ufulu wa anthu ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, udindo wa amayi, unsembe wachikazi

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Chikhulupiriro chachikhristu ndi ufulu waumunthu

Werengani momwe chikhulupiriro chachikristu chathandizira ufulu wa anthu ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu

( 1 Akor. 6:9 ) Kodi simukudziwa kuti osalungama sadzalandira ufumu wa Mulungu? Musanyengedwe …

- (2 Tim 2:19) 19 Ngakhale zili choncho maziko a Mulungu ali okhazikika, okhala ndi chosindikizira ichi, Ambuye azindikira iwo amene ali ake. Ndipo, Amene ali yense wakutchula dzina la Kristu acoke ku kusayeruzika .

- ( Mat 22:35-40 ) Pamenepo mmodzi wa iwo, amene anali wachilamulo, anamufunsa funso, kumuyesa, nanena.

36 Mphunzitsi, lamulo lalikulu m’chilamulo ndi liti?

37. Yesu adati kwa iye, Uzikonda Ambuye Mulungu wako ndi mtima wako wonse, ndi moyo wako wonse, ndi nzeru zako zonse.

38 Ili ndilo lamulo lalikulu ndi loyamba.

39 Ndipo lachiwiri lofanana nalo ndi ili, Uzikonda mzako monga udzikonda iwe mwini .

40 Pa malamulo awa awiri pakukhazikika chilamulo chonse ndi aneneri.

- ( Mat 7:12 ) Chifukwa chake zinthu ziri zonse mukafuna kuti anthu akuchitireni, inunso muwachitire iwo zotero;

Limodzi mwa malingaliro a Kumadzulo kwamakono ndiloti kukana Mulungu ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu kumatanthauza chitukuko cha makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Lemekezani anthu omasuka ndi anthu omwe amakonda kuganiza mozama za chilengedwe angaganize kuti dziko lidzakhala labwino kwambiri pamene munthu achotsa Mulungu. Kumatsogolera ku ufulu, ku chitukuko, ku dziko lachilungamo, ndi malo omwe kulingalira kumayamikiridwa. Mwina ndi mmene anthu ambiri amene amakana chikhulupiriro chachikhristu amaganizira.

Ambiri angadzetsenso zolakwa zochitidwa m’dzina la Chikristu ndi Mulungu popanda kuzindikira kuti ziri chotulukapo cha mpatuko wa Mulungu kapena kuti ziphunzitso za Yesu ndi atumwi sizinatsatidwe. Sichifukwa chakuti ziphunzitso za Yesu ndi atumwi zatsatiridwa, koma chifukwa chakuti iwo sanatsatire. Kusiyana kofunika kumeneku sikumvetsetseka ndi otsutsa ambiri a chikhulupiriro chachikhristu.

Koma zili bwanji? Kodi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kapena zoipa pa ufulu wa anthu ndi ulemu wa anthu?

Timayang'ana izi motengera zitsanzo zingapo, monga momwe akazi alili, kuwerenga, kubadwa kwa chilankhulo cholemba, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa sukulu ndi zipatala. Zimasonyeza mmene chikhulupiriro chachikristu chathandizira m’mbali zambiri. Mayiko omwe chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chachita mbali yofunika ndi mayiko omwe anthu amasamukirako. Mwa iwo, ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mikhalidwe yachuma kaŵirikaŵiri yakhala yabwinoko kuposa kwina kulikonse.

Kodi chikhulupiriro Chachikristu chafooketsa kapena kuwongolera kaimidwe ka akazi? Choyamba, ndi bwino kulabadira momwe akazi alili, monga momwe ena amanenera kuti chikhristu chimawononga chikhalidwe cha amayi. Iwo atsutsa cikhulupiriro ca Cikristu, ponena kuti ndi cikhulupililo ca makolo ndipo cafooketsa udindo wa akazi. Mlandu umenewu wapangidwa makamaka ndi mamembala a gulu lachikazi ndi ena omwe ali ndi maganizo ofanana. Anthu awa amaganiza kuti udindo wa mkazi umadalira pakuchita kwake mofanana ndi mwamuna (monga unsembe wachikazi) osati pa kukhala woyenerera kwa iye mwini makamaka kudzera mwa Khristu. M’lingaliro limeneli, mtengo wa mkazi umayesedwa kokha ndi kufanana kwake ndi mwamuna osati chifukwa cha kudziwika kwake monga mkazi yekha.

Komabe, nzotsutsana kuti ziŵalo zofanana za gulu lachikazi lodzinenera kukhala loimira akazi akukankhira mwamphamvu kuchotsa mimba, kumene kuli kukana ukazi weniweni. Ukazi weniweni suphatikizapo kupha mwana mkati kapena kunja kwa chiberekero cha mayi. M’malo mwake, unansi wapafupi wa amayi ndi ana ndi kusamalira ana ndiwo ukazi wabwino. Atsogoleri apano a gulu lomenyera ufulu wa akazi aiwala.

Vuto lina limene latsatirapo panthaŵi ya ntchito yaikulu ya gulu lachikazi ndilo kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha amayi olera ana olera ana. Zimenezinso zakhala zofala kwambiri m’badwo wamakono, pamene mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zachikristu ndi kukhalitsa kwa ukwati kwatayidwa. Azimayi ambiri ali ndi katundu wolemetsa kuposa momwe analili kale nthawi ya gulu lachikazi lamakono. Sizinafewe, koma zachititsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire.

Wojambula komanso wolemba Eppu Nuotio komanso wofufuza Tommi Hoikkalakukambirana za chisokonezo pa ubale wa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Hoikkala akudabwa chifukwa chake banja la nyukiliya linayamba kusweka pamene amayi adapeza ufulu wambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti Finland posachedwa idzakumana ndi zomwe Sweden ikukumana nazo kale: mawonekedwe a banja omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi mayi wosakwatiwa ndi mwana wake mmodzi. Akazi ankafuna kumasulidwa ku mkhalidwe umene analibe ufulu wosankha ndipo anatsirizira mu mkhalidwe umene alibe ufulu wosankha. (...) Azimayi ambiri amatopa chifukwa cha ntchito zapakhomo, maphunziro ndi ntchito zanthawi yochepa. Hoikkala akuganiza kuti mavutowa mu maubwenzi amayamba chifukwa chakuti amuna sangathe kubereka akazi omwe amapambana. Pamene kulolera kwa anthu kukucheperachepera, malire awo a kusudzulana nawonso amatsika. Finland tsopano ili ndi chikhalidwe cha kusudzulana. (1)

Nanga bwanji mbiri yakale ndi mmene akazi alili? Ambiri amatsutsa chikhulupiriro Chachikristu ndendende chifukwa amati chafooketsa mkhalidwe wa akazi.

Komabe, mkangano uwu sukugwirizana ndi mbiri yakale. Pakuti, poyerekezera ndi akazi m’magulu a Agiriki ndi Aroma, udindo wa akazi achikristu unali wabwino kwambiri.

Chitsanzo chimodzi cha m’nthaŵi zakale chinali kusiyidwa kwa ana aakazi. Mu Ufumu wa Roma, chinali chizoloŵezi chofala kulera ana ongobadwa kumene. Zinali tsogolo la atsikana makamaka. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa ubale wa amuna ndi akazi kudasokonekera, ndipo akuti panali amuna zana limodzi ndi makumi atatu mwa akazi zana limodzi mugulu lachiroma.

Komabe, chikhulupiriro Chachikristu chinasintha mkhalidwewo ndi kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa akazi m’nthaŵi zakale. Pamene Akristu analetsa kuchotsa mimba ndi kupha ana obadwa kumene, zinakhudza moyo wa atsikana. Atsikana ankasamalidwa mofanana ndi anyamata. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ubale wa amuna ndi akazi ukhale wokulirapo.

Chitsanzo china ndi maukwati a ana aang’ono ndi maukwati okonzedwa adakali aang’ono. M'madera akale, zinali zofala kukakamiza atsikana kukwatiwa akadali paunyamata kapena asanakwanitse. Mgiriki Cassius Dio, yemwe analemba mbiri ya Aroma, ananena kuti mtsikana ali wokonzeka kukwatiwa kuyambira ali ndi zaka 12 kuti: “Mtsikana amene anakwatiwa asanakwanitse zaka 12 ^amakhala wokwatirana naye mwalamulo pa kubadwa kwake kwa zaka ^12. ” Chikhulupiriro cha chikhristu chinakhudza m'njira yomwe imalola akazi kukwatiwa pambuyo pake ndikusankha okondedwa awo.

Chitsanzo chathu chachitatu chikukhudza akazi amasiye, amene mkhalidwe wawo unali wosauka m’maiko akale (monga mu India wamakono, kumene akazi amasiye anawotchedwa amoyo). Iwo ankaimira limodzi mwa magulu omwe anali pachiwopsezo kwambiri komanso osauka, koma Chikhristu chinasinthanso miyoyo yawo. Anthu a m’derali anaitanidwa kuti azisamalira akazi amasiyewo monga momwe amachitira ndi ana osasamala. Zimenezi zinakhudza kufalikira kwa Chikristu mu ufumu wa Roma. Machitidwe ndi Makalata, mwachitsanzo, amabala akazi amasiye (Machitidwe 6:1, 1 Tim 5:3-16, Yakobo 1:27)

Chachinayi, pali chiphunzitso cha m’Chipangano Chatsopano cha amuna amene ayenera kukonda akazi awo, monga momwe Khristu anakondera mpingo. Ngati pali chilichonse choyipa kwa amayi, omenyera ufulu wa akazi amasiku ano ayenera kutiuza chomwe chili cholakwika. Kodi chikondi cha mwamuna kwa mkazi wake sichimene mkazi aliyense amafuna m'banja?

( Aefeso 5:25, 28 ) Amuna inu, kondani akazi anu, monganso Khristu anakonda mpingo nadzipereka yekha chifukwa cha mpingowo.

28 Momwemonso amuna azikonda akazi awo a iwo okha monga ngati matupi a iwo okha. Iye amene akonda mkazi wake adzikonda yekha.

Chachisanu, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chiŵerengero cha akazi pakati pa otsatira a Yesu chakhala chachikulu nthaŵi zonse. Izi zinali choncho m’zaka za m’ma 100 zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu Ino ndi kupitirira apo. Ngati chikhulupiriro Chachikristu sichinabweretse kuwongolera m’miyoyo yawo, nchifukwa ninji zimenezo zikanachitika? N’chifukwa chiyani anali ndi chidwi ndi chinthu ichi ngati ankadziwa kuti chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chimagonjetsa mkazi? Zoona zake n’zakuti, nthaŵi zambiri zinasintha miyoyo yawo. Kuonjezera apo, zoona zake n’zakuti akazi atenga mbali yaikulu m’magulu ambiri a chitsitsimutso chachikristu. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi monga chitsitsimutso cha Pentekosti ndi Salvation Army. Amayi atengapo gawo lofunikira ndikufalitsa uthenga wabwino kumadera komwe kulibe amuna okwanira.

Pulofesa wa za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro achipembedzo, Rodney Stark, walemba buku lonena za kukula ndi kupambana kwa Chikhristu, ndipo adasanthulanso tanthauzo la amayi pa kufalikira kwa chikhristu. Malingana ndi Stark, udindo wa akazi achikhristu unali wabwino kuyambira chiyambi cha Chikhristu. Iwo anali ndi udindo wapamwamba ndi chitetezo kuposa, mwachitsanzo, alongo anzawo achiroma, amene udindo wawo unali wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa akazi achigiriki. Kuchotsa mimba ndi kupha ana obadwa kumene kunali koletsedwanso m’madera achikhristu – zonse zinali zoletsedwa. Chotsatira chake, Chikristu chinali chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa akazi, (Chadwick 1967; Brown, 1988) ndipo chinafalikira, makamaka kudzera mwa akazi olemekezeka kwa amuna awo.(2)

Kupatula apo, nkopanda pake kukana, chimene ngakhale otsutsa Chikristu achikunja amavomereza poyera: kuti chipembedzo chatsopanochi chinakopa akazi ambiri ndi kuti akazi ambiri anapeza chitonthozo choterocho kuchokera ku ziphunzitso za mpingo zimene zipembedzo zakale sizinathe kupereka. Monga ndanenera, Kelsos anaganiza za kuchuluka kwa akazi pakati pa Akhristu monga umboni wa kusalingalira bwino ndi khalidwe lonyansa la Chikhristu. Julianus anadzudzula amuna a ku Antiokia m’lemba lake lakuti Misopogon kaamba ka kulola akazi awo kuwononga chuma chawo pa “Agalileya” ndi osauka, zimene mwatsoka zinapangitsa Akristu “kusakhulupirira Mulungu” kukopeka ndi anthu. Ndi zina zotero. Umboni wonena za Chikristu choyambirira susiya mwachindunji kukayikira kuti chinali chipembedzo, zomwe zidakopa akazi kwambiri ndipo zikadapanda kufalikira kwambiri komanso osati mwachangu ngati zikadapanda akazi ambiri. (3)

Nanga bwanji za unsembe wachikazi ndi maganizo oipa? Akhristu ambiri amamvetsa kuchokera m’Baibulo kuti nkhani imeneyi ndi ya anthu okha ( 1 Tim. 3:1-7; Tito 1:5-9 ). Sikuti akazi amaonedwa kuti ndi otsika koma kuti amuna ndi akazi ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana. M’pofunikanso kuona mmene Yesu ankagwirira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri anthu amaganiza kuti Yesu ndi wabwino, ndipo iye analidi wabwino. Iye anali ndi omutsatira amuna ndi akazi mofanana. Komabe, mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti Yesu anasankha amuna okha kukhala atumwi (Mat. 10:1-4), osati akazi. Yesu sanatsatire chitsanzo cha akazi amakono pano, ngakhale kuti iye anakondadi anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za jenda.

Nangano n’cifukwa ciani tiyenela kuganizila citsanzo ca Yesu? Chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti Yesu sanali munthu chabe koma Mulungu wokhala ndi likulu G. Iye anali Mulungu amene analenga zinthu zonse ndipo anachokera kumwamba (Yohane 1:1-3,14). Yesu mwiniyo anati: “ Ndipo anati kwa iwo, Inu ndinu ochokera pansi, ine ndine wochokera kumwamba, inu ndinu a dziko lino lapansi, sindiri wa dziko lino lapansi . ngati simukhulupirira kuti Ine ndine, mudzafa m’machimo anu. (Yohane 8:23, 24).

Chotero ngati Yesu ali Mulungu amene anapereka chitsanzo kwa atumwi oyambirira, sitiyenera kunyalanyaza nkhani imeneyi ndi kunena kuti ilibe tanthauzo. Anthu amene amanena za kusagwirizana pa nkhani imeneyi masiku ano akuoneka kuti akukananso ziphunzitso zina zimene Yesu anaphunzitsa. Ambiri a iwo sakhulupirira helo kapena mfundo zina za m’Baibulo zimene Yesu anaphunzitsa. Amadzinenera kuti ndi abodza ndipo amaganiza kuti ndi anzeru kuposa Yesu. Kodi umenewu si khalidwe lodzikuza? Wina angafunse munthu wotero chifukwa chiyani ndinu membala wa wadi kapena mpingo ngati simukhulupirira ngakhale zoyambira zomwe Yesu adaphunzitsa? Anthu oterowo ndi ansembe a mkate ndi “atsogoleri akhungu akhungu” ofanana ndi amene analipo m’nthaŵi ya Yesu. zomwe zinali mu nthawi ya Yesu.

Kumbali ina, ngati muli mtundu wa munthu amene amatsutsana pankhaniyi, musakane moyo wosatha chifukwa cha izo! Mulungu akukuitanani ku ufumu wake wosatha, choncho musakane maitanidwe awa chifukwa cha chinthu choterocho!

Chikhalidwe cha ana.

Usaphe mwana pochotsa mimba, ndipo usamuphenso atabadwa (Epistle of Barnabas, 19, 5)

Osapha pochotsa mimba chipatso cha m'mimba ndipo musaphe khanda lobadwa kale (Tertullian, Apologeticum,9,8:PL 1, 371-372)

Kachiwiri, Chikhristu chinakweza ufulu wa ana. Pamwambapa, tinafotokoza mmene kusiyidwa kwa makanda osafunidwa kunali kofala m’chitaganya chakale. Zinali zofala m’magulu onse a anthu, ndipo chizoloŵezi chofala chinali kulola atate wa banjalo kusankha m’mlungu woyamba wa moyo wa khandalo kaya amulole kukhala ndi moyo. Ngati mwanayo anali mtsikana, wolumala, kapena wosafunidwa, nthawi zambiri ankasiyidwa. Ana ena osiyidwa nthaŵi zina pambuyo pake analeredwa kukhala mahule, akapolo, kapena opemphapempha, zimene zimasonyeza mkhalidwe wawo wangozi.

Chikhristu chinasintha moyo wa ana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu anayamba kusiya chizoloŵezi chawo chosiyidwa, ndipo ana anayamba kuwonedwa ngati anthu okhala ndi umunthu wathunthu ndi ufulu wonse waumunthu. Ana osiyidwa anasonkhanitsidwa m’makwalala ndipo anapatsidwa mwaŵi watsopano m’moyo. Pambuyo pake, malamulo adasinthidwanso: mu 374, mu nthawi ya mfumu Valentinian, kusiya ana kunakhala mlandu.

Ukapolo. Chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chikasintha udindo wa amayi ndi ana, chinakwezanso udindo wa akapolo ndipo pamapeto pake chinachititsa kuti bungweli lizisowa. Mu Ufumu wa Roma, ukapolo unali ponseponse komanso m’mizinda yachi Greek, 15-30 peresenti ya anthu anali akapolo opanda ufulu wachibadwidwe, koma chikhulupiriro chachikristu chinabweretsa kusintha kwa zinthu. Anthu ambiri masiku ano amadzudzula zaka za m’ma Middle Ages akuzitchula kuti Nyengo Zamdima, koma panthawiyi n’kuti ukapolo unatheratu ku Ulaya, kupatulapo madera ochepa a m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

Nanga bwanji za ukapolo wa m’nthawi yatsopano? Masiku ano, anthu amalankhula molemekeza za nthawi ya Kuunikira, koma ukapolo utayambanso, dongosololi linali lalikulu kwambiri pa nthawi ya Kuunikira. Inali nthawi yamdima kwa magulu angapo a anthu. Komabe, oimira Chikristu chotsitsimula, monga Aquaker ndi Amethodisti, anathandizira kuletsa ukapolo ku England ndi mayiko ena. Inapititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu:

Ukapolo unapitirizabe kukhalapo ndipo unafalikira kwambiri mu Age Age of Enlightenment zaka makumi anayi otsiriza a zaka za m'ma ¹⁸⁰⁰ . Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 100, bili yoyamba idapangidwa kuti athetse ukapolo m'madera akuluakulu. Gulu loletsa kuthetsa anthu linayamba ku England, lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi magulu awiri achikhristu, Quakers ndi Methodist. Malinga ndi zomwe ananena komanso zigamulo zawo, ukapolo unkaonedwa ngati tchimo osati kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. (4)

Demokalase ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu

- ( 1 Tim 2:1, 2 ) Chifukwa chake ndidandaulira kuti, choyamba, mapembedzero, mapemphero, mapembedzero, ndi chiyamiko, achitidwe chifukwa cha anthu onse;

2 Kwa mafumu ndi onse akulamulira; kuti tikhale ndi moyo wachete ndi wamtendere m’kupembedza konse ndi m’chiyero.

Kalata yoyamba yopita kwa Timoteyo imatilimbikitsa kupemphelela olamulila kuti adzakhale na moyo wabata. Kuli bwino kusiyana ndi kuti pali chipwirikiti m’chitaganya, ulamuliro wankhanza wopanda malire, kapena kupandukira olamulira kosalekeza. Ndikwabwino pazachuma ndi zina zomwe atsogoleri amayesetsa kuchita zabwino.

Akatswiri ena amanena kuti ntchito yaumishonale yachikristu ndi imene yathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha demokalase ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu. Izi zawoneka m'maiko aku Africa ndi Asia. Kumene kwakhala ntchito yaumishonale yokangalika, mkhalidwe lerolino uli bwino koposa m’madera amene chiyambukiro cha amishonale chakhala chochepa kapena kulibe. Zikuoneka poyera pa zinthu monga mfundo yakuti chuma m’madera a mishoni chatukuka kwambiri masiku ano, umoyo uli bwino ndithu, kufa kwa ana n’kochepa, ziphuphu n’zochepa, kuwerenga ndi kulemba n’kofala ndiponso kupeza maphunziro n’kosavuta kuposa m'madera ena. Ku Ulaya ndi ku North America, zochitika zofananazo zachitikanso m’mbuyomo, ndipo chikhulupiriro chachikristu chakhalanso ndi chiyambukiro m’zimenezinso.

Wasayansi: Ntchito yaumishonale inayambitsa demokalase

Malinga ndi Robert Woodberry, wothandizira pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Texas, zotsatira za ntchito yaumishonale ya Apulotesitanti m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 pa chitukuko cha demokalase zakhala zazikulu kuposa momwe ankaganizira poyamba. M’malo mokhala ndi mbali yaing’ono m’kutukula kwa demokalase, amishonale anali ndi mbali yaikulu mmenemo m’maiko ambiri a mu Afirika ndi Asia. Magazini ya Christianity Today imafotokoza za nkhaniyi.

Robert Woodberry waphunzira za ubale pakati pa ntchito yaumishonale ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza demokalase pafupifupi zaka 15. Malinga ndi iye, kumeneko kumene amishonale Achiprotestanti akhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu. Kumeneko chuma chapita patsogolo kwambiri masiku ano ndipo mkhalidwe wa thanzi ndi wabwino kwambiri kuposa m’madera, kumene chisonkhezero cha amishonale chakhala chocheperapo kapena kulibe. M’madera omwe ali ndi mbiri yaumishonale yofala, chiŵerengero cha imfa za ana pakali pano chikucheperachepera, pali ziphuphu zochepa, kuŵerenga ndi kulemba ndikofala kwambiri ndipo kuloŵa m’maphunziro n’kosavuta, makamaka kwa amayi.

Malinga ndi Robert Woodberry, chinali makamaka Chitsitsimutso cha Chiprotestanti chomwe chinali ndi zotsatira zabwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, atsogoleri achipembedzo olembedwa ntchito ndi boma kapena amishonale Achikatolika chisanafike zaka za m’ma 1960 analibe chiyambukiro chofananacho.

Amishonale Achipulotesitanti anali omasuka m’manja mwa boma. “Chikhulupiriro chimodzi chachikulu cha ntchito yaumishonale ndi chakuti chimakhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda. - - Komabe, ogwira ntchito Achipulotesitanti, omwe sanalandire ndalama ndi boma, nthawi zonse amatsutsa zachitsamunda ", akutero Woodberry to Christianity Today.

Ntchito yayitali ya Woodberry yalandira chitamando. Pakati pa ena, profesa wofufuza Philip Jenkins wa pa yunivesite ya Baylor ananena zotsatirazi ponena za kufufuza kwa Woodberry: “Ndinayesadi kupeza mipata, koma chiphunzitsocho n’chakuti. Zimakhudza kwambiri kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudza Chikristu.” Malinga ndi magazini ya Christianity Today, kafukufuku wopitilira khumi atsimikizira zomwe Woodberry adapeza. (5)

Upandu ndi kuchuluka kwake

- ( Mat 22:35-40 ) Pamenepo mmodzi wa iwo, amene anali wachilamulo, anamufunsa funso, kumuyesa, nanena.

36 Mphunzitsi, lamulo lalikulu m’chilamulo ndi liti?

37. Yesu adati kwa iye, Uzikonda Ambuye Mulungu wako ndi mtima wako wonse, ndi moyo wako wonse, ndi nzeru zako zonse.

38 Ili ndilo lamulo lalikulu ndi loyamba.

39 Ndipo lachiwiri lofanana nalo ndi ili, Uzikonda mzako monga udzikonda iwe mwini .

40 Pa malamulo awa awiri pakukhazikika chilamulo chonse ndi aneneri .

- ( Luka 18:20, 21 ) Udziwa malamulo , Usachite chigololo, Usaphe, Usabe, Usachite umboni wonama, Lemekeza atate wako ndi amako.

21 Ndipo iye anati, Izi zonse ndinazisunga kuyambira pa ubwana wanga.

- ( Aroma 13:8, 9 ) Musakhale ndi ngongole kwa munthu aliyense, koma kukondana wina ndi mnzake;

9 Pakuti ichi, Usachite chigololo, Usaphe, Usabe, Usachite umboni wonama, Usasirire; ndipo ngati liripo lamulo lina liri lonse, lizindikirika mwacidule m’mau awa, ndilo, Uzikonda mnzako monga udzikonda iwe mwini.

Mlingo wa umbanda umakhudzanso ufulu wa anthu. Umbava ukachepa, m’pamenenso dzikoli limakhala lokhazikika komanso kusachitira zinthu zopanda chilungamo.

Kodi zotsatira za chikhulupiriro chachikhristu ndi chiyani pa umbanda? Ngati ili yowona, iyenera kuthandizira kusintha kwabwino kwa munthuyo ndi kuchepetsa kupanda chilungamo kwa ena. Ambiri amadandaula za kuipa kwa anthu, koma Uthenga Wabwino ndi mayitanidwe a kulapa (onaninso. Mau a Yesu, Luka 13:3: “…koma ngati simulapa, mudzawonongeka nonse momwemo.) ndi mphamvu yabwino yosinthira. Ndiponso, kutsatira lamulo lalikulu koposa la kukonda mnansi wako, limodzi ndi malamulo ena, kudzachepetsa upandu. Kumene mnansi amakondedwa ndi kulemekezedwa, palibe cholakwika chilichonse kwa iye. Kusamalidwa koyenera kwa mnansi ndiko maziko ochepetsera umbanda.

Chotero ngati munthu akhudzidwa ndi Mulungu, ziyenera kubweretsa masinthidwe abwino mwa iye. Anthu okhumudwa komanso owawa amatha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, omwe amatha kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuba. Wotchova njuga amapeza chidwi osati masewera, kapena zigawenga zimatha kusiya zigawenga. Ndi kusintha komwe kungathe kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa moyo wa iwo eni ndi ena.

Chitsanzo chaching’ono chikusonyeza mmene Mulungu angasinthire moyo wa anthu ambiri. Chitsanzo chikuwonetsa momwe chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu chasinthira mkati. Mafotokozedwewo akuchokera m’zaka za m’ma 1800 komanso m’buku la Charles G. Finney lakuti Ihmeellisiä herätyksiä .

Ndanena kuti mkhalidwe wamakhalidwe unasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha chitsitsimutsochi. Mzindawu unali watsopano, wotukuka pazachuma komanso wochititsa chidwi koma wodzala ndi uchimo. Anthu anali anzeru kwambiri komanso ofunitsitsa koma pamene chitsitsimutsocho chinasesa mumzindawu pobweretsa makamu ambiri a anthu odabwitsa kwambiri, amuna ndi akazi, kuti atembenuke, panachitika kusintha kozizwitsa kwambiri pa dongosolo, mtendere ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Ndinacheza ndi loya zaka zambiri pambuyo pake. Iye anali atatembenuzidwa mu chitsitsimutso ichi ndipo anali woimira boma pa milandu. Chifukwa cha ofesiyi, ziwerengero zaupandu zinali zodziwika bwino kwa iye. Iye anati ponena za nthaŵi ya chitsitsimutso ichi: “Ndasanthula zikalata za chigamulo chaupandu ndi kuwona chowonadi chodabwitsa: pamene mzinda wathu wakula kuŵirikiza katatu pambuyo pa nthaŵi za chitsitsimutso, sipanakhalepo ngakhale gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a milandu kuposa pamenepo. zinali kale. Chitsitsimutsocho chinakhudza anthu mozizwitsa.” (…)

(...) Kutsutsa kwapagulu ndi kwaumwini kunatha pang'onopang'ono. Ku Rochester sindinadziwe kalikonse za izo. Chipulumutsocho chinali ndi kuchezeredwa kwakekwake kwakukulu, zitsitsimutsozo zinali zamphamvu kwambiri ndipo zidayenda mofalikira, ndipo anthu anali ndi nthawi yodziwira okha ndi zotsatira zake mpaka amawopa kuwatsutsa monga kale. Nawonso ansembe ankawamvetsa bwino, ndipo oipawo ankakhulupirira kuti anali zochita za Mulungu. Lingaliro la iwo lidakhala lodziwika bwino, momveka bwino kuti kutembenuka kunali kwanzeru, kotero kusandulika kwenikweni, "zolengedwa zatsopano", anali otembenuka, kotero kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika mwa anthu ndi anthu, ndipo kotero kuti zinali zokhazikika komanso zosatsutsika. chipatso.

Nanga bwanji zolakwa za mpingo? Anthu ambiri osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu anganene kuti chikhulupiriro chachikhristu sichibweretsa kusintha kwabwino, ndipo angaloze ku zinthu zopanda chilungamo zambiri zomwe zachitika m’dzina la Mulungu kwa zaka zambiri. Pamaziko amenewo, iwo ali otsimikiza kuti kulibe Mulungu. Amati: “Kodi n’zopanda nzeru kukhulupirira mwa Mulungu pamene zinthu zopanda chilungamo zachitika m’dzina Lake?

Komabe, anthuwa samaganizira

• kuti osalungama sadzalandira ufumu wa Mulungu: Kodi simudziwa kuti osalungama sadzalandira ufumu wa Mulungu? Musanyengedwe… (1 Akorinto 6:9)

• kuti Yesu amakana kuvomereza ochimwa: Ndipo pamenepo ndidzafukulira iwo, Sindinakudziwani inu: chokani kwa Ine, inu akuchita kusayeruzika. ( Mateyu 7:23 )

• kuti Yesu, Yohane M’batizi, ndi atumwi analengeza kulapa. Yesu ananenanso kuti “koma ngati simulapa, mudzawonongeka nonse momwemo” ( Luka 13:3 ).

• kuti Yesu anachenjeza za kugwira lupanga ndi kuwalimbikitsa kukonda adani (Mat. 26:52, 5:43,44).

• Ambiri amanyalanyazanso mawu a Paulo amene anachenjeza za mimbulu yankhanza imene idzabwera pambuyo pa kucoka kwake. Mawu a Paulo amenewa akusonyeza bwino mmene mbiri yakale ikuyendera. Amalongosola zaka mazana ambiri ndi kupanda chilungamo kumene kwachitika m’dzina la Mulungu. N’zosatheka kukana kuti Paulo sanali wolondola. Kuwonjezera apo, Paulo anasonyeza kuti zochita zikhoza kuchitira umboni motsutsana ndi munthu. Iye anakhozanso kunena kwa ena kuti: “Abale, khalani pamodzi akutsanza anga, ndipo yang’anirani iwo akuyenda chotero, monga muli ndi ife chitsanzo.” , Afil 3:17 .

- ( Machitidwe 20:29-31 ) Pakuti ndidziŵa ichi, kuti ndikadzachoka, mimbulu yolusa idzalowa pakati panu, yosalekerera gululo.

30 Ndiponso mwa inu nokha adzauka anthu, olankhula zokhotakhota, kupatutsa ophunzira awatsate.

31 Chifukwa chake dikirani, nimukumbukire, kuti zaka zitatu sindinaleka usiku ndi usana kuchenjeza yense wa inu ndi misozi.

- ( Tito 1:16 ) Iwo amanena kuti amadziwa Mulungu; koma ndi ntchito zao amkana Iye, pokhala onyansitsa, ndi osamvera, ndi pa ntchito iriyonse yabwino opanda.

Maphunziro ndi kuwerenga sizogwirizana mwachindunji ndi ufulu wa anthu, koma mayiko omwe ndi osavuta kupeza maphunziro ndi kuwerenga nthawi zambiri apita patsogolo pa ufulu wa anthu.

Ndiye kodi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chikugwirizana bwanji ndi nkhaniyi? Ambiri ali ndi malo akhungu pano. Sakudziwa kuti zilankhulo zambiri zolembedwa ku Europe ndi mayiko ena - komanso masukulu ndi mayunivesite ambiri - zidabadwa chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Mwachitsanzo, kuno ku Finland, Mikael Agricola, Wokonzanso zinthu wa ku Finland komanso tate wa mabuku, anasindikiza buku loyamba la ABC limodzi ndi Chipangano Chatsopano ndi mbali zina za mabuku ena a m’Baibulo. Anthu anaphunzira kuwerenga mwa iwo. M'mayiko ena ambiri a Kumadzulo, chitukuko chachitika kudzera m'njira yofananayi:

Chikhristu chinayambitsa chitukuko cha azungu. Ngati otsatira a Yesu akanakhalabe ngati kagulu kampatuko kakang’ono ka Ayuda, ambiri a inu simukanaphunzira kuwerenga ndipo ena onse akanawerenga mipukutu yokopera pamanja. Popanda maphunziro aumulungu opangidwa ndi kupita patsogolo ndi kufanana kwa makhalidwe, dziko lonse likanakhala pa dziko, kumene anthu omwe sanali a ku Ulaya anali pafupifupi m'ma 1800: Dziko lokhala ndi openda nyenyezi osawerengeka ndi alchemist, koma opanda asayansi. Dziko lankhanza lopanda mayunivesite, mabanki, mafakitale, mawonedwe, machumuni ndi piano. Dziko, kumene ana ambiri amamwalira asanakwanitse zaka zisanu ndi kumene akazi ambiri adzafa ndi kubala - dziko limene likanakhaladi mu "Mibadwo Yamdima". Dziko lamakono linangochokera kumagulu achikhristu. Osati mu ufumu wa Chisilamu. Osati ku Asia. Osati mu gulu "lachikunja" - monga chinthu choterocho kulibe. (6)

Ngakhalenso zipatala sizigwirizana mwachindunji ndi ufulu wa anthu, koma zimakweza mkhalidwe wa anthu ndi moyo wabwino. M’derali, chikhulupiriro chachikristu chachita mbali yaikulu, popeza zipatala zambiri (kuphatikizapo Red Cross) zinabadwa chifukwa cha chisonkhezero chake. Chikondi chopatsidwa ndi Mulungu cha mnansi ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuthandiza anthu chili kumbuyo kwa zipatala zambiri:

M’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages anthu, omwe anali a Order of Saint Benedict, ankasamalira zipatala zoposa zikwi ziŵiri ku Western Europe mokha. ^{Zaka
za} zana la 12 zinali zofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi, makamaka kumeneko, komwe Dongosolo la Saint John lidagwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Chipatala chachikulu cha Mzimu Woyera chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1145 ku Montpellier, chomwe mwamsanga chinakhala likulu la maphunziro a zachipatala ndi chipatala cha Montpellier m’chaka cha 1221. Kuwonjezera pa chithandizo chamankhwala, zipatala zimenezi zinapereka chakudya kwa anjala ndi anasamalira akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye, ndipo anapereka zachifundo kwa osowa. (7)

Ngakhale kuti mpingo wachikhristu wakhala ukudzudzulidwa kwambiri m’mbiri yake yonse, wakhalabe wotsogolera pa chithandizo chamankhwala kwa osauka, kuthandiza ogwidwa, osowa pokhala kapena amene akumwalira komanso kuwongolera malo ogwirira ntchito. Mu India zipatala zabwino koposa ndi mabungwe a maphunziro ogwirizanitsidwa nacho ziri chotulukapo cha ntchito yaumishonale Yachikristu, ngakhale kufika pamlingo wakuti Ahindu ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito zipatala zimenezi koposa zipatala zosamalidwa ndi boma, chifukwa amadziŵa kuti adzalandira chisamaliro chabwinoko. Apo. Akuti pamene nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inkayamba, anamwino 90 pa 100 alionse ku India anali Akhristu, ndipo 80 peresenti ya iwo anaphunzira m’zipatala za amishonale. (8)

Zitsanzo zochepa zochokera ku Afirika zimasonyeza kufunika kwa chikhulupiriro chachikristu. Ambiri amatsutsa ntchito yaumishonale, koma yabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu a mu Afirika. Zotsatira zake, chuma chayambanso kukula ndipo moyo wa anthu wakwera.

Ndemanga yoyamba ndi ya Nelson Mandela. Yotsirizirayi inalembedwa ndi Matthew Parris, wandale wodziŵika kwambiri wa ku Britain, mlembi ndi mtolankhani wa nyuzipepala ya The Times, yamutu wakuti “Monga Wokhulupirira Kuti Kulibe Mulungu, ndimakhulupiriradi kuti Afirika amafunikira Mulungu,” ndipo pamutu waung’ono wakuti, “Amishonale, osati zopereka, ndiwo amene amafunikira Mulungu. njira yothetsera vuto lalikulu ku Africa - kuphwanya malingaliro a anthu ongokhala chete. ”

Parris anafika pa mfundo imeneyi atakhala mwana m’mayiko osiyanasiyana a mu Africa komanso atayenda ulendo wautali m’dziko lonselo. Iye mwiniyo ndi wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, koma ananena kuti ntchito yaumishonale ili ndi zotsatirapo zabwino. Ntchito zachitukuko chabe kapena kugawana nzeru zaukadaulo sizingayende bwino, koma zidzasiya dziko lonselo kuphatikizika koyipa kwa Nike, sing'anga, foni yam'manja, ndi mpeni wakutchire.

Mu mpingo zinthu za moyo uno zinali kusamaliridwa mochuluka monga momwe zinalili za moyo wamtsogolo; zinkawoneka kuti zonse zimene Afirika anachita, zinachokera ku ntchito yaumishonale ya tchalitchi. (Nelson Mandela mu mbiri yake ya Long Walk to Freedom)

Matthew Parris: Zinandilimbikitsa, ndikukulitsa chikhulupiriro changa chochepa pakutukuka kwachifundo chamayiko. Komabe, kuyenda m’Malawi kunatsitsimulanso lingaliro lina, lakuti ndayesera kuliletsa moyo wanga wonse, koma ndi lingaliro limene sindinathe kulipeŵa kuyambira ndili mwana ku Africa. Zimasokoneza malingaliro anga amalingaliro, zimakana mouma khosi kugwirizana ndi malingaliro anga a dziko lapansi, ndipo zadodometsa chikhulupiriro changa chomakula chakuti kulibe Mulungu.

Tsopano, monga munthu wozolowera kukhulupilira kuti kulibe Mulungu, ndili wokhutiritsidwa ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu chomwe ulaliki wachikhristu ukuchita mu Africa - wosiyana kotheratu ndi mabungwe adziko, ntchito za boma, ndi thandizo la mayiko. Izi sizokwanira. Maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa kokha sizokwanira. Mu Africa, Chikhristu chimasintha mitima ya anthu. Zimabweretsa kusintha kwauzimu. Kubadwanso ndi chenicheni. Kusintha kuli bwino.

…Ndinganene kuti ndi zamanyazi kuti chipulumutso ndi gawo la phukusi, koma Akhristu oyera ndi akuda omwe amagwira ntchito ku Africa akuchiritsa odwala, kuphunzitsa anthu kuwerenga ndi kulemba; ndipo munthu yekhayo amene sakonda zachipembedzo angayang'ane ku chipatala cha mishoni kapena sukulu ndikunena kuti dziko likanakhala bwino popanda izo ... : Nike, sing’anga, foni yam’manja ndi chikwanje.

Thanzi ndi moyo wabwino

- 1 ( Yoh. 3:11 ) Pakuti uwu ndi uthenga umene munaumva kuyambira pachiyambi, kuti tikondane wina ndi mnzake.

- ( 1 Petro 2:17 ) 17 Lemekezani anthu onse . Kondani ubale. Opani Mulungu. Lemekezani mfumu.

Thanzi ndi thanzi ndi nkhani zomwe zili pafupi ndi ufulu wa anthu. Makamaka ubwino wamaganizo umadalira kwambiri anthu ena, ndiko kuti, momwe timachitira ndi khalidwe la ena kwa ife eni. Kaŵirikaŵiri, ngati mwana ali ndi malo ochirikiza kukula, mabwenzi ndi makolo achikondi, iye mosakayika adzakula kukhala wachikulire amene amadzivomereza yekha ndi ena. Moyo wake ndi malingaliro ake zili bwino chifukwa amakondedwa komanso amakondedwa. N'chimodzimodzinso, ndithudi, kwa akuluakulu. Nawonso amakhala bwino akalandiridwa ndi kulemekezedwa.

Kodi mphamvu ya chikhulupiriro chachikristu ndi chiyani pa umoyo wamaganizo? M'derali, tapatsidwa malangizo omveka bwino; tiyenera kukonda anansi athu ndi kulemekeza aliyense, monga mwachitsanzo mavesi apitawa akuonetsa. Lili ndi maziko abwino a thanzi la maganizo komanso ufulu wa anthu.

Komabe, ubwino wa munthu umadaliranso pa zinthu zakuthupi, osati zamaganizo chabe. Ngati akusowa chakudya, ngati ali ndi thanzi labwino, kapena sakulandira chithandizo pamene akudwala, izi zimachepetsa thanzi lake. Nthawi zambiri zinthu zimenezi sizichitika m’madera amene salemekeza ufulu wa anthu ena.

Kodi Baibulo limapereka malangizo otani kwa anthu amene ali m’mavuto? Pali chiphunzitso ndi mavesi ochuluka pa phunziro ili kumbali ya Chipangano Chatsopano. Iwo amawonekera m’chiphunzitso cha onse aŵiri Yesu ndi atumwi. Iwo amatilimbikitsa kuti tizithandiza anthu osauka, odwala kapena amene ali m’mavuto. Vuto lokha ndiloti timachedwa kuzikwaniritsa. Chikhulupiriro chathu sichikhala chogwira ntchito nthawi zonse kotero kuti chimafikira kwa anansi athu:

- ( Marko 14:7 ) 7 Pakuti aumphawi muli nawo pamodzi ndi inu nthawi zonse, ndipo pamene pali ponse mufuna mukhoza kuwachitira zabwino;

( 1 Yohane 3:17, 18 ) Koma iye amene ali nacho chuma cha dziko lapansi, naona mbale wake ali wosowa, natsekereza chifundo chake kwa iye, nanga chikondi cha Mulungu chikhala mwa iye bwanji?

18 Tiana anga, tisakonde ndi mau, kapena ndi lilime; koma m’ntchito ndi m’choonadi.

- ( Yakobo 2:15-17 ) Ngati mbale kapena mlongo ali wamaliseche, ndi wosowa chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku;

16 Ndipo m’modzi wa inu anena nawo, Mukani mumtendere, mukafunde ndi kukhuta; koma musawapatse zinthu zofunika pa thupi; apindulanji?

17 Momwemonso chikhulupiriro, ngati chiribe ntchito, chiri chakufa pachokha.

- (Tit 3:14) 14 Ndipo abale athu aphunzirenso kusunga ntchito zabwino zofunika kuchita, kuti asakhale osabala zipatso.

Komabe, ena atsatira ziphunzitso za m’Baibulo zakale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabungwe ambiri achikhristu achifundo atuluka. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Red Cross linabadwa pamene Mkristu wina wachifundo, Henri Dunant, anaona mavuto a anthu ovulala pabwalo lankhondo ndipo anayamba kukonza njira zowachepetsera. Florence Nightingale, Mkristu wopembedza amene anasintha zonse ziŵiri zankhondo ndi chisamaliro chamankhwala wamba, nayenso anachita ntchito m’dera lomwelo. Odziwikanso ndi William Booth, woyambitsa Salvation Army, ndi Eglantyne Jebb, woyambitsa Save the Children. Bungwe lomalizali linayamba pamene Jebb ankagwira ntchito kwa ana a njala ya ku Central Europe pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chosonyeza kuti chikhulupiriro n’chothandiza ndi John Wesley, yemwe anali mlaliki wodziwika komanso bambo wa chipembedzo cha Methodist m’zaka za m’ma 1800. Mothandizidwa ndi iye, dziko la England lidakwanitsa kukonzanso chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale, chikhalidwe, ndi zachuma. Iwo anachepetsa kupanda chilungamo ndi umphaŵi wa anthu, kukweza moyo wa zikwi za anthu. Wolemba mbiri wina dzina lake J. Wesley Bready anafika poyerekezera kuti gulu la abale a Wesley lofuna kusintha zinthu linalepheretsa dziko la England kuti liyambe kuchita zinthu zoukira boma komanso zachiwawa zomwe zinachitika ku France.

Uthenga wa Wesile unatsindika kumveka kwa uthenga wabwino. Sizinali zokwanira kuti mzimu wa munthu upulumutsidwe, komanso maganizo, thupi, ndi malo okhala anthu anayenera kusintha.

Chifukwa cha maganizo a Wesley, ntchito yake ku Britain inali yoposa kulalikira. Anatsegula malo ogulitsa mankhwala, malo ogulitsa mabuku, sukulu yaulere, malo ogona akazi amasiye, ndipo adadzuka kuti atsutsane ndi ukapolo kalekale William Wilberforce, wotsutsa wodziwika bwino wa ukapolo, asanabadwe. Wesley analimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu wamba ndi wachipembedzo ndipo anadzutsa anthu kuona mmene osauka anali kulandidwa mwankhanza. Anakhazikitsa mashopu opota ndi ntchito zamanja komanso anaphunzira udokotala yekha kuti athandize osowa.

Kuyesetsa kwa Wesley kunapangitsa kuti ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ukhale wabwino komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo achitetezo m'malo antchito. Pulezidenti wakale wa ku Britain David Lloyd George ananena kuti kwa zaka zoposa 100, Amethodisti anali atsogoleri aakulu a bungwe la mabungwe a zamalonda.

… Robert Raikes anadza ndi lingaliro loyambitsa Sande Sukulu chifukwa ankafuna kupatsa ana a ogwira ntchito mwayi wopita kusukulu. Ena omwe anakhudzidwa ndi chitsitsimutso cha Wesley anakonzanso nyumba za ana amasiye, zipatala za odwala, zipatala, ndi ndende. Mwachitsanzo, Florence Nightingale ndi Elizabeth Fry, anadziwika chifukwa cha chitukuko ndi kupititsa patsogolo chithandizo chamankhwala ndi ndende. (10)

References:

1. Pirjo Alajoki : Womanhood at the watershed, p. 21,22

2 . Mia Puolimatka : What is a person worth?, p. 130

3. David Bentley Hart: Ateismin harhat (Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and its Fashionable Enemies), p. 224,225

4 . Pekka Isaksson & Jouko Jokisalo : Skull measurers and skins, p. 77

5 . Matti Korhonen , Uusi tie 6 February 2014, p. 5

6. Rodney Stark: The victory of reason. How Christianity led to freedom, capitalism and Western Success. New York, Random House (2005), p. 233

7. David Bentley Hart: Ateismin harhat (Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and its Fashionable Enemies), p. 65

8 . Lennart Saari : Wounded planet, p. 104

9. Parris, M., As an atheist, I truly believe Africa needs God, The Times Online,

www.timesonline.co.uk, 27 December 2008

10 . Loren Cunningham / Janice Rogers : The Book that Transforms Nations (The Book that Transforms Nations), p. 41