a ke ke a nyahama ha a mmona ? 13 Ke mang ea ka senolang sefahleho sa seaparo sa hae? Kapa ke mang ya ka tlang ho yena ka tomo ya hae e pedi? 14 Ke mang ea ka bulang mamati a sefahleho sa eona? meno a hae a tšabeha ka hohle . 15 Makhapetla a hae ke boikakaso ba hae, a koaletsoe hammoho joalokaha eka ke ka tiiso e tiileng . 16 E ’ngoe e haufi le e ’ngoe, hoo moea o ke keng oa kena pakeng tsa tsona. 17 Li kopantsoe hammoho, li khomarelana, hore li se ke tsa arohana. 18 Ka ho honotha ha hae leseli le khanya, ’me mahlo a hae a joaloka lintši tsa mafube. 19 Molomong oa hae ho tsoa lilampi tse tukang, liruse tsa mollo li tsoa . 20 Linkong tsa eona ho tsoa mosi, joaloka ka pitsa e chesang kapa ka pitsa e chesang. 21 Phefumoloho ea eona e hotetsa mashala, lelakabe le tsoa molomong oa eona . 22 Matla a sala molaleng oa eona, ’me bohloko bo fetoha thabo ka pel’a eona. 23 Meka ea nama ea eona e kopane, e tiile ka ho eona; ha di kgone ho sisinyeha. 24 Pelo ea hae e tiile joaloka lejoe; ee, e thata jwaloka lelwala la lelwala. 25 Ha e iphahamisa, ba matla baa tšoha, ba itlhoekisa ka baka la ho senya. 26 Sabole ea ea e tjamelang ha e khone ho tšoara, lerumo, le motsu, leha e le lerumo. 27 Tshipi o e nka e le jwang, le koporo jwaloka lehong le bodileng. 28 Motsu o ke ke oa etsa hore e balehe, majoe a letjeketjane a fetoha litlhaka ho eona. 29 Metsu e nkoa e le litlhaka, e tšeha ho thothomela ha lerumo. 30 Ka tlas'a eona ho na le majoe a bohale, 'me o ala lintho tse hlabang seretseng. 31 O etsa hore bodiba bo bele jwaloka pitsa; 32 O etsa hore tsela e khanye ka mor’a hae; motho a ka re bodiba bo boputswa. 33 Mo lefatsheng ha ho na se tshwanang le sona, se bopilweng se sa tshabehe. 34 O bona lintho tsohle tse phahameng: ke morena oa bara bohle ba ikhohomosang .
Ho thoe’ng ka litlhaloso tsa Bibele tsa lidrakone? Bibele e tletse lipapiso tse bontšang maeba, liphiri tse harolang, linoha tse mano, linku le lipōli, tseo kaofela e leng liphoofolo tse fumanehang tlhahong kajeno. Hobaneng ha drakone, eo ho buuoang ka eona hangata Testamenteng ea Khale le e Ncha, le libukeng tsa khale, e ka ba mokhelo? Ha Genese 1:21 e bolela kamoo Molimo a ileng a bōpa liphoofolo tse khōlō tsa leoatle, liphoofolo tsa litonanahali tsa leoatleng (phetolelo e ntlafalitsoeng) (Genese 1:21 ) ’Me Molimo oa bōpa maruarua a maholo, le sebōpuoa se seng le se seng se phelang se hahabang, seo metsi a ileng a se hlahisa ka bongata, ka mor’a hore ho be le maruarua a maholo. e mosa, le nonyana e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe e nang le mapheo ka mefuta ea eona: ’me Molimo oa bona hore ho molemo.) , puo ea pele e sebelisa lentsoe le tšoanang “tannin”, le lekanang le drakone libakeng tse ling ka Bibeleng. Litemana tse latelang, mohlala, li bua ka lidrakone:
- ( Jobo 30:29 ) Ke ngoan’abo liphokojoe , le molekane oa merubisi.
- ( Pes 44:19 ) Le hoja u re robile habohloko sebakeng sa liphokojoe , ’me u re apesitse ka moriti oa lefu.
- ( Esa 35:7 ) Naha e omeletseng e tla fetoha matša, naha e omeletseng e fetohe liliba tsa metsi;
- ( Esa 43:20 ) Sebata sa naha se tla ntlhonepha, liphokojoe le merubisi, hobane ke fana ka metsi lefeelleng, le linōka lefeelleng, ho nosa sechaba sa ka, bakhethoa ba ka.
- ( Jer 14:6 ) Liesele tse hlaha li ne li ema libakeng tse phahameng, tsa fofonela moea joaloka liphokojoe ; mahlo a tsona a ne a foufetse, hobane ho ne ho se joang.
( Jer 49:33 ) Mme Hatsore e tla ba moaho wa diphokojwe , le lesupi ho isa nakong e sa lekanyetswang;
- ( Mikea 1:8 ) Ka hona ke tla bokolla ’me ke bokolle, ke tla tsamaea ke hlobotse ’me ke le feela: ke tla bokolla joaloka liphokojoe , ’me ke lle joaloka merubi.
( Malakia 1:3 ) Ka hloya Esau, ka etsa dithaba tsa hae le naha ya hae lesupi bakeng sa diphokojwe tsa nahathothe.
- ( Pes 104:26 ) Ke moo likepe li tsamaeang teng, ho na le Leviathane, eo u e entseng hore e bapale ho eona.
- ( Jobo 7:12 ) Na ke leoatle, kapa leruarua , hoo u mpehetseng molebeli? (phetolelo e ntlafalitsoeng: phoofolo ea tonanahali ea leoatleng, ka Seheberu tannin, e bolelang drakone)
- ( Jobo 26:12, 13 ) O arola leoatle ka matla a hae, ’me ka kutloisiso ea hae o otla ba ikhohomosang. 13 Ka moea oa hae o khabisitse maholimo; seatla sa gagwe se bopile noga e e sokameng.
- ( Pes 74:13, 14 ) O arola lewatle ka matla a hao, wa roba dihlooho tsa diphokojwe metsing . 14 O ile wa pshatla dihlooho tsa Leviathane , wa e nea hore e be dijo tsa batho ba ahileng lehwatateng.
- ( Pes 91:13 ) U tla hatakela tau le marabe, u hatakele taoana le drakone ka maoto.
(Isaia 30:6) “Morwalo wa dibatana tsa kwa borwa: kwa lefatsheng la matshwenyego le tlalelo, kwa go tswang tau e tona le e e tsofetseng, noga e e fofang le noga e e fofang e e bogale, di tla rwala dikhumo tsa tsone mo magetleng a madimaga . liesele, le matlotlo a tsona holim’a likamele tsa likamele, ho batho ba ke keng ba ba thusa ka letho.
- ( De 32:32, 33 ) Etsoe morara oa bona ke oa morara oa Sodoma le oa masimo a Gomora; 33 Veine ya bona ke mahloko a diphokojwe , le mahloko a bohale a marabe.
(Neh 2:13) Mme ka tswa bosiu ka heke ya Phula, ka pela Sediba sa drakone , le monyakong wa Moitedi, ka bona marako a Jerusalema a neng a helehile, le dikgoro tsa wona di helehile. ka mollo.
- ( Esaia 51:9 ) Tsoha, tsoha, u apare matla, Uena letsoho la Jehova; tsoha, jwaloka mehleng ya boholoholo, melokong ya kgale. Na hase uena ea khabileng Rahaba, u hlabile drakone na?
- ( Esaia 27:1 ) Letsatsing leo Jehova ka sabole ea hae e bohloko, e khōlō le e matla o tla otla Leviathane, noha e hlabang, le Leviathane, noha e sothehileng; mme o tla bolaya drakone e lewatleng.
( Jer 51:34 ) Nebukadnezare, morena oa Babylona, o ntjele, o ntjele, o nkentse pitsa e se nang letho, o ntšitse joaloka drakone , o khorisitse mpa ea hae ka lintho tsa ka tse hlabosang, o li lahlile. 'na kantle.
Apocrypha ea Testamente ea Khale le lidrakone . Ho thoe’ng ka Apocrypha ea Testamente ea Khale? Le tsona li na le lipolelo tse 'maloa tsa drakone, tse neng li nkoa e le liphoofolo tsa sebele, ho e-na le libōpuoa tse iqapetsoeng. Mongoli oa Buka ea Sirach o ngola kamoo a ka ratang ho phela le tau le drakone, ho feta le mosali oa hae ea khopo. Litlatsetso Bukeng ea Esthere li bua ka toro ea Mordekai (Mordekai oa Bibele), ha a bona liphokojoe tse peli tse khōlō. Daniele o ne a boetse a tobane le drakone ea tonanahali, e neng e rapeloa ke Bababylona. Sena se bontša kamoo liphoofolo tsena e ka ’nang eaba li ile tsa hōla ho fihlela li le khōlō haholo.
- ( Sirake 25:16 ) Ho molemo hore ke lule le tau le drakone ho e-na le ho lula le mosali ea khopo .
- ( Bohlale ba Salomone 16:10 ) Empa bara ba hao ha baa ka ba hlola meno a liphokojoe tse chefo , hobane mohau oa hao o ne o le ho bona ka mehla, ’me o ba folisitse.
- ( Sirach 43:25 ) Hobane ho eona ho tla ba le mesebetsi e makatsang le e makatsang, mefuta ea mefuta eohle ea libata le maruarua.
- ( Ho eketsoa ho Esthere 1:1, 4, 5, 6 ) Mordekai, Mojuda oa leloko la Benjamine, o ile a isoa kholehong hammoho le Morena Jojakine oa Juda, ha Morena Nebukadnezare oa Babylona a hapa Jerusalema. Mordekai e ne e le mora Jaire, mora wa Kishe le Shimei. 4 A lora ho le lerata le leholo le pherekano, le lialuma tse khōlō le tšisinyeho ea lefatše, le moferefere o tšabehang lefatšeng. 5 Joale ha hlaha liphokojoe tse peli tse khōlō, li itokiselitse ho loantšana . 6 Ba etsa lerata le tshabehang , mme ditjhaba tsohle tsa itokisetsa ho lwantsha setjhaba sa Modimo sa batho ba lokileng.
- ( Keketso ho Daniele, Bele le Drakone 1:23-30 ) ’Me hona sebakeng seo ho ne ho e-na le drakone e khōlō , eo ba Babylona ba neng ba e rapela. 24 Mme kgosi ya re ho Daniele: “Na le wena o tla re ntho eo ke ya koporo? bonang, o a phela, o a ja, o a nwa ; o ke ke wa re hase modimo o phelang; 25 Yaba Daniele o re ho morena: Ke tla kgumamela Jehova, Modimo wa ka, hobane ke Modimo o phelang. 26 Empa ntumelle, O morena, mme ke tla bolaya drakone ena ntle le sabole kapa lere. Morena a re: Ke a o dumella. 27 Yaba Daniele o nka sekontiri, le mafura, le moriri, a di qhibidila, a etsa dikoto ka tsona, a di kenya molomong wa drakone, mme drakone ya phatloha ka lehare; khumamelo. + 28 Eitse ha ba Babylona ba utloa hoo, ba halefa haholo + ’me ba rera leano khahlanong le morena, + ba re: “Morena o fetohile Mojuda, + ’me o felisitse Bele, + o bolaile drakone + ’me o bolaile baprista. 29 Kahoo ba tla ho morena ’me ba re: “Re nehelane ka Daniele, ho seng joalo re tla u timetsa le ba ntlo ea hao. 30 Eitse ha morena a bona hore ba ne ba mo qophella habohloko, + ’me a fana ka Daniele ho bona.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Lilemo tse limilione / li-dinosaurs / ho
iphetola ha batho? |
