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Kodi madinosaur anakhala liti?
Dziwani chifukwa chake ma dinosaur anakhalako posachedwapa, nthawi imodzi ndi anthu. Zaka mamiliyoni ambiri nzosavuta kukayikira malinga ndi umboni
Chikhulupiriro chofala ndi chakuti ma dinosaurs adalamulira Dziko Lapansi kwa zaka zoposa 100 miliyoni mpaka atatha zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Nkhani imeneyi yagogomezeredwa mosalekeza kupyolera m’mabuku a chisinthiko ndi maprogramu, chotero lingaliro la ma<em>dinosaur okhala padziko lapansi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo lakhazikika mwamphamvu m’maganizo a anthu ambiri. Sizingatheke kuti zazikuluzikuluzi (Kukula ndi wachibale. Nangumi zamasiku ano za blue whale ndizolemera kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa ma dinosaur akulu)nyama zinalipo posachedwapa komanso pa nthawi imodzi ndi anthu. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, zikuganiziridwa kuti ma dinosaurs ankakhala mu nthawi ya Jurassic ndi Cretaceous, nyama za nthawi ya Cambrian ngakhale kale, ndipo nyama zoyamwitsa zidawoneka padziko lapansi. Lingaliro lachisinthiko la magulu awa omwe akuwonekera pa dziko lapansi pa nthawi zosiyana ndi lamphamvu kwambiri m'maganizo a anthu kuti amakhulupirira kuti likuyimira sayansi ndipo ndilowona, ngakhale kuti n'zotheka kupeza mfundo zambiri zotsutsana ndi lingaliroli. Kenako, tisanthula mutuwu mwatsatanetsatane. Maumboni ambiri amasonyeza kuti pasanapite nthawi yaitali kuchokera pamene ma dinosaur anaonekera padziko lapansi. Tidzayang'ananso maumboni awa.
Zakale za dinosaur mu ndemanga . Umboni wosonyeza kuti ma<em>dinosaur akhalapo padziko lapansi ndi zokwiriridwa pansi zakale zawo. Kutengera iwo, ndizotheka kudziwa pafupifupi kukula ndi mawonekedwe a madinosaur komanso kuti anali nyama zenizeni. Palibe chifukwa chokayikira mbiri yawo. Chibwenzi cha madinosaur, komabe, ndi nkhani yosiyana. Ngakhale molingana ndi tchati cha nthawi ya geological yomwe idapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19, ma dinosaur adasowa zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo, lingaliro lotere silingapangidwe potengera zotsalira zakufa zenizeni. Zokwiriridwa pansi zakale zilibe zilembo zonena za zaka zawo komanso pomwe zidazimiririka. M’malo mwake, mkhalidwe wabwino wa zokwiriridwa pansiwu ukusonyeza kuti zinakhalapo zaka zikwi zambiri, osati mamiliyoni a zaka. Zifukwa zotsatirazi:
Mafupa saphwanyidwa nthawi zonse . Zakale zapakatikati zapezeka kuchokera ku ma dinosaur, komanso mafupa omwe sanawonongeke. Anthu ambiri ali ndi lingaliro lakuti zokwiriridwa pansi za dinosaur zonse ndizowonongeka kotero kuti zakale. Komanso, akuganiza kuti petrification imatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Komabe, petrification ikhoza kukhala njira yofulumira. M'mikhalidwe ya labotale, zakhala zotheka kupanga matabwa ophwanyika m'masiku ochepa. M'malo abwino, monga akasupe otentha okhala ndi mchere wambiri, mafupa amathanso kulowa mkati mwa milungu ingapo. Njirazi sizifuna zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Choncho mafupa a dinosaur osatetezedwa apezeka. Mafupa ena a dinosaur akhoza kukhala ndi mafupa awo oyambirira atatsala ndipo akhoza kununkhiza kuvunda. Katswiri wina wamaphunziro ofufuza zinthu zakale amene amakhulupirira chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka kuchokera ku zinthu zina, ananena za malo aakulu amene anatulukira zinthu zakale za dinosaur kuti “mafupa onse a ku Hell Creek amanunkha.” Kodi mafupa anganunkhe bwanji patatha zaka mamiliyoni ambiri? Buku la sayansi limafotokoza momwe C. Barreto ndi gulu lake lantchito adaphunzirira mafupa a ma dinosaurs achichepere (Sayansi, 262: 2020-2023), omwe sanawonongeke. Mafupa akuti ali ndi zaka 72-84 miliyoni anali ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha calcium ndi phosphorous monga mafupa amasiku ano. Buku loyambirira limasonyeza zinthu zosaoneka bwino kwambiri za mafupa. Mafupa ang'onoang'ono okha apezekanso kumadera akumpoto monga Alberta ndi Alaska ku Canada. The Journal of Paleontology (1987, Vol. 61, No1, pp. 198-200) ikusimba za kupezedwa kumodzi koteroko:
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinapezeka ku gombe la kumpoto kwa Alaska, kumene mafupa masauzande ambiri amakhala osadetsedwa kotheratu. Mafupa amaoneka ngati mafupa akale a ng’ombe. Ofufuzawo sananene zomwe adapeza kwa zaka makumi awiri chifukwa amawaganizira kuti ndi njati, osati mafupa a dinosaur.
Funso labwino ndilakuti mafupawo akanasungidwa bwanji kwa zaka mamiliyoni makumi ambiri? Pa nthawi ya ma dinosaurs, nyengo inali yotentha, kotero kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikanawononga mafupa. Mfundo yakuti mafupa ndi osatetezedwa, osungidwa bwino ndipo amawoneka ofanana ndi mafupa atsopano amasonyeza mwachidule kusiyana ndi nthawi yayitali.
Minofu yofewa . Monga tanenera, zokwiriridwa pansi zakale alibe ma tag pa msinkhu wawo. Palibe amene anganene motsimikiza kuti zamoyo zopezeka ngati zokwiriridwa pansi zakale zakhala ndi moyo pati pa Dziko Lapansi. Izi sizingadziwike mwachindunji kuchokera ku zinthu zakale zakale. Zikafika pakupeza zinthu zakale za dinosaur, komabe, ndizodabwitsa kuti zotsalira zingapo zasungidwa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, Yle uutiset inanena pa December 5, 2007: "Minofu ya dinosaur ndi khungu zinapezeka ku USA." Sikuti nkhanizi ndizo zokha za mtundu wake, koma nkhani zofananira ndi zowonera ndi zambiri. Malinga ndi lipoti lina la kafukufuku, minofu yofewa yasiyanitsidwa ndi fupa lachiwiri lililonse la dinosaur kuyambira nthawi ya Jurassic (zaka 145.5 - 199.6 miliyoni zapitazo) (1). Zakale zosungidwa bwino za dinosaur ndizodabwitsadi ngati zinachokera zaka zoposa 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi zotsalira za dinosaur pafupifupi wathunthu zopezeka mu Pietraroia laimu madipoziti ku Southern Italy, amene malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ankaona kuti 110 miliyoni zaka, koma amene chiwindi, matumbo-, minofu- ndi chichereŵechereŵe zimakhala zidakalipo. Kuonjezera apo, tsatanetsatane wodabwitsa pa zomwe anapezazo zinali matumbo otetezedwa, kumene minofu ya minofu ikanatha kuwonedwabe. Malinga ndi ofufuzawo, matumbo amawoneka ngati angodulidwa kumene! ( TREE, August 1998, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 303-304) Chitsanzo china ndicho mafupa a ma pterosaur (anali abuluzi akuluakulu owuluka) opezeka ku Araripe, Brazil, amene anasungidwa bwino kwambiri kuposa n’kale lonse. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale waku University of London, Stafford House, ananena za zokwiriridwa zakalezi (Discover 2/1994):
Ngati cholengedwa chimenecho chikanafa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo, kukwiriridwa ndi kukumbidwa, icho chikanawoneka chimodzimodzi monga chonchi. Ndi mwamtheradi wangwiro m'njira iliyonse.
Chifukwa chake, zopezeka zofewa zosungidwa bwino zapangidwa kuchokera ku ma dinosaur. Zomwe anapezazi n’zofanana kwambiri ndi zimene zapangidwa ndi nyama zotchedwa mammoths, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zinafa zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo. Funso labwino ndilakuti, kodi mafupa a dinosaur angatanthauzidwe bwanji kuti ndi akale kwambiri kuposa zakale, ngati zonse zasungidwa bwino? Palibe maziko ena a izi kuposa tchati cha nthawi ya geological, yomwe yapezeka kuti ikutsutsana ndi zomwe zingawonekere m'chilengedwe nthawi zambiri. Ikhala nthawi yoti musiye tchati cha nthawi iyi. N’kutheka kuti ma<em>dinosaur ndi mammoths anakhala padziko lapansi nthawi imodzi.
Mapuloteni monga albumin, collagen ndi osteocalcin apezeka m'mabwinja a ma dinosaur. Komanso mapuloteni osalimba kwambiri elastin ndi laminin apezeka [Schweitzer, M. ndi ena 6, Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zinthu zimene atulukirazi zikhale zovuta n’chakuti zinthu zimenezi sizipezeka nthawi zonse ngakhale m’mitsinje yanyama ya masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, pachitsanzo chimodzi chachikulu cha mafupa, omwe akuti anali ndi zaka 13,000, ma collagen onse anali atasowa kale (Sayansi, 1978, 200, 1275). Komabe, collagen yasiyanitsidwa ndi zotsalira za dinosaur. Malinga ndi kunena kwa magazini yaukatswiri ya Biochemist, kolajeni singasungidwe ngakhale kwa zaka mamiliyoni atatu pa kutentha koyenera kwa madigiri serosi (2) . Mfundo yakuti zopezedwa zoterezi zimachitika mobwerezabwereza zimasonyeza kuti mafupa a dinosaur ali ndi zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo. Kutsimikiza kwa zaka kutengera tchati cha nthawi ya geological sikufanana ndi zomwe zapezedwa pano.
Kumbali inayi, zimadziwika kuti ma biomolecules sangathe kusungidwa kwa zaka zoposa 100,000 (Bada, J et al. 1999. Kusungidwa kwa ma biomolecules ofunikira mu zolemba zakale: chidziwitso chamakono ndi zovuta zamtsogolo. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Sayansi Yachilengedwe. 354, [1379]). Izi ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa sayansi yamatsenga. Collagen, yomwe ndi biomolecule ya minofu ya nyama, mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni opangidwa ndi thupi, amatha kukhala olekanitsidwa ndi zinthu zakale. Zimadziwika za puloteni yomwe ikufunsidwa kuti imasweka mofulumira m'mafupa, ndipo zotsalira zake zokha zikhoza kuwoneka pambuyo pa zaka 30,000, kupatula muzochitika zouma kwambiri. Dera la Hell Creek limakhala ndi mvula nthawi ndi nthawi. Chifukwa chake, collagen sayenera kupezeka mu "68 miliyoni" wazaka fupa lomwe lakwiriridwa m'nthaka. (3)
Ngati zowona za mapuloteni olekanitsidwa ndi mafupa a dinosaur, monga albumin, collagen ndi osteocalcin, komanso DNA ndi zolondola, ndipo tilibe chifukwa chokayikira kusamala kwa ochita kafukufuku, pogwiritsa ntchito maphunzirowa, mafupawo ayenera kusinthidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo. osapitirira zaka 40,000-50,000, chifukwa nthawi yokwanira yosungira zinthu zomwe zili m'chilengedwe sizingadutse. (4)
Maselo a magazi . Chinthu chimodzi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa maselo a magazi m’mabwinja a ma dinosaur. Maselo a nyukiliya apezeka ndipo zapezeka kuti hemoglobin imakhalabe mwa iwonso. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zopezeka m'maselo a magazi zidapezeka kale m'ma 1990 ndi Mary Schweitzer. Zinthu zinanso zofanana ndi zimenezi zapezeka kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Funso labwino ndilakuti maselo a magazi angasungidwe bwanji kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kapena kodi iwo adachokera posachedwapa? Zopezedwa zambiri za mtundu umenewu zimachititsa tchati cha nthawi ya nthaka ndi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kukhala zokayikitsa. Potengera mkhalidwe wabwino wa zokwiriridwa pansi zakale, palibe zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Pamene Mary Schweitzer anali ndi zaka zisanu, adalengeza kuti adzakhala wofufuza za dinosaur. Maloto ake anakwaniritsidwa, ndipo ali ndi zaka 38, adatha kuphunzira mafupa amtundu wa Tyrannosaurus Rex otetezedwa bwino kwambiri, omwe anapezeka ku Montana mu 1998 ( Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , masamba 2376-2377). M'badwo wa mafupa anali akuti "80 miliyoni zaka." Pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya mafupa anapezeka, ndipo anali adakalibe. Schweitzer amagwira ntchito yofufuza minofu ndipo amadzitcha katswiri wa palaeontologist. Iye anasankha ntchafu ndi shinbones wa anapeza ndipo anaganiza kufufuza fupa. Schweitzer anaona kuti fupa la mafupa linali lisanapangidwe ndipo linasungidwa bwino kwambiri. Fupa linali lachilengedwe komanso losungidwa bwino kwambiri. Schweitzer anaiphunzira pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ndipo anaona zinthu zina zochititsa chidwi. Anali aang’ono ndi ozungulira ndipo anali ndi phata, mofanana ndi maselo ofiira a m’magazi a m’mitsempha ya magazi. Koma maselo a magazi amayenera kutha kuchokera ku mafupa a dinosaur zaka zapitazo."Khungu langa linali ndi zotupa, ngati ndikuyang'ana fupa lamakono," akutero Schweitzer. “Ndithu sindinakhulupirire zimene ndinali kuona ndipo ndinati kwa katswiri wa labu kuti: ‘Mafupa ameneŵa ali ndi zaka 65 miliyoni, kodi maselo a mwazi akanatha bwanji kukhalabe ndi moyo kwa nthaŵi yaitali choncho?’” ( Science, July 1993, Vol. 261, NW . masamba 160-163). Chofunikira kwambiri ndi zomwe adapezazi ndikuti si mafupa onse omwe adapangidwa kale. Gayle Callis, katswiri wofufuza za mafupa, adawonetsa zitsanzo za mafupa pamsonkhano wasayansi pomwe dokotala waziwona mwangozi. Dokotalayo anati, “Kodi mumadziwa kuti m’fupa limeneli muli maselo a magazi? Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale chisangalalo chodabwitsa. Mary Schweitzer anasonyeza chitsanzocho kwa Jack Horner, wofufuza wotchuka wa ma dinosaurs,"Ndiye mukuganiza kuti muli maselo amagazi?" , kumene Schweitzer anayankha kuti, "Ayi, sinditero." "Chabwino ndiye, ingoyesani kutsimikizira kuti si maselo a magazi," Horner adayankha (EARTH, 1997, June: 55-57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner akuganiza kuti mafupawo ndi okhuthala kwambiri moti madzi ndi mpweya walephera kuzikhudza (5)
Radiocarbon . Njira yofunika kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza zaka za zinthu zachilengedwe ndi njira ya radiocarbon. Munjira iyi, theka la moyo wa radiocarbon (C-14) ndi zaka 5730, kotero sikuyenera kutsalira pakadutsa zaka 100,000. Komabe, zoona zake n’zakuti radiocarbon yapezeka mobwerezabwereza mu “madipoziti mazana a mamiliyoni azaka,” zitsime zamafuta, zamoyo za Cambrian, ma depositi a malasha, ngakhalenso diamondi. Pamene theka la moyo wa radiocarbon ndi zaka masauzande ochepa chabe, izi siziyenera zotheka ngati zitsanzo zachokera zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Chotheka chokha ndichoti nthawi ya imfa ya zamoyo inali pafupi kwambiri ndi masiku ano, mwachitsanzo, zikwi, osati zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Mavuto omwewo ndi ma dinosaur. Kawirikawiri, ma dinosaurs sanakhalepo ndi nthawi ya radiocarbon, chifukwa mafupa a dinosaur amaonedwa kuti ndi akale kwambiri kuti asagwirizane ndi ma radiocarbon. Komabe, miyeso yochepa yapangidwa ndipo chodabwitsa chakhala chakuti radiocarbon idakalipo. Zimenezi, mofanana ndi zimene zinachitikira m’mbuyomu, zikusonyeza kuti sipangakhale zaka mamiliyoni ambiri chichokereni zamoyozi. Mawu otsatirawa akufotokoza zambiri za vutoli. Gulu la ofufuza aku Germany linanena za mabakiteriya a radiocarbon a dinosaur omwe amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana:
Zakale zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zakale kwambiri sizikhala ndi nthawi ya carbon-14 chifukwa siziyenera kukhala ndi radiocarbon yotsalira. Theka la moyo wa carbon radioactive carbon ndi lalifupi kwambiri moti pafupifupi onse awola m’zaka zosakwana 100,000. Mu Ogasiti 2012, gulu la ofufuza a ku Germany linanena pamsonkhano wa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo zotsatira za kuyeza kwa carbon-14 komwe kunapangidwa pa zitsanzo zambiri za mafupa a dinosaur. Malingana ndi zotsatira zake, zitsanzo za mafupa zinali zaka 22,000-39,000! Osachepera panthawi yolemba, chiwonetserochi chikupezeka pa YouTube. (6) Kodi zotsatira zake zinalandiridwa bwanji? Awiri mwa apampando, omwe sakanatha kuvomereza miyesoyo, adachotsa zomwe zafotokozedwa patsamba la msonkhano popanda kuzifotokoza kwa asayansi. Zotsatira zilipo pa https://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa momwe paradigm yachilengedwe imakhudzira. Ziri pafupifupi zosatheka kupeza zotsatira zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zomwe zimafalitsidwa m'magulu asayansi olamulidwa ndi chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri zoumba zimawuluka. (7)
DNA . Chizindikiro chimodzi chosonyeza kuti zotsalira za dinosaur sizingakhale za zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo ndi kupezeka kwa DNA mwa iwo. DNA yapatulidwa mwachitsanzo, About Tyrannosaurus Rex fupa la zinthu (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) ndi mazira a dinosaur ku China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti DNA ikhale yovuta pa chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ndi chakuti ngakhale kuchokera ku zinyama zakale zaumunthu kapena mammoths zomwe zaphunziridwa, zitsanzo za DNA sizingapezeke nthawi zonse chifukwa zinthuzi zawonongeka. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi pamene Svante Pääbo anaphunzira zitsanzo za minofu ya mitembo ya anthu 23 mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Berlin ku Uppsala. Anatha kudzipatula DNA kuchokera kwa mayi mmodzi yekha, kusonyeza kuti chinthu ichi sichingakhale nthawi yayitali (Nature 314: 644-645). Mfundo yakuti DNA ikadalipo m’madinosaur imasonyeza kuti zokwiriridwa pansi zakale sizingakhale za zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri ndikuti pambuyo pa zaka 10,000 sikuyenera kukhala DNA yotsalira konse (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Momwemonso, mu kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku 2012, zidawerengedwa kuti theka la moyo wa DNA ndi zaka 521 zokha. Izi zikusonyeza kuti lingaliro la makumi a mamiliyoni a zaka zakale za zokwiriridwa pansi zakale likhoza kukanidwa. Munkhani zofananira (yle.fi> Uutiset> Tiede, 13.10.2012) zidanenedwa:
Malire omaliza a kusungidwa kwa DNA adapezeka - maloto a cloning ma dinosaurs adatha
Ma Dinosaurs adasowa zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo. DNA sikhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yabwino, malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa ... Ma enzyme ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayamba kuphwanya DNA ya maselo nyama ikangofa. Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu cha zimenezi akuganiziridwa kukhala mmene madzi amachitira. Chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi paliponse pali madzi apansi panthaka, DNA iyenera kuwola pang’onopang’ono. Kuti tidziwe izi, komabe, tsikuli lisanafike sitinathe kupeza zotsalira zazikulu zokwanira zomwe zinali ndi DNA yotsalira. Asayansi a ku Denmark ndi ku Australia tsopano athetsa chinsinsicho, popeza analandira mafupa okwana 158 a mbalame yaikulu ya Moa mu labotale yawo, ndipo mafupawo anali akadali ndi chibadwa chotsalira. Mafupa ali ndi zaka 600 - 8000 ndipo amachokera kudera lomwelo, motero amakalamba mokhazikika.
Ngakhale amber sangapereke DNA nthawi yowonjezera
Poyerekeza zaka za zitsanzo ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa DNA, asayansi adatha kuwerengera theka la moyo wa zaka 521. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo pa zaka 521 theka la mfundo za nucleotide mu DNA zasweka. Pambuyo pa zaka zina 521 izi zachitikanso theka la otsalira otsala ndi zina zotero. Ofufuza ananena kuti ngakhale fupalo litakhala pa kutentha koyenera, mfundo zonse zikanathyoka pasanathe zaka 68 miliyoni. Ngakhale patatha zaka miliyoni imodzi ndi theka, DNA imakhala yosawerengeka: pali zambiri zomwe zatsala, chifukwa ziwalo zonse zofunika zapita.
Ngati DNA ikadalipo mu ma dinosaur ndipo theka la moyo wa chinthu ichi umayesedwa zaka mazana angapo, mfundo ziyenera kutengedwa kuchokera pa izi. Mwina miyeso ya DNA si yodalirika, kapena malingaliro okhudza ma dinosaurs omwe anakhalako zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo sizoona. Ndithudi njira yotsirizirayi ndi yowona, chifukwa miyeso ina imatchulanso nyengo zazifupi, osati zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Iyi ndi sayansi yozikidwa pa miyeso, ndipo ikakanidwa kotheratu, tikusokera tokha.
KUWONONGEDWA KWA MA DINOSAURS . Pankhani ya kuwonongedwa kwa ma dinosaurs, nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti zinachitika zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo, kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous. Amakhulupirira kuti ma ammonites, ma belemnites ndi mitundu ina ya zomera ndi zinyama nawonso adakhudzidwa ndi chiwonongeko chomwecho. Chiwonongekocho chiyenera kuti chinafafaniza mbali yaikulu ya nyama za nthawi ya Cretaceous. Choyambitsa chachikulu cha chiwonongekocho nthawi zambiri chimatengedwa kuti ndi meteorite, yomwe ikanakweza mtambo waukulu wa fumbi. Mtambo wa fumbi ukanaphimba kuwala kwa dzuŵa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, pamene zomera zikanafa ndipo nyama zimene zimadya zomerazo zikanafanso ndi njala. Komabe, nthanthi ya meteorite ndi nthanthi za kusintha kwa nyengo pang’onopang’ono zili ndi vuto limodzi: sizimalongosola zopezedwa mwa zokwiriridwa pansi zakale mkati mwa miyala yolimba ndi mapiri. Zakale za dinosaur zimapezeka kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi mkati mwa miyala yolimba, zomwe ndi zodabwitsa. Ndizodabwitsa, chifukwa palibe nyama yayikulu - mwina kutalika kwa mita 20 - yomwe ingalowe mkati mwa thanthwe lolimba. Nthawi sithandizanso kanthu, chifukwa ngati mutadikira zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kuti nyama ikwiridwe pansi ndi kufota, imawola bwino nthawiyo isanakwane kapena nyama zina zikadadya. Ndipotu, tikakumana ndi dinosaur ndi zokwiriridwa pansi zakale, ziyenera kuti zinakwiriridwa msanga m’matope. Zakale zakufa sizingabadwe mwanjira ina iliyonse:
Ziri zoonekeratu kuti ngati kupangidwa kwa zosungirako kudzachitika pang’onopang’ono chonchi, palibe zokwiriridwa pansi zakale zimene zikanasungidwa, popeza kuti sizikanakwiriridwa m’matope zisanawole ndi zidulo za m’madzi, kapena zisanawonongedwe ndi kuphwanyidwa. zidutswa pamene ankapaka ndi kukantha pansi pa nyanja zosaya. Amatha kukhala ophimbidwa ndi matope pangozi, kumene amaikidwa mwadzidzidzi. ( Geochronology kapena Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
Chomaliza ndi chakuti ma dinosaurs omwe amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi ayenera kuti adakwiriridwa mwachangu ndi matope. Matope ofewa afika powazungulira poyamba ndipo kenako anaumitsa mwamphamvu mofanana ndi simenti. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe mungafotokozere chiyambi cha ma dinosaurs, mammoths ndi zinyama zina. Pa Chigumula, zimenezo zikanathekadi. Timayang'ana kufotokozera, zomwe zimapereka lingaliro loyenera pa izi. Zimasonyeza kuti madinosaur amapezeka mkati mwa miyala yolimba, kusonyeza kuti ayenera kuti anali atakutidwa ndi matope ofewa. Ndiye matope auma mozungulira iwo. Pokhapokha mu Chigumula, koma osati m’kayendetsedwe kabwino ka chilengedwe, tingayembekezere kuti chinachake chonga chimenecho chichitike (nkhaniyo imanenanso za mmene madzi akadaunjikira mafupa a dinosaur). Ma bold awonjezedwa pamawu pambuyo pake kuti amveke bwino:
Anapita ku zipululu za South Dakota, komwe kuli makoma ndi miyala yonyezimira yofiira, yachikasu ndi yalalanje. Patangopita masiku ochepa anapeza mafupa ena pamiyala yomwe ankaganiza kuti ndi imene ankafuna. Pamene anakumba mwala mozungulira mafupawo , anapeza kuti mafupawo anali motsatira dongosolo la nyamayo. Sanali mu mulu ngati mafupa a dinosaur nthawi zambiri amakhala. Milu yambiri yoteroyo inali ngati yapangidwa ndi chimphepo champhamvu chamadzi. Tsopano mafupawa anali mu sandstone ya buluu, yomwe ndi yolimba kwambiri . Mwala wa mchengawo umayenera kuchotsedwa ndi grader ndi kuchotsedwa ndi kuphulika. Brown ndi anzake apambali adapanga dzenje lakuya pafupifupi mamita asanu ndi awiri ndi theka kuti mafupawo atuluke. Kuchotsa chigoba chimodzi chachikulu kunawatengera nyengo ziwiri. Iwo sanacotsepo mafupa pamwalapo. Ananyamula miyalayi ndi njanji kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, kumene asayansi adatha kuchotsa miyalayo ndikuyika mafupa. Buluzi wankhanza ameneyu tsopano waima muholo yowonetserako nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. (tsamba 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler ndi Harold G. Coffin)
UMBONI WINA WA CHIGUMULA . Choncho zoona zake n’zakuti zotsalira za ma dinosaurs zimapezeka m’miyala yolimba, imene n’zovuta kuichotsa. Chothekera chokha momwe iwo anafikira mu mkhalidwe umenewu ndikuti matope ofewa apanga mofulumira mozungulira iwo ndiyeno kuumitsa kukhala mwala. M’chochitika chonga ngati Chigumula, izi ziyenera kuti zinachitika. Komabe, pali kutchulidwa kwa nyama zazikulu ngati izi m’mbiri ya anthu ngakhale pambuyo pa chigumula, kotero kuti sizinafa zonse panthaŵiyo. Nanga bwanji za umboni wina wa Chigumula? Apa tikuunikira zochepa chabe. Zomwe zili mu tchati cha nthawi ya nthaka zomwe zalongosoledwa ndi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, kapena mwina masoka ambiri, zikhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi tsoka limodzi lofanana: Chigumula. Itha kufotokoza za kuwonongedwa kwa ma dinosaur komanso zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimawonedwa m'nthaka. Umboni umodzi wamphamvu wa Chigumula ndi mwachitsanzo, kuti matope a m’nyanja ndi ofala padziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe mawu otsatirawa akusonyezera. Ndemanga yoyamba ikuchokera m'buku lolembedwa ndi James Hutton, bambo wa geology, zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo:
Tiyenera kunena kuti zigawo zonse za dziko lapansi (...) zinapangidwa ndi mchenga ndi miyala yomwe imawunjika pansi pa nyanja, zipolopolo za crustacean ndi coral matter, dothi ndi dongo. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: M'makontinenti, miyala yam'madzi yam'madzi ndiyofala kwambiri komanso yofalikira kuposa miyala ina yonse ya sedimentary. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zosavuta zomwe zimafuna kufotokozedwa, pokhala pamtima pa chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kupitirizabe kuyesetsa kwa munthu kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa malo a mbiri yakale. (8)
Chizindikiro china cha Chigumulacho ndicho malo a malasha padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amadziwika kuti adaphwanyidwa ndi madzi. Kuonjezera apo, kukhalapo kwa mafupa a m'nyanja ndi nsomba kumasonyeza kuti malowa sangakhale chifukwa cha kuyenda pang'onopang'ono m'dambo linalake. M’malo mwake, kufotokoza kwabwinoko n’koti madziwo ananyamula zomerazo kupita kumalo kumene malasha anapangidwa. Madziwo azula zomera ndi mitengo, aunjika m’mitunda ikuluikulu, ndipo abweretsa nyama za m’nyanja pakati pa zomera zapamtunda. Zimenezi zingatheke kokha m’tsoka lalikulu, monga ngati Chigumula chotchulidwa m’Baibulo.
Nkhalango zikakwiriridwa m’matope pazifukwa zina, madontho a malasha amapangidwa. Chikhalidwe chathu chamakono cha makina chimadalira pang'ono pamagulu awa. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Pansi ndi pamwamba pa miyala yamchere yamchere pali, monga tanenera, zigawo zokhazikika za miyala yadongo, ndipo kuchokera ku mapangidwe awo timatha kuona kuti adachotsedwa m'madzi. (9)
Umboni wochuluka umasonyeza kuti malasha a mchere amapangidwa mofulumira pamene nkhalango zazikulu zinawonongeka, kubisala ndikukwiriridwa mwamsanga. Pali malo akuluakulu a lignite ku Yallourn, Victoria (Australia) omwe ali ndi mitengo yambiri ya paini - mitengo yomwe simamera padambo. Zosanjidwa, zokhuthala zomwe zimakhala ndi mungu wopitilira 50% komanso zomwe zimafalikira kudera lalikulu zimatsimikizira kuti strata ya lignite idapangidwa ndi madzi. (10)
Amaphunzitsidwa m'masukulu kuti carbon imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku peat, ngakhale kuti palibe paliponse pamene tingawone kuti izi zikuchitika. Poganizira kukula kwa minda ya malasha, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yowongoka yansanjika zambiri, zikuoneka kuti malo a malashawo anapangidwa ndi zomera zazikulu zosefukira, mkati mwa chigumula chachikulu kwambiri. Makonde osemedwa ndi zamoyo zam'madzi amapezekanso m'mafupa opangidwa ndi carbonized. Zotsalira za nyama zam'madzi zapezekanso m'malo a malasha ("Zolemba pa Zochitika za Nyama Zam'madzi Zimatsalira mu Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Zipolopolo zazikulu za nyama zam'nyanja ndi zotsalira za Spirorbis , yomwe inkakhala m’nyanja, imapezekanso m’malo a malasha.(Weir, J., "Recent Studies of Shells of the Carbon Measures", Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11)
Prof. Price akuwonetsa momwe ma 50- to100 mineral layers ali pamwamba pa mzake ndipo pakati pawo pali zigawo kuphatikiza zotsalira za pansi pa nyanja. Amaona kuti umboniwu ndi wamphamvu komanso wokhutiritsa moti sanayesepo kufotokoza mfundozi pazifukwa za chiphunzitso cha Lyell chofanana. (12)
Chizindikiro chachitatu cha Chigumula ndicho kukhalapo kwa zokwiriridwa za m’madzi m’mapiri aatali monga mapiri a Himalaya, Alps ndi Andes. Nazi zitsanzo zochokera m'mabuku a asayansi ndi a geologists omwe:
Pamene ankayenda pa Beagle Darwin mwiniwakeyo anapeza zipolopolo za m'nyanja zokhalapo zakale kuchokera pamwamba pa mapiri a Andean. Zikusonyeza kuti, chimene tsopano ndi phiri kale anali pansi pa madzi. ( Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Chifukwa chiyani chisinthiko chiri chowona], p. 127)
Pali chifukwa choyang'anitsitsa chikhalidwe choyambirira cha miyala m'mapiri. Amawoneka bwino kumapiri a Alps, m'mapiri a Alps a kumpoto, otchedwa Helvetian zone. Limestone ndiye mwala waukulu. Tikayang’ana thanthwe pano pa mapiri otsetsereka kapena pamwamba pa phiri – tikadakhala ndi mphamvu zokwerera m’mwambamo – m’kupita kwa nthaŵi tidzapezamo mabwinja a nyama, zokwiriridwa pansi za nyama. Nthawi zambiri amawonongeka kwambiri koma ndizotheka kupeza zidutswa zodziwika bwino. Zakale zonsezo ndi zipolopolo za laimu kapena mafupa a nyama za m’nyanja. Pakati pawo pali ma ammonite okhala ndi ulusi wozungulira, makamaka ma clams okhala ndi zipolopolo ziwiri. (…) Owerenga angadabwe kuti pakadali pano zikutanthawuza chiyani kuti mapiri ali ndi matope ambiri, omwe amapezekanso pansi pa nyanja. (tsamba 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai wa ku yunivesite ya Japan ku Kyushu kwa zaka zambiri wakhala akufufuza zinthu zakale za m’madzi m’mapiri a Himalaya. Iye ndi gulu lake adalembapo zamadzi am'madzi onse kuyambira nthawi ya Mesozoic. Maluwa a m'nyanja osalimba, achibale a urchins zam'nyanja zamakono ndi starfishes, amapezeka m'makoma a miyala pamtunda wa makilomita atatu pamwamba pa nyanja. Aamoni, ma belemnite, ma corals ndi plankton amapezeka ngati zotsalira za miyala ya m'mapiri (…) Atafika pamtunda wa makilomita awiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka anapeza malo amene anasiyidwa ndi nyanjayo. Mafunde ake ngati mafunde a miyala amafanana ndi mawonekedwe omwe amakhalabe mumchenga kuchokera ku mafunde amadzi otsika. Ngakhale pamwamba pa Everest, pali miyala yachikasu yachikasu, yomwe inatuluka pansi pa madzi kuchokera ku mabwinja a nyama zambiri za m'madzi. ( "Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", p. 55)
Chisonyezero chachinayi cha Chigumula ndicho nkhani za chigumula, zimene malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, zilipo pafupifupi 500 za izo. Mkhalidwe wapadziko lonse wa nkhanizi ukhoza kuonedwa ngati umboni wabwino kwambiri wa chochitika ichi:
Pafupifupi zikhalidwe za 500 - kuphatikizapo anthu amtundu wa Greece, China, Peru ndi North America - zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi kumene nthano ndi nthano zimalongosola nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya chigumula chachikulu chomwe chinasintha mbiri ya fuko. M’nkhani zambiri, anthu oŵerengeka okha ndi amene anapulumuka chigumula, monga momwe zinalili ndi Nowa. Anthu ambiri analingalira kuti chigumulacho chinayambitsidwa ndi milungu imene, pazifukwa zina, inatopa ndi mtundu wa anthu. Mwinamwake anthuwo anali oipa, monga m’nthaŵi za Nowa ndi nthano ya fuko la Native American Hopi la ku North America, kapena mwinamwake panali anthu ochuluka kwambiri ndi aphokoso kwambiri, monga m’nkhani ya Gilgamesh. (13)
Ngati Chigumula chapadziko lonse sichinali chenicheni, mayiko ena akadafotokoza kuti kuphulika koopsa kwa mapiri, chipale chofewa chachikulu, chilala (...) zawononga makolo awo oipa. Chotero kufalikira kwa nkhani ya Chigumula chiri chimodzi mwa maumboni abwino koposa a kuwona kwake. Titha kutsutsa nthano zilizonsezi ngati nthano zapayekha ndikuganiza kuti zinali zongopeka chabe, koma pamodzi, kuchokera kumalingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, ndizosatsutsika. (Dziko)
Dinosaurs ndi nyama zoyamwitsa . Tikamaŵerenga mabuku a biology ndi mabuku ofotokoza za chisinthiko, mobwerezabwereza timapeza lingaliro la mmene zamoyo zonse zinasinthira kuchoka ku selo losavuta kupita ku maselo amakono. Chisinthiko chinaphatikizapo kuti nsomba zinayenera kukhala achule, achule kukhala zokwawa ndi madinosaur kukhala nyama zoyamwitsa. Komabe, chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti mafupa a dinosaur apezeka pakati pa mafupa ofanana ndi mafupa a akavalo, ng'ombe ndi nkhosa (Anderson, A., Tourism imagwidwa ndi tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus mwina adamwalira mwakachetechete, 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), motero madinosaur ndi nyama zoyamwitsa ziyenera kuti zinali ndi moyo panthaŵi imodzi. Mawu otsatirawa akunenanso chimodzimodzi. Imafotokoza momwe Carl Werner adaganiza zoyesa chiphunzitso cha Darwin pochita. Anachita kafukufuku wazaka 14 ndikujambula zithunzi zambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti nyama zoyamwitsa ndi mbalame zinkakhala mochuluka komanso nthawi imodzi monga ma dinosaur:
Popanda kudziwa za zinthu zakale zakale, dokotala wa ku America, Carl Werner, anaganiza zoyesa chiphunzitso cha Darwin …ndi mitundu ina ya zamoyo zomwe mwina zinakhalako nazo… Werner anazolowera zolemba za akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndipo adayendera malo osungiramo zinthu zakale 60 padziko lonse lapansi, komwe adajambula zithunzi 60,000. Anangoyang'ana pa zokwiriridwa zakale zomwe zinakumbidwa kuchokera kumalo omwewo, kumene zotsalira za dinosaur zingapezeke (Triassic -, Jurassic -, ndi Cretaceous nyengo zaka 250-65 miliyoni zapitazo). Kenako anayerekezera zikwizikwi za zokwiriridwa zakale zofanana zomwe anazipeza m’nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi kuziwona m’mabuku ndi zamoyo zamakono ndipo anafunsa akatswiri ambiri a za paleontology ndi akatswiri ena. Chotsatira chake chinali chakuti malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi mabuku ofotokoza za paleontology amawonetsa zotsalira za gulu lililonse la zamoyo zomwe zilipo pakali pano ... Tauzidwa kuti nyama zoyamwitsa zinayamba kukula pang’onopang’ono mkati mwa “nyengo yaikulu” ya madinosaur, kuti nyama zoyamwitsa zoyamba zinali “tilombo tating’ono tating’ono tating’ono tokhala mobisala ndipo timangoyenda usiku powopa madinosaur.” Komabe, m'mabuku a akatswiri, Werner anapeza malipoti a agologolo, opossums, beaver, primates ndi platypus omwe anafukulidwa kuchokera ku dinosaur strata. Ananenanso za ntchito yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 2004, malinga ndi zomwe zolengedwa zoyamwitsa 432 zapezeka mu Triassic -, Jurassic -, ndi Cretaceous strata, ndipo pafupifupi zana laiwo ndi mafupa athunthu ... M’mafunso a pavidiyo a Werner woyang’anira malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zakale a Utah, Dr Donald Burge, akufotokoza kuti: “Timapeza mafupa a zinyama zoyamwitsa pafupifupi pafupifupi m’mabwinja athu onse a dinosaur. Tili ndi matani khumi a dongo la bentonite lomwe lili ndi zotsalira za zinyama zoyamwitsa, ndipo tili m'kati mwa kupereka kwa ofufuza ena. Osati chifukwa sitikanaziona kukhala zofunika, koma chifukwa moyo ndi waufupi, ndipo sindine katswiri wa zinyama: Ndaphunzira za zokwawa ndi ma dinosaur”. Katswiri wina wa zinthu zakale zochititsa chidwi, dzina lake Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, ku Pittsburgh) ananena m’nkhani ya pavidiyo imene Werner anakambirana mu May, 2004 kuti: “Mawu akuti ‘nyengo ya dinosaur’ ndi dzina lolakwika. Nyama zoyamwitsa zimapanga gulu lofunika kwambiri lomwe linakhalapo ndi ma dinosaur ndipo linapulumuka”. ( Ndemanga izi zikuchokera m'buku: Werner C. Living Fossils, p. 172 -173). (14)
Kutengera ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zapezedwa, mawu akuti nthawi ya dinosaur ndiye asokeretsa. Nyama zoyamwitsa zamakono zodziwika bwino zakhala ndi moyo nthawi imodzi ndi ma dinosaur, mwachitsanzo mitundu 432 ya nyama zoyamwitsa. Nanga bwanji za mbalame zimene akuganiziridwa kuti zinachokera ku madinosaur? Apezekanso m'magawo omwewo limodzi ndi ma dinosaur. Mitundu imeneyi ndi yofanana ndendende ndi masiku ano: kadzidzi, kadzidzi, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, bakha, cormorant, avocet... , kapena kuwajambula muzithunzi zosonyeza malo a dinosaur. Ndi zolakwika. Kwenikweni, pamene T. Rex kapena Triceratops ikusonyezedwa m’nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zakale, abakha, nkhandwe, flamingo, kapena mbalame zina zamakono zimene zapezedwa m’matanthwe ofanana ndi ma dinosaur ziyeneranso kuwonetsedwa. Koma zimenezo sizichitika. Sindinawonepo bakha wokhala ndi dinosaur mumyuziyamu yachilengedwe, sichoncho? Kadzidzi? Parrot?"
Dinosaurs ndi anthu . M’nthanthi ya chisinthiko, kumalingaliridwa kukhala kosatheka kuti munthu anakhalako pa dziko lapansi kalekale monga ma<em>dinosaur. Sizivomerezedwa, ngakhale zimadziwika kuti nyama zina zoyamwitsa zidawonekera nthawi imodzi ndi ma dinosaur, ndipo ngakhale zopezedwa zina zimawonetsa kuti anthu adayenera kuonekera ma dinosaur (zinthu ndi zokwiriridwa zakale za anthu m'malo a malasha etc.). Komabe, pali umboni woonekeratu wosonyeza kuti ma<em>dinosaur ndi anthu anakhalako nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, zofotokozera za chinjoka zili choncho. M'mbuyomu, anthu ankalankhula za zinjoka, koma osati za madinosaur, amene dzina anatulukira Richard Owen m'zaka za m'ma 19.
Nkhani s. Umboni umodzi wosonyeza kuti ma dinosaur anakhalako posachedwapa ndi nkhani zambiri ndi mafotokozedwe a zinjoka zazikulu ndi abuluzi owuluka. Zakale zofotokozera izi, ndizowona. Malongosoledwe amenewa, omwe angakhale ozikidwa pa chidziwitso chakale cha kukumbukira, angapezeke pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana, kotero kuti amatchulidwa mwachitsanzo mu Chingerezi, Irish, Danish, Norwegian, German, Greek, Roman, Egypt and Babylonian. Mawu otsatirawa akufotokoza za kufalikira kwa zithunzi za chinjoka.
Zinjoka za m’nthano, n’zodabwitsa kwambiri, ngati nyama zenizeni zimene zinkakhalako m’mbuyomu. Amafanana ndi zokwawa zazikulu (dinosaur) zomwe zinalamulira dzikolo kalekale anthu asanaonekere. Nthawi zambiri zinjoka zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zoipa komanso zowononga. Mtundu uliwonse unkawatchula m’nthano zawo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, p. 265)
Kuyambira chiyambi cha mbiri yolembedwa, zinjoka zawonekera paliponse: m'mabuku akale a Asuri ndi Ababulo okhudza chitukuko cha chitukuko, m'mbiri yachiyuda ya Chipangano Chakale, m'malemba akale a China ndi Japan, mu nthano za Greece, Roma. ndi Akristu oyambirira, m’mafanizo a ku America wakale, m’nthano za ku Africa ndi India. Ndizovuta kupeza gulu lomwe silinaphatikizepo zinjoka m'mbiri yake yodziwika bwino…Aristotle, Pliny ndi olemba ena anthawi yakale amati nthano za chinjoka zidachokera ku zenizeni osati kungongoganizira chabe. (15)
Katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka wa ku Finland, Pentti Eskola, ananena kale m’buku lake lakuti Muuttuva maa zaka zambiri zapitazo kuti zithunzi za zinjoka zimafanana ndi madinosaur.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zonga buluzi imawoneka ngati yoseketsa kwa ife chifukwa ambiri amafanana - kutali komanso nthawi zambiri ngati caricature - zoyamwitsa zamakono zomwe zimakhala pansi pamikhalidwe yofanana. Komabe, ma dinosaur ambiri anali osiyana kwambiri ndi moyo wamakono kotero kuti ma analogue apafupi angapezeke m’mafanizo a zinjoka m’nthano. Chodabwitsa kwambiri n’chakuti, olemba nthanozo mwachibadwa sanaphunzirepo zongopeka kapena kuzidziwa. (16)
Chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe ma dinosaur angakhaledi zinjoka ndi kalendala ya mwezi wa China ndi horoscope, yomwe imadziwika kuti inakhalapo zaka mazana ambiri. Chotero pamene nyenyezi zaku China zakuthambo zazikidwa pa zizindikiro 12 za nyama zomwe zimabwerezabwereza m’mizere ya zaka 12, pamakhala nyama 12 zoloŵetsedwamo. 11 a iwo nzodziŵika ngakhale m’nthaŵi zamakono: makoswe, ng’ombe, nyalugwe, kalulu, njoka, kavalo, nkhosa, nyani, tambala, galu ndi nkhumba.M’malo mwake, nyama ya 12 ndi chinjoka, chimene kulibe lerolino. Funso labwino ndilakuti ngati nyama 11zo zidakhala nyama zenizeni, chifukwa chiyani chinjoka chingakhale chosiyana ndi cholengedwa chopeka? Kodi sikuli kwanzeru kuganiza kuti poyamba inali ndi moyo panthaŵi imodzi ndi anthu, koma yatha monga momwe nyama zina zosaŵerengeka? Ndibwino kukumbukira kuti mawu akuti dinosaur adangopangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi Richard Owen. Izi zisanachitike, dzina la chinjoka linkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri:
Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatirazi zitha kutchulidwa:
Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, m’kachisi wina wazaka 800 m’nkhalango ya ku Cambodia, mwapezeka chosema chooneka ngati stegosaurus. Ndi mtundu wa dinosaur. (Kuchokera ku Ta Prohm Temple. Maier, C., The Fantastic Creatures of Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 February 2006.)
• Ku China, mafotokozedwe ndi nkhani za dragons ndizofala kwambiri; masauzande a iwo akudziwika. Amafotokoza mmene zinjoka zimaikira mazira, zina mwa izo zinali ndi mapiko komanso mmene mamba anaphimba nazo. Nkhani ina ya ku China imasimba za mwamuna wina dzina lake Yu amene anakumana ndi zinjoka pamene anali kukhetsa dambo. Izi zinachitika pambuyo pa chigumula chachikulu cha padziko lonse. Ku China, mafupa a dinosaur akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe komanso poultices pakuwotcha. Dzina lachi China la madinosaur (kong long) limangotanthauza "mafupa a chinjoka" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Anthu a ku China amatinso ankagwiritsa ntchito zinjoka ngati ziweto ndiponso m’magulu achifumu (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesis 4, 1990, mapeji 23-26.)
• Aigupto awonetsa chinjoka cha Apophis ngati mdani wa Mfumu Re. Mofananamo, mafotokozedwe a zinjoka amafalikira m’mabuku achibabulo. Gilgamesh wodziwika bwino akuti adapha chinjoka, cholengedwa chachikulu chonga zokwawa, m'nkhalango ya mkungudza. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Vol. 10, p. 359)
• Apollo wachi Greek akuti adapha chinjoka cha Python pachitsime cha Delfin. Wodziwika kwambiri mwa opha chinjoka akale achi Greek ndi Aroma anali munthu wotchedwa Perseus.
• Nkhani zolembedwa mu ndakatulo kuyambira 500-600 AD. limafotokoza nkhani ya munthu wolimba mtima dzina lake Beowulf, yemwe anapatsidwa ntchito yochotsa magombe a Denmark ku zilombo zouluka ndi zam'madzi. Chochita chake champhamvu chinali kupha chilombo cha Grendel. Nyamayi inanenedwa kuti inali ndi miyendo ikuluikulu yakumbuyo ndi yakutsogolo yaing’ono, inkatha kupirira kumenyedwa ndi lupanga, ndipo inali yaikulupo kuposa munthu. Idayenda molunjika mwachangu kwambiri.
• Wolemba mabuku wachiroma dzina lake Lucanus ananenanso za zinjoka. Iye ananena mawu ake kwa chinjoka cha ku Itiyopiya kuti: “Chinjoka chonyezimira iwe chagolide, uulutsa mlengalenga ndi kupha ng’ombe zazikulu.
• Mafotokozedwe a njoka zowuluka ku Arabia ndi Herodotos wachi Greek (c. 484–425 BC) asungidwa. Amalongosola bwino ma pterosaur ena. (Rein, E., The III-VI Book of Herodotos , p. 58 and Book VII-IX , p. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny anatchula (Natural History) m’zaka za zana loyamba BC mmene chinjoka “chili pankhondo yosalekeza ndi njovu, ndipo icho chokha chiri chokulirapo mu kukula kotero kuti chimakulunga njovu m’makwinya ake ndi kukulunga mkati mwa chikwa chake.”
• Buku lina lakale la History Animalium limatchula kuti “zinjoka” zinalipobe m’zaka za m’ma 1500, koma zinali zitacheperachepera kukula kwake ndipo zinali zosowa.
• Mbiri yachingerezi yochokera mu 1405 imanena za chinjoka: "Pafupi ndi tawuni ya Bures, pafupi ndi Sudbury, posachedwapa yawoneka chinjoka chomwe chawononga kwambiri kumidzi. pamwamba pa mutu, mano ake anali ngati macheka, ndi mchira wautali ndithu. (Cooper, B., Pambuyo pa Chigumula- Mbiri yoyambirira ya pambuyo pa Chigumula ku Ulaya inachokera ku Nowa, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)
• M’zaka za m’ma 1500, wasayansi wa ku Italy Ulysses Aldrovanus anafotokoza molondola za chinjoka chaching’ono m’gulu la mabuku ake. Chakumapeto kwa 1608, Edward Topsell analemba kuti: “Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinjoka. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyanitsidwa kutengera dziko lawo, mwina chifukwa cha kukula kwake, mwina chifukwa cha zizindikiro zawo zowasiyanitsa."
• Zizindikiro za chinjoka zinali zofala pakati pa magulu ankhondo ambiri. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mwachitsanzo mafumu a kum'mawa kwa Roma ndi mafumu a Chingerezi (Uther Pendragon, abambo a King Arthur, Richard I pa nkhondo ya 1191 ndi Henry III pa nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi Welsh mu 1245) komanso ku China, chinjoka chinali chizindikiro cha dziko. malaya amtundu wa banja lachifumu.
• Ma Dinosaurs ndi ankhandwe ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe cha mayiko ambiri. Kuphatikiza ku China, izi zakhala zofala pakati pa mayiko aku South America.
• Johannes Damascene, womaliza wa Abambo a Tchalitchi cha Greek, yemwe anabadwa mu 676 AD, akufotokoza dragons (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) motere:
Roman Dio Cassius (155-236 AD), yemwe analemba mbiri ya Ufumu wa Roma ndi Republic, akuwonetsa ndewu za kazembe wachiroma Regulus ku Carthage. Chinjoka chinaphedwa pankhondoyo. Anadulidwa khungu ndipo khungu linatumizidwa ku Senate. Mwa dongosolo la Senate, khungu lidayezedwa ndipo linali lalitali mamita 120 (pafupifupi mamita 37). Chikopacho chinasungidwa m’kachisi wa ku mapiri a Roma mpaka m’chaka cha 133 BC, pamene chinazimiririka pamene Aselote analanda Roma. ( Plinius, Natural History . Buku 8, Chaputala 14. Plinius mwiniwake akunena kuti adawona mpikisano womwe ukufunsidwa ku Roma). (17) • Zojambula. Zojambula, zojambula ndi ziboliboli za dragons zasungidwanso, zomwe ziri zofanana mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane padziko lonse lapansi. Amapezeka pafupifupi m’zikhalidwe ndi zipembedzo zonse, monga momwe nkhani za iwo zimakhalira zofala. Zithunzi za zinjoka zalembedwa mwachitsanzo zishango zankhondo (Sutton Hoo) ndi zokongoletsa pakhoma la tchalitchi (monga SS Mary ndi Hardulph, England). Kuwonjezera pa ng’ombe zamphongo ndi mikango, zinjoka zikusonyezedwa pa Chipata cha Ishtar cha mzinda wakale wa Babulo. Zosindikizira zoyambirira za ku Mesopotamia zimasonyeza kuti zinjoka zikumangirirana wina ndi mzake ndi michira pafupifupi utali wa makosi awo (Moortgat, A., The art of wakale Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 ndi Plate A.) . Zithunzi zamtundu wa dragon-dinosaur zitha kuwoneka, mwachitsanzo pa www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti pali zojambula za nyamazi ngakhale pamakoma a mapanga ndi canyons. Zomwe anapezazi zakhala zikuchitika ku Arizona ndi kudera lomwe kale linali Rhodesia (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Mwachitsanzo, ku Arizona mu 1924, popenda khoma lamapiri lalitali, anapeza kuti zithunzi za nyama zosiyanasiyana zinajambulidwa pamwalapo, mwachitsanzo za njovu ndi agwape a m’mapiri, komanso chithunzi chooneka bwino cha dinosaur ( Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, 1957, p. 91). Amwenye a Mayan adasunganso chosema chojambula ndi mbalame yofanana ndi Archeopteryx, mwachitsanzo, mbalame yabuluzi (18) . Malinga ndi lingaliro lachisinthiko, iyenera kukhala ndi moyo nthawi imodzi ndi ma dinosaur. Umboni wasungidwanso wa abuluzi akuuluka, omwe mapiko awo amatha kukhala mamita makumi awiri, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amafa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Mafotokozedwe otsatirawa akutanthauza kwa iwo ndi momwe nyama yowuluka ngati Pterosaur imasonyezedwa pachoumba:
Abuluzi aakulu kwambiri ouluka anali pterosaur amene mapiko ake anali otalika kuposa mamita 17. (…) Mu BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Vol. 13), Richard Greenwell analingalira za kukhalapo kwa pterosaur lerolino. Iye anagwira mawu wofufuza malo A. Hyatt Verrill, amene anapeza miphika ina ya ku Peru. Zotengera zadothi zimasonyeza pterosaur yofanana ndi pterodactyl. Verrill amalingalira kuti ojambula agwiritsa ntchito zotsalira zakale monga chitsanzo chawo ndikulemba kuti:
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, malongosoledwe olondola komanso zojambula za mafupa a pterodactyl akhala akudutsa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku imzake, monga momwe makolo akale a anthu a Cocle ankakhala m’dziko limene munali mabwinja osungidwa bwino a pterosaurs.
Ndiponso, Amwenye a ku North America ankadziŵa bwino mbalame ya bingu, yomwe dzina lake anabwereketsanso galimoto. (19)
M’Baibulo , Behemoti ndi Leviatani zotchulidwa m’buku la Yobu zikuoneka kuti zimaimira madinosaur. Akuti mchira wake uli ngati mtengo wa mkungudza, kuti minyewa ya ntchafu zake ndi yolumikizika ndipo mafupa ali ngati zitsulo zachitsulo. Mafotokozedwewa amagwirizana bwino ndi ma dinosaur ena, monga ma sauropods, omwe amatha kukula mpaka mamita 20 m'litali. Momwemonso, malo a Behemoti kuseri kwa bango, ndipo mizati imagwirizana ndi madinosaur, chifukwa angapo a iwo ankakhala pafupi ndi magombe. Ponena za mchira wonga mkungudza umene Behemoti amayenda, n’zochititsa chidwi kuti palibe nyama yaikulu imene masiku ano imadziwika kuti ili ndi mchira wotero. Mchira wa dinosaur wa herbivorous ukhoza kukhala wautali mamita 10-15 ndikulemera matani 1-2, ndipo nyama zofanana sizidziwika masiku ano. Mabaibulo ena amamasulira Behemoti kukhala mvuu (ndi Leviatani monga ng’ona), koma malongosoledwe a mchira wonga mkungudza sangafanane ndi mvuu mwanjira iriyonse. Ndemanga imodzi yochititsa chidwi pankhaniyi ikupezeka kwa wasayansi wolemekezeka kwambiri wa zokwiriridwa pansi zakale Stephen Jay Gould, yemwe anali wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Iye ananena kuti pamene bukhu la Yobu limanena za Behemoti, nyama yokhayo imene ikugwirizana ndi kufotokoza kumeneku ndi dinosaur ( Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Monga munthu wokhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka kuchokera ku zinthu zina, ankakhulupirira kuti wolemba buku la Yobu ayenera kuti anapeza nzeru zake kuchokera ku zokwiriridwa pansi zakale. Komabe, ili limodzi mwa mabuku akale kwambiri m'Baibulo momveka bwino limatchula za nyama yamoyo (Yobu 40:15: Tawona tsopano mvuu, imene ndinapanga ndi iwe...).
- ( Yobu 40:15-23 ) Taona , mvuu imene ndinapanga pamodzi ndi iwe; amadya udzu ngati ng’ombe. 16 Taonani, mphamvu yace ili m’chuuno mwace, ndi mphamvu yace ili m’mitsempha ya mimba yace. 17 Agwedeza mchira wake ngati mkungudza : Mitsempha ya ntchafu zake ndi yolukidwa . 18 Mafupa ake akunga zolimba zamkuwa ; mafupa ake ali ngati zitsulo zachitsulo. 19 Iye ndiye woyamba wa njira za Mulungu: Iye amene anamupanga iye akhoza kufikitsa lupanga lake kwa iye. + 20 Zoonadi, mapiri amatulutsa chakudya, + kumene zilombo zonse zakuthengo zimaseŵera. 21 Imagona pansi pa mitengo yamthunzi, m’tsinde la bango, ndi m’minga . 22 Mitengo yamthunzi imamuphimba ndi mthunzi wake; misondodzi ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja yamuzungulira. 23 Taonani, imwa mtsinje , osafulumira; Ikhulupirira kuti idzaturutsa Yordano m'kamwa mwace.
Leviathan ndi cholengedwa china chochititsa chidwi chotchulidwa m'buku la Yobu. Chilombochi akuti ndi mfumu ya zinyama ndipo chikufotokozedwa momwe lawi lamoto limatuluka mkamwa mwake. (Zomwe zimatchedwa kachilomboka kamene kamatha kulavula kutentha - madigiri 100 Celsius - gasi mwachindunji pa wowukira, amadziwikanso mu zinyama). N’kutheka kuti nkhani zambiri zokhudza zinjoka zomwe zimatha kuwomba moto m’kamwa mwawo zimachokera ku izi. Mabaibulo ena anamasulira kuti Leviathan ndi ng’ona, koma ndani amene waona ng’ona imene imakuchititsani kusweka poiona, ndipo ndani angaone chitsulo ngati udzu, ndi mkuwa ngati mtengo wovunda, nanga mfumu ya nyama zonse zazikulu ndani? Mwachionekere, inalinso nyama yosatha imene kulibenso, koma inkadziwika m’nthaŵi ya Yobu. Buku la Yobu limati:
(Yobu 41:1, 2, 9, 13-34) Kodi mungakoke namsongole ndi mbedza? Kapena lilime lake ndi chingwe chimene mwatsitsa? 2 Kodi mungaike mbedza m’mphuno mwake? Kapena anaboola nsagwada ndi munga? 9 Taonani, ciyembekezo ca iye ca cabe ; 13 Ndani angavumbulule nkhope ya chovala chake? Kapena ndani angafike kwa iye ndi zingwe zake ziwiri? 14 Ndani angatsegule zitseko za nkhope yake? mano ake ndi oopsa pozungulira . 15 Mamba ake ndi kunyada kwake, otsekedwa pamodzi ngati chidindo chotseka . 16 Limodzi liri pafupi ndi linzake, kotero kuti palibe mpweya ungalowe pakati pawo. 17 Ziphatikizidwira wina ndi mzake, zimamatirana, kuti zingapatulidwe. 18 Kulira kwake kumawala, ndipo maso ake akunga zikope za m’bandakucha. 19 M’kamwa mwake mutuluka nyali zoyaka, ndi nsakali zamoto zimaturuka . 20 Utsi utuluka m’mphuno mwake, + Ngati m’chophika chotentha kapena m’mbale. 21 Mpweya wake umayatsa makala, ndi lawi la moto lituluka m’kamwa mwake . 22 M’khosi mwace muli mphamvu, Ndi cisoni cisandulika cisangalalo pamaso pace. 23 Mitsempha ya thupi lake ilumikizana; sizingasunthidwe. 24 Mtima wake uli wokhazikika ngati mwala; inde, cholimba ngati chimwala cha mphero. 25 Pamene inyamuka, amphamvu achita mantha: Chifukwa cha kusweka adziyeretsa. 26 Lupanga la iye womugwira silingagwire: mkondo, muvi, kapena nsabwe. 27 Iye ayesa chitsulo ngati udzu, ndi mkuwa ngati mtengo wovunda. 28 Muvi sungathe kuichititsa kuthawa: miyala yoponyera miyala imasanduka chiputu pamodzi nayo. 29 Mivi imayesedwa ngati chiputu: Iseka kugwedezeka kwa mkondo. 30 Pansi pake pali miyala yakuthwa: Ayala zosongoka pathope. 31 Avitsa madzi akuya ngati mphika: Ayesa nyanja ngati mtsuko wamafuta. 32 Akonza njira yowala pambuyo pake; wina angaganize kuti zakuya ndi zaimvi. 33 Padziko lapansi palibe wofanana naye, amene anapangidwa wopanda mantha. 34 Iye amaona zonse zapamwamba: ndiye mfumu ya onyada onse .
Bwanji ponena za malongosoledwe a Baibulo a zinjoka? Baibulo lili ndi mafanizo osonyeza nkhunda, mimbulu yolusa, njoka zochenjera, nkhosa ndi mbuzi, zomwe ndi nyama zimene zimapezeka m’chilengedwechi masiku ano. Chifukwa chiyani chinjoka, chomwe chimatchulidwa kangapo mu Chipangano Chakale ndi Chatsopano, komanso m'mabuku akale, chingakhale chosiyana? (Genesis 1:21) Pamene Mulungu analenga zilombo zazikulu za m’nyanja, zinsomba za m’nyanja ( Genesis 1:21 ) Ndipo Mulungu analenga zinsomba zazikulu, ndi zamoyo zonse zokwawa, zimene madzi anabala mochuluka, monga mwa zimbalangondo zawo. mtundu, ndi mbalame zamapiko zonse monga mwa mtundu wake: ndipo Mulungu anaona kuti zinali zabwino.) , chinenero choyambirira chimagwiritsira ntchito liwu lomwelo “tannin”, limene limafanana ndi chinjoka kumalo ena m’Baibulo. Mavesi otsatirawa, mwachitsanzo, amanena za zinjoka:
- ( Yobu 30:29 ) Ndine mbale wa ankhandwe , ndi bwenzi la akadzidzi.
- ( Sal. 44:19 ) Ngakhale kuti munatithyola m’malo mwa zinjoka , ndipo mwatiphimba ndi mthunzi wa imfa.
- ( Yes 35:7 ) Ndipo nthaka youma idzakhala thamanda, ndi nthaka yopanda madzi idzasanduka akasupe amadzi ;
- ( Yes. 43:20 ) Zilombo za kuthengo zidzandilemekeza, ankhandwe ndi akadzidzi: chifukwa ndidzapatsa madzi m’chipululu, ndi mitsinje m’chipululu, kuti ndimwetse anthu anga, osankhidwa anga.
- ( Yer 14:6 ) Ndipo abulu akuthengo anaima m’malo okwezeka, anauluza mphepo ngati ankhandwe ; maso awo anakomoka, chifukwa panalibe udzu.
- ( Yer 49:33 ) Ndipo Hazori adzakhala mokhala ankhandwe , ndi bwinja kosatha;
- ( Mika 1:8 ) Chifukwa chake ndidzalira, ndi kulira, ndidzayenda wamaliseche, wamaliseche: ndidzalira ngati ankhandwe , ndi kulira ngati kadzidzi.
( Malaki 1:3 ) Ndipo ndinamuda Esau, ndipo ndinasandutsa mapiri ake ndi cholowa chake kukhala bwinja chifukwa cha ankhandwe a m’chipululu.
( Sal. 104:26 ) Kumeneko zombo zimayenda: pali Leviatani amene munamupanga kuti azisewera mmenemo.
- ( Yobu 7:12 ) Kodi ndine nyanja, kapena chinsomba , kuti mundiikire mlonda? (matembenuzidwe osinthidwa: chilombo cha m’nyanja, m’Chihebri tannin, kutanthauza chinjoka)
- ( Yobu 26:12, 13 ) Iye amagawa nyanja ndi mphamvu zake, ndipo mwa luntha lake amakantha onyada. 13 Mwa mzimu wake anakongoletsa kumwamba; dzanja lake lapanga njoka yokhota.
- ( Sal 74:13, 14 ) Munagawa nyanja ndi mphamvu zanu: Munathyola mitu ya zinjoka za m’madzi. 14 Munathyolathyola mitu ya Leviatani , ndi kuipereka ikhale chakudya cha anthu okhala m’chipululu.
- ( Sal. 91:13 ) Udzapondereza mkango ndi mbira: Mwana wa mkango ndi chinjoka udzazipondaponda.
(Yesaya 30:6) Katundu wa zilombo za kum’mwera: m’dziko la nsautso ndi zowawa, kumene kumachokera mkango wamphongo ndi wokalamba, mphiri ndi njoka yamoto yowuluka, zidzanyamula chuma chawo pamapewa a ana . abulu, ndi cuma cao pa ngamila, kwa anthu osapindula nao.
- ( De 32:32, 33 ) Pakuti mpesa wawo ndi wa mpesa wa ku Sodomu, ndi wa m’minda ya ku Gomora; 33 Vinyo wawo ndi ululu wa zinjoka , Ndi ululu waukali wa mbawala.
( Nehemiya 2:13 ) Ndipo ndinatuluka usiku ku chipata cha kuchigwa, ku chitsime cha chinjoka , ndi ku chipata cha zinyalala, ndi kuyang’ana makoma a Yerusalemu ogumulidwa, ndi zipata zake zinathedwa. ndi moto.
- ( Yesaya 51:9 ) Dzuka, galamuka, vala mphamvu, dzanja la Yehova; galamuka, monga masiku akale, mibadwo yakale. Si ndiwe amene unadula Rahabi, ndi kuvulaza chinjoka?
- ( Yesaya 27:1 ) Tsiku limenelo Yehova ndi lupanga lake loŵaŵa, lalikulu ndi lamphamvu adzalanga Leviatani njoka yolasa, Leviatani njoka yokhotakhota; ndipo iye adzapha chinjoka chiri m’nyanja.
51:34 Nebukadirezara mfumu ya ku Babulo wandidya ine, wandiphwanya, wandiyesa ine chiwiya chopanda kanthu, wandimeza ngati chinjoka , wadzaza mimba yake ndi zokometsera zanga, wandigwetsa. ine kunja.
Apocrypha of the Old Testament and dragons . Nanga bwanji za Apocrypha of the Old Testament? Nawonso ali ndi zonena zingapo za chinjoka, chomwe chinkawoneka ngati nyama zenizeni, osati zongopeka. Mlembi wa Bukhu la Sirach akulemba momwe angakonde kukhala ndi mkango ndi chinjoka, kusiyana ndi mkazi wake woyipa. Zowonjezereka m’Buku la Estere zimasimba za loto la Moredekai (Modekai wa m’Baibulo), pamene anaona zinjoka ziŵiri zazikulu. Danieli anakumananso ndi chinjoka chachikulu chimene Ababulo ankalambira. Izi zikusonyeza mmene nyama zimenezi zikanakulirakulira kwambiri.
- ( Sir. 25:16 ) Ndi bwino kukhala ndi mkango ndi chinjoka, kusiyana n’kukhala ndi mkazi woipa .
( Nzeru ya Salomo 16:10 ) Mbwenye ana anu nee mbadathimbana na mano a nsoka wakuipa, thangwi ntsisi zanu zikhali pa iwo ndzidzi onsene, mbaawangisa.
- ( Sirach 43:25 ) Pakuti m’menemo mudzakhala ntchito zachilendo ndi zodabwitsa, mitundu ya mitundu yonse ya zilombo ndi anamgumi.
- ( Estere 1:1, 4, 5, 6 ) Moredekai, Myuda wa fuko la Benjamini, anatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo pamodzi ndi Yehoyakini Mfumu ya Yuda, pamene Nebukadinezara Mfumu ya Babulo analanda Yerusalemu. Moredekai anali mwana wa Yairi, wa mbadwa za Kisi ndi Simeyi. 4 Iye analota + kuti panali phokoso lalikulu + ndi chipwirikiti, mabingu amphamvu + ndi chivomezi choopsa padziko lapansi. 5 Kenako anatulukira zinjoka ziwiri zikuluzikulu zokonzekera kumenyana . 6 Anachita phokoso loopsa , ndipo mitundu yonse inakonzekera kumenyana ndi mtundu wa anthu olungama a Mulungu.
- (Wowonjezera pa Danieli, Beli ndi Chinjoka 1:23-30) Ndipo m’malo omwewo munali chinjoka chachikulu , chimene iwo a ku Babulo ankachilambira. 24 Ndipo mfumu inati kwa Danieli, Kodi iwenso udzanena kuti ichi ndi mkuwa? onani, ali ndi moyo, akudya ndi kumwa ; sungathe kunena kuti iye sali mulungu wamoyo; 25 Pamenepo Danieli anati kwa mfumu, Ndidzagwadira Yehova Mulungu wanga, pakuti iye ndiye Mulungu wamoyo. 26 Koma ndiloleni ine, O mfumu, ndipo ndidzapha chinjoka ichi popanda lupanga kapena ndodo. Mfumu inati, Ndikulola iwe. 27 Pamenepo Danieli anatenga phula, ndi mafuta, ndi tsitsi, nazisakaniza, nazipanga mawere; naika m’kamwa mwa chinjoka, ndipo chinjokacho chinagawanika; kulambira. + 28 Anthu a ku Babulo atamva zimenezi, anakwiya kwambiri + ndipo anachitira chiwembu + mfumuyo, + kuti: “Mfumu yasanduka Myuda, + yawononga Beli, + chinjoka + ndi kupha ansembe. 29 Pamenepo anadza kwa mfumu, nati, Tipatseni Danieli; 30 Tsopano mfumuyo itaona kuti anthuwo anali kum’panikiza kwambiri, + inapereka Danieli kwa iwo.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen : The missing ring, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George McCready Price: New Geology, quote from AM Rehnwinkel's book Flood, pp. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö : Background 2, Behind the Scenes of Development Theory, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö : Background 2, Behind the Scenes of Development Theory, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen : Forgotten Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen : The missing ring, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara : Were the flood and Noah's ark possible, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara : Can the Bible be trusted, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse : The Collapse of Evolution, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen : Darwin or a smart plan?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen : The riddle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen : The riddle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 114,115 19. https://creation.com/redirect.php?https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ 20. Matti Leisola : In the wonderland of evolutionary belief, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola : The changing country, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland : Stones and Bones, p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen : Forgotten Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala : The message of the Universe, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale : Restless Earth, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta : School biology spreads disinformation, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching : Mysterious events (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola : A changing country, p. 366 30. Quote from the book: Pekka Reinikainen: The Riddle of Dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse : The Collapse of Evolution, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen : The puzzle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Mamilioni azaka / ma dinosaur / chisinthiko cha anthu? Sayansi muchinyengo: ziphunzitso zosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu zoyambira ndi mamiliyoni azaka Kodi madinosaur anakhala liti?
Mbiri ya Baibulo
Chikhulupiriro chachikhristu: sayansi, ufulu waumunthu Chikhulupiriro chachikhristu ndi ufulu waumunthu
Zipembedzo zaku Eastern / New Age Kodi munthu amabadwanso kwina?
Chisilamu mavumbulutso ndi moyo wa Muhammad Kupembedza mafano mu Islam ndi ku Mecca
Mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe Khalani omasuka ku kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Ukwati wosakondera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi Euthanasia ndi zizindikiro za nthawi
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