kuwonongedwa kwa ma dinosaur, kutha kwa ma dinosaur, asteroid kapena Chigumula?

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Pulogalamu ya TV "Dinosaur Apocalypse"

Ŵerengani mmene pulogalamu yapa TV yadziko ikunenera za tsunami yaikulu imene inachitika ndi kuwonongedwa kwa ma dinosaur, amene motsimikizirika ndi Chigumula chotchulidwa m’Baibulo.

Ndinawona pulogalamu yamagulu awiri pa TV yotchedwa Dinosaur Apocalypse (Dinosaur Apocalypset., BBC/PBS/France Télévisions, Iso-Britannia, 2022.). Zinabweretsa chikhulupiliro chofala kuti ma dinosaurs adamwalira pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo kumapeto kwa nthawi yotchedwa Cretaceous. Chifukwa cha izi akuti ndi mlengalenga womwe unagunda dziko lapansi ndikuwononga ma dinosaurs.

Kodi mwakumbukira chiyani pa pulogalamu imeneyi? Ndikuvomereza kuti ma dinosaurs, monga moyo wina, adakumana ndi chiwonongeko, koma chibwenzi ndi chifukwa cha chiwonongekocho sizingagwirizane nazo.

Choyamba, kukhalapo kwa madinosaur padziko lapansi. Kodi anakhaladi ndi moyo zaka zoposa 65 miliyoni zapitazo? Sindidzakambirananso za mutuwu pano monga momwe ndawufotokozera m'malemba anga ena. Ndingonena kuti zokwiriridwa zakale za dinosaur zilibe zilembo kapena ma tag omwe amakhalapo panthawiyo. M'malo mwake, minyewa yofewa, ma radiocarbon, DNA, ndi maselo amwazi omwe amapezeka muzotsalira zakale akuwonetsa kuti padutsa zaka masauzande angapo kuchokera pomwe adakhalapo pa Dziko Lapansi. Zinthu zimene zili m’mikwingwirimayi ndi umboni wa kutha kwawo posachedwapa, osati kutha kumene kunachitika zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo.

Kuonjezera apo, ochita kafukufuku angachite bwino kuganizira mfundo yakuti nkhani zambiri zachikhalidwe zakhala zikunena mobwerezabwereza za zinjoka, zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi ma dinosaur. monga mawu otsatirawa akusonyezera. Ili ndi funso la nyama zomwe zatha, kukhalapo kwake komwe kungatsimikizidwe ndi anthu oyambirira zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo. Mawu akuti dinosaur sanapangidwe mpaka zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi Richard Owen.

Zinjoka za m’nthano, n’zodabwitsa kwambiri, ngati nyama zenizeni zimene zinkakhalako m’mbuyomu. Amafanana ndi zokwawa zazikulu (dinosaur) zomwe zinalamulira dzikolo kalekale anthu asanaonekere. Nthawi zambiri zinjoka zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zoipa komanso zowononga. Mtundu uliwonse unkawatchula m’nthano zawo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, p. 265)

Nanga bwanji za chochititsa kutha kwa madinosaur? Choyambitsa chiwonongekocho chinaperekedwa mu pulogalamuyi ngati asteroid yomwe inagunda dziko lapansi zaka zoposa 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Komabe, mu pulogalamuyo adavomereza kuti "palibe amene adapeza zotsalira za dinosaur kutsimikizira kuti adamwalira chifukwa cha kugundana". M’mawu ena, thambo la asteroid lomwe likugwa padziko lapansi silifotokoza bwino za kutha kwa ma dinosaur.

M'malo mwake, pulogalamuyo inabwera ndi kufotokozera komveka bwino kwa chiwonongeko cha ma dinosaurs: madzi. Zinauzidwa ndi kubweretsedwa kambirimbiri m’programu kuti tsunami yaikulu ikanachititsa chiwonongeko cha ma dinosaurs m’dera la Hell Creek. Nawa mawu ena ochokera mu pulogalamuyi:

Nawa malo amadzi amchere a mapangidwe a Hell Creek. Mphepete, yonyezimira mumithunzi ya neon yofiira ndi yobiriwira, imachokera ku chigoba cha nyama ya m'nyanja yooneka ngati yozungulira, amonite. Chamoyo cha m’madzi chimenechi chalowa m’malo a madzi opanda mchere momwe sichili chake. Mmene ma amoni anathera pano ndi chinsinsi.

Chifukwa chake, gawo la thanthwe limakhala lopindika komanso lokhuthala pafupifupi mita. Izi ndi zina zachilendo zimalozera ku chochitika chodabwitsa m'malingaliro a Robert. Mwina kusefukira kwa madzi kapena matope kunachitika pano, zomwe zidakwirira chilichonse pansi pake nthawi yomweyo.

Nyamayo ikakwiriridwa mofulumira, kapena ngati kuikidwa m’manda ndi kumene kunachititsa kuti afe, m’pamenenso pamakhala mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yofafaniza nyamayo. … 99.9% ya nyama sizikhala pansi

Njira yoberekera ma pterosaur inali yopambana bwino. Zikusonyeza kuti moyo unali wabwinobwino mpaka kugunda kwa asteroid kunasintha chilichonse moyipa.

Kodi nyamazi zinayenda m’nyanja? Iwo ankati amwe kuchokera mumphanga wofewa.

Chiwerengero cha zokwiriridwa pansi zakale zomwe Robert anapeza zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, Tanis anali wodzaza ndi moyo.

Gulu la Robert likutsatira mndandanda wokongola wa otsogolera. Chizindikiro choyamba ndi mafupa a nsomba zomwe zinatha kwambiri.

Pano pali nkhuni. Potsutsa izo, mitembo ya nsomba yafinyidwa mwamphamvu.

Nazi zina mwa zokwiriridwa pansi pano ndi apo. Nayi imodzi ndi pafupi ndi iyo sturgeon ina ikuyang'ana motere. Pansi pa dziwe la sturgeon pali sturgeon ina. Thupi lake limapita pansi pa thunthu la mtengo ndikuwonekera mbali inayo.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Robert, nsomba zomwe zinagwidwa kumbuyo kwa mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo ndi kuzungulira ndi mabwalo zinafa zitagwidwa mumtundu wina wa kusefukira kwa madzi ndipo mwamsanga zinakwiriridwa mumatope. Ndicho chifukwa chake zasungidwa bwino kwambiri. Nchiyani chinayambitsa mafunde a mafundewa? Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, asteroid yomwe inagunda nyanja inayambitsa tsunami. Tsopano tikukamba za mtundu wosiyana kotheratu wa tsunami. Anali okwera kwambiri komanso aakulu kuposa matsunami amakono. ... Kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi kilomita imodzi.

Kodi tsunami ikhoza kuyambitsa kusakhazikika komwe kukuwoneka ku Tanis?

Ndikuganiza kuti ofufuza m'mapulogalamuwa anali panjira yoyenera. Madzi ndi amene anawonongadi ma dinosaur. Izi sizinali choncho m'dera la Hell Creek, lomwe linasindikizidwa mu pulogalamuyi, komanso kwina kulikonse. Hell Creek ndi amodzi mwa malo omwe ma dinosaur adapezeka, popeza zotsalira za nyamazi zapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipotu, zokwiriridwa pansi za nyama zimenezi, mofanana ndi zokwiriridwa pansi za nyama zina, sizikanakhalako zikanakhala kuti matopewo sanakwirire msanga nyama zimenezi m’matope. Imeneyi ndiyo njira yokhayo yofotokozera magwero a zokwiriridwa pansi zakale, zomwe kupangidwa kwake sikumawonedwa lerolino. Mu pulogalamuyo adavomerezanso kuti kupangidwa kwa zinthu zakale ndi chinthu chosowa: "Nyamayo ikakwiriridwa mofulumira, kapena ngati kuikidwa m’manda ndi kumene kunachititsa kuti afe, m’pamenenso pamakhala mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yofafaniza nyamayo. … 99.9% ya nyama sizikhala pansi.

Chachiwiri, pulogalamuyo inanena kuti nyama za m'nyanja monga ammonites ndi nsomba zimapezeka m'magawo omwewo monga mitengo ndi ma dinosaur. Kodi izi zingatheke bwanji? Kodi nyama za m'nyanja, zakumtunda ndi mitengo zingachitikire bwanji pamodzi? Kufotokozera kokha ndiko kuti tsunami yaikulu yachititsa zimenezi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m’programu. Pulogalamuyi inanenanso za kukula kwa tsunami kuti "kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi kilomita imodzi."

Ndikufuna kunena chiyani ndi yapitayi? Ngati tikunena za tsunami yaikulu, n’chifukwa chiyani sitinganene mwachindunji kuti Chigumula chotchulidwa m’Baibulo ndi chimene chinachititsa kuti chiwonongeko chichitike? Ichi ndiye chifukwa chomwe chikuyembekezeka kuwononga ma dinosaurs ndi zamoyo zina. Mfundo imeneyi ndi yofunika kuiganizira, popeza mazana angapo a nkhani zachigumula zoyambilira zapezeka, monga momwe mawu otsatirawa akusonyezera:

Pafupifupi zikhalidwe za 500 - kuphatikizapo anthu amtundu wa Greece, China, Peru ndi North America - zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi kumene nthano ndi nthano zimalongosola nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya chigumula chachikulu chomwe chinasintha mbiri ya fuko. M’nkhani zambiri, anthu oŵerengeka okha ndi amene anapulumuka chigumula, monga momwe zinalili ndi Nowa. Anthu ambiri analingalira kuti chigumulacho chinayambitsidwa ndi milungu imene, pazifukwa zina, inatopa ndi mtundu wa anthu. Mwinamwake anthuwo anali oipa, monga m’nthaŵi za Nowa ndi nthano ya fuko la Native American Hopi la ku North America, kapena mwinamwake panali anthu ochuluka kwambiri ndi aphokoso kwambiri, monga m’nkhani ya Gilgamesh. (Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78)

Lenormant akunena m'buku lake "Beginning of History":

"Tili ndi mwayi wotsimikizira kuti nkhani ya Chigumula ndi mwambo wapadziko lonse m'nthambi zonse za banja laumunthu, ndipo mwambo wakutiwakuti ndi wofanana ngati uwu sungathe kuonedwa ngati nthano yongoganiziridwa. chochitika chochititsa mantha kwambiri, chochitika chimene chinachititsa chidwi kwambiri m’maganizo mwa makolo oyambirira a banja laumunthu kotero kuti ngakhale mbadwa zawo sizikanatha kuziiwala.” ( Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen?, p. 5)

Anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana ali ndi nkhani za cholowa zosiyanasiyana zokhudza tsoka lalikulu la chigumulacho. Agiriki asimba nkhani yonena za Chigumulacho, ndipo chiri pakati pa munthu wotchedwa Deukalioni; ngakhale kale kwambiri Columbus asanabadwe, nzika za dziko la America zinali ndi nkhani zimene zinasungabe moyo chikumbukiro cha chigumula chachikulu. Nkhani za kusefukira kwa madzi zasamutsidwa ku mibadwomibadwo kufikira lerolino ku Australia, India, Polynesia, Tibet, Kašmir ndi Lithuania. Kodi zonsezo ndi nthano chabe? Kodi zonse zidapangidwa? N’kutheka kuti onse amafotokoza tsoka lalikulu lomwelo. (Werner Keller: Raamattu on oikeassa, p. 29)

Chifukwa china ndicho mabwinja a nyama za m’madzi ndi zomera zomwe zili m’mapiri ataliatali, kuphatikizapo phiri la Himalaya Everest ndi mapiri ena aatali. Nawa mawu ena ochokera m'mabuku a asayansi omwe pankhaniyi:

Pamene ankayenda pa Beagle Darwin mwiniwakeyo anapeza zipolopolo za m'nyanja zokhalapo zakale kuchokera pamwamba pa mapiri a Andean. Zikusonyeza kuti, chimene tsopano ndi phiri kale anali pansi pa madzi. ( Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Chifukwa chiyani chisinthiko chiri chowona], p. 127)

Pali chifukwa choyang'anitsitsa chikhalidwe choyambirira cha miyala m'mapiri. Amawoneka bwino kumapiri a Alps, m'mapiri a Alps a kumpoto, otchedwa Helvetian zone. Limestone ndiye mwala waukulu. Tikayang’ana thanthwe pano pa mapiri otsetsereka kapena pamwamba pa phiri – tikadakhala ndi mphamvu zokwerera m’mwambamo – m’kupita kwa nthaŵi tidzapezamo mabwinja a nyama, zokwiriridwa pansi za nyama. Nthawi zambiri amawonongeka kwambiri koma ndizotheka kupeza zidutswa zodziwika bwino. Zakale zonsezo ndi zipolopolo za laimu kapena mafupa a nyama za m’nyanja. Pakati pawo pali ma ammonite okhala ndi ulusi wozungulira, makamaka ma clams okhala ndi zipolopolo ziwiri. (…) Owerenga angadabwe kuti pakadali pano zikutanthawuza chiyani kuti mapiri ali ndi matope ambiri, omwe amapezekanso pansi pa nyanja. (tsamba 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

Harutaka Sakai wa ku yunivesite ya Japan ku Kyushu kwa zaka zambiri wakhala akufufuza zinthu zakale za m’madzi m’mapiri a Himalaya. Iye ndi gulu lake adalembapo zamadzi am'madzi onse kuyambira nthawi ya Mesozoic. Maluwa a m'nyanja osalimba, achibale a urchins zam'nyanja zamakono ndi starfishes, amapezeka m'makoma a miyala pamtunda wa makilomita atatu pamwamba pa nyanja. Aamoni, ma belemnite, ma corals ndi plankton amapezeka ngati zotsalira za miyala ya m'mapiri (…)

Atafika pamtunda wa makilomita awiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka anapeza malo amene anasiyidwa ndi nyanjayo. Mafunde ake ngati mafunde a miyala amafanana ndi mawonekedwe omwe amakhalabe mumchenga kuchokera ku mafunde amadzi otsika. Ngakhale pamwamba pa Everest, pali miyala yachikasu yachikasu, yomwe inatuluka pansi pa madzi kuchokera ku mabwinja a nyama zambiri za m'madzi. ( "Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", p. 55)

Kodi tinganene chiyani kuchokera pamwambazi? N’zopanda pake kulankhula za zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, chifukwa zokwiriridwa pansi za dinosaur payokha sizichitira umboni za chinthu choterocho. Minofu yofewa, radiocarbon, DNA ndi maselo a magazi omwe ali mmenemo amalozera momveka bwino kwa nthawi yochepa chabe. M’malo mwake, nyama zimenezi zinafa makamaka pa Chigumula chotchulidwa m’Baibulo, ngakhale kuti zinakhalabe ndi moyo pambuyo pa chochitika chimenechi. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zithunzi za zinjoka pakati pa anthu ambiri.

Zitsanzo zina zambiri zikhoza kuperekedwa pa mfundo imeneyi, koma ndikuyembekeza zitsanzo zam’mbuyomo zikusonyeza kuti malongosoledwe a Baibulo a chigumula ndi mbiri yeniyeni, koma zaka mamiliyoni ambiri ndi zongoyerekezera. Nthanthi zakusakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu za chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi chiyambi cha moyo zili mbali ya kulingalira kofananako, popeza kuti palibe miyamba imene ingakhoze kuwuka yokha, ndipo moyo sungakhoze kuwuka wokha. Palibe umboni umodzi wotsimikizira zimenezi, umene ngakhale asayansi angapo osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu avomereza. Ndalembapo za nkhani zimenezi m’nkhani zanga zingapo, ndipo zilinso ndi maganizo oona mtima a asayansi osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Ndikukhumba kuti aliyense aziyang'anitsitsa zinthu izi. Inenso kale ndinali wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu yemwe ankakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Tsopano ndimazitenga ngati nthano, mabodza komanso nthano.