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This is a machine translation made by Google Translate and has not been checked. There may be errors in the text. On the right, there are more links to translations made by Google Translate. In addition, you can read other articles in your own language when you go to my English website (Jari's writings), select an article there and transfer its web address to Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/?sl=en&tl=fi&op=websites).
Aware ne mmofra a wɔmfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho
Awareɛ ne mmofra a wɔmfa mmarima ne mmaa nhyia, kyerɛ sɛ sɛdeɛ wɔtiatia mmofra nnipa hokwan so berɛ a wɔpow hokwan a wɔwɔ wɔ wɔn awofoɔ a wɔwoo wɔn ho - de nnipa hokwan ne mpaninfoɔ pɛyɛ di dwuma sɛ nteaseɛ
Saa asɛm yi ka aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ ne nkɛntɛnso a abusua nhyehyɛe nya wɔ mmofra so ho asɛm. Wɔn a wɔtaa aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ akyi na wogyina nna mu ahofadi akyi wɔ ɔmanfo mu no, ntaa nhwɛ nneɛma mfi mmofra adwene mu. Wonsusuw nkɛntɛnso a mpanyimfo paw ne mmara a wɔhyɛ nya wɔ mmofra so no ho. Saa nnipa yi ka pɛyɛ, nnipa hokwan ne asetra mu pɛyɛ a enni hɔ nkutoo ho asɛm, nanso wɔn werɛ fi sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ mmofra nso nya nnipa hokwan. Ɛsɛ sɛ wonya hokwan fi awo mu ma wɔn awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa. Sɛ wɔamma eyi a, ɛyɛ ɔhaw. Wobu agya a wonni ne ɛna a wonni sɛ ɛyɛ ade a ɛfata na ɛyɛ nea wɔpɛ. Afei wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ mmofra no bɛyɛ nsakrae wɔ nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ wɔagye hokwan titiriw yi afi wɔn nsam no mu na wɔada ase mpo. Ɛyɛ nea ɛtaa ba nso sɛ saa asɛmti yi bɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛdan mmofra ho nkɔmmɔbɔ no akɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔsɔretia a wɔde ba aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam no gyina hɔ ma mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho tan ne ɔtan a wɔwɔ ma mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no so. Nnipa a wɔka sɛ eyi yɛ saa no susuw sɛ wonim obi a ɔne wɔn adwene nhyia no mu nsusuwii ne ne nkate na wɔte nka. Wɔnsusuw sɛ wubetumi agyina nokwasɛm ahorow so nkutoo na adwene ahyia wɔ nneɛma ho, nanso woda so ara ntan obiara. Wɔn a wɔkamfo aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho akyi no nso nsusuw sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da pii ankasa sɔre tia asɛm yi. Wohu sɛ ɛto hokwan a abofra no wɔ sɛ ɔyɛ agya ne ɛna no. Bongibault a ɔyɛ ɔbarima a ɔne ɔbarima da a onnye nni sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ hɔ no aka wɔ nsɛm a wobisabisaa no mu (Wendy Wright, Fransefo Mmarima a Wɔne Mmarima a Wɔne Wɔn Ho Bɔ Ho Ɔyɛkyerɛ a Wɔko Tia Gay Aware no ho):
DƐN NTI NA NKURƆFO GYINA AWARE A ƐFA ƆBARIMA NE ƆBEA NNA HO AKYI? Sɛ wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wobehu adwene a nkurɔfo wɔ wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho a - so ɛyɛ awosu mu su anaasɛ so nneɛma bi a ɛwɔ akyi ne sɛnea onipa no ankasa yɛ n’ade wɔ ho no nya so nkɛntɛnso - mpɛn pii no nkurɔfo de wɔn ho to ɔkwan a edi kan no so. Wɔtaa bu ade yi sɛ awosu mu su Wɔn a wɔfrɛ wɔn Kristofo mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da kuw no ananmusifo pii nso ani gye sɛnea mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi awosu mu no ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Finland ha no, Yhteys-kuw ne Tulkaa kaikki-kuw) . Liisa Tuovinen, Yhteys-kuo no kannifo, de saa adwene a ɛwɔ nnipa nyinaa mu yi bae wɔ TV so nkɔmmɔbɔ bi mu wɔ afe 2002 mu:
Ne nyinaa akyi no, Paulo nni adwene biara wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a ɛyɛ onipa su a wɔde awo no araa ma wontumi nsakra no ho. (2) .
Sɛ wɔte mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ase sɛ su a wofi awosu mu a, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛyɛ nneɛma atitiriw a enti wobu aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da asetra kwan no yiye wɔ nnɛyi asetra mu no mu biako nso. Wosusuw sɛ sɛ ɛyɛ awosu mu su te sɛ honam ani kɔla anaa benkum so a, ɛnde so ɛnyɛ papa sɛ wɔbɛbɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da asetra kwan ne nnipa a wɔwɔ su a ɛte saa no ho ban? So ɛnteɛ sɛ yɛbɛboa nkurɔfo wɔ wɔn nna mu nneɛma a wɔpaw no mu? Nanso dɛn ne nokware a ɛwɔ asɛm no mu? Mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da pii ankasa pow sɛ efi awosu mu. Ebia ebinom bɛka sɛ ɛyɛ awosu, nanso nnipa pii gye tom sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nnaadaa ne tebea horow dii dwuma wɔ wɔn su horow no awo mu. Ná eyinom yɛ nsusuwii ahorow a abu so wɔ adwene ne nneyɛe ho nimdeɛ mu nso mfe du du kakraa bi a atwam ni. Enti ɛyɛ ade a ɛte sɛ awerɛhow anaa nea enti a nsɛmmɔnedifo taa fi tebea horow bi mu ba no. Obiara ntumi npaw tebea a wɔtetee no ne nea wɔayɛ no, nanso obi betumi apaw ama n’ankasa sɛ ɔpɛ sɛ ɔde bɔne kyɛ, sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔsɛmmɔnedifo anaasɛ ɔbɛda ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu. Ebia wɔbɛsɔ no ahwɛ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ saa nneɛma yi, nanso ebedu baabi no, obetumi apaw sɛnea ɔpɛ sɛ ɔtra ase:
Mekenkanee nhwehwɛmu bi a ɛyɛ anigye a onimdefo bi yɛe: na ɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe de hwehwɛɛ nnipa dodow a wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔyɛ nnam gye di sɛ wɔwoo wɔn saa. Wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu ɔha biara mu aduɔwɔtwe anum nyaa adwene sɛ wɔn mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no yɛ ɔkwan a wɔasua a wɔfa so yɛ wɔn ade a nkɛntɛnso a ɛsɛe ade na ɛde bae wɔ wɔn fie mfiase pɛɛ ne obi foforo a ɔdaadaa wɔn. Mprempren, m’asɛmmisa a edi kan bere a me ne ɔbarima a ɔne ɔbarima da hyia no taa yɛ sɛ, “Hena na ɔmaa wo nhyɛso ma wo?” Wɔn nyinaa betumi abua me. Mebisa saa berɛ no sɛ, “Sɛ woanhyia wo papa nua barima, anaa sɛ wo wɔfase no amma w’abrabɔ mu a, dɛn na anka ɛbɛto wo ne wo nna? Anaasɛ wo mpena nni hɔ? Wususuw sɛ dɛn na anka ɛbɛba?” Eyi ne bere a dɔn no fi ase bɔ. Wɔka sɛ, “Ebia, ebia, ebia.” (3) .
Nanso, Ole nnye nni sɛ "ɔbarima a wɔne wɔn ho da awosu mu nkwaadɔm" bi wɔ hɔ. Ogye di sɛ nea ɛde mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nkate ba no yɛ nea emu yɛ den kɛse, na sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔka sɛ onim mmanoma a wɔyɛ pɛ pii a wɔn baanu no mu biako pɛ na ɔyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da. Ole gye di sɛ nneɛma pii na ɛde ne suban bae, te sɛ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den na enye a ɔne n’agya wɔ bere a na ɔyɛ abofra no. Ole ntwe ne ho nhyɛ mu bere a ɔreka abusuabɔ a ɔne n’agya wɔ bere a na ɔyɛ abofra no ho asɛm no. Ɔtee nka sɛ ne papa nni hɔ da na na osuro ne papa. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a na agya no nya akisikuru a ɛyɛ hu, na Ole tee nka mpɛn kakraa bi sɛ ne papa hyɛɛ da brɛɛ no ase wɔ baguam. Ole ka no pen sɛ na ɔtan ne papa. (4) .
Harri ani gye nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛfa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho wɔ nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ mu no ho na osua mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho ade. Ogye di sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne nneɛma a wɔde awo wɔn no nni hwee yɛ koraa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔde saa adwene yi gyina nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobehu nea enti a nkurɔfo wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho akɔnnɔ so. Mpɛn pii no, wɔayɛ wɔn basabasa wɔ nna mu anaasɛ wɔne wɔn awofo anaa wɔn atipɛnfo ntam abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den. Harri ka sɛ: "Eyi ama magye adi sɛ ɛnyɛ nea edi kan koraa na ɛfa awosu mu nneɛma ho. Nanso, minsusuw sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ nnipa binom benya awosu mu nkwaadɔm bi a ɛma wɔyɛ mmerɛw kɛse sɛ wobenya mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da." (5) .
Wɔ n’asɛm no mu no, Tepi gye di sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ ɔwɔ nkate mu sintɔ bi a ɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ obedi ho dwuma no. Tepi se na osuro ne papa bere a na ɔyɛ abofra na ɔda so ara wɔ "nnipa ho suro a ɛte saa". Tepi se ɔrehwehwɛ ɛna wɔ mmea mu. Ɛwom sɛ Tepi susuw nea enti a ɔpɛ mmea a wɔne wɔn ho da no ho de, nanso ɔka ne ho a ɔpɛ mmea ho asɛm nso sɛ: "Sɛnea akɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ ahodwiriw so wɔ awosu mu no, ɛtɔ mmere bi a masusuw ho ankasa sɛnea ebetumi akɔ saa kwan no so." Ɔkwan foforo so no, ogye di sɛ biribi wɔ hɔ a enti ɛte saa, nso. Tepi nnye nni sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu anaasɛ obi betumi ayɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna anaa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna fi awo mu. Wɔ n’adwene mu no, obi nyin yɛ ɔbarima a ɔne ɔbarima da anaa ɔbea a ɔne ɔbarima da, a onni ɔhaw titiriw biara mpo. (6) .
Nokwarem no, me, te sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da pii no, misusuw baabi a mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi ho. Migye di sɛ wɔhyehyɛ abofra nipasu wɔ n’asetra mfe abiɛsa a edi kan no mu, a nna ka ho. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne nnipa abɔde a nkwa wom nyinaa nya eyi so nkɛntɛnso. Minnye nni koraa sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi awosu mu. Wɔ m’abusuafo binom fam no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no yɛ den esiane sɛ wosuro sɛ ɛbɛyɛ agyapade nti pɛpɛɛpɛ. (7) .
So awosu mu nneɛma na ɛde mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da na ɛba? Sɛnea yɛaka no, nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔtaa de ma wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho mprempren ne sɛ efi awo mu na efi awosu mu nkwaadɔm, anaa nkwaadɔm a woyi fi mu bere a wɔyem no. Nkurɔfo susuw sɛ abɔde mu nneɛma titiriw na ɛde mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da na ɛba. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ mmanoma ho no foa saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi so. Nwansena a wɔyɛ pɛ wɔ awosu mu nkwaadɔm ne tebea koro pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ awotwaa no mu, nanso wɔn mu biako pɛ na obetumi anya n’ankasa bɔbeasu ho anigye. Sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm na ɛde mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da na ɛbae a, ɛnsɛ sɛ eyi te saa. Asɛm a edidi so yi fi nhwehwɛmu kɛse bi a wɔyɛe wɔ asɛm no ho, a wɔyɛe wɔ Canada na ɛfa nnipa bɛyɛ 20,000 ho. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ awosu ne awosu nyɛ ade titiriw a ɛma mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi ase.
Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ mmanoma ho wɔ Canada kyerɛe sɛ asetra mu nneɛma ho hia sen awosu mu nneɛma (...) Nhwehwɛmu no mu aba kyerɛ sɛ awosu mu nneɛma nni ntease titiriw biara. Sɛ mmanoma baanu a wɔyɛ pɛ no mu biako yɛ ɔbarima a ɔne ɔbarima da a, na ɛbɛyɛ yiye 6.7% sɛ mmanoma foforo no nso ani gye nnipa a wɔne wɔn bɔbeasu yɛ pɛ ho. Ɔha biara mu nkyekyɛmu a ɛwɔ mmanoma a wɔnyɛ pɛ mu no yɛ 7.2% na anuanom a wɔyɛ daa no yɛ 5.5%. Nea afi mu aba yi ne awosu mu nhwɛso a yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ a ɛfa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho no nhyia koraa. Tebea a mmanoma nyin wɔ wɔn maame awotwaa mu no yɛ pɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ma mmanoma baanu no nyinaa wɔ nkwaadɔm mu, na enti nea efii mu bae a Bearman ne Brucker nyae no ma nsusuwii a ɛne sɛ ɛna no nkwaadɔm a ɛnkari pɛ wɔ nyinsɛn mu no de mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ba no nyɛ nokware. (...) Na nhwehwɛmu ahorow a atwam a ɛfa mmanoma ho no anya wɔn asɛmti no wɔ ayaresabea ahorow anaasɛ ɛnam mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ahyehyɛde ahorow so, anaasɛ ɔkwan foforo so no, na wɔwɔ nhwɛsode kakraa bi. Bearman ne Brucker ka sɛ wɔn nhwehwɛmu no ne nea wotumi de ho to so sen biara efisɛ egyina nhwɛsode a wɔanhyɛ da a wonya fii mmerante ne mmabaa nhwehwɛmu bi a ɔman mũ no nyinaa ka ho mu so. Ná nnipa bɛyɛ 20,000 na wɔsɔɔ wɔn hwɛe! Bio nso, nhwehwɛmufo no amfa wɔn ho anto nea mmanoma baanu no mu biako kae wɔ mmanoma no nna ho akɔnnɔ ho no so: Mmom no, wɔkɔɔ mmanoma foforo no nkyɛn kobisaa wɔn ho asɛm. (8) .
Mpɛn pii no , mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nhwehwɛmufo nnye nni sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fi awosu mu. Olli Stålström, a ɔhyehyɛɛ Finland Seta kuw no muni no de asɛm yi bae wɔ n’asɛm a ɔkyerɛwee Homoseksuaalisuuden sairausleiman loppu (Mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔka ho asɛm sɛ yare no awiei, 1997). Ɔkaa sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nhwehwɛmufo nnye "Wɔwoo me gay" nsusuwii no ntom bere tenten. Ɔkaa nyansahu nhyiam abien a nyansahufo ɔhaha pii kɔɔ ase ho asɛm:
Yebetumi ahu nyansahu nhyiam abien a wɔyɛe wɔ December 1987 mu sɛ asɛm a ɛho hia wɔ abakɔsɛm mu ... a mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nhwehwɛmufo 100 a wofi aman ahorow 22 so wɔ adwumayɛ akuw 100 mu ka ho... Nhyiam ahorow no nso gye toom sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata sɛ wɔde nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa awosu mu ho besi mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔkyekyɛ mu sɛ adwenemhaw no ananmu. Wohuu sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔpow adwene a ɛho hia a ɛfa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, a sɛnea kyerɛ no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da wɔ ade titiriw bi a ɛde ne ho fi bere ne amammerɛ ho a ɛwɔ ade pɔtee bi a ɛde ba no. (nkr. 299-300) .
Mmofra a wɔyɛ wuram . Ade biako a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nna ho akɔnnɔ ne tebea ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse ne mmofra nkumaa a wogyaw wɔn hɔ sɛ wɔne mmoa bɛtra. Wonni nna ho anigye biara koraa. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ asetra mu nneɛma nso nya nnipa nna so nkɛntɛnso. Ɛnyɛ abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua nkutoo ne ade a ɛkyerɛ. Nkɔso ho adwene ho nhwehwɛmufo ne adwene ne nneyɛe ho ɔbenfo boafo, Risto Vuorinen, ka mmofra nkumaa a wɔagyaw wɔn hɔ, wɔn a wɔfrɛ wɔn wuram mmofra, a mmoa na wɔtetee wɔn yi ho asɛm wɔ ne nhoma Minän synty ja kehitys [Awo ne ne ho nkɔso] (1997) mu. Sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm nkutoo na ɛkyerɛ nna a, anka nsɛm a ɛtete saa rensi:
Mmofra a wɔyɛ wuram nna a wonni no yɛ ade titiriw a wɔahu. Ɛmfa ho sɛ wɔn honam fam onyin no, wɔnkyerɛ nna ho anigye biara... Ɛte sɛ nea bere a ɛho hia ntɛm wɔ hɔ ma nna mu nkɔso.
Wɔn a wɔkamfo aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho akyi no pii ankasa agye atom tẽẽ sɛ awosu mu akyinnyegye no nyɛ nokware anaasɛ enni nnyinaso pa. Wɔn mu biako ne John Corvino a onnye nni sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da yɛ ade a wɔde awo no. Waka se: "Nanso akyinnyegye bɔne yɛ akyinnyegye bɔne, ɛmfa ho sɛnea wobetumi de nsɛm a ɛyɛ anigye - na ɛyɛ nokware - aba awiei" (9) Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nipasu nso betumi asesa akodu baabi bere a obi nyin no, nanso mpɛn pii no wɔ ɔkwan a wɔtaa fa so kɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu. Wɔ mmerante ne mmabaa binom fam no, ebia wɔn bɔbeasu mu nipasu da so ara mu nna hɔ, nanso bere a wɔanyin no, wɔn mu dodow no ara behu ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nipasu a ɛfata:
Amerikafo nhwehwɛmu kɛse bi a wotintimii wɔ afe 2007 mu a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nipasu a ɛsakra wɔ mmofra a wɔadi mfe 16-22 mu ho no kyerɛe sɛ ɛda adi sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da anaa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho akɔnnɔ bɛsakra akɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu mpɛn 25 wɔ afe biako mu sen nea ɛne no bɔ abira. Wɔ mmabun dodow no ara fam no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nkate brɛ ase bere a wonyin no. Mmarimaa a wɔadi mfeɛ 17 a wɔdaa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho anigyeɛ adi wɔ ɔfã baako mu no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduɔson daa ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna ho anigyeɛ adi wɔ ɔfã baako mu wɔ mfeɛ 22. (Savin-Williams & Ream 2007: 385 pp.) (10)
SO AWARE HO MMRA A WƆDE AMA AMAMMƆNE NO YƐ nyiyim? Akyinnyegye biako a wɔde ka aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho asɛm ne sɛ aware ho mmara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so no yɛ nyiyim. Ɛno nti na wɔn a wɔtaa aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam akyi no ka pɛyɛ ne nyiyim a wɔko tia ho asɛm, bere a wɔbɔ wɔn adwene ho ban no. Ebia nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo nso de nkrasɛm a wɔakata so fɛfɛɛfɛ a ɛfa hokwan ahorow a nnipa wɔ ne pɛyɛ ho bɛma.
Hokwan a mpanyimfo nyinaa wɔ sɛ wɔware ne nea aware kyerɛ a wɔbɛsakra . Sɛ yɛreka nyiyim a ɛfa aware ho mmara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ho asɛm a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔka sɛ mpanyimfo nyinaa wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔware. Biribiara nni hɔ a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ ha. Ɔbarima anaa ɔbea biara a wanyin betumi ne ɔbarima anaa ɔbea a ɛsono ne bɔbeasu aware. Enti atetesɛm mu aware ho mmara no yɛ pɛ dedaw na ɛnkyerɛ obiara nyiyim. Sɛ́ wobɛka sɛ ɛnte saa no ne nokwasɛm ahorow no bɔ abira. Mmom no, mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛtrɛw aware mu ama awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da nso sesa nea aware kyerɛ. Asɛmfua aware no nya ntease foforo a na enni kan. Ɛte sɛ nea wogye akyinnye sɛ, sɛ nhwɛso no, adwuma mu abusuabɔ a ɛfata a ɛda adwumawura ne odwumayɛni ntam no kyerɛ aware, anaasɛ sakre ne wimhyɛn yɛ kar, sɛ ɛnyɛ saa mpo a. Enti asɛmfua a wɔde mfehaha pii ate ase wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm mu sɛ ɛkyerɛ ɔbarima ne ɔyere ntam abusuabɔ nkutoo no, ɛnam aware ho adwene a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ so no sesa ne ntease ma ɛyɛ soronko. Ɛsakra adeyɛ bi a akɔ so wɔ amammerɛ atitiriw nyinaa mu mfe mpempem pii.
Ɔdɔ ahorow afoforo. Sɛ́ wɔbɛka sɛ aware ho mmara a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ beyi pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne nyiyim afi hɔ no yɛ akyinnyegye bɔne efisɛ abusuabɔ ahorow afoforo wɔ hɔ. Efisɛ sɛ wɔfrɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da abusuabɔ aware a, ɔkwan bɛn so na obi betumi akyerɛ sɛ ɛfata sɛ wɔayi abusuabɔ ahorow afoforo afi mmara koro no ara mu? Dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da kakraa bi nkutoo ka aware ho mmara no ho? Sɛ yedi ntease koro no ara a mprempren nkurɔfo de bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛbɔ asɛm yi ho ban no akyi a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde abusuabɔ ahorow a edidi so yi nso ka mmara no ho. Sɛ wɔayi wɔn afi mu a, sɛnea ntease koro no ara kyerɛ no, ɛyɛ nyiyim ne mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ho. Sɛ yedi wɔn a wɔtaa aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam akyi no nsusuwii akyi na yɛsesa asɛmfua aware no ntease a:
• Abusuabɔ a ɛda ɛna ne ɔbabea ntam, sɛnea wɔte fie koro mu no
• Onipa, a ɔne ne kraman te
• Aware dodow aware ntam abusuabɔ
• Sukuufo baanu a wɔte dan koro mu
• Abusuabɔ a ɛda abusuafo ntam nso yɛ ɔkwan biako. Mpɛn pii no, wɔn a wɔkamfo mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da aware kyerɛ mpo mpene abusuabɔ a ɛte saa efisɛ wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ bɔne wɔ abrabɔ fam. Nanso, wɔn a wɔwɔ adwene a ɛnteɛ wɔ aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ ho no betumi apow esiane ade koro no ara nti. Ebia wobebu no sɛ ɛyɛ bɔne wɔ abrabɔ fam.
Ɔbenfo, Anto Leikola, kyerɛw saa asɛm yi ho asɛm wɔ Yliopisto [Suapɔn] nsɛmma nhoma (8 / 1996) mu a na n’asɛmti ne Olisiko rakkauskin rekisteröitävä? [So ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛw ɔdɔ nso din?] . Ɔkae sɛ ɛdenam ntease koro no ara a wodi akyi so no, ɛnhyia sɛ wɔde asɛm no bɛto mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da nkutoo so. Dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn nkutoo ka aware ho mmara no ho, bere a abusuabɔ ahorow afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a ɛtwe ne ho fi nea wɔtaa yɛ ho no?
Na sɛ anuanom baanu a wɔbata wɔn ho wɔn ho ho kɛse, pɛ sɛ wɔbom nya dan ne nea ɛboro saa, na mpo sɛ wɔfa abofra a wɔbom yɛ wɔn mma nso ɛ? Dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sen mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da? So ɛyɛ nea ɔdɔ wɔ nea etwa to no ntam, nanso ɛnyɛ nea edi kan no ntam, anaasɛ nnamfo nkutoo ntam nti? ...Ne nyinaa mu no, fekubɔ a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din no yɛ asetra mu adeyɛ ...Sɛ wɔde hokwan a ɛte saa ma nnipa a wɔne wɔn bɔbeasu yɛ pɛ a, meda so ara nte nea enti a ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da nkutoo ase. Anaasɛ yesusuw sɛ nnipa a wɔyɛ bɔbeasu koro, a wɔbom tra na wɔbata wɔn ho wɔn ho nyinaa yɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da? Anaasɛ yɛsusu sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne nna wɔ abusuabɔ biara... Sɛ yɛsusu sɛ ɛyɛ papa sɛ yɛbɛkyerɛw mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da abusuabɔ, nanso ɛnyɛ afoforo a, ɛnde nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ asɛm a ɛfa nna ho akɔnnɔ a wɔkyerɛw ho, .
Mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da dodow no ara nhwehwɛ aware . Bere a wɔadi aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ akyi no, nsɛntitiriw biako ne ko a wɔko tia nyiyim ne pɛyɛ a enni hɔ. Wɔasusuw sɛ aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho, baabi a mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da betumi aware wɔn ho wɔn ho no beyi nyiyim afi hɔ. Nanso, nokwasɛm ne sɛ, wɔ saa aman a mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da aware atra hɔ bere tenten no mu no, nnipa kakraa bi pɛ na wɔpɛ sɛ wɔware. Wɔ Netherlands no, mmarima ne mmea aware ayɛ adwuma mfe du ni, nanso mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da awarefo 20% pɛ na wɔware. Sɛ wɔde toto ankorankoro ho a, dodow no sua mpo. Sɛnea akontaabu bi kyerɛ no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no mu 8% pɛ na wɔhyɛn aware mu. Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, dodow no kyerɛ sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da kakraa bi pɛ na wɔn ani agye sɛ wɔbɛware. Mmom no, wɔn mu dodow no ara mpɛ (sɛnea wɔn a wɔtaa akyi no ankasa adwene kyerɛ no) sɛ wobenya pɛyɛ ne ahofadi a wobenya afi nyiyim mu.
MMOFRA HO NSƐM . Sɛnea wɔaka no, aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ fata wɔ pɛyɛ ne sɛ ɛyɛ nnipa hokwan ho asɛm. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ asɛm yi a wogye tom no beyi mmara a ɛnteɛ no afi hɔ. Nanso, wɔahwehwɛ asɛmti yi mu afi mpanyimfo adwene mu nkutoo na wɔn werɛ afi mmofra. Aware ho mmara a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho no yɛ nnipa hokwan ho asɛm ampa, nanso ɛne nea wɔkyerɛ no bɔ abira: ɛkyerɛ mmofra hokwan ahorow a wobu so. Efisɛ wɔ saa nsɛm a awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da abɔ wɔn tirim sɛ wɔbɛwo mma no mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, ebetumi aba sɛ ɛnam mmadwoa sikakorabea ne awotwaa a wɔde tua ho ka so anaasɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da no mu biako akɔ bere tiaa mu abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu abusuabɔ mu) no, ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛtetew abofra no ne n’agya a ɔwoo no no ntam anaasɛ ɛna fi bere a wɔwoo no esiane sɛ mpanyimfo bu aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna sɛ ɛyɛ wɔn hokwan ara kwa nti. Enti aware ho mmara a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho no yɛ nyiyim tia mmofra na ɛma mpanyimfo bɔ ka. Wɔde mpanyimfo ahofadi di mmofra hokwan atitiriw anim. Nokwarem no, tebea horow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abofra nyin a onni agya anaa ɛna, nanso ɛyɛ asɛm foforo sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ da ayɛ abofra a onni agya anaasɛ onni ɛna sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobedi mpanyimfo apɛde ho dwuma ara kwa. Eyi ne nea ɛkɔ so wɔ aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho a wonya mma mu. Wɔ France no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da pii ankasa agye gyinabea wɔ asɛm no ho. Wohu sɛ aware ho mmara a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho no bu hokwan a abofra no wɔ sɛ onya agya ne ɛna no so. Eyi nti na wɔpow aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ no:
Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: So meyɛ ɔbarima a ɔne mmarima da... Mekasa tia awareɛ a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa, ɛfiri sɛ mebɔ hokwan a abofra wɔ sɛ ɔnya agya ne ɛna no ho ban. (11) .
Jean-Marc Veyron la Croix: Obiara wɔ ne sintɔ ahorow: nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ minni ba na mepa abofra no mma minnya hokwan gye ɛna dɔ mfi abofra nsam. (12) .
Hervé Jourdan: Abofra yɛ ɔdɔ aba na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔtra hɔ sɛ ɔdɔ aba. (13) .
Mmofra a wobɛwo . Sɛ ɛba mmarima ne mmea ntam abusuabɔ so a, sɛ wɔde toto ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ ho a, ɛwɔ nsonsonoe kɛse biako: ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nkutoo na ebetumi awo mma, nea etwa to no ntumi nwo mma. Eyi nso yɛ ade titiriw biako nti a okunu ne ɔyere aware yɛ ade a eye sen biara a mmofra befi ase. Ɛma mmofra nya hokwan nyin wɔ wɔn agya ne wɔn maame a wɔwoo wɔn no hwɛ ase fi mfiase. Ɔkwan foforo so no, ɔhaw a ɛwɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da abusuabɔ mu ne sɛ, sɛ wɔfa bere tiaa mu mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da abusuabɔ so nya mmofra anaasɛ wɔfa akwan a wɔayɛ te sɛ awotwaa a wɔde tua ho ka anaasɛ mmadwoa a wɔde sie so nya mmofra a, ɛma abofra no onni agya anaasɛ onni ɛna. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɔyera n’awofo a wɔwoo no no mu biako wɔ fie, a obetumi ne no anyin. Ɛsɛ sɛ abofra no tra ase a n’awofo foforo a ɔwoo no nka ho fi mfiase esiane nea mpanyimfo no paw nti. Wɔn a wɔn ankasa nyinii wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da abusua mu no akasa atia adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛma abofra anya hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya agya anaa ɛna wɔ saa kwan yi so no; denam pɛyɛ a wɔbɛfrɛ wɔn wɔ mpanyimfo ntam no so. Wɔagye hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya wɔn awofo no mu biara no afi wɔn nsam. Jean-Dominique Bunel a ɔne ne maame a ɔyɛ ɔbea a ɔne ɔbarima da ne ne hokafo a ɔyɛ ɔbea nyinii no ka sɛnea onyaa mu suahu no ho asɛm. Ohuu amane esiane agya a onni nti. Wɔ baabi foforo no, ɔka nso sɛ sɛ aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ wɔ hɔ dedaw bere a na ɔrenyin a, anka ɔde ɔman no bɛkɔ asɛnnibea, efisɛ ɛma wotumi bu ne ba no hokwan ahorow so:
Nsɛm a ɛwɔ ase ha no nso di asɛm yi ho dwuma. Agya anaa ɛna a wonni hɔ ne nea enti a mmofra hu sɛ wobenyin wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da tebea mu no. Ɛnyɛ asɛmmisa sɛ ebia ɔwofo biako pɛ a ɔne ɔbarima da no ntumi nyɛ awofoyɛ, na mmom ɛyɛ asɛm a ɛfa atirimpɔw a wɔde begye abofra bi afi n’awofo foforo a ɔwoo no no anim fi n’awo mu:
Robert Oscar Lopez (2012) kasa tia kasakoa a ɛfa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho tan ho sɛ ɛyɛ adwemmɔne ne adwene teateaa, ɛfiri sɛ ɛsan nso frɛ nnipa te sɛ ɔno sɛ wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da, a onyinii wɔ awarefoɔ a wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da fie, ɔtenaa wɔn asetena mu fã kɛseɛ wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da amammerɛ mu, nanso a wɔda so ara sɔre tia aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho efisɛ wɔte nka sɛ ɛto hokwan a abofra no wɔ sɛ agya ne ɛna no. Sɛnea Lopez kyerɛ no, ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛka sɛ obi a ɔtan mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da esiane sɛ ɔka pefee sɛ onyaa agya a onni ho osuahu sɛ ɛyɛ den saa bere a na ɔrenyin wɔ ne maame ne ne hokafo a ɔyɛ ɔbea no fie nti. "Sɛ́ ebia awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da hwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛsuasua awofo a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nhwɛso no denam awo a wɔde si ananmu, awotwaa a wɔde ma, awaregyae, anaasɛ mmofra a wɔfa wɔn sɛ wɔn mma a wɔde di gua so no, wɔde wɔn ho reto abrabɔ fam asiane pii mu. Mmofra, a wohu sɛ wɔwɔ abrabɔ fam asiane ahorow yi mfinimfini no, . nim dwuma a wɔn awofo di wɔ asetra a adwennwen ne nkate mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den a wɔbɛma wɔatetew wɔn ho afi amammerɛ mu atetesɛm te sɛ Agya ne Ɛnanom Da ho no yiye. Wɔma mmofra gyinabea yɛ den, bere a wɔfrɛ wɔn ‘homophobic’ esiane sɛ wohu amane wɔ – na wogye tom – abɔde mu nhyɛso a wɔn awofo de ba wɔn so ara kwa nti. (Lopez 2013.) (15) Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so.
Sɛ wɔfa akwan a wɔde nsa ayɛ te sɛ awotwaa a wɔde tua ho ka ne mmadwoa a wɔde sie so nya mmofra a, ɛsɛ sɛ yehyia abrabɔ pa ho haw pii. Ɔhaw a ɛwɔ awotwaa haya mu ne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɛna no gyaw abofra a ɔso no no. Wɔde asi hɔ sɛ botae wɔ awotwaa a wɔde tua ho ka mu. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ obesiw ne nkate a ɔwɔ wɔ abofra no ho no ano na wotua no ka. Ɔtɔn ne hokwan ahorow ma abofra bi a ebia onhu no bio. Nanso, wɔ nnipa pii fam no, ebia na eyi mu yɛ duru dodo esiane wɔn ɛnanom awosu nti, na ɛno ne nea ama wɔapɛ sɛ wogyae awo a wɔde besi ananmu ho apam no. Saa mmea yi ate ase sɛ wɔdɔ abofra a ɔwɔ wɔn mu no, na ɛno ama wɔasesa wɔn adwene. Nea ɛka ho no, awotwaa a wɔbɛtɔ no yɛ ɔhaw ma mmofra. Efisɛ sɛ ɛna no gyae hokwan a ɔwɔ ma abofra no a, ebia abofra no behu sɛ wɔagyaw no. Ebia nsemmisa bɛsɔre ama no, nea enti a ne maame tɔn no de gyee sika na wannwen ho. Nea ɛka afoforo ho no, Alana Newman wɛbsaet AnonymousUS.org ka mmofra a wɔte saa suahu ne wɔn nkate ho asɛm. Frank Litgvoet a ɔte mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da mu no ka asɛm a ɛte saa ara ho asɛm nokwarem. Ɔka ne mma a wɔagye no ayɛ wɔn ba a na wɔn maame werɛ afi wɔn no ho asɛm. Na ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ yaw ma mmofra no sɛ wɔbɛte nea enti a ɛna no gyaw ne mma wɔ nea edi kan no ase:
Tebea a abofra a “onni ɛna” wɔ abofra a wɔagye no ayɛ ne ba mu no nyɛ mmerɛw sɛnea ebia ɛte no, efisɛ ɛfa ɛna a ɔrewo no ho, na ɔba abofra no asetra mu na afei ofi hɔ. Na sɛ ɛna no nni hɔ honam fam a, ɔda so ara wɔ hɔ, sɛnea yenim fi mmofra pii a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma a wɔadu mpanyin afe so ho nsɛm mu no, na ɔwɔ hɔ wɔ adaeso, mfonini, akɔnnɔ, ne dadwen mu. Mpɛn pii no, Maame a ɔba yɛn mma asetra mu no yɛ osuahu a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Ɛyɛ den ma mmofra bere a ɛna bi kɔ no, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ awerɛhow sɛ wɔbɛka ɔpanyin bi a wɔdɔ no kwan nko nti, na mmom ɛma asɛmmisa a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ yaw a ɛfa nea enti a ɛna no gyaw ne ba wɔ nea edi kan no mu no sɔre nti. (16) .
Na abrabɔ pa a ɛwɔ mmadwoa akorae ne ayaresa a wɔde ma nyinsɛn mu nso ɛ? Wogyina nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ mmarima afi wɔn pɛ mu de wɔn mmadwoa ama sɛ wɔmfa nhyɛ mmadwoa mu, enti akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛho renhia sɛ saa mmarima yi nya nkate a emu yɛ den a ebetumi aba bere a wɔde awotwaa no ayɛ no. Nanso, ɔhaw a ɛwɔ awo ho ayaresa mu ne sɛ ɛde agya a wonni ho adesoa to mmofra so. Mmofra a wɔde nsa awo wɔn no betumi ate nka sɛ ɛyɛ den yiye sɛ ɛna no ahyɛ da de wɔn akɔ tebea bi a wontumi nhu wɔn papa na wɔne no nni nkitaho mu a. Tapio Puolimatka ka Yale Sukuupɔn adwenemyareɛ ho ɔbenfoɔ Kyle Pruett nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛeɛ wɔ asɛm no ho (Kyle Pruett: Fatherneed, New York, Broadway, 2000). Ɛyɛ den sɛ mmofra bɛtra mfinimfini tebea bi mu a wɔne wɔn agya a ɔwoo wɔn no nni abusuabɔ:
Yale Sukuupɔn adwenemyareɛ ho ɔbenfoɔ Kyle Pruett (2000: 207) gyina ne nhwehwɛmu so de ba awieeɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔwo wɔn ɛnam afiri a wɔde hyɛ wɔn mu na wɔtetee wɔn a wɔnni agya no wɔ "ɔkɔm a ɛnyɛ wɔn dɛ sɛ wɔn papa bɛba hɔ daa". Ne nhwehwɛmu no ne awaregyae ne awofo a wonni ahokafo ho nhwehwɛmu ahorow a esi agyayɛ a wonni a ɛte saa ara so dua no hyia. Pruett nhwehwɛmu no nso si so dua sɛ mmofra a wɔwo wɔn esiane nsa a wɔde hyɛ wɔn mu nti, a wonni wɔn papa ho nsɛm biara no wɔ nsemmisa a emu dɔ na ɛhaw adwene wɔ wɔn abɔde mu mfiase ne abusua a wofi mu bae no ho. Saa mmofra yi nnim wɔn agya anaa wɔn agya abusua, na ɛyɛ akyide ma wɔn sɛ wɔbɛtena tebea bi a ɛda ntam mu a wɔne wɔn agya a ɔwoo wɔn no nni abusuabɔ (Pruett 2000:204-208) (17)
Alana Newman toa so ka asɛmti koro no ara ho asɛm. Wɔnam aduru a wɔde hyɛ nipadua mu a wɔde mmadwoa a efi obi a wammɔ ne din mu na ɛwoo n’ankasa. Ɔsɔre tia adeyɛ a ɛma abofra bi mfa hokwan a ɔde ne n’ankasa awofo a wɔwoo no benya abusuabɔ na wanyin wɔ wɔn hwɛ mu no denneennen. Esiane n’ankasa osuahu ahorow nti, onyaa ɔhaw ahorow a ɛfa onipa ko a ɔyɛ ho ne ɔtan a na ɔwɔ ma ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho. Wɔ n’adansedi a ɔkyerɛw kɔmaa California Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mu no, ɔkyerɛw faa asɛm no ho sɛ:
... Mihuu amane wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa nipasu ho a ɛbrɛɛ m’adwene mu kari pɛ, ahotoso a minni ne ɔtan a mewɔ wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea a ɛsono ne bɔbeasu ho, nkate a ɛne sɛ wɔde me ho to me so – te sɛ nea mewɔ hɔ sɛ obi foforo agode nkutoo. Metee nka te sɛ nea meyɛ nyansahu mu sɔhwɛ. (18) .
Hia a awofo ho hia ma mmofra . Television so dwumadi ne atesɛm nkrataa mu nsɛm taa ka sɛnea mmofra pɛ sɛ wohu ɔwofo ankasa a wonhyiaa no da na wayera afi wɔn asetra mu no ho asɛm. Wɔwɔ ɔpɛ sɛ wobehu wɔn ankasa ntini na wɔahyia agya anaa ɛna a ɔwoo no a wayera wɔ wɔn mu no. Eyi abɛyɛ nea abu so nnɛ, s.e., esiane awaregyae dodow a ɛkɔ soro nti. Sɛnea abofra no hwɛ no, nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ awofo a wɔwoo wɔn no nyinaa wɔ hɔ na wodwen wɔn ho wɔn ho ho no ho hia. Eyi nso da adi wɔ asetra mu nsɛm pii a mfaso wɔ so mu. Saa mmofra a wɔne wɔn awofo ntam abusuabɔ asɛe, s.e. esiane nsa, basabasayɛ anaa awaregyae a ɛyɛ ɔkwan biara so nti no, hyia ɔhaw pii wɔ wɔn asetra mu a ɛntaa nsi mma mmofra a wonyinii wɔ mmusua a enni dɛm mu. Nhwɛso ketewaa bi a mfaso wɔ so twe adwene si eyi so. Ɛkyerɛ sɛnea titiriw no agya a wonni, agya a wonni wɔ fie, yɛ nnɛyi ɔhaw:
Bere a na merekasa wɔ mmarima nsraban pɔtee bi mu wɔ Hume Lake wɔ California no, mekae sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, agya biara de simma abiɛsa pɛ nya bere pa ma ne ba da biara. Nhyiam no akyi no, ɔbarima bi gyee m’asɛm no ho kyim. Ɔkasa tiaa sɛ, "Mo asɛnkafo no ka nsɛm nkutoo. Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu a aba foforo kyerɛ no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, agya biara mfa simma abiɛsa mpo nka ne mma ho da biara, na mmom ɔde sikɔne 35 ." Migye no di efisɛ na ɔyɛ adwuma sɛ sukuu sohwɛfo wɔ California mfinimfini. Nokwarem no, ɔmaa me akontaabu foforo a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Wɔ sukuu mantam pɔtee bi mu wɔ California no, na sukuufo 483 na wɔwɔ nhomasua titiriw mu. Ná saa sukuufo no mu biara nni agya wɔ fie. Wɔ beae pɔtee bi a ɛwɔ Seattle kurotia no, mmofra 61% te hɔ a wonni agya. Agya a onni hɔ no yɛ nnome nnɛ. (19) .
Eyi ne asɛmti a yɛaka ho asɛm no wɔ abusuabɔ dɛn? Ne tiaatwa mu no, awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa a wɔwɔ hɔ, ɔdɔ a awofo no wɔ ma wɔn ho wɔn ho ne nokwarem no, abofra no ho hia ma abofra no yiyedi ne ne nkɔso. Nhwehwɛmu pii wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔma no kwan ma ɔne n’ankasa awofo a wɔwoo no tra abusua a ntawntawdi sua mu a, abofra nyin na onyin yiye. Sɛ ntotoho no yɛ mmofra, a wɔanya awofo awaregyae anaa ɔwofo biako mmusua, mmusua foforo ne abusuabɔ a wɔbom tra a, wɔahu sɛ wɔyɛ akwan foforo a enye koraa wɔ mmofra nkɔso ho. Wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da abusuabɔ mu no, ɔhaw no yɛ kɛse mpo (sɛ wɔnam bere tiaa mu abusuabɔ a ɛda mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da so nya mmofra anaasɛ wɔnam akwan a wɔde nsa ayɛ so a), . efisɛ wɔn mu no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, abofra no tetew ne ho fi ɔwofo biako ho fi n’asetra mfiase. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛnyɛ ɔkwan pa a mmofra betumi afa so, sɛnea yɛaka dedaw wɔ atifi hɔ no. Nsɛm kakraa bi a wɔka kyerɛ sɛnea ɛho hia sɛ wonya awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa wɔ abusua no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ obi a ɔreyɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ obegyae ne hokafo no susuw nneɛma ho mprenu. Nokwarem no, ɔwofo biara nni hɔ a ɔyɛ pɛ, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a, sɛ nhwɛso no, basabasayɛ nti, ebetumi ahia sɛ wɔtetew wɔn ho. Nanso, wɔ mmofra no fam no, ɔkwan a eye sen biara ne sɛ awofo no begye wɔn ho wɔn ho atom na wɔasua sɛ wobegye wɔn ho wɔn ho atom:
Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ pefee sɛ abusua nhyehyɛe ho hia mmofra na abusua nhyehyɛe bi na ɛboa wɔn yiye, a awofo baanu a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ aware mu a wodi abusua no anim, na awofo no ntawntawdi sua. Mmofra a wɔwɔ ɔwofo biako mmusua mu, mmofra a ɛnanom a wɔnwaree woo wɔn, ne mmofra a wɔwɔ mmusua a wɔadi afra anaasɛ wɔbom tra mu no wɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ wobenya nkɔso akɔ ɔkwan bɔne so... Ɛno nti na ɛho hia, ma abofra no, sɛ ɔhyɛ aware a emu yɛ den na ɛyɛ den ho nkuran awofo a wɔwoo wɔn ntam. (21) .
Sɛ wɔka kyerɛ yɛn sɛ yɛnyɛ nhyehyɛe bi a ɛbɛma wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ wɔredi mmofra ahiade atitiriw nyinaa ho dwuma a, ebia yebewie baabi, nea ɛte sɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ yebenya awofo baanu. Wɔ nsusuwii mu no, ɛnyɛ sɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛte sɛɛ no hwɛ hu sɛ mmofra no benya mpanyimfo baanu bere ne wɔn nneɛma nko, na mmom ɛma wonya nhyehyɛe a ɛhyɛ wɔn so na wɔkari pɛ, a ɛma awofoyɛ a ɛkorɔn nya nkɔso. Abusuabɔ a ɔwofo baanu no nyinaa ne abofra no wɔ ankasa no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ awofo no betumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ abofra no mu na wɔasiesie wɔn ho sɛ wɔde nneɛma bɛbɔ afɔre ama abofra no. Ɛma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ awofo no de abofra no bedi dwuma nso so tew. (22) .
Wɔada no adi wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ nokware so sɛ mmofra ntumi nkɔ yiye, ɛmfa ho sɛ wɔde wɔn honam fam hwɛ yiye sɛ wɔde wɔn to asoɛe ahorow a ɛnyɛ nipasu mu a, na sɛ wɔtetew wɔn ho fi ɛna no ho – titiriw wɔ mmere bi mu – sɛe abofra no kɛse. Nea ɛtaa kyerɛ wɔ asoɛe hwɛ mu ne adwenemhaw, anibiannaso, sankɔhwɛ ne owu mpo, bere a ɛna a ɔdɔɔso a obesi ananmu nni hɔ no. (23) .
Sɛnea yɛaka no, wɔahu sɛ hia a awofo baanu no nyinaa ho hia wɔ mmofra asetra mu no ho hia. Osuahu a mfaso wɔ so ne nhwehwɛmu pii di eyi ho adanse. Ɔwofo a onni ɔhokafo betumi ayɛ nhwɛso pa wɔ wɔn dwumadi sɛ ɔwofo mu, nanso ɛno nsi ɔwofo a ɛsono ne bɔbeasu a wayera no ananmu. Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ no, mmofra a wonyinii wɔ mmusua a abubu mu (abusua a ɔwofo biako na ɔwɔ, mmusua foforo...) wɔ ɔhaw ahorow a edidi so yi pii. Wɔkyerɛ sɛnea awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa fi ɔdɔ mu ba no ho hia:
• Nhomasua dodow ne sukuu a wɔawie no sua
• Wɔtaa de mmarimaa a wonyinii a wonni agya no kɔ basabasayɛ ne nsɛmmɔnedi kwan so
• Nkate mu haw, adwenemhaw ne mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wobekum wɔn ho abu so wɔ mmofra a wonni awofo baanu no nyinaa mu wɔ abusua no mu
• Nnubɔne ne nsa a wɔde di dwuma abu so
• Mmabun nyinsɛn ne nna mu ayayade a wohyia no abu so
Ɔkwan bɛn so na mmofra a awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da tete wɔn no di kan wɔ tebea yi mu? Ne tiaatwa mu no, wɔwɔ ɔhaw koro no ara a mmofra afoforo a wofi abusua mu abusuabɔ a asɛe mu ba no. Pon a edidi so yi a ɛfa Australiani Sotirios Sarantokis nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛe wɔ asɛm no ho (22) ho no ma yehu asɛm no bi. Nhwehwɛmu a ɔsiesiee wɔ afe 1996 mu no yɛ nhwehwɛmu kɛseɛ a ɛde mmofra nkɔsoɔ a ɛfiri mu baeɛ totoo ho kɔsii afe 2000. Nhwehwɛmu no susuw awofoɔ ankasa nhwehwɛmu, sukuu mu aba ne akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ mmofra nkɔsoɔ ho no ho:
Nnipa asetra ho ɔbenfo Mark Regnerus na ɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo a ɛte saa ara. Ɛhwehwɛɛ nkɛntɛnso a abusua nhyehyɛe nya wɔ mmofra so. Mfaso a ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmu no so ne sɛ egyina nhwɛsode a wɔanhyɛ da ne nhwɛsode kɛse (Amerikafo mmerante 15,000) so. Nea ɛka ho no, wɔtrɛw nhwɛsode no mu denam afie a ɛtɔ mmere bi a na mpanyimfo no mu biako ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da wɔ abusuabɔ a wɔde kaa ho no so. Wotintim nhwehwɛmu no wɔ Social Science Research, asetra ho adesua nhoma a ɛsen biara mu. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi kyerɛe sɛ awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da mma wɔ nkate ne asetra mu haw ahorow pii kɛse sen mmofra a wɔne awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa nyinii no. Robert Oscar Lopez a n’ankasa ne ɛna bi a ɔyɛ ɔbea a ɔne ɔbarima da ne ne hokafo a ɔyɛ ɔbea nyinii no kaa Regnerus nhwehwɛmu no ho asɛm sɛ:
Nhwehwɛmu a Regnerus yɛe no daa mmofra a wɔanyinyin 248 a wɔn awofo ne obi a ɔne no yɛ ɔbarima anaa ɔbea wɔ ɔdɔ mu abusuabɔ. Bere a wɔmaa mmofra a wɔanyinyin yi hokwan sɛ wɔmfa mpanyin afe so nsusuw wɔn mmofraberem ho pefee wɔ wɔn akyi no, wɔde mmuae ahorow a ɛne pɛyɛ ho asɛm a wɔka a ɛwɔ aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ mu no nhyia yiye mae. Nanso, biribi a ɛho hia wɔ asetra mu na ɛfoa nea efi mu ba yi so, a ɛne ntease pa: Ɛyɛ den sɛ obi benyin a ɛsono nnipa afoforo, na saa nsɛnnennen yi ma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ mmofra behyia ɔhaw ahorow wɔ nsakrae mu na wɔde nsa asa wɔn ho aduru no yɛ kɛse ne nneyɛe afoforo a asiane wom. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ saa nnipa 248 a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu biara wɔ n’ankasa nnipa asɛm a nneɛma pii a ɛyɛ den wom. Te sɛ m’ankasa m’asɛm no, . nnipa 248 yi ho nsɛm fata sɛ wɔka. Mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da kuw no yɛ nea wobetumi biara de hwɛ hu sɛ obiara rentie wɔn. (25) .
Ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da mma wɔ ɔhaw ahorow. Saa ara na ɛte wɔ mmofra a wofi afie a abubu mu nyinaa fam. Wɔwɔ ɔhaw pii wɔ wɔn asetra mu sen mmofra a wɔanya hokwan anyin wɔ abusua a wofi mu a enni dɛm mu. Bio nso, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da amammerɛ yɛ ɔhaw ma mmofra, s.e., esiane nneɛma a edidi so yi nti. Wɔde nneɛma a entumi nnyina ba mmofra asetra mu:
• Gayfo wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse. Eyi te saa titiriw ma mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da, a sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ no (Mercer ne ne mfɛfo 2009) wɔ nna mu abusuabɔ boro mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da so mpɛn anum.
• Mmea a wɔne wɔn ho da no wɔ abusuabɔ tiawa. Wɔahu sɛ nsonsonoe ɔha biara mu nkyem a ɛwɔ awarefo a wɔyɛ mmea mu no dɔɔso kɛse sen awarefo a wɔyɛ mmarima de. Afei nso, sɛ wɔde toto awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da ho a, nsonsonoe ɔha biara mu nkyem no dɔɔso kɛse. Eyi nso de nea entumi nnyina pintinn ba mmofra asetra mu.
• Sɛ awarefo a wɔdannan wɔn ho no dɔɔso na anyɛ yiye koraa no, mpanyimfo no mu biako nyɛ abofra no ankasa ɔwofo a, asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛto no mmonnaa no yɛ kɛse. Nhwehwɛmu bi a Regnerus yɛe no kyerɛe sɛ mmofra a wɔn agya ne wɔn maame a ɔwoo wɔn tetee wɔn no mu 2% pɛ na wɔkae sɛ wɔde nna mu kyɛfa aka wɔn, bere a mmofra a ɛna a ɔyɛ ɔbea a ɔne ɔbarima da tetee wɔn no mu 23% kae sɛ wɔahyia saa ara. Ná ade koro no ara ntaa mma mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da mu sen mmea awarefo mu.
• Sɛnea yenim no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da kuw no mufo pii asɔre atia dwumadi ahorow a ɛtete saa a nkurɔfo fi wɔn pɛ mu pɛ sɛ woyi mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da asetra kwan no fi hɔ no na wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban. Wɔatow ahyɛ so akyerɛ sɛ epira. Nanso, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da pii asetra kwan yɛ nea epira ankasa na asiane wom esiane nna mu abusuabɔ pii nti. Mmarima titiriw wɔ asiane a ɛkɔ soro sɛ wobenya nyarewa a wonya fi nna mu ne nyarewa afoforo a wonya fi onipa biako mu kɔ foforo mu. Nea ɛka nneɛma afoforo ho no, AIDS yɛ ɔhaw. Eyi betumi ama wɔn ankasa nkwa nna ayɛ tiaa kɛse, nanso ebetumi agye ɔwofo foforo afi abofra no nsam nso. Eyi nso ma mmofra asetra ntumi nnyina. Asɛm a edidi so yi ka asɛm no ho asɛm pii. Ɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu bi a Oduruyɛfo Robert S. Hogg dii anim. Ne kuw no boaboaa mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho nsɛm ano wɔ Vancouver mpɔtam hɔ fi 1987-1992. Nhwehwɛmu no hwɛɛ nkɛntɛnso a yare nya wɔ nkwa nna so, na ɛnyɛ su no. Nea eye ne sɛ, wɔayɛ nnuru a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban fi tete mmere mu, .
Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da bɛtra ase fi mfe 20 kosi mfe 65 no gu ahorow ɔha biara mu nkyem 32 kosi 59. Saa dodow yi sua koraa sen mmarima afoforo nyinaa, a na wɔwɔ hokwan ɔha biara mu 78 sɛ wɔbɛtra ase fi mfe 20 kosi mfe 65. Awiei: Wɔ Canada kurow kɛse bi mu no, mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔadi mfe 20 no nkwa nna yɛ mfe 8-20 kakraa bi sen mmarima afoforo de. Sɛ owu mu su koro no ara kɔ so a, sɛnea yɛn akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a mprempren wɔadi mfe 20 no mu fã rentumi nni wɔn awoda a ɛto so 65. Ɛdenam nsusuwii ahorow a ɛma ahofadi sen biara mpo so no, mprempren mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ne mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔwɔ nkurow akɛse yi mu no nkwa nna yɛ pɛ ne mmarima a wɔwɔ Canada nyinaa wɔ 1871 mu no. (26)
NNIPA YƐ DƐN WƆ EYI HO? Sɛnea wɔaka no, ɔwofo a onni ɔhokafo a ɔne ɔbarima da betumi ayɛ nea obetumi biara wɔ ne dwumadi sɛ ɔwofo mu na wabɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔwofo pa ama ne ba. Worentumi mpow saa asɛm no. Nanso, ɛyɛ nokwasɛm nso sɛ abusua nhyehyɛe ho hia. Nhwehwɛmu pii, asetra mu osuahu ahorow a mfaso wɔ so ne ntease a ɛfata kyerɛ sɛ eye sɛ mmofra nyin wɔ adwumakuw no mu na wofi ɔdɔ mu hwɛ wɔn ankasa awofo a wɔwoo wɔn no mu. Nokwarem no, ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na eyi ba pɛpɛɛpɛ esiane sɛ awofo no di mfomso nti, nanso wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so no, wɔahu sɛ mmofra yɛ yiye sɛ awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa wɔ hɔ a. Enti wɔn a wɔtaa aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho akyi no yɛ wɔn ade dɛn wɔ saa nsɛm yi ho, anaasɛ sɛ ɛma wogye mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da asetra kwan no ho kyim a? Ɛtaa da adi sɛ nneyɛe a edidi so yi:
Sobo a wɔbɔ wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ho tan ne ɔtan kasa ho abu so. Nnipa pii bɔ saa sobo yi, nanso wonsusuw sɛ sɛ yɛn adwene nhyia wɔ nneɛma ho mpo a, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ yɛbɛtan onipa foforo no. Wɔn a wɔregye akyinnye no ntumi nhu onipa foforo no mu nsusuwii na ebia wɔrente ase sɛ ɛmfa ho adwene a enhyia no, wobetumi adɔ onipa foforo no, anaasɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, wɔbɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛdɔ no. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔte saa nsonsonoe yi ase. Ɔkwan foforo so no, ɛtaa ba sɛ wɔn a wɔtaa aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho akyi denneennen no bɔ nkurɔfo a wohu nneɛma wɔ ɔkwan soronko so sen wɔn ho nsɛmmɔne na wɔde wɔn ho gu wɔn so. Ɛwom mpo sɛ wɔkyerɛ sɛ wogyina hɔ ma ɔdɔ de, nanso wɔnyɛ ho hwee. Sɛ w’ankasa woyɛ kasatiafo a ɔte saa a, dɛn na wunya fi mu anaasɛ sɛ wunya obiara anim dom wɔ w’asetra kwan ho?
Sobo a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔde asodi no to wɔn so. Kan no na wɔaka sɛnea abusua nhyehyɛe ho hia ma mmofra yiyedi. Wɔahu sɛ mmabun nyinsɛn, nsɛmmɔnedi, nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so ne nkate mu haw abu so wɔ mmusua a anyɛ yiye koraa no awofo a wɔwoo wɔn no mu biako nni hɔ mu. Eyi nso nya sikasɛm so nkɛntɛnso, bere a ɔmanfo asetra mu ka kɔ soro no. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ USA wɔ afe 2008 mu kyerɛɛ sɛ awaregyaeɛ ne mmofra a wɔwo wɔn wɔ awareɛ akyi no hwere toɔtuafoɔ dɔla ɔpepepem 112 afe biara (Girgis ne ne mfɛfoɔ 2012:46). Saa ara nso na Etelä-Suomen sanomat bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ October 31, 2010 sɛ: Ɛrenkyɛ na asoɛe a wɔhwɛ mmofra ne mmerante ne mmabaa bɛbɔ ka ɔpepepem biako, Mmofra haw ahorow asɛe kɛse fi 1990 mfe no mfiase... Asoɛe a wɔde hwɛ abofra biako no bo bɛyɛ euro 100,000 afe biara .... Bio nso, Aamulehti bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ March 3, 2013 sɛ: Aberante a wɔato no hintidua bo yɛ ɔpepem 1.8. Sɛ wɔsan de biako mpo ba ɔmanfo mu a, nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa. Afoforo yɛ wɔn ade dɛn wɔ saa nsɛm yi ho? Ebia wɔbɛka sɛ mprempren wɔde asodi reto awofo a wonni ahokafo, awofo a wɔne wɔn ho da anaa wɔn a wɔadi nkogu wɔ wɔn aware mu no so. Nanso, ɛnsɛ sɛ wufi saa kwan no so hwɛ. Saa ara nso na obiara betumi asusuw sɛnea wobetumi asiesie nneɛma na ama ayɛ yiye no ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ obi reyɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ obegyae ne hokafo ne n’abusua a, ɛsɛ sɛ osusuw nneɛma ho mprenu, efisɛ ebetumi anya mmofra no ne wɔn daakye so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. (Mpɛn pii no mmofra a wɔahu na wɔahyia basabasayɛ mpɛn pii nkutoo na wobetumi ahu wɔn awofo a wɔtetew wɔn ho no sɛ ahotɔ.) Anaasɛ sɛ ɔbarima a ɔne ɔbarima da reyɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛwo ba denam akwan a wɔde nsa ayɛ so a, ɛsɛ sɛ osusuw sɛnea abofra no te nka sɛ ɔte ase a onni agya anaasɛ ɛna bi. Nsɛm a ɛfa hia a abusua nhyehyɛe ho hia ma mmofra ho no te sɛ nsɛm a ɛfa mfaso a ɛwɔ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ so anaa asiane a ɛwɔ sigaretnom mu ma akwahosan ho no kakra. Saa nsɛm yi wɔ hɔ, nanso ɛnyɛ obiara na ɔyɛ n’ade wɔ ho. Nanso, sɛ yedi nsɛm a obiara wɔ akyi a, ɛbɛma yɛn nipadua akwahosan atu mpɔn.
"Nwura mu nhwehwɛmu" . Ɛwom sɛ ntease a mfaso wɔ so ne da biara da asetra mu osuahu foa so sɛ eye ma mmofra sɛ wɔma wɔn kwan ma wonyin wɔ awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu no nyinaa abusua mu de, nanso wɔn a wɔtaa aware a ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna nka ho akyi denneennen no bi bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛpow eyi. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔwofo a ɔwoo no a ɔbɛba no ho nhia, nanso ɔpanyin foforo betumi asi ɔwofo a wayera a ɔwɔ hɔ no ananmu. Ɛha no, wɔfa nhwehwɛmu pɔtee bi a ɛfoa saa adwene yi so. Bere koro no ara mu no, wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ nsɛm a atwam a ɛfa nea abusua nhyehyɛe kyerɛ ho nyinaa yɛ "junk research" ne nsɛm a ɛnyɛ nyansahu mu de. Ɛno nti na wosusuw sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔpow no. Nanso, sɛ wohwɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔn a wɔkamfo aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ kyerɛ no ka ho asɛm a, mmom wodu nsɛm a ɛnyɛ nyansahu mu agyiraehyɛde ahorow ho. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne s.e. nneɛma a edidi so yi:
Nhwehwɛmu ahorow no nhwɛso no sua , sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nnipa 30-60 pɛ na wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm. Nhwɛsode nketewa ntumi mma nea efi mu ba a ɛho hia wɔ akontaabu mu. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛyɛ generalizations no, ɛsɛ sɛ sample size no yɛ pii.
Ntotoho akuw nni hɔ anaasɛ wɔyɛ mmusua a abubu. Ɔhaw a ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmu pii mu ne sɛ wonni awarefo a wɔne wɔn bɔbeasu akuw a wɔde toto ho koraa. Anaasɛ sɛ kuw bi a wɔde toto ho wɔ hɔ a, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ abusua a ɔwofo biako na wɔwom, wɔasan asiesie wɔn ho anaasɛ wɔbom tra. Wɔntaa mfa awofo a wɔwoo wɔn aware a wonim sɛ ɛyɛ papa sen biara ma mmofra nyin no nni dwuma sɛ kuw a wɔde toto ho. Wɔadi kan aka dedaw sɛ mmofra a wɔwɔ mmusua a asɛe mu no wɔ ɔhaw ahorow pii kɛse.
Wɔ nhwehwɛmu 59 a APA de dii dwuma no mu no, na 26 nni kuw a wɔde toto ho a awarefo a ɛsono wɔn bɔbeasu na wɔwom koraa. Ná nhwehwɛmu ahorow 33 wɔ ntotoho kuw a ɛte saa, nanso wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow 13 mu no, na kuw a wɔde toto ho no yɛ mmusua a ɔwofo biako na wɔwɔ hɔ. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu 20 a aka no mu no, ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi sɛ ebia kuw a wɔde toto ho no yɛ ɔwofo a onni ɔhokafo, awarefo a wɔbom tra, abusua foforo anaa awarefo a abofra no awofo ankasa na wɔhyehyɛe. Saa sintɔ yi nko ara ma generalization yɛ ɔhaw, ɛfiri sɛ Brown (2004: 364) ka wɔ ne nhwehwɛmu a ɔhwehwɛɛ Amerika mmofra 35,938 ne wɔn awofoɔ mu sɛ ɛmfa ho sikasɛm ne awofoɔ ho ahonyadeɛ, mmeranteɛ ne mmabaa (mfeɛ 12-17) nya nsunsuansoɔ a ɛba fam wɔ mmusua a awarefoɔ a wɔbom tra mu sen mmusua a awofo a wɔwoo wɔn baanu a wɔaware wom mu. (27) .
No random sampling ne nimdeɛ a ɛfa hia a nsɛmbisa ho hia ho . Sɛ nhwɛsode ahorow no sua a, ɔhaw foforo ne sɛ emu dodow bi nnyina nhwɛsode a wɔanhyɛ da so, nanso wɔfa wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no fi activist forums. Ebia wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no nim amammui mu ntease a ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmu no mu ma enti wɔde mmuae a "ɛfata" bɛma. Ɛno da nkyɛn a, hena na ɔpɛ sɛ ɔka wɔn ankasa mma yiyedi ho asɛmmɔne anaa abofra bi fa n’awofo ho, a ohia wɔn anim dom? Wɔ saa ntease yi mu no, nhwehwɛmu pii a wɔayɛ wɔ saa asɛm yi mu no ma yɛkae nhwehwɛmu ahorow a Alfred Kinsey siesiee mfe du du a atwam ni no. Na wonnyina nhwɛsode a wɔanhyɛ da so, nanso Kinsey nhwehwɛmu no fã titiriw bi fi nna mu mmaratofo, mmonnaatofo, adwowtwafo, mmofra a wɔto wɔn mmonnaa, adetɔfo a wɔtɔn mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da nsãdan mu ne nnipa afoforo a wɔdan wɔn ho wɔ nna mu no hɔ. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ nea efii Kinsey mu bae no yɛ Amerikani a ɔte ase no ananmusifo, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi hɔ no ama ɛsono nea efii mu bae koraa na ɛbɔ nsɛm a Kinsey de mae no gu. Oduruyɛfo Judith Reisman akyerɛw saa asɛm yi ho asɛm wɔ ne nhoma a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso "Kinsey: Crimes & Consequences" (1998) mu.
Atirimpɔw a wɔhwehwɛ? Bere a awiei koraa no wɔmaa nyinsɛn a woyi gu mmara kwan so no, wɔkae sɛ woyii nyinsɛn a mmara mma ho kwan wɔ dodow bi mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔkae sɛ woyi nyinsɛn a mmara mma ho kwan 30,000 gu afe biara wɔ Finland, ɛwom sɛ wɔ nsakrae a ɛbaa mmara no mu akyi no, dodow no kɔɔ fam bɛyɛ 10,000 pɛ de. Dɛn na ɛde nsonsonoe akɛse a ɛte saa bae? Wɔn a wɔkamfo nyinsɛn a woyi gu no bi agye atom pefee wɔ ɛno akyi sɛ wɔmaa dodow no yɛɛ kɛse sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkanyan mmarahyɛ baguafo ne ɔmanfo adwene. Obi betumi abisa sɛ ebia botae a ɛte saa ara wɔ hɔ wɔ nhwehwɛmu pii a ɛfa aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ ho mu anaa. Ebinom agye atom sɛ botae ahorow a ɛtete saa abam. Nhwehwɛmufo abu wɔn ani agu nsonsonoe a ɛda adi pefee a wobetumi ahu no so efisɛ wɔapɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛ sɛ abusua nhyehyɛe mfa mmofra nkɔso ho. Nsɛm a edidi so yi twe adwene si eyi so:
Stacey ne Biblarz (2001: 162) gye tom sɛ esiane sɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ pɛe sɛ wɔkyerɛ sɛ awofoɔ a awarefoɔ a wɔne wɔn ho da yɛ no ye te sɛ awofoɔ a awarefoɔ a wɔne wɔn ho da yɛ nti, nhwehwɛmufoɔ a wɔyɛ nkateɛ de ahwɛyie di nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda abusua ahodoɔ yi ntam no ho dwuma. Ɔkwan foforo so no, ɛwom sɛ nokwarem no, nhwehwɛmufo huu nsonsonoe wɔ mpanyimfo a wɔbom tete wɔn awofo mu de, nanso wobuu wɔn ani guu so, buu nea ɛho hia no adewa, anaasɛ wɔantumi anyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo wɔ nsonsonoe ahorow no ho. Awofoɔ no nna ho akɔnnɔ kaa wɔn mma kɛseɛ sene deɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ no tetee no (Stacey & Biblarz 2001: 167). (28) .
Yenim nso sɛ nhwehwɛmufo kakraa bi na wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wɔayɛ biako. Bio nso, wɔn mu binom wɔ mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da anaasɛ wɔde nsi boa aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna. Eyi nyɛ nnyinaso a enye a wobetumi agyina so ayɛ nhwehwɛmu a animhwɛ nnim.
Wɔasi nkɛntɛnso a nhwehwɛmufo ankorankoro adwene nya so dua efisɛ nhwehwɛmufo kakraa bi na wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu 60 a wɔreka ho asɛm no fã kɛse. Charlotte J. Patterson yɛ ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔka ho wɔ saa nhwehwɛmu 60 no mu dumien mu, Henny Bos yɛ akron, Nanette Gartrell yɛ ason, Judith Stacey ne Abbie Goldberg yɛ akyerɛwfo a wɔka ho wɔ anan mu, na afoforo kakraa bi yɛ akyerɛwfo a wɔka ho wɔ nhwehwɛmu abiɛsa mu. Mpɛn pii no, wɔabom ayɛ nhwehwɛmu. Eyi ma nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔde wɔn ho yɛ no so tew na ɛma nhwehwɛmufo animhwɛ nkɛntɛnso yɛ kɛse. Eyi kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a wɔsan ka nsɛm koro no ara wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow pii mu no mu. Charlotte Patterson yɛ adwene ne nneyɛe ho ɔbenfo wɔ Virginia Sukuupɔn mu. Wɔ ne nhwehwɛmu adwuma kɛse no akyi no, ɔwɔ osuahu a edi kan nso wɔ awofoyɛ nneyɛe ho wɔ abusua a awarefo a wɔne wɔn ho da mu wɔ mu: watete mmofra baasa wɔ ne mfe 30 a ɔne Deborah Cohn ayɛ biako no mu. Nanette Gartrell ne ne hokafo Dee Mosbacher abɔ hokwan ahorow a mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da wɔ ho ban denneennen na wayɛ nhwehwɛmufo titiriw wɔ nhwehwɛmu adwuma a ɛne U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study (NLLFS) a mmarima a wɔne wɔn ho da ahyehyɛde ahorow pii a agye din de sika boa no mu. Henny Bos yɛ adwuma sɛ nhomasua ho ɔbenfo wɔ Amsterdam Sukuupɔn mu na ɔne Nanette Gartrell abom de wɔn ho ahyɛ NLLFS nhwehwɛmu adwuma no mu. Abbie Goldberg yɛ adwene ne nneyɛe ho ɔbenfo wɔ Clark Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Worcester, Massachusetts. Ɔka sɛ efi ne nhwehwɛmu adwuma no mfiase pɛɛ no, onyaa ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ "asetra mu nneyɛe ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo pii da nea wɔfrɛ no gyinapɛn a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse adi, a enni tumi kɛse bio (a ɛne sɛ, nuklea abusua nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu)". Wɔ n’abenfo adwene ahorow pii mu no, Judith Stacey abɔ aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ ho ban, ɛwom sɛ obu ɔkwan a eye sen biara a obetumi afa so ne sɛ obetu aware nhyehyɛe no nyinaa afi hɔ de. Wɔ n’adwene mu no, aware nhyehyɛe no ankasa ma pɛyɛ a enni hɔ no yɛ kɛse. (29) . ɛwom sɛ obu no sɛ ɔkwan a eye sen biara a obetumi afa so ne sɛ obetu aware nhyehyɛe no nyinaa afi hɔ de. Wɔ n’adwene mu no, aware nhyehyɛe no ankasa ma pɛyɛ a enni hɔ no yɛ kɛse. (29) . ɛwom sɛ obu no sɛ ɔkwan a eye sen biara a obetumi afa so ne sɛ obetu aware nhyehyɛe no nyinaa afi hɔ de. Wɔ n’adwene mu no, aware nhyehyɛe no ankasa ma pɛyɛ a enni hɔ no yɛ kɛse. (29) .
Ɔdɔ . Bere a Nasifo no bɔɔ nnipa a wokunkum wɔn ho ban no, nea enti a wɔyɛɛ saa no mu biako ne ayamhyehye. Wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ ɛnyɛ nnipa nkwa nyinaa na ɛfata sɛ wɔtra ase, na ɛno nti, nea ɛka nneɛma afoforo ho no, wɔyɛɛ nsɛmmɔnedi ho sini ahorow de bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛbɔ asɛm yi ho ban no. Wɔ ayamhyehye din mu no, wosii gyinae ahorow a awiei koraa no ɛde nea ɛyɛ hu bae. Wɔbɔ nneɛma pii ho ban nnɛ mpo wɔ ɔdɔ din mu. Nokwarem no, ɛnyɛ bɔne sɛ wɔbɛbɔ ɔdɔ ho ban, nanso mpɛn pii no nokwarem no, ebetumi ayɛ pɛsɛmenkominya akataso, titiriw ama ɔpanyin pɛsɛmenkominya a ɔde ma abofra. Bere a nsu foforo aba ɔmanfo mu wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu no, emu pii fa mmofra ho pɛpɛɛpɛ. Wɔhyɛ mmofra ma wohu nea efi mpanyimfo paw mu ba. Nna mu nsakrae, nyinsɛn a woyi gu, ne aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ yɛ nhwɛso abiɛsa:
• Na nna mu nsakrae no ho adwene ne sɛ ɛnyɛ hwee sɛ obi bɛda a wunni aware mu bɔhyɛ biara. Wɔbɔɔ asɛm no ho ban denam ka a wɔkae sɛ "sɛ nnipa baanu no nyinaa dɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho a, mfomso biara nni ho". Dɛn na ayɛ na sɛ wɔwo abofra wɔ tebea a ɛte saa mu a awofo no mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho mu ansa na ɛno reba a, dɛn na efi mu ba? Nokwarem no, nea ɛyɛ anigye sen biara ne ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so apaw a awofo no ne wɔn ho wɔn ho nya abusuabɔ ntɛm ara na wɔwo abofra no wɔ ofie a awofo baanu no nyinaa wom mu. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, adeyɛ no yɛ soronko. Ebia awofo no beyi nyinsɛn agu anaasɛ wɔbɛtetew mu na abofra no atra ɛna a onni ɔhokafo (anaa agya a onni ɔhokafo) hwɛ mu. Enti nna mu ahofadi a ebia wɔde ɔdɔ bɔɔ ho ban no nyɛ ɔkwan pa a abofra no betumi afa so.
• Nyinsɛn a woyi gu bae wɔ nna mu nsakrae no akyi. Ɛnnɛ mpo, wɔn a wɔbɔ asɛm yi ho ban no ntumi mfa nkyerɛkyerɛmu biara mma wɔ nea enti a abofra a ɔwɔ ɛna no awotwaa mu, a ɔwɔ nipadua akwaa koro (ani, hwene, ano, nan, nsa) sɛ abofra a wɔawo no foforo anaa, sɛ nhwɛso no, a Abofra a wadi mfe 10, anka ɔnyɛ onipa kɛse. Ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛna no awotwaa mu a wɔbɛtra ara kwa no yɛ nea wogyina so.
• Aware a ɛnyɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ – asɛm yi asɛmti – nso betumi ayɛ ɔhaw ama mmofra. Efisɛ sɛ wonya mmofra wɔ nkabom a ɛte saa mu denam akwan a wɔde nsa ayɛ anaa bere tiaa mu hetero abusuabɔ so a, ɛma abofra no kɔ tebea bi a anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɔyera n’awofo a wɔwoo no no mu biako wɔ fie.
References:
1. Wendy Wright: French Homosexuals Join Demonstration Against Gay Marriage, Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute, January 18, 2013 2. Liisa Tuovinen, ”Synti vai siunaus?” Inhimillinen tekijä. TV2, 2.11.2004, klo 22.05. 3. Bill Hybels: Kristityt seksihullussa kulttuurissa (Christians in a Sex Crazed Culture), p. 132 4. Espen Ottosen: Minun homoseksuaalit ystäväni (”Mine homofile venner”), p. 104 5. Espen Ottosen: Minun homoseksuaalit ystäväni (”Mine homofile venner”), p. 131 6. Lesboidentiteetti ja kristillisyys, p. 87, Seta julkaisut 7. Sinikka Pellinen: Homoseksuaalinen identiteetti ja kristillinen usko, p. 77, Teron kertomus 8. Ari Puonti: Suhteesta siunaukseen, p. 76,77 9. John Corvino: Mitä väärää on homoseksualisuudessa?, p. 161 10. Tapio Puolimatka: Seksuaalivallankumous, perheen ja kulttuurin romahdus, p. 172 11. Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Homosexuel contre le marriage pour tous (2013), Deboiris, p. 94 12. Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Homosexuel contre le marriage pour tous (2013), Deboiris, p. 210 13. Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Homosexuel contre le marriage pour tous (2013), Deboiris, p. 212 14. Jean-Marc Guénois: “J’ai été élevé par deux femmes”, Le Figaro 1.10.2013 15. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 28,29 16. Frank Litgvoet: “The Misnomer of Motherless Parenting”, New York Times 07/2013 17. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 43,44 18. Alana Newman: Testimony of Alana S. Newman. Opposition to AB460. To the California Assembly Committee on Health, April 30, 2013. 19. Edwin Louis Cole: Miehuuden haaste, p. 104 20. David Popenoe (1996): Life without Father: Compelling New Evidence That Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society. New York: Free Press. 21. Kristin Anderson Moore & Susan M. Jekielek & Carol Emig:” Marriage from a Child’s Perspective: How Does Family Structure Affect Children and What Can We do About it”, Child Trends Research Brief, Child Trends, June 2002, http:www. childrentrends.org&/files/marriagerb602.pdf.) 22. Sara McLanahan & Gary Sandefur: Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps, p. 38 23. Margaret Mead: Some Theoretical Considerations on the Problem of Mother-Child Separation, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 24, 1954, p. 474 24. Sotirios Sarantakos: Children in Three Contexts: Family, Education and Social Development, Children Australia 21, 23-31, (1996) 25. Robert Oscar Lopez: Growing Up With Two Moms: The Untold Cgildren’s View, The Public Discourse, Augustth, 2012 26. International Journal of Epidemiology Modelling the Impact of HIV Disease on Mortality in Gay and Bisexual men; International Journal of Epidemiology; Vol. 26, No 3, p. 657 27. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 166 28. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 176 29. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 178,179
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Mfe ɔpepem pii / dinosaurs / nnipa
adannandi? |
