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This is a machine translation made by Google Translate and has not been checked. There may be errors in the text. On the right, there are more links to translations made by Google Translate. In addition, you can read other articles in your own language when you go to my English website (Jari's writings), select an article there and transfer its web address to Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/?sl=en&tl=fi&op=websites).
Bere bɛn na dinosaur ahorow no traa ase?
Sua nea enti a dinosaur tenaa ase nnansa yi, bere koro no ara a na nnipa te ase no. Ɛnyɛ den sɛ yebegye mfe ɔpepem pii ho kyim esiane adanse a ɛwɔ hɔ nti
Gyidi a wɔtaa gye ne sɛ dinosaur dii Asase so bɛboro mfe ɔpepem 100 kosii sɛ wɔyerae mfe ɔpepem 65 a atwam ni. Wɔnam adannandi ho nhoma ne nhyehyɛe ahorow so asi asɛm yi so dua bere nyinaa, enti wɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ dinosaur te asase so mfe ɔpepem pii a atwam ni no akyerɛw denneennen wɔ nnipa dodow no ara adwene mu. Wonsusuw sɛ ebetumi aba sɛ saa akɛse yi (Ne kɛse yɛ nea ɛfata. Ɛnnɛyi blue whale no mu duru bɛyɛ mmɔho abien sen dinosaur akɛse no) .mmoa traa ase nnansa yi ara na wɔtraa ase bere koro no ara mu sɛ nnipa traa ase. Sɛnea adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ kyerɛ no, wosusuw sɛ na dinosaur ahorow no traa ase wɔ Jurassic ne Cretaceous bere no mu, na mmoa a wɔtraa ase wɔ Cambrian bere no mu ansa na ɛno mpo, na mmoa a wɔnom nufusu no puei wɔ Asase so nea etwa to. Adannandie adwene a ɛne sɛ saa akuw yi puei wɔ okyinnsoromma yi so wɔ mmere ahorow mu no mu yɛ den wɔ nkurɔfo adwene mu araa ma wogye di sɛ egyina hɔ ma nyansahu na ɛyɛ nokware, ɛwom mpo sɛ wobetumi ahu nokwasɛm pii a ɛne saa adwene yi nhyia de. Afei, yɛbɛhwehwɛ asɛmti yi mu kɔ akyiri. Adanse pii kyerɛ sɛ ɛnkyɛ koraa na dinosaur puei wɔ asase so. Yɛhwɛ adanse ahorow yi akyi.
Dinosaur nnompe a wɔasan ahwɛ mu . Adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ dinosaur atra asase so ne wɔn nnompe. Sɛ wogyina wɔn so a, wobetumi ahu bɛyɛ sɛ dinosaur ahorow no kɛse ne wɔn honam ani hwɛbea ne sɛ na wɔyɛ mmoa ankasa. Biribiara nni hɔ a enti ɛsɛ sɛ yegye wɔn abakɔsɛm ho kyim. Nanso, bere a wɔde dii dinosaur no yɛ asɛm foforo. Ɛwom sɛ sɛnea asase ho bere ho nhyehyɛe bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu kyerɛ no, dinosaur ase tɔree mfe ɔpepem 65 a atwam ni de, nanso wontumi nnyina nnompe ankasa so nkyerɛ asɛm a ɛte saa. Fossils nni nkyerɛwde a ɛkyerɛ mfe a wɔadi ne bere a wɔyerae. Mmom no, sɛnea nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu no te yiye no kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfe mpempem pii asɛm, na ɛnyɛ mfe ɔpepem pii. Ɛyɛ nneɛma a edidi so yi nti:
Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na nnompe yɛ abotan . Wɔahu nnompe a ayɛ aboɔden afiri dinosaur mu, nanso wɔahu nnompe a ɛnyɛ aboɔ nso. Nnipa pii wɔ adwene sɛ dinosaur nnompe nyinaa yɛ abotan ma enti ɛyɛ tete de. Bio nso, wosusuw sɛ abo a wɔde yɛ abotan no gye mfe ɔpepem pii. Nanso, abo a wɔma ɛyɛ no betumi ayɛ adeyɛ a ɛkɔ so ntɛmntɛm. Wɔ aduruyɛdan mu tebea horow mu no, wɔatumi ayɛ nnua a ayɛ abo wɔ nna kakraa bi mu. Wɔ tebea horow a ɛfata mu, te sɛ nsuten a ɛyɛ hyew a mineral pii wom mu no, nnompe nso betumi ayɛ abo wɔ adapɛn abien ntam. Saa nneɛma yi nhwehwɛ mfe ɔpepem pii. Enti wɔahu dinosaur nnompe a ɛnyɛ abo. Ebia dinosaurfo nnompe binom aka wɔn mfitiase dompe no fã kɛse no ara na ebetumi ayɛ huam a aporɔw. Tete nneɛma ho ɔbenfo bi a ogye adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ di no kaa beae kɛse biako a wohuu dinosaur nnompe ho asɛm sɛ “nnompe a ɛwɔ Hell Creek nyinaa hua.” Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na nnompe atumi ayɛ huam wɔ mfe ɔpepem du du akyi? Nyansahu nhoma ka sɛnea C. Barreto ne n’adwuma kuw no asua dinosaur nkumaa nnompe ho ade (Nyansahu, 262:2020-2023), a na ɛnyɛ abotan. Nnompe a wobu akontaa sɛ adi mfe ɔpepem 72-84 no wɔ calcium ne phosphorus dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no ara pɛ. Mfitiase nhoma no da nnompe no ho nsɛm nketenkete a wɔakora so yiye a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete adi. Nnompe kakraa bi pɛ na wɔahu nso wɔ atifi fam mmeae te sɛ Alberta ne Alaska wɔ Canada. The Journal of Paleontology (1987, Po 61, No 1, kratafa 198-200) bɔ nneɛma a ɛte saa biako ho amanneɛ sɛ:
Wohuu nhwɛso a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse mpo wɔ Alaska atifi fam mpoano, baabi a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nnompe mpempem pii ntumi nsɛe koraa no. Nnompe no hwɛ na ɛte sɛ nantwi nnompe dedaw. Wɔn a wohuu no no ammɔ nea wohui no ho amanneɛ mfe aduonu efisɛ wosusuwii sɛ wɔyɛ bison-, na ɛnyɛ dinosaur nnompe.
Asɛmmisa pa ne sɛ anka ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na wɔakora nnompe no so mfe ɔpepem du du? Bere a na dinosaur ahorow no wɔ hɔ no, na wim yɛ hyew, enti akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ anka mmoawa nketenkete dwumadi bɛsɛe nnompe no. Nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ nnompe no nyɛ abotan, wɔakora so yiye na ɛte sɛ nnompe a wɔayɛ no foforo no kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bere tiaa mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛkyɛ.
Ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw . Sɛnea yɛaka no, nnompe a wɔatutu fam ahu nni nkyerɛwde a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔadi. Obiara ntumi nka no pen sɛ bere bɛn na abɔde a nkwa wom a wohu sɛ nnompe a wɔatutu fam ahu no atra ase wɔ Asase so. Wontumi nnya eyi mfi tetefo nneɛma mu tẽẽ. Nanso, sɛ ɛba dinosaur nnompe a wɔahu so a, ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔahu sɛ wɔakora nnompe no pii so yiye. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Yle uutiset bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ December 5, 2007 sɛ: "Wohuu dinosaur ntini ne honam ani wɔ USA." Ɛnyɛ saa amanneɛbɔ yi nkutoo ne nea ɛte saa, nanso nsɛm a ɛte saa ara ne nea wɔahu no dɔɔso. Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu amanneɛbɔ bi kyerɛ no, wɔayi ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw afi bɛyɛ dinosaur dompe a ɛto so abien biara mu fi Jurassic bere so (145.5 – 199.6 ɔpepem adannandi mfe a atwam ni) (1). Dinosaurfo nnompe a wɔakora so yiye no yɛ ahodwiriwde kɛse ampa sɛ efi bɛboro mfe ɔpepem 65 a atwam ni a. Nhwɛso pa ne dinosaur a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nea edi mũ a wohuu wɔ Pietraroia limestone akorae wɔ Italy Anafo fam, a sɛnea adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ kyerɛ no, na wobu no sɛ adi mfe ɔpepem 110, nanso na ne mmerɛbo, dwensɔtwaa, ntini ne ntini mu ntini da so ara wɔ hɔ. Nea ɛka ho no, ade a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ nea wohui no mu ne dwensɔtwaa a wɔakora so, baabi a na wotumi hu ntini mu ntini no. Sɛnea nhwehwɛmufo no kyerɛ no, na dwensɔtwaa no te sɛ nea wɔatwa no foforo ara pɛ! ( TREE, August 1998, Po 13, No. 8, kratafa 303-304) Nhwɛso foforo ne pterosaur (na wɔyɛ akraman akɛse a wotu) a wohuu wɔ Araripe, Brazil, a wɔakora so yiye a ebi mmae da no nnompe. London Sukuupɔn mu tetefo nneɛma ho ɔbenfo Stafford House kaa saa nnompe a wɔahu yi ho asɛm (Discover 2/1994):
Sɛ saa abɔde no wui asram asia a atwam ni, wosiee no na wotutuu fam a, anka ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ eyi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa wɔ ɔkwan biara so.
Enti, wɔde dinosaur ayɛ ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔakora so yiye a wɔahu. Nea wɔahu no te sɛ nea wɔde mammoths a wosusuw sɛ wowuwui mfe mpempem kakraa bi pɛ a atwam ni no ayɛ no ara pɛ. Asɛmmisa pa ne sɛ, ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na wɔakyerɛkyerɛ dinosaur nnompe mu sɛ akyɛ sen mammoth nnompe mpɛn pii, sɛ wɔakora abien no nyinaa so yiye pɛpɛɛpɛ a? Biribiara nni hɔ a wobegyina so ayɛ eyi sɛ asase ho bere nhyehyɛe a wɔahu sɛ ɛne nea wobetumi ahu wɔ abɔde mu mpɛn pii no bɔ abira. Ná ɛbɛyɛ bere a ɛsɛ sɛ yegyae bere nhyehyɛe yi. Ebetumi aba yiye sɛ dinosaur ne mammoths traa asase so bere koro mu.
Wɔahu protein te sɛ albumin, collagen ne osteocalcin wɔ dinosaur nkae mu. Afei nso wɔahu protein a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye elastin ne laminin [Schweitzer, M. ne afoforo 6, Biomolecular su ne protein ntoatoaso a ɛwɔ Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Nea ɛma nneɛma a wɔahu yi yɛ ɔhaw ne sɛ ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na wohu saa nneɛma yi wɔ mmoa a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu mpo mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ mammoth dompe nhwɛsode biako a wobuu akontaa sɛ adi mfe 13,000 mu no, na collagen no nyinaa ayera dedaw (Science, 1978, 200, 1275) .. Nanso, wɔayi collagen afi dinosaur nnompe mu. Sɛnea adwumayɛfo nsɛmma nhoma Biochemist kyerɛ no, wontumi nkora collagen so mfe ɔpepem abiɛsa mpo wɔ ɔhyew a ɛfata a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius (2) . Nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ nneɛma a ɛtete saa sisi mpɛn pii no kyerɛ sɛ sɛ ɛboro so a, dinosaur nnompe adi mfe mpempem kakraa bi. Mfe a wɔadi a egyina asase ho nimdeɛ bere nhyehyɛe so no ne nea wɔahu mprempren no nhyia.
Ɔkwan foforo so no, wonim sɛ wontumi nkora biomolecules so bɛboro mfe 100,000 (Bada, J ne afoforo 1999. Biomolecules atitiriw a wɔkora so wɔ fossil kyerɛwtohɔ mu: mprempren nimdeɛ ne daakye nsɛnnennen. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Ho Nyansahu.354, [1379 ]). Eyi ne nhwehwɛmu a efi nyansahu a wɔde nsɛm a wɔahu mu aba. Mpɛn pii no, wobetumi ayi collagen a ɛyɛ mmoa ntini mu biomolecule, kyerɛ sɛ protein a ɛtaa ba wɔ nhyehyɛe mu no afi nnompe mu. Wonim protein a yɛreka ho asɛm no ho sɛ ɛpaapae ntɛmntɛm wɔ nnompe no mu, na ne nkae nkutoo na wotumi hu wɔ mfe 30,000 akyi, gye tebea titiriw a ɛyɛ kusuu yiye mu. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ osu bɛtɔ kakra wɔ Hell Creek mpɔtam hɔ bere ne bere mu. Enti, ɛnsɛ sɛ wohu collagen wɔ dompe a adi mfe "68 ɔpepem" a wɔasie wɔ asase mu no mu. (3) .
Sɛ nea wɔahu wɔ protein ahorow a wɔayi afi dinosaur nnompe mu, te sɛ albumin, collagen ne osteocalcin, ne DNA ho no teɛ, na yenni biribiara a yebegyina so agye nhwehwɛmufo no ahwɛyiye ho kyim, a egyina nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi so a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan kyerɛ bere a nnompe no yɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛboro mfe 40,000-50,000, efisɛ bere a ɛsen biara a wobetumi de akora nneɛma a wɔreka ho asɛm wɔ abɔde mu no so. (4) .
Mogya mu nkwammoaa . Ade biako a ɛyɛ nwonwa ne mogya mu nkwammoaa a wohuu wɔ dinosaur nkae mu no. Wɔahu mogya mu nkwammoaa a nuklea wom na wɔahu sɛ hemoglobin da so ara wɔ mu nso. Mogya nkwammoaa a wohui a ɛho hia sen biara no mu biako yɛ nea Mary Schweitzer na ɔyɛe dedaw wɔ 1990 mfe no mu. Wɔahu nneɛma afoforo a ɛte saa ara fi saa bere no. Asɛmmisa pa ne sɛnea wobetumi akora mogya mu nkwammoaa so mfe ɔpepem du du anaasɛ wɔ ne nyinaa akyi no, efi asase ho nimdeɛ mu nnansa yi ara? Nneɛma pii a wɔahu a ɛte sɛɛ no ma wogye asase ho bere nhyehyɛe ne ne mfe ɔpepem pii no ho kyim. Sɛ yegyina tebea pa a tetefo nneɛma te so a, ntease biara nni hɔ a ɛfata a enti ɛsɛ sɛ yegye mfe ɔpepem pii adi.
Bere a Mary Schweitzer dii mfe anum no, ɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ dinosaur ho nhwehwɛmufo. N’adaeso no baa mu, na bere a odii mfe 38 no, otumi suaa Tyrannosaurus Rex nnompe a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔakora so pɛpɛɛpɛ, a wohuu wɔ Montana wɔ 1998 mu no ho ade (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Po 270, No 19 , kratafa 2376–2377). Wobuu akontaa sɛ nnompe no mfe yɛ "mfe ɔpepem 80." Wohuu nnompe no bɛyɛ 90%, na na ɛda so ara yɛ nea enni dɛm. Schweitzer yɛ obi a ne ho akokwaw wɔ ntini mu nhwehwɛmu mu na ɔfrɛ ne ho sɛ molecule tete nneɛma ho ɔbenfo. Ɔpaw nea ohui no asen nnompe ne ne nan ase nnompe na osii gyinae sɛ ɔbɛhwehwɛ nnompe mu ntini no mu. Schweitzer hui sɛ wɔannya nnompe mu ntini no mu nnompe na wɔakora so yiye a wontumi nnye nni. Ná dompe no yɛ nea nkwa wom koraa na na wɔakora so yiye koraa. Schweitzer de afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete suaa ho ade na ohuu nneɛma a wɔayɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Ná wɔyɛ nketewa na wɔyɛ kurukuruwa na na wɔwɔ nucleus te sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ a ɛwɔ mogya ntini mu no ara pɛ. Nanso anka ɛsɛ sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa no yera fi dinosaur nnompe no mu mfe pii a atwam ni.Schweitzer ka sɛ : "Me honam ani nyaa goosebumps, te sɛ nea merehwɛ nnɛyi dompe bi." "Nokwarem no mantumi annye nea na merehu no nni na meka kyerɛɛ lab technician no sɛ: 'Saa nnompe yi adi mfe ɔpepem 65, ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na mogya mu nkwammoaa no atumi atra ase akyɛ saa?'" (Science, July 1993, Vol. 261 , nkratafa 160–163). Nea ɛho hia wɔ nea wɔahu yi ho ne sɛ na ɛnyɛ nnompe no nyinaa na wɔayɛ no nnompe koraa. Gayle Callis, nnompe ho nhwehwɛmufo titiriw bi de nnompe no nhwɛsode ahorow no kyerɛɛ wɔ nyansahu nhyiam bi ase a ɔyare ho ɔbenfo bi huu no wɔ akwanhyia mu. Nyarewa ho ɔbenfo no kae sɛ, "So wunim sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa wɔ dompe yi mu?" Eyi ma wɔyɛɛ anigyesɛm a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Mary Schweitzer de nhwɛsode no kyerɛɛ Jack Horner, dinosaur ho nhwehwɛmufo a wagye din, ."Enti wususuw sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa wɔ mu?" , a Schweitzer buae sɛ, "Dabi, mennyɛ saa." "Wiɛ afei, bɔ mmɔden kɛkɛ na kyerɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa," Horner buae (EARTH, 1997, June: 55–57, Schweitzer ne afoforo, The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner fa no sɛ nnompe no yɛ den araa ma nsu ne mframa pa ntumi nnya wɔn so nkɛntɛnso (5) .
Radiocarbon a wɔde yɛ nneɛma . Ɔkwan a ɛho hia sen biara a wɔfa so susuw mfe a nneɛma a nkwa wom adi ne radiocarbon kwan. Wɔ saa kwan yi so no, radiocarbon (C-14) fã nkwa nna yɛ mfe 5730, enti ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛka bi wɔ bɛyɛ mfe 100,000 akyi. Nanso, nokwasɛm ne sɛ wɔahu radiocarbon mpɛn pii wɔ "mfe ɔpepehaha pii" a wɔde asie, ngo abura, Cambrian abɔde a nkwa wom, fango a wɔde asie, mpo daimond mu. Bere a radiocarbon nkwa nna fã a aban de di dwuma no yɛ mfe mpempem kakraa bi pɛ no, sɛ nhwɛsode ahorow no fi mfe ɔpepem pii a atwam ni a, ɛnsɛ sɛ eyi yɛ yiye. Nea ebetumi aba ara ne sɛ na bere a abɔde a nkwa wom wuwu no bɛn mprempren koraa, kyerɛ sɛ, na ɛnyɛ mfe mpempem pii, na ɛnyɛ mfe ɔpepem pii. Ɔhaw koro no ara wɔ dinosaur ahorow ho. Mpɛn pii no, wɔankyerɛ bere a wɔde radiocarbon ayɛ mpo wɔ dinosaur ho, efisɛ wɔabu dinosaur nnompe sɛ akyɛ dodo sɛ wobetumi ahu bere a wɔde radiocarbon ayɛ. Nanso, wɔasusuw nneɛma kakraa bi na nea ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛ radiocarbon no da so ara wɔ hɔ. Eyi te sɛ nea wɔadi kan ahu no kyerɛ sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ mfe ɔpepem pii fi bere a saa abɔde yi ase tɔree. Asɛm a edidi so yi ka ɔhaw no ho asɛm pii. Germanfo nhwehwɛmufo kuw bi bɔ amanneɛ wɔ radiocarbon nkae a ɛwɔ dinosaur nkae a wohuu wɔ mmeae ahorow pii ho:
Mpɛn pii no, wɔmfa carbon-14 nkyerɛ bere a wɔde ayɛ nnompe a wosusuw sɛ akyɛ yiye no efisɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ radiocarbon biara aka. Radioactive carbon fã nkwa nna yɛ tiaa araa ma ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ne nyinaa asɛe wɔ nea ennu mfe 100,000 mu. Wɔ August 2012 mu no, Germanfo nhwehwɛmufo kuw bi bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ asase ho animdefo nhyiam bi ase sɛ nea efii carbon-14 susuw a wɔayɛ wɔ dinosaur nnompe nhwɛsode pii a wɔatutu fam ahu mu aba no mu bae. Sɛnea nea efii mu bae kyerɛ no, na nnompe a wɔde yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no adi mfe 22,000-39,000! Anyɛ yiye koraa no, bere a yɛrekyerɛw eyi no, wobetumi anya asɛm a wɔbɛka no wɔ YouTube so. (6) . Ɔkwan bɛn so na wonyaa nea efii mu bae? Nguamtrani no mu baanu a wɔantumi annye susuw no popaa asɛm no mu nsɛm tiawa fii nhyiam no wɛbsaet no so a wɔanka ho asɛm ankyerɛ nyansahufo no. Wobetumi anya nea afi mu aba no wɔ http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Asɛm no kyerɛ sɛnea abɔde mu nhwɛso no ka. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wobenya nea ɛne no bɔ abira a wotintimii wɔ nyansahufo kuw a abɔde ho nimdeɛ di so no mu. Ɛda adi kɛse sɛ borɔdɔma no tu. (7) .
DNA . Ade biako a ɛkyerɛ sɛ dinosaur nkae ntumi mfi mfe ɔpepem pii a atwam ni ne DNA a wohuu wɔ mu no. Wɔayi DNA afiri s.e. Ɛfa Tyrannosaurus Rex nnompe mu nneɛma (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) ne dinosaur nkesua wɔ China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995) mu. Nea ɛma DNA a wobehu no yɛ den ma adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ no ne sɛ, wontumi nnya DNA nhwɛsode dedaw mfi nnipa amu dedaw anaa mammoth a wɔasua ho ade mu mpo bere nyinaa efisɛ saa ade yi asɛe. Nhwɛso pa ne bere a Svante Pääbo yɛɛ nnipa afunu 23 ntini nhwɛsode ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ Berlin tete nneɛma akorae a ɛwɔ Uppsala no. Otumi yii DNA fii mummy biako pɛ mu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ saa ade yi ntumi ntra hɔ nkyɛ koraa (Nature 314: 644-645). Nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ DNA da so ara wɔ dinosaur ahorow mu no ma yehu sɛ nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu no ntumi nyɛ nea efi mfe ɔpepem pii a atwam ni. Nea ɛma ɛyɛ den kɛse mpo ne sɛ mfe 10,000 akyi no, ɛnsɛ sɛ DNA biara ka koraa (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Saa ara nso na wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe nnansa yi ara fi afe 2012 mu no, wobu akontaa sɛ DNA fã nkwa nna yɛ mfe 521 pɛ. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wobetumi apow adwene a ɛne sɛ nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu a adi mfe ɔpepem du du no. Wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa ho mu (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) wɔkaa sɛ:
Wohuu anohyeto a etwa to a ɛwɔ DNA a wɔkora so - adaeso ahorow a ɛfa dinosaur ahorow a wɔbɛyɛ wɔn mfonini ho no baa awiei
Dinosaur ase tɔree mfe ɔpepem 65 a atwam ni. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ DNA ntra ase bere tenten saa, ɛnyɛ tebea a eye mpo mu, sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe nnansa yi kyerɛ no... Enzyme ne mmoawa nketenkete fi ase bubu nkwammoaa no DNA bere a aboa bi awu akyi pɛɛ. Nanso, wosusuw sɛ nea enti titiriw a ɛte saa ne sɛnea nsu de yɛ wɔn ade no. Esiane sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asase ase nsu wɔ baabiara nti, wɔ nsusuwii mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ DNA porɔw ntɛmntɛm. Nanso, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na yɛahu eyi no, ansa na saa da yi reba no yɛantumi anhu nnompe dodow a ɛdɔɔso a na DNA da so ara aka. Mprempren Denmark ne Australia nyansahufo adi ahintasɛm no ho dwuma, efisɛ wonyaa Moa anomaa kɛse no nan nnompe 158 wɔ wɔn aduruyɛdan mu, na na awosu mu nneɛma da so ara wɔ nnompe no mu. Nnompe no adi mfeɛ 600 – 8000 na ɛfiri beaeɛ korɔ no ara, enti anyin wɔ tebea a ɛyɛ den mu.
Amber mpo ntumi mma DNA bere foforo
Ɛdenam mfe a nhwɛsode ahorow no adi ne sɛnea DNA no porɔwee no totoo ho so no, nyansahufo tumi buu akontaa sɛ ne fã nkwa nna yɛ mfe 521. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ mfe 521 akyi no, nucleotide nkwaa a ɛwɔ DNA no mu no fã abubu. Mfe 521 foforo akyi no eyi nso ato nkwaa a aka no fã ne nea ɛkeka ho. Nhwehwɛmufo kae sɛ sɛ dompe no home wɔ ɔhyew a ɛfata mu mpo a, anka nkwaa no nyinaa mu paapae ankyɛ koraa wɔ mfe ɔpepem 68 akyi. Mfe ɔpepem biako ne fã akyi mpo no, DNA bɛyɛ nea wontumi nkenkan: nsɛm kakraa bi na aka, efisɛ afã horow a ɛho hia no nyinaa ayera.
Sɛ DNA da so ara wɔ dinosaur mu na wɔsusuw ade yi fã nkwa nna wɔ mfe ɔhaha pii mu nkutoo a, ɛsɛ sɛ wofi eyi mu ba awiei. DNA susuw no nyɛ nea wotumi de ho to so, anaasɛ adwene a ɛfa dinosaur ahorow a wɔtraa ase mfe ɔpepem du du a atwam ni ho no nyɛ nokware. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔkwan a etwa to no yɛ nokware, efisɛ susuw afoforo nso kyerɛ bere tiaa, na ɛnyɛ mfe ɔpepem pii. Eyi yɛ nyansahu a egyina susuw so, na sɛ wɔpow koraa a, na yɛrefa yɛn ho kwan.
DINOSAURS NO A WƆSƐE . Sɛ ɛba dinosaur a wɔsɛee wɔn no so a, wɔtaa susuw sɛ esii mfe ɔpepem pii a atwam ni, wɔ Cretaceous bere no awiei. Wogye di sɛ ammonites, belemnites ne afifide ne mmoa ahorow afoforo nso de wɔn ho hyɛɛ ɔsɛe kɛse koro no ara mu. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔsɛe no sɛee mmoa a na wɔwɔ Cretaceous bere so no fã kɛse. Mpɛn pii no wɔabu ade titiriw a ɛde ɔsɛe no bae sɛ meteorite, a anka ɛbɛma mfutuma mununkum kɛse bi asɔre. Anka mfutuma mununkum no bɛkata owia hann no so akyɛ, bere a anka afifide no bewuwu na mmoa a wodi afifide no nso de ɔkɔm de wɔn. Nanso, meteorite nkyerɛkyerɛ ne wim nsakrae a ɛba brɛoo ho nsusuwii no wɔ ɔhaw biako: ɛnkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea wohu nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ abotan a ɛyɛ den ne mmepɔw mu no mu. Wohu dinosaur nnompe a efi wiase mmeae ahorow wɔ abotan a ɛyɛ den mu, na ɛyɛ nwonwa. Ɛyɛ nwonwa, ɛfiri sɛ aboa kɛseɛ biara - ebia ne tenten yɛ mita 20 - ntumi nkɔ ɔbotan a ɛyɛ den no mu. Bere nso mmoa nsɛm, efisɛ sɛ wotwɛn mfe ɔpepem pii ansa na wɔasie aboa bi wɔ fam na wɔayɛ no fossil a, anka ɔbɛporɔw yiye ansa na saa bere no adu anaasɛ mmoa afoforo bedi no. Nokwarem no, bere biara a yebehu dinosaur ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔatutu fam ahu no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wosiee no ntɛmntɛm wɔ atɛkyɛ ase. Wontumi nwo nnompe a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ ɔkwan foforo biara so:
Ɛda adi sɛ sɛ nneɛma a wɔde asie no bɛkɔ so brɛoo saa a, ebia nnompe biara ntumi nkora so, efisɛ wɔrensie wɔ nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ mu ansa na nsu no mu acid aporɔw, anaasɛ ansa na wɔasɛe na wɔabubu agu asinasin bere a wɔrepetepete na wɔrebɔ po a emu nnɔ no ase no. Wobetumi de nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ akata wɔn so wɔ akwanhyia mu nkutoo, baabi a wosie wɔn mpofirim. ( Geochronology anaa Asase Mmere a egyina Sediments and Life so , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, kr. 14)
Nea wɔde wie ne sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ atɛkyɛ siee saa dinosaur ahorow a wohuu wɔ wiase nyinaa yi ntɛmntɛm. Atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw atwa wɔn ho ahyia mfiase no na afei ayɛ den denneennen wɔ ɔkwan koro no ara so sɛnea semɛnte yɛ no. Saa kwan yi so nkutoo na wobetumi akyerɛkyerɛ dinosaur, mammoth ne mmoa afoforo a wɔatutu fam ahu no mfiase mu. Wɔ Nsuyiri no mu no, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛno betumi asi. Yɛhwɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu no, na ɛma yenya eyi ho adwene a ɛfata. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ wohu dinosaur wɔ abotan a ɛyɛ den mu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw akata wɔn so. Afei atɛkyɛ no ayɛ den atwa wɔn ho ahyia. Nsuyiri no mu nkutoo, nanso ɛnyɛ abɔde mu kyinhyia a ɛte saa mu no, yebetumi ahwɛ kwan sɛ biribi a ɛte saa bɛba (asɛm no nso ka sɛnea anka nsu a ɛrehuruhuruw betumi aboaboa dinosaur nnompe ano ho asɛm). Wɔde nkyerɛwde tuntum aka nkyerɛwee no ho wɔ ɛno akyi na ama emu ada hɔ:
Ɔkɔɔ South Dakota sare so, baabi a abotan afasu ne abotan a ɛyɛ kɔla kɔkɔɔ, kɔkɔɔ ne borɔdɔma a ɛyɛ hyew wɔ hɔ. Wɔ nna kakraa bi mu no ohuu nnompe bi wɔ abotan fasu no mu , a obuu akontaa sɛ ɛno ne nea ɔde asi n’ani so sɛ ɔbɛhwehwɛ no. Bere a otutuu abotan twaa nnompe no ho hyiae no , ohui sɛ nnompe no wɔ nhyehyɛe a aboa no yɛ no mu. Na wonni akuwakuw mu te sɛ nea dinosaur nnompe taa yɛ no. Ná akuwakuw a ɛtete saa pii te sɛ nea nsu a ɛrehuruhuruw a ano yɛ den na ɛyɛe. Afei na saa nnompe yi wɔ anhweatam bruu a ɛyɛ den yiye no mu . Ná ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde grader yi anhweatam no na wɔde ɔtopae yi fi hɔ. Brown ne n’ayɔnkofo yɛɛ amoa bi a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ emu dɔ yɛ mita ason ne fã de yii nnompe no fii mu. Nnompe kɛse biako a woyii fii hɔ no gyee wɔn ahohuru bere abien. Wɔannyi nnompe no amfi ɔbo no so ɔkwan biara so. Wɔde keteke de abotan no kɔɔ tete nneɛma akorae hɔ, faako a nyansahufo no tumi tetew abo no mu nneɛma no fii hɔ na wɔde nnompe no sii hɔ. Mprempren saa ɔkraman otirimɔdenfo yi gyina tete nneɛma akorae no ɔyɛkyerɛ dan mu. (nkr. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler ne Harold G. Adaka)
NSUSU NO HO ADANSESƐM FOFORO . Enti nokwasɛm ne sɛ wohu dinosaur nkae wɔ abotan a ɛyɛ den mu, na ɛyɛ den sɛ wobeyi afi mu. Ade biako pɛ a ebetumi aba sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfaa so baa saa tebea yi mu ne sɛ atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw atwa wɔn ho ahyia ntɛmntɛm na afei ayɛ den abɛyɛ ɔbotan. Wɔ asɛm bi a esii te sɛ Nsuyiri no mu no, ebia eyi sii. Nanso, wɔaka mmoa akɛse a ɛte sɛɛ ho asɛm wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm mu wɔ nsuyiri no akyi mpo, enti ɛnyɛ wɔn nyinaa wuwui saa bere no. Na Nsuyiri no ho adanse afoforo nso ɛ? Ɛha na yɛtwe adwene si emu kakraa bi pɛ so. Nea wɔde mfe ɔpepem pii, anaa ebia asiane pii kyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ asase ho bere nhyehyɛe mu no, ne nyinaa betumi afi asiane biako pɛ mu aba: Nsuyiri no. Ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea dinosaur ahorow no sɛe ne nneɛma afoforo pii a wohu wɔ asase no mu no mu. Nsuyiri no ho adanse a emu yɛ den biako ne sɛ nhwɛso no, po mu nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam abu so wɔ wiase nyinaa, sɛnea nsɛm a wɔafa aka a edidi so yi kyerɛ no. Nsɛm a edi kan no fi nhoma bi a James Hutton, asase ho adesua agya, kyerɛwee a efi bɛboro mfe 200 a atwam ni mu:
Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde ba awiei sɛ anhwea ne abotan a ɛboaboaa ano wɔ po ase, crustacean shells ne coral matter, dɔte ne dɔte na ɛyɛɛ asase so ntoatoaso (...) no nyinaa. (J. Hutton, Asase Ho Nsusuwii l, 26. 1785)
J. S. Shelton: Wɔ nsasepɔn no so no, po mu abotan a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no abu so koraa na ɛtrɛw sen abotan afoforo a ɛwɔ nsu mu a wɔaka abom. Eyi yɛ saa nokwasɛm ahorow a ɛnyɛ den a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu no mu biako, na ɛyɛ biribiara a ɛfa mmɔden a onipa kɔ so bɔ sɛ ɔbɛte asase ho nimdeɛ a atwam a ɛresakra no ase no mu titiriw. (8) .
Ade foforo a ɛkyerɛ Nsuyiri no ne fango a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa, a wonim sɛ nsu na ɛkyekyɛɛ mu no. Nea ɛka ho no, po mu nnompe ne mpataa a ɛwɔ hɔ no kyerɛ sɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ no ntumi mfi peating a ɛyɛ brɛoo wɔ atɛkyɛ pɔtee bi mu. Mmom no, nkyerɛkyerɛmu a eye sen biara ne sɛ nsu no de afifide no kɔɔ mmeae a fango no hyehyɛe no. Nsu no atutu afifide ne nnua, aboaboa ano wɔ nkoko akɛse mu, na ɛde ɛpo mu mmoa aba asase so afifide mu. Eyi betumi aba wɔ asiane kɛse bi te sɛ Nsuyiri a wɔaka ho asɛm wɔ Bible mu no mu nkutoo.
Bere a wosiee kwae ahorow no wɔ nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ no mu esiane biribi nti no, wɔyɛɛ fango a wɔde sie. Yɛn mprempren mfiri amammerɛ no fã bi gyina saa ntoatoaso yi so. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua 9, kr. 91)
Fango a wɔde fango ayɛ no ase ne atifi no, sɛnea wɔaka no, dɔte abo a wɔde ayɛ no daa wɔ hɔ, na yefi sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no mu no yetumi hu sɛ wɔde nsu na ayɛ no ntoatoaso. (9) .
Adanse no kyerɛ kɛse sɛ na fango a ɛwɔ abo mu no ba ntɛmntɛm bere a wɔsɛee kwae akɛse, guu so ntoatoaso na afei wosiee no ntɛmntɛm no. Lignite strata akɛseɛ wɔ Yallourn, Victoria (Australia) a pine nnua ntini pii wɔ mu – nnua a mprempren ɛnnyin wɔ atɛkyɛ asase so. Nsuo a wɔahyehyɛ, a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ nsuo mu nsuo a ɛho tew a ɛkɔduru 50% na ɛtrɛ wɔ beaeɛ kɛseɛ bi no di adanseɛ pefee sɛ nsuo na ɛyɛɛ lignite nsuo no. (10) .
Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ wɔ sukuu ahorow mu sɛ wɔde nkakrankakra fi peat mu na ɛyɛ carbon, ɛwom sɛ wontumi nhu baabiara sɛ eyi rekɔ so de. Sɛ yesusuw fango a ɛwɔ hɔ no kɛse, afifide ahorow, ne nnua a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso pii a ɛteɛ no ho a, ɛte sɛ nea afifide akɛse a ɛrehuruhuruw na ɛyɛɛ fango a ɛwɔ hɔ no, wɔ nsuyiri kɛse bi mu. Wohu akwan a ɛpo mu mmoawa a wɔasen no nso wɔ afifide a wɔde carbon ayɛ yi mu. Wɔahu ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔatutu fam nso wɔ fango a wɔde asie mu ("A note on the Occurrence of Marine Animal Remains in a Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Po mu mmoa akorae a ɛdɔɔso ne Spirorbis nnompe , a na ɛtra po mu no, wobetumi ahu nso wɔ fango a wɔde gu mu.(Weir, J., ”Nnansa yi Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa Carbon Nsusuwii no Akorade Ho”, Nyansahu Nkɔso, 38:445, 1950). (11) .
Prof. Price de nsɛm a ɛfa fango a ɛwɔ aboɔden aboɔ 50- kɔsi 100 yɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho atifi baako na ɛwɔ wɔn ntam a nsuo a ɛfiri po a emu dɔ mu ka ho wɔ hɔ. Obu adanse yi sɛ emu yɛ den na ɛyɛ nea wogye di araa ma ɔmmɔ mmɔden da sɛ obegyina Lyell nsusuwii a ɛne sɛ nneɛma yɛ pɛ so akyerɛkyerɛ nokwasɛm ahorow yi mu. (12) .
Ade a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛkyerɛ Nsuyiri no ne po mu nnompe a ɛwɔ mmepɔw atenten te sɛ Himalaya, Alps ne Andes mmepɔw so. Nhwɛso ahorow bi a efi nyansahufo ne asase ho animdefo ankasa nhoma ahorow mu ni:
Bere a na Darwin retu kwan wɔ Beagle po so hyɛn no mu no, n’ankasa huu po mu abon a wɔatutu fam ahu fii soro wɔ Andes Mmepɔw no so. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ, bere bi na nea mprempren wɔfrɛ no bepɔw no wɔ nsu ase. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Nea enti a adannandi yɛ nokware], kr. 127)
Ntease bi wɔ hɔ a enti ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ sɛnea abotan a ɛwɔ mmepɔw so no te mfiase no yiye. Wohu no yiye wɔ Alps mmepɔw so, wɔ Alps mmepɔw a ɛyɛ lime a ɛwɔ atifi fam, nea wɔfrɛ no Helvetian beae no. Limestone ne abotan mu ade titiriw. Sɛ yɛhwɛ ɔbotan a ɛwɔ ha wɔ mmepɔw a ɛso yɛ toro so anaasɛ bepɔw bi atifi a - sɛ yɛwɔ ahoɔden a yɛde foro kɔ soro a - awiei koraa no yebehu mmoa nkae a wɔatutu fam ahu, mmoa a wɔatutu fam ahu, wɔ mu. Wɔtaa sɛe kɛse nanso wobetumi anya asinasin a wotumi hu. Saa nnompe no nyinaa yɛ lime akorade anaa ɛpo mu abɔde nnompe. Wɔn mu bi ne ammonites a wɔde nhama ayɛ a ɛyɛ nkuruwankuruwa, ne titiriw no, akraman a wɔn ho yɛ abien pii wɔ hɔ. (...) Ebia ɔkenkanfo no besusuw ho wɔ saa bere yi mu nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmepɔw no kura nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ pii saa, a wobetumi ahu nso sɛ wɔayɛ no ntoatoaso wɔ po ase. (nkr. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola) Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so, na ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so bio.
Harutaka Sakai a ofi Japan Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Kyushu no de mfe pii ayɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ saa po mu nnompe a ɛwɔ Himalaya Mmepɔw so yi mu. Ɔne ne kuw no akyerɛw aquarium mũ bi a efi Mesozoic bere so din. Wohu po mu nsukorade a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, a ɛne mprempren po mu nwansena ne nsoromma mu hwɛfo abusuafo wɔ abotan afasu a ɛboro po so bɛboro kilomita abiɛsa mu. Wohu Ammonites, belemnites, corals ne plankton sɛ nnompe wɔ mmepɔw so abotan mu (...) Wɔ beae a ɛkorɔn kilomita abien no, asase ho animdefo huu biribi a ɛpo no ankasa gyaw. Ne abotan a ɛte sɛ asorɔkye no ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛda so ara wɔ anhwea no mu fi asorɔkye a nsu a ɛba fam mu ba no hyia. Wohu limestone a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ a efi Everest atifi mpo, a ɛpo mu mmoa a wontumi nkan wɔn nkae mu sɔree wɔ nsu ase. ("Maapallo ihmeiden okyinnsoromma a ɛwɔ hɔ", kr. 55)
Nea ɛto so anan a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Nsuyiri no reba ne nsuyiri ho nsɛm, a sɛnea akontaabu bi kyerɛ no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ 500. Yebetumi abu amansan nyinaa su a ɛwɔ saa nsɛm yi mu no sɛ adanse a eye sen biara a ɛkyerɛ sɛ saa adeyɛ yi te:
Amammerɛ bɛyɛ 500 – a Greece, China, Peru ne Amerika Atifi fam aborɔfo ka ho – na wonim wɔ wiase a anansesɛm ne anansesɛm ahorow ka nsuyiri kɛse bi a ɛsakraa abusuakuw no abakɔsɛm ho asɛm a ɛyɛ nwonwa ho asɛm. Wɔ nsɛm pii mu no, nnipa kakraa bi pɛ na wonyaa nkwa wɔ nsuyiri no mu, te sɛ nea ɛbaa Noa asɛm no mu no. Nkurɔfo no mu pii buu nsuyiri no sɛ anyame a esiane biribi nti adesamma su no afono wɔn. Ebia na nkurɔfo no adi amim, te sɛ Noa bere so ne anansesɛm bi a Amerikafo Ankasa Hopi abusuakuw a wɔwɔ Amerika Atifi fam no kae mu no, anaasɛ ebia na nnipa dɔɔso dodo na wɔyɛ dede dodo, te sɛ Gilgamesh ayɛsɛm no mu. (13) .
Sɛ wiase nyinaa Nsuyiri no nyɛ nokware a, anka aman binom bɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ ogya bepɔw a ɛpae a ɛyɛ hu, sukyerɛmma ahum akɛse, ɔpɛ (...) asɛe wɔn nananom abɔnefo. Enti Nsuyiri no ho asɛm a ɛwɔ amansan nyinaa mu no yɛ adanse a eye sen biara a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nokware no mu biako. Yebetumi abu saa anansesɛm yi mu biara animtiaa sɛ ankorankoro anansesɛm na yɛasusuw sɛ na ɛyɛ adwene mu nsusuwii ara kwa, nanso sɛ yɛka bom a, sɛ yɛhwɛ wiase nyinaa a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wontumi nnye ho akyinnye. (Asase no) .
Dinosaur ne mmoa a wɔnom nufu . Sɛ yɛkenkan abɔde a nkwa wom ho nhoma ne adannandi ho nhoma ahorow a, yehyia adwene a ɛne sɛnea nkwa nyinaa dan fii tete nkwammoaa a ɛnyɛ den mu kɔɔ mprempren ahorow no so mpɛn pii. Nea ɛka adannandi ho ne sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ mpataa dan mfofantɔ, mfofantɔ dan mmoa a wɔwea fam na dinosaur dan mmoa a wɔnom nufusu. Nanso, ade titiriw a wɔahyɛ no nsow ne sɛ wɔahu dinosaur nnompe wɔ nnompe a ɛte sɛ ɔpɔnkɔ, nantwi ne nguan nnompe mu (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Ebia dinosaurus wui komm wɔ ne nyinaa akyi, 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), enti ɛbɛyɛ sɛ dinosaur ne mmoa a wɔnom nufusu traa ase bere koro mu. Asɛm a wɔafa aka a edidi so yi nso kyerɛ saa ara. Ɛka sɛnea Carl Werner sii gyinae sɛ ɔbɛsɔ Darwin nsusuwii no ahwɛ wɔ nneyɛe mu. Ɔde mfe 14 yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu na otwaa mfonini mpempem pii. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow kyerɛe sɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu ne nnomaa traa ase dɔɔso na bere koro no ara mu no, na wɔne dinosaur te:
Esiane sɛ na onni nimdeɛ pɔtee biara a edi kan wɔ nnompe a nkwa wom ho nti, Amerikani oduruyɛfo a ɔboa nkurɔfo Carl Werner sii gyinae sɛ ɔde Darwin nsusuwii no bɛhyɛ sɔhwɛ a mfaso wɔ so ase... Ɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu kɛse mfe 14 wɔ nnompe a ɛwɔ dinosaur bere so no hone mmoa ahorow a ebetumi aba a ebia na wɔne wɔn atra faako... Werner huu tetefo nneɛma ho nhoma a ɛyɛ adwumayɛfo de na ɔkɔɔ abɔde ho abakɔsɛm tete nneɛma akorae 60 wɔ wiase nyinaa, faako a otwaa mfonini 60 000. Ɔde n’adwene sii nnompe a wɔtutuu firii ntoatoasoɔ korɔ no ara mu nko ara so, baabi a wɔbɛtumi ahunu dinosaur nnompe (Triassic -, Jurassic -, ne Cretaceous mmerɛ mfeɛ ɔpepem 250-65 a atwam). Afei ɔde nnompe mpempem pii a akyɛ saa ara a ohui wɔ tete nneɛma akorae na ohui wɔ nhoma ahorow mu no totoo mprempren mmoa ahorow ho na obisabisaa tetefo nneɛma ho animdefo pii ne adwumayɛfo afoforo nsɛm. Nea efii mu bae ne sɛ tete nneɛma akorae ne nhoma ahorow a egyina tetefo nneɛma so no de mmoa ahorow kuw biara a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren no nnompe kyerɛe ... Wɔaka akyerɛ yɛn sɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu fii ase nyin nkakrankakra wɔ dinosaur “bere titiriw” no mu, sɛ na mmoa a wɔnom nufu a wodi kan no yɛ “abɔde nketewa a wɔte sɛ shrew a wɔtena baabi a wɔde wɔn ho ahintaw na wotu anadwo nkutoo esiane dinosaur ho suro nti.” Nanso wɔ adwumayɛfo nhoma ahorow mu no, Werner huu amanneɛbɔ ahorow a ɛfa akraman, opossums, beavers, primates ne platypuses a wɔatu afi dinosaur ahorow mu ho. Ɔsan nso kaa adwuma bi a wotintimii wɔ afe 2004 mu, sɛnea ɛkyerɛ no, wɔahu abɔde a wɔnom nufusu 432 wɔ Triassic -, Jurassic -, ne Cretaceous strata mu, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔn mu ɔha yɛ nnompe a edi mũ... Wɔ video so nsɛm a Werner bisabisaa Utah tete nneɛma akorae a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na abakɔsɛm reba no sohwɛfo, Ɔbenfo Donald Burge, kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ yehu mmoa a wɔnom nufusu wɔ yɛn dinosaur tutu nyinaa mu. Yɛwɔ bentonite dɔte tɔn du a mmoa a wɔnom nufusu wom, na yɛreyɛ nhyehyɛe de ama nhwehwɛmufo afoforo. Ɛnyɛ sɛ anka yɛrenhu sɛ ɛho hia nti, na mmom esiane sɛ nkwa yɛ tiaa, na menyɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufu ho nimdefo nti: mayɛ mmoa a wɔwea fam ne dinosaur ho ɔbenfo”. Tete nneɛma ho ɔbenfo Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) kae wɔ video so nsɛm a Werner bisabisaa no wɔ May, 2004 mu no mu sɛ: “Asɛmfua ‘dinosaur bere’ no yɛ din a ɛnteɛ. Mmoa a wɔnom nufusu yɛ kuw titiriw bi a wɔne dinosaur ahorow trae na wɔtraa ase nso”. (Saa nsɛm yi firi nwoma no mu: Werner C. Living Fossils, kr. 172 –173). (14) .
Enti sɛ wogyina nnompe a wɔahu so a, asɛmfua dinosaur bere no yɛ nea ɛdaadaa nkurɔfo. Nnɛyi mmoa a wɔtaa de nufusu atra ase bere koro mu ne dinosaur, kyerɛ sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, mmoa a wɔnom nufusu ahorow 432. Na nnomaa a wosusuw sɛ wofi dinosaur mu bae no nso ɛ? Wɔahu wɔn nso wɔ ntoatoaso koro no ara mu a wɔaka abom ne dinosaur ahorow. Eyinom yɛ mmoa ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ: akɔre, penguin, ɔkɔre owl, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, ananse, cormorant, avocet...Oduruyɛfo Werner aka sɛ ""Tete nneɛma akorae ahorow mfa nnɛyi nnomaa a wɔatutu fam ahu yi nkyerɛ , na saa ara nso na twetwe wɔn wɔ mfonini ahorow a ɛkyerɛ dinosaur nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu. Ɛyɛ mfomso. Ne titiriw no, bere biara a wɔbɛyɛ T. Rex anaa Triceratops ho mfonini wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ɔyɛkyerɛ mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ananse, loon, flamingo, anaa nnɛyi nnomaa afoforo yi bi a wɔahu wɔn wɔ akuw koro no ara mu ne dinosaur ahorow nso ho mfonini. Nanso ɛno nsi. Minhuu ananse a ɔne dinosaur wɔ abɔde ho abakɔsɛm tete nneɛma akorae da, ɛnte saa? Ɔkraman bi? Ɔkraman bi?”
Dinosaur ne nnipa . Wɔ adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ mu no, wobu no sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ onipa traa asase so te sɛ dinosaur. Wonnye ntom, ɛwom mpo sɛ wonim sɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu afoforo puei bere koro mu ne dinosaur, na ɛwom mpo sɛ nneɛma afoforo a wɔahu mpo kyerɛ sɛ anka ɛsɛ sɛ nnipa puei ansa na dinosaur aba (nneɛma ne nnipa nnompe a ɛwɔ fango akorae ne nea ɛkeka ho). Nanso, adanse bi wɔ hɔ a emu da hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ dinosaur ne nnipa traa ase bere koro mu. S.e. ɔtweaseɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu te saa. Bere bi a atwam no, na nkurɔfo ka ɔtweaseɛ ho asɛm, nanso na ɛnyɛ dinosaur, a afeha a ɛto so 19 mu nkutoo na Richard Owen na ɔbɔɔ din no ho asɛm.
Asɛm s. Adanse biako a ɛkyerɛ sɛ na dinosaur te ase nnansa yi ne akraman akɛse ne akraman a wotu ho nsɛm ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu pii no. Dodow a nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow yi akyɛ no, dodow no ara na ɛyɛ nokware. Saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi a ebia egyina nsɛm dedaw a wɔkae so no, wobetumi ahu wɔ nnipa ahorow pii mu, ma enti wɔka ho asɛm s.e., wɔ Borɔfo, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, German, Hela, Roma, Misri ne Babilon nhoma ahorow mu. Nsɛm a wɔafa aka a edidi so yi ka sɛnea ɔtweaseɛ ho mfonini abu so no ho asɛm.
Ɔtweaseɛ a ɛwɔ anansesɛm mu no, nea ɛyɛ nwonwa no, te sɛ mmoa ankasa a wɔtraa ase tete no ara pɛ. Wɔte sɛ mmoa akɛse a wɔwea fam (dinosaur) a wodii asase no so bere tenten ansa na wɔkyerɛ sɛ onipa repue. Mpɛn pii no, na wobu ɔtweaseɛ sɛ wɔyɛ bɔne na wɔsɛe ade. Ɔman biara kaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ wɔn anansesɛm mu. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Po 5, 1973, nkratafa 265)
Efi abakɔsɛm a wɔakyerɛw ato hɔ mfiase no, ɔtweaseɛ apue wɔ baabiara: wɔ Asiria ne Babilon kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a edi kan a ɛfa anibuei nkɔso ho, wɔ Yudafo abakɔsɛm a ɛfa Apam Dedaw no mu, wɔ China ne Japan nkyerɛwee dedaw mu, wɔ Hela, Roma anansesɛm mu ne tete Kristofo, wɔ tete Amerika kasakoa ahorow mu, wɔ Afrika ne India ho anansesɛm ahorow mu. Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛnya ɔman a wɔamfa ɔtweaseɛ anhyɛ n’abakɔsɛm a ɛyɛ anansesɛm mu...Aristotle, Pliny ne akyerɛwfoɔ foforɔ a wɔtenaa ase wɔ tete berɛ mu no kaa sɛ ɔtweaseɛ ho nsɛm gyina nokwasɛm so na ɛnyɛ adwene so. (15) .
Finlandni asase ho nimdefo Pentti Eskola aka sɛnea ɔtweaseɛ ho mfonini te sɛ dinosaur ahorow ho asɛm dedaw mfe du du a atwam ni wɔ ne nhoma Muuttuva maa mu sɛ:
Mmoa a wɔte sɛ akraman ahorow ahorow no te sɛ nea ɛyɛ serew kɛse ma yɛn efisɛ wɔn mu pii te sɛ – wɔ akyirikyiri na mpɛn pii no ɛte sɛ mfoniniyɛ mu – nnɛyi mmoa a wɔnom nufusu a wɔte tebea horow a ɛte saa ara mu. Nanso, na ɛsono dinosaur dodow no ara koraa wɔ nnɛyi nkwa ahorow no ho araa ma wobetumi ahu wɔn a wɔbɛn wɔn sɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ ɔtweaseɛ ho mfonini ahorow a ɛwɔ anansesɛm mu no mu. Anwonwasɛm ne sɛ, na anansesɛm no akyerɛwfo fi awosu mu nsuaa abotan ho ade anaasɛ wonnim ho hwee mpo. (16) .
Sɛnea ebia na dinosaur yɛ ɔtweaseɛ ankasa ho nhwɛso pa ne Chinafo ɔsram kalenda ne nsoromma mu hwɛ a wonim sɛ adi mfehaha pii no. Enti sɛ Chinafo nsoromma mu hwɛ no gyina mmoa sɛnkyerɛnne 12 a ɛsan ba bio wɔ mfe 12 kyinhyia mu so a, mmoa 12 na ɛka ho. Wɔn mu 11 yɛ nea wonim wɔn wɔ nnɛyi mpo: ɔkraman, nantwi, ɔsebɔ, ɔkraman, ɔwɔ, ɔpɔnkɔ, nguan, bonsu, akokɔ, ɔkraman ne mprako.Mmom no, aboa a ɔto so 12 no yɛ ɔtweaseɛ, a onni hɔ nnɛ. Asɛmmisa pa ne sɛ, sɛ mmoa 11 no ayɛ mmoa ankasa a, dɛn nti na ɔtweaseɛ no bɛyɛ obi a ɔyɛ soronko na ɔyɛ anansesɛm mu abɔde? So ntease nnim kɛse sɛ yebesusuw sɛ bere bi na ɛte sɛ nnipa bere koro mu, nanso ase atɔre te sɛ mmoa afoforo a wontumi nkan wɔn? Ɛyɛ papa sɛ yɛbɛkae bio sɛ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu nkutoo na Richard Owen na ɔde asɛmfua dinosaur bae. Ansa na ɛno reba no, na wɔde edin ɔtweaseɛ no di dwuma mfehaha pii:
Nea ɛka ho no, yebetumi aka nneɛma a edidi so yi ho asɛm:
Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, wɔ asɔrefie bi a adi mfe 800 wɔ Cambodia kwae mu no, wɔahu adwini bi a ɛte sɛ stegosaurus. Ɛyɛ dinosaur bi. (Efi Ta Prohm Asɔredan mu. Maier, C., Angkor Abɔde a Ɛyɛ Nwonwa, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 Ɔpɛpɔn 2006.)
• Wɔ China no, nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne nsɛm a ɛfa ɔtweaseɛ ho abu so kɛse; wonim wɔn mu mpempem pii. Wɔka sɛnea ɔtweaseɛ to nkesua, sɛnea na wɔn mu binom wɔ ntaban ne sɛnea nsenia kataa so. Chinafo asɛm bi ka ɔbarima bi a wɔfrɛ no Yu a ohyiaa ɔtweaseɛ bere a na ɔretu nsu wɔ atɛkyɛ bi mu ho asɛm. Eyi sii wɔ wiase nyinaa nsuyiri kɛse no akyi. Wɔ China no, wɔde dinosaur nnompe adi dwuma mfehaha pii sɛ aduru a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ ɔhyew. Chinafoɔ din a wɔde frɛ dinosaur (kong long) no kyerɛ kɛkɛ sɛ "ɔtweaseɛ nnompe" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs san huu kr. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Wɔkyerɛ nso sɛ na Chinafo de ɔtweaseɛ dii dwuma sɛ afieboa ne ahemman no apontow ahorow mu (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesis 4, 1990, kratafa 23-26.)
• Misrifo ayɛ Apophis ɔtweaseɛ no ho mfonini sɛ Ɔhene Re tamfo. Saa ara na ɔtweaseɛ ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu di akɔneaba wɔ Babilon nhoma ahorow mu. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Gilgamesh a wonim no yiye no kum ɔtweaseɛ, abɔde kɛse bi a ɔte sɛ mmoa a wɔwea fam, wɔ kyeneduru kwae bi mu. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Po 10, kratafa 359)
• Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Helani Apollo kum Python ɔtweaseɛ no wɔ Delfin asubura no ho. Tete Helafo ne Romafo a wokunkum ɔtweaseɛ no mu nea ɔda nsow sen biara ne obi a wɔfrɛ no Perseus.
• Asɛm a wɔkyerɛw too hɔ wɔ anwensɛm kwan so fi 500-600 Y.B. ka ɔbarima kokodurufo bi a wɔfrɛ no Beowulf a wɔde adwuma hyɛɛ ne nsa sɛ ontu Denmark asubɔnten no mfi mmoa a wɔtu ne nsu mu mmoa nyinaa ho asɛm. Ná n’akokoduru adeyɛ no ne Grendel aboa kɛse no kum. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ na aboa yi wɔ n’akyi akwaa akɛse ne n’anim akwaa nketewa, na otumi gyina nkrante ano, na na ɔsõ sen onipa kakra. Ná ɛkɔ tẽẽ ntɛmntɛm paa.
• Roma kyerɛwfo Lucanus nso aka ɔtweaseɛ ho asɛm. Ɔde ne nsɛm no kyerɛɛ Etiopia ɔtweaseɛ bi sɛ: “Wo ɔtweaseɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, woma mframa kɔ soro na wokum anantwinini akɛseɛ.
• Wɔakora awɔ a wotu wɔ Arabia ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a Helani Herodotos (bɛyɛ 484–425 A.Y.B.) kyerɛwee no so. Ɔka pterosaur ahorow bi ho asɛm ma ɛfata koraa. (Rein, E., Herodotos Nhoma III-VI , kr. 58 ne Nhoma VII-IX , kr. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny kaa (Abɔde Ho Abakɔsɛm) wɔ afeha a edi kan A.Y.B.
• Encyclopedia dedaw bi History Animalium ka sɛ na "ɔtweaseɛ" da so ara wɔ hɔ wɔ 1500 mfe no mu, nanso na wɔn kɛse so atew kɛse na wɔn ho yɛ na.
• Engiresifo abakɔsɛm nhoma bi a efi afe 1405 mu ka ɔtweaseɛ bi ho asɛm: "Bere a ɛbɛn Bures kurow no, wɔ Sudbury mpɔtam hɔ no, wɔahu ɔtweaseɛ bi a wasɛe nkuraase kɛse nnansa yi. Ne kɛse sõ, na ɔhyɛ ne so.” ne ti atifi, ne sẽ te sɛ agyan, na ne dua tenten dodo. Bere a okum nguanhwɛfo no wiei no, ɔmenee nguan pii wɔ n'anom." (Cooper, B., Nsuyiri no Akyi-Europa Nsuyiri akyi abakɔsɛm a edi kan no fi Noa, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, kratafa 130-161)
• Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 mu no, Italiani nyansahufo Ulysses Aldrovanus aka ɔtweaseɛ ketewaa bi ho asɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ ne nhoma ahorow no biako mu. Edward Topsell kyerɛwee wɔ afe 1608 mu tɔnn sɛ: “Ɔtweaseɛ ahorow pii wɔ hɔ. Wɔtetew ahorow ahorow no mu a egyina wɔn man so fã bi, fã bi gyina wɔn kɛse so, fã bi nso gyina wɔn agyiraehyɛde ahorow a ɛda nsow so."
• Ná ɔtweaseɛ agyiraehyɛde abu so wɔ asraafo dɔm pii mu. Wɔde dii dwuma s.e. Apuei fam Roma ahemfo ne Engiresi ahemfo (Uther Pendragon, Ɔhene Arthur papa, Richard I wɔ 1191 ɔko no mu ne Henry III wɔ ne ko a ɔne Welshfo dii wɔ 1245 mu) ne China nso, na ɔtweaseɛ no yɛ ɔman agyiraehyɛde wɔ adehye abusua no ahyɛnsode.
• Dinosaur ne ɔtweaseɛ yɛ aman pii anansesɛm fã. China akyi no, eyi abu so wɔ Amerika Kesee Fam aman no mu.
• Johannes Damascene, Helafo Asɔre Agyanom mu nea otwa to a wɔwoo no afe 676 Y.B., ka ɔtweaseɛ ho asɛm (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) wɔ ɔkwan a edidi so yi so:
Roman Dio Cassius (155–236 Y.B.), a ɔkyerɛw Roma Ahemman ne Republic abakɔsɛm no yɛ Roma ɔman nanmusifo Regulus akodi wɔ Carthage ho mfonini. Wokum ɔtweaseɛ bi wɔ ɔko no mu. Wɔyii ne were na wɔde were no kɔmaa Mmarahyɛ Bagua no. Sɛnea Mmarahyɛ Bagua no hyɛe no, wɔsusuw were no na ne tenten yɛ anammɔn 120 (bɛyɛ mita 37). Wɔde were no siee asɔredan bi mu wɔ Roma nkoko so kosii afe 133 A.Y.B., bere a ɛyerae bere a Celtfo faa Roma no. (Plinius, Natural History . Nhoma 8, Ti 14. Plinius ankasa ka sɛ ohuu nkonimbo a wɔreka ho asɛm no wɔ Roma). (17) . • Mfonini ahorow. Wɔakora ɔtweaseɛ mfonini, mfonini ne ahoni nso so, a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ pɛ wɔ nipadua mu nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ wiase nyinaa. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wohu wɔn wɔ amammerɛ ne ɔsom nyinaa mu, sɛnea wɔn ho nsɛm abu so no. Wɔakyerɛw ɔtweaseɛ mfonini wɔ s.e. asraafo kyɛm (Sutton Hoo) ne asɔredan afasu ho agude (sɛ nhwɛso no, S. S. Mary ne Hardulph, England). Wɔ anantwinini ne agyata akyi no, wɔayɛ ɔtweaseɛ ho mfonini wɔ Ishtar Pon a ɛwɔ tete kurow Babilon no mu. Mesopotamia nsɔano a edi kan no kyerɛ ɔtweaseɛ a wɔde dua abɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho kɔn mu a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔn dua tenten te sɛ wɔn kɔn (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 ne Plate A.) . Wobetumi ahu mfonini pii a ɛfa ɔtweaseɛ-dinosaur asɛmti ho, s.e., wɔ www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, wɔayɛ mmoa yi ho mfonini wɔ abodan ne abon afasu mpo so. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, wɔahu saa nneɛma yi wɔ Arizona ne kan Rhodesia mpɔtam hɔ (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Arizona wɔ 1924 mu no, bere a wɔhwehwɛɛ bepɔw so ɔfasu atenten bi mu no, wohui sɛ wɔasen mmoa ahorow mfonini wɔ ɔbo no mu, s.e., asono ne bepɔw so akraman mfonini, nanso wɔadi dinosaur mfonini a emu da hɔ nso (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva) . rengas, 1957, kratafa 91). Maya Indiafo nso akora ohoni bi a anomaa bi a ɔte sɛ Archeopteryx, kyerɛ sɛ anomaa a ɔyɛ ɔkraman (18) . Sɛnea adannandi adwene kyerɛ no, anka ɛsɛ sɛ ɛtra ase bere koro mu ne dinosaur ahorow no. Wɔakora adanse nso a ɛfa akraman a wotu, a anka wɔn ntaban tenten betumi ayɛ mita aduonu, na wogye di sɛ wowuwu mfe ɔpepem du du a atwam ni no ho. Nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edidi so yi kyerɛ wɔn ne sɛnea wɔayɛ aboa bi a otu a ɔte sɛ Pterosaur ho mfonini wɔ nkuku no so:
Akraman a wotu no mu kɛse ne pterosaur a ebia na ne ntaban trɛw boro mita 17 no. (...) Wɔ BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Po 13) mu no, Richard Greenwell kaa sɛnea pterosaur wɔ hɔ nnɛ no ho asɛm. Ɔfa ɔkwantufo A. Hyatt Verrill a na wahu Peru nkuku bi no asɛm ka. Dɔte nkuku no yɛ pterosaur bi a ɔte sɛ pterodactyl ho mfonini. Verrill susuw sɛ mfoniniyɛfo de nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu adi dwuma sɛ wɔn nhwɛso na ɔkyerɛw sɛ:
Mfehaha pii ni no, wɔde pterodactyl nnompe no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edi mu ne mfonini mpo afi awo ntoatoaso biako mu akɔ foforo mu, bere a na Coclefo nananom te ɔman bi a na pterosaurs nkae a wɔakora so yiye wɔ hɔ mu no.
Afei nso, na Amerika Atifi fam Indiafo nim aprannaa anomaa a wɔfɛm ne din maa kar nso. (19) .
Wɔ Bible mu no , ɛte sɛ nea Behemoth ne Leviatan a wɔaka wɔn ho asɛm wɔ Hiob nhoma no mu no kyerɛ dinosaur. Ɛka behemoth ho asɛm sɛ ne dua te sɛ kyeneduru dua, n’asen ntini a ɛyɛ den na nnompe te sɛ dade a wɔde ayɛ. Saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow yi ne dinosaur ahorow bi te sɛ sauropods a wotumi nyin bɛboro mita 20 no hyia yiye. Saa ara nso na beae a Behemoth wɔ wɔ demmire no sum ase, ne fens no fata dinosaur ahorow, efisɛ na wɔn mu dodow bi te bɛn mpoano. Ɛdefa dua a ɛte sɛ kyeneduru a Behemot tu no ho no, ɛyɛ anigye sɛ aboa kɛse biara nni hɔ nnɛ a wonim sɛ ɔwɔ dua a ɛte saa. Anka dinosaur a odi nhabannuru no dua betumi ayɛ mita 10-15 na ne mu duru yɛ tɔn 1-2, na wonnim mmoa a wɔte saa ara wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu. Bible nkyerɛase ahorow bi kyerɛ Behemot ase sɛ asukɔnkɔn (na Leviatan nso kyerɛ ase sɛ akokɔsrade), nanso dua a ɛte sɛ kyeneduru ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu no mfata asukɔnkɔn wɔ ɔkwan biara so. Yebetumi ahu asɛm no ho asɛm biako a ɛyɛ anigye afi tetefo nneɛma ho nyansahufo a wawu a wobu no no hɔ, Stephen Jay Gould, a na ɔyɛ Marxfo a onnye nni sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ hɔ. Ɔkaa sɛ, sɛ Hiob nwoma no ka Behemoth ho asɛm a, aboa baako pɛ a ɔfata saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi ne dinosaur (Pandans Tumme, kr. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Sɛ́ obi a ɔpɛ adannandi no, na ogye di sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ nea ɔkyerɛw Hiob nhoma no nyaa ne nimdeɛ fii tetefo nneɛma a wɔahu mu. Nanso, nhoma a akyɛ sen biara wɔ Bible mu no mu biako yi kyerɛ aboa a ɔte ase pefee (Hiob 40:15: Hwɛ afei behemoth, a me ne wo yɛe...).
- (Hiob 40:15-23) Hwɛ afei behemoth , a me ne mo yɛɛ no; odi sare sɛ nantwi. 16 Hwɛ afei, n’ahoɔden wɔ n’asen mu, na n’ahoɔden wɔ ne yafunu mu. 17 Ɔkeka ne dua te sɛ kyeneduru : N'asen ntini ayɛ den . 18 Ne nnompe te sɛ kɔbere asinasin a ɛyɛ den ; ne nnompe te sɛ dade nnua. 19 Ɔno ne Onyankopɔn akwan mu titire, deɛ ɔyɛɛ no no tumi de ne nkrantɛ bɛbɛn no. 20 Ampa ara, mmepɔw so ma no aduan, baabi a wuram mmoa nyinaa di agoru. 21 Ɔda nnua a ɛyɛ sunsuma ase, demmire a wɔde kata so ne ban . 22 Nnua a ɛyɛ sunsuma no de wɔn sunsuma kata no so; asubɔnten no mu nnua a wɔfrɛ no willow twa ne ho hyia. 23 Hwɛ, ɔnom asubɔnten , na ɔnyɛ ntɛm: ɔwɔ ahotoso sɛ obetumi atwe Yordan akɔ n’anom.
Leviatan yɛ abɔde foforo a ne ho yɛ anigye a wɔaka ne ho asɛm wɔ Hiob Nhoma no mu. Wɔka sɛ saa abɔde yi ne mmoa hene na wɔaka sɛnea ogyaframa bi fi n’anom ho asɛm. (Nea wɔfrɛ no bomber beetle a otumi tow mframa a ɛyɛ hyew – 100 degrees Celsius – gu ɔtowhyɛfo so tẽẽ no, wonim no nso wɔ mmoa ahemman mu). Ebetumi aba sɛ akraman a wotumi bɔ ogya fi wɔn anom ho nsɛm pii fi eyi mu. Bible nkyerɛase ahorow bi akyerɛ Leviatan ase sɛ akokɔsrade, nanso hena na wahu akokɔsrade a sɛ wohu no a ɛma wobubu, na hena na obebu dade sɛ sare, ne kɔbere sɛ dua a aporɔw, na hena ne mmoa akɛse nyinaa hene? Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ biara no, ɛyɛ aboa a ne ho atɔre nso a onni hɔ bio, nanso na wonim no wɔ Hiob bere so. Hiob Nhoma no ka nea edidi so yi:
- (Hiob 41:1,2,9,13-34) Wobɛtumi de hama atwe leviatan ? anaa ne tɛkrɛma a wode hama a woagyae? 2 So wubetumi de hama ahyɛ ne hwene mu? anaasɛ ɔde nsɔe tow ne hwene mu? 9 Hwɛ, n’anidasoɔ yɛ kwa: so obiara rento fam wɔ n’ani so mpo ? 13 Hena na obetumi ahu n’atade anim? anaasɛ hena na obetumi de ne nnedua abien aba ne nkyɛn? 14 Hena na obetumi abue n’anim apon? ne sẽ yɛ hu a atwa ne ho ahyia . 15 Ne nsenia yɛ n’ahantan, a wɔato mu te sɛ nea wɔde nsɔano a ɛbɛn . 16 Obiako bɛn ɔfoforo araa ma mframa biara ntumi mma wɔn ntam. 17 Wɔde wɔn ho abɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho, wɔbata wɔn ho wɔn ho, na wontumi ntetew wɔn mu. 18 N’ahiadeɛ nti hann hyerɛn, na n’ani te sɛ anɔpa aniwa. 19 Akanea a ɛredɛw fi n’anom, na ogya nkankyee fi adi . 20 Ne hwene mu wusiw fi ne hwene mu, te sɛ nea efi kuku anaa nkuku a ɛrehuru mu. 21 Ne home sɔ fango, na ogyaframa fi n’anom . 22 Ahoɔden te ne kɔn mu, na awerɛhow adan anigye wɔ n’anim. 23 Ne honam nsraban no bom, ɛyɛ pintinn wɔ wɔn mu; wontumi ntutu wɔn. 24 Ne koma mu yɛ den sɛ ɔbo; yiw, ɛyɛ den te sɛ owiyammo a ɛwɔ ase no asinasin. 25 Sɛ ɔma ne ho so a, akokoɔdurofoɔ suro, wɔnam abubuo mu tew wɔn ho. 26 Nea ɛda ne so no nkrante ntumi nkura mu: peaw, agyan ne habergeon. 27 Obu dade sɛ sare, na obu kɔbere sɛ dua a aporɔw. 28 Agyan ntumi mma no nguan, aboɔ a wɔde tow adane ne ho adan nwansena. 29 Wɔkan agyan sɛ nwansena: ɔserew peaw a ɛwosow. 30 Aboɔ a ano yɛ nnam wɔ n’ase, ɔtrɛw ntɛtea a ano yɛ nnam mu wɔ atɛkyɛ no so. 31 Ɔma bun no bow te sɛ kuku, na ɔma ɛpo te sɛ srade kuku. 32 Ɔyɛ ɔkwan a ɛhyerɛn wɔ n’akyi; obi besusuw sɛ emu dɔ no yɛ hoary. 33 Asase so no, ɔte sɛ ɔno nni hɔ a wɔansuro no. 34 Ɔhwɛ nneɛma a ɛkorɔn nyinaa, ɔyɛ ɔhene wɔ ahantan mma nyinaa so .
Na Bible nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow a ɛfa ɔtweaseɛ ho nso ɛ? kasakoa ahorow a ɛkyerɛ mmorɔnoma, mpataku a wɔn bo afuw, awɔ a wɔyɛ anifere, nguan, ne mpapo, a wɔn nyinaa yɛ mmoa a wohu wɔn wɔ abɔde mu nnɛ no ahyɛ Bible mu ma. Dɛn nti na ɔtweaseɛ a wɔaka ne ho asɛm mpɛn pii wɔ Apam Dedaw ne Apam Foforo mu, ne nhoma dedaw mu no bɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ soronko? Bere a Genesis (1:21) ka sɛnea Onyankopɔn bɔɔ po mu mmoa akɛse, ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔyɛ keka (nea wɔayɛ no foforo) (Gen 1:21 Na Onyankopɔn bɔɔ akraman akɛse, ne abɔde biara a ɔkeka ne ho, a nsu no de bae bebree, wɔn akyi ayamyefo, ne nnomaa biara a ɔwɔ ntaban sɛnea ne su te: na Onyankopɔn hui sɛ eye.) , mfitiase kasa no de asɛmfua koro no ara na edi dwuma “tannin”, a ɛne ɔtweaseɛ yɛ pɛ wɔ Bible no mmeae afoforo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nkyekyem ahorow a edidi so yi ka ɔtweaseɛ ho asɛm:
- (Hiob 30:29) Meyɛ ɔtweaseɛ nua , na meyɛ ɔkraman hokafoɔ.
- (Dw 44:19) Ɛwom sɛ woabubu yɛn wɔ ɔtweaseɛ ananmu , na wode owu sunsuma akata yɛn so de.
- (Yes 35:7) Na asase a ayow no bɛyɛ ɔtare, na asase a sukɔm de so no bɛdan nsuten: wɔ ɔtweaseɛ tenabea , baabi a obiara da no, sare a demmire ne nwura wɔ so.
- (Yes 43:20) Wiram aboa bɛhyɛ me anuonyam, ɔtweaseɛ ne akɔre, ɛfiri sɛ mema nsuo wɔ ɛserɛ so, ne nsubɔnten wɔ sare so, de ma me nkurɔfoɔ a wɔayi wɔn no ano.
- (Yer 14:6) Na wuram mfurum no gyinaa sorɔnsorɔmmea no, wokum mframa te sɛ ɔtweaseɛ ; wɔn ani gui, ɛfiri sɛ na sare biara nni hɔ.
- (Yer 49:33) Na Hasor bɛyɛ ɔtweaseɛ tenabea , na amamfõ daa, obiara ntena hɔ, na onipa ba biara ntena mu.
- (Mika 1:8) Enti mɛsu na masu, mɛkɔ a wɔayi me ho na mada adagyaw: Mɛyɛ osu te sɛ ɔtweaseɛ , na madi awerɛhoɔ sɛ akɔre.
- (Mal 1:3) Na metan Esau, na metoo ne mmepɔ ne n’agyapadeɛ sɛee maa ɛserɛ so atweaseɛ .
- (Dw 104:26) Ɛhɔ na ahyɛn no kɔ: ɛhɔ na saa leviathan a woayɛ no sɛ ɔmmɔ no wɔ mu no wɔ.
- (Hiob 7:12) So meyɛ ɛpo, anaasɛ whale , a wode awɛmfo si me so? (nkyerɛase a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae no: po mu aboa kɛse, wɔ Hebri kasa mu tannin, a ɛkyerɛ ɔtweaseɛ)
- (Hiob 26:12,13) Ɔde ne tumi kyekyɛ ɛpo mu, na ɔnam ne nteaseɛ so bɔ ahantanfoɔ. 13 Ɔnam ne honhom so asiesie ɔsoro; ne nsa na ayɛ ɔwɔ kronkron no.
- (Dw 74:13,14) Wonam w'ahoɔden so kyekyɛɛ ɛpo no mu ampa: wobubuu ɔtweaseɛ no ti wɔ nsuo mu. 14 Wobubuu Lewiatan ti asinasin, na wode no maa nnipa a wɔte sare so no sɛ aduane.
- (Dw 91:13) Wotiatia gyata ne akraman so: gyata ba ne ɔtweaseɛ na wobɛtiatia wɔn nan ase.
- (Yes 30:6) Anafo fam mmoa adesoa: ako amanehunu ne awerɛhow asase so, baabi a gyata kumaa ne akwakoraa, ɔwɔ ne ɔwɔ a otu a ogya retu fi ba , wɔbɛsoa wɔn ahonyade wɔ mmofra mmati so mfurum, ne wɔn akoradeɛ wɔ yoma akuakuo so, de kɔma ɔman a wɔrennya mfasoɔ.
- (De 32:32,33) Na wɔn bobe fi Sodom bobe ne Gomora mfuo mu: wɔn bobe yɛ akisikuru bobe, wɔn nwono yɛ nwononwono. 33 Wɔn bobesa yɛ ɔtweaseɛ awuduru , ne mpɔtorɔ awuduru atirimɔdensɛm.
- (Neh 2:13) Na mefirii adi anadwo faa bonhwa no pon ano, mpo wɔ ɔtweaseɛ abura no anim , ne nwura hyɛn gyinabea hɔ, na mehwɛɛ Yerusalem afasuo a wɔabubu, na n’apon no asɛe ne ogya.
- (Yesaia 51:9) Nyan, nyane, hyɛ ahoɔden, O AWURADE basa; nyane, te sɛ tete mmere mu, wɔ tete awo ntoatoaso mu. Ɛnyɛ wo na woatwitwa Rahab, na woapirapira ɔtweaseɛ no?
- (Yesaia 27:1) Saa da no, AWURADE de ne nkrante a ano yɛ den na ɛyɛ den bɛtwe ɔwɔ a ɔbɔ ne ho aso, leviatan mpo wɔ ɔwɔ kronkron no; na ɔbɛkum ɔtweaseɛ a ɔwɔ ɛpo mu no.
- (Yer 51:34) Babilon hene Nebukadresar awe me, wabubu me, wayɛ me anwenneɛ hunu, wamene me sɛ ɔtweaseɛ , ɔde me nneɛma a ɛyɛ dɛ ahyɛ ne yafunu ma, watow me fi adi.
Apam Dedaw no mu Apokrifa ne ɔtweaseɛ . Na Apam Dedaw no mu Apokrifa no nso ɛ? Wɔn nso, wɔaka ɔtweaseɛ no ho asɛm mpɛn pii, a wobuu no sɛ mmoa ankasa, sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ ayɛsɛm mu abɔde. Sirach Nhoma no kyerɛwfo kyerɛw sɛnea ɔbɛpɛ sɛ ɔne gyata ne ɔtweaseɛ bɛtra, sen sɛ ɔne ne yere bɔne no bɛtra. Nneɛma a wɔde aka Ester Nhoma no ho ka Mordekai (Bible mu Mordekai) dae no ho asɛm, bere a ohui sɛ ɔtweaseɛ akɛse abien no. Ná Daniel nso hyia ɔtweaseɛ kɛse bi a na Babilonfo som no. Eyi ma yehu sɛnea ebia mmoa yi nyin koduu kɛse paa.
- (Sirach 25:16) Anka me ne gyata ne ɔtweaseɛ bɛtena sene sɛ me ne ɔbaa bɔne bɛtena fie .
- (Salomon Nyansa 16:10) Na wo mma deɛ, ɛnyɛ ɔtweaseɛ a awuduru wɔ wɔn sẽ ankasa so nkonim, ɛfiri sɛ w’adɔeɛ wɔ wɔn nkyɛn daa, na ɛsa wɔn yareɛ.
- (Sirach 43:25) Na emu na nnwuma a ɛyɛ nwonwa na ɛyɛ nwonwa, mmoa ne whale ahorow nyinaa a wɔabɔ wɔn.
- (Additions to Ester 1:1,4,5,6) Wɔde Mordekai, Yudani bi a ɔka Benyamin abusuakuo ho no kɔɔ nkoasom mu, ne Yuda hene Yehoiakin, berɛ a Babilon hene Nebukadnesar faa Yerusalem. Mordekai yɛ Yair ba a ɔyɛ Kis ne Simei aseni. 4 Ɔsoo daeɛ sɛ dede ne basaayɛ kɛseɛ, aprannaa a ano yɛ den, ne asasewosow, a basabasayɛ a ɛyɛ hu wɔ asase so. 5 Afei ɔtweaseɛ akɛse abien puei, a wɔasiesie wɔn ho sɛ wɔbɛko . 6 Wɔyɛɛ dede a ɛyɛ hu , na amanaman no nyinaa siesiee wɔn ho sɛ wɔne Onyankopɔn man a nnipa trenee wom no bɛko.
- (Additions to Daniel, Bel and the Dragon 1:23-30) Na saa bea koro no ara na na ɔtweaseɛ kɛseɛ bi wɔ hɔ , a wɔn a wɔfiri Babilon som no. 24 Na ɔhene bisaa Daniel sɛ: Wobɛka sɛ eyi yɛ kɔbere? hwɛ, ɔte ase, odi na ɔnom ; worentumi nka se onnye onyame teasefo: enti monsom no. 25 Ɛnna Daniel ka kyerɛɛ ɔhene sɛ: Mɛsom Awurade me Nyankopɔn, ɛfiri sɛ ɔno ne Onyankopɔn teasefoɔ no. 26 Na ɔhene, ma me kwan, na mɛkum ɔtweaseɛ yi a nkrantɛ anaa poma nka ho. Ɔhene no kaa sɛ: Mema wo kwan. 27 Ɛnna Daniel faa sradeɛ ne sradeɛ ne ti nhwi, na ɔhyew no, na ɔyɛɛ mu nwansena, na ɔde eyi guu ɔtweaseɛ no anom, na ɔtweaseɛ no paee, na Daniel kaa sɛ: Hwɛ, anyame no ne yeinom sɔre. 28 Bere a Babilonfo tee saa no, wɔn bo fuwii kɛse, na wɔbɔɔ ɔhene no pɔw sɛ: Ɔhene no abɛyɛ Yudani, na wasɛe Bel, wakum ɔtweaseɛ no, na wakum asɔfo no. 29 Enti wɔbaa ɔhene nkyɛn bɛkaa sɛ: Gye yɛn Daniel, anyɛ saa a yɛbɛsɛe wo ne wo fie. 30 Bere a ɔhene hui sɛ wɔremia no denneennen no, ɔde Daniel maa wɔn.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Mfe ɔpepem pii / dinosaurs / nnipa
adannandi? |
