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Chikhristu ndi sayansi
Kodi chikhulupiriro chachikristu chalepheretsa sayansi kapena chachirikiza? Werengani umboni!
Mutu wa nkhaniyi ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu ndi sayansi. Kodi chikhulupiriro chachikristu chakhudza motani sayansi ndi kukula kwake? Kodi zakhala zolepheretsa chitukuko cha sayansi kapena zalimbikitsa? Ngati nkhani imeneyi iunikanso kudzera m’manyuzipepala a m’manyuzipepala ndi m’zolemba za asayansi osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka lingaliro lofala la kusamvana pakati pa chikhulupiriro ndi sayansi. Anthu amaganiza kuti kukhulupirira Mulungu ndi sayansi n’zosiyana ndipo chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhala cholepheretsa sayansi kuti isapite patsogolo. M’lingaliro limeneli, sayansi ikuyenera kukhala yamphamvu ku Greece ndipo inangopita patsogolo kokha pamene, panthaŵi ya Kuunika, inachoka ku chipembedzo cha chivumbulutso ndi kuyamba kudalira pa kulingalira ndi kupenya. Kufunika kwa Darwin makamaka kumaonedwa kuti n'kofunika kwambiri pa chigonjetso chomaliza cha dziko la sayansi. Koma zoona zake n’zotani? Pakatikati pa chikhulupiriro chachikhristu sichinayambe sayansi ndi kuchita sayansi, koma chikhulupiriro kukhalapo kwa Mulungu ndi Yesu Khristu, amene aliyense angathe kukhululukidwa machimo awo. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti chikhulupiriro chachikhristu sichinakhudze sayansi ndi chitukuko cha anthu. M’malo mwake, kufunika kwa Yesu ndi chikhulupiriro chachikristu kwakhala kotsimikizirika pa kubadwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi. Lingaliro ili lazikidwa pa mfundo zingapo, zomwe tidutsamo mu zotsatirazi. Timayamba ndi chilankhulo komanso kuwerenga.
Kuwerenga ndi kulemba: mtanthauzira mawu, galamala, zilembo. Choyamba, kubadwa kwa zilankhulo zamabuku ndi kuwerenga. Aliyense amamvetsetsa kuti ngati fuko liribe chinenero chake cholembera ndipo anthu sangathe kuwerenga, ndizolepheretsa chitukuko cha sayansi, kafukufuku, kubadwa kwa zinthu zatsopano komanso kufalikira kwa chidziwitso. Ndiye palibe mabuku, simungathe kuwawerenga, ndipo chidziwitso sichifalikira. Anthu akukhalabe mumkhalidwe wopumira. Nangano, kodi chikhulupiriro Chachikristu chasonkhezera motani kulengedwa kwa zinenero zolembedwa ndi kulemba? Apa ndi pamene ofufuza ambiri ali ndi khungu. Sakudziwa kuti pafupifupi zilankhulo zonse zolembedwa zidapangidwa ndi Akhristu opembedza. Mwachitsanzo, kuno ku Finland, Mikael Agricola, wokonzanso zachipembedzo wa ku Finland komanso tate wa mabuku, anasindikiza buku loyamba la ABC ndi Chipangano Chatsopano ndi mbali za mabuku ena a Baibulo. Anthu anaphunzira kuwerenga mwa iwo. Ku Germany, Martti Luther anachitanso zomwezo. Anamasulira Baibulo m’Chijeremani ndi chinenero chake. Mabaibulo mazana ambiri anapangidwa m’matembenuzidwe ake ndipo chinenero chimene Luther anachigwiritsa ntchito chinakhazikitsidwa kukhala chinenero cholembedwa pakati pa Ajeremani. Nanga bwanji England? William Tyndale, amene anamasulira Baibulo m’Chingelezi, anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa zimenezi. Matembenuzidwe a Tyndale anasonkhezera kubadwa kwa Chingelezi chamakono. Mogwirizana ndi matembenuzidwe a Tyndale, matembenuzidwe a King James pambuyo pake anapangidwa, amene ali matembenuzidwe Achingelezi otchuka koposa a Baibulo. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi zilembo za anthu a Asilavo, otchedwa zilembo za Chisililiki. Anatchedwa St. Cyril, yemwe anali mmishonale pakati pa Asilavo ndipo anaona kuti analibe zilembo. Cyril anawapangira zilembo za afabeti kuti athe kuŵerenga Uthenga Wabwino wonena za Yesu. Kutha kuŵerenga kusanabadwe, chinenero cholembedwa chiyenera kukhalapo. M’lingaliro limeneli, amishonale achikristu achita mbali yaikulu, osati zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo m’maiko a Kumadzulo, komanso mu Afirika ndi Asia pambuyo pake. Amishonale angakhale agwira ntchito zaka zambiri m’kufufuza zinenero. Iwo adalenga galamala yoyamba, otanthauzira mawu ndi zilembo. Mmodzi mwa anthu oterowo anali mmishonale wa Methodist Frank Laubach, amene anayambitsa ndawala ya padziko lonse yophunzitsa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga. Analimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa mabuku a ABC m'zinenero 313. Wasankhidwa kukhala mtumwi wa anthu osaphunzira. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikunena za chinthu chomwecho, kukula kwa zilankhulo. Ndizofunikira kuti ngakhale zilankhulo monga Chihindi, chilankhulo chachikulu ku India, Urdu waku Pakistan, ndi Chibengali cha ku Bangladesh zili ndi galamala ndi zilankhulo potengera mishoni zachikhristu. Anthu mamiliyoni mazanamazana amalankhula ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinenero zimenezi.
Vishal Mangalwadi: Ndinakulira pakatikati pa chilankhulo cha Chihindu ku Allahabad, pafupifupi makilomita 80 kuchokera ku Kashi, komwe Tulsidas adalemba kuti Ramcharitmanasin , mbiri yakale kwambiri yachipembedzo ku Northern India. Nthawi zonse ndinkauzidwa kuti Chihindi chinachokera ku epic iyi. Koma nditawerenga, ndinasokonezeka, chifukwa sindinkamvetsa ngakhale mawu amodzi. "Hindi" ya wolembayo inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi yanga ndipo ndinayamba kukayikira, kumene chinenero cha amayi - chinenero cha dziko la India - chinachokera. … Akatswiri achihindu nawonso sanakhazikitse chilankhulo cha dziko la India, Chihindi. Ndi chifukwa cha omasulira Baibulo monga John Borthwick Gilchrist ndi akatswiri a zilankhulo amishonale monga Rev. SHKellogg kuti chinenero chamakono cha Chihindi chinachokera m’chinenero chimene wolemba ndakatulo wotchedwa Tulsidas (c. 1532-1623) anagwiritsa ntchito. ... Omasulira Baibulo ndi amishonale anapereka zambiri kuposa chinenero changa cha Chihindi. Zilankhulo zonse zamoyo zaku India zimachitira umboni ntchito yawo. Mu 2005, Dr. Babu Verghese, wofufuza wochokera ku Mumbai koma wolankhula Chimalayalam, adapereka zolemba za 700 ku yunivesite ya Nagpur kuti awonedwe. Iye anasonyeza kuti omasulira Baibulo anamasulira zinenero 73 za masiku ano kuchokera m’zilankhulo zolankhulidwa ndi amwenye ambiri osaphunzira. Izi zikuphatikiza zilankhulo zamtundu waku India (Hindi), Pakistan (Urdu) ndi Bangladesh (Bengali). Akatswiri asanu a Bramine adaphunzira zolemba za udokotala za Verghes ndipo adamupatsa dzina la Doctor of Philosophy mu 2008. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adalimbikitsa mogwirizana kuti, pambuyo pofalitsa, zolembazo zivomerezedwe ngati buku lovomerezeka la maphunziro a chinenero cha ku India. (1)
Ntchito yaumishonale yachikristu nthaŵi zonse yakhala yothandiza anthu ambiri, kotero kuti yafikira kuthandiza odwala, olumala, anjala, opanda pokhala ndi tsankho. M’maiko ambiri a mu Afirika, utumwi wachikristu wamanga maziko a dongosolo lonse la masukulu mogwirizana ndi maphunziro a zoyambira ndi zantchito. Momwemonso, ntchitoyi yathandiza kwambiri kuti pakhale mgwirizano wothandizira zaumoyo ... Wofufuza wodziwika bwino wa ku Africa, pulofesa wa Yale University, Lamin Sanneh adanena kuti ku Africa, amishonale achita ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ku zikhalidwe za m'deralo ndi kupanga maziko a chinenero cholembedwa. (2)
Ntchito zophunzirira kulemba ndi zolemba. Monga tanenera, zilankhulo zambiri zalandira galamala ndi zolemba zawo kuchokera ku chikoka cha chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Osakhulupirira Mulungu ndi mayiko sanali oyambitsa chitukuko ichi, koma oimira chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Kutukuka kwa anthu kukanachedwetsedwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri popanda chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu ndi Yesu. Derali likuphatikizapo ntchito zophunzitsa kulemba ndi kulemba ku Ulaya ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi. Kupyolera mwa iwo, anthu amaphunzira kuŵerenga Baibulo ndi mabuku ena ndi kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano. Ngati simudziwa kulemba, n’zovuta kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano zimene ena alemba. Pamene chikhulupiriro Chachikristu chagonjetsa m’munda mwa ntchito yaumishonale, chawongolanso mkhalidwe wa anthu ndi mkhalidwe wamitundu yambiri. Zinthu zoterozo ndizo mkhalidwe wa thanzi labwino, chuma chabwinoko, mkhalidwe wokhazikika wa anthu, kutsika kwa ziphuphu ndi imfa za ana ndipo, ndithudi, kuŵerenga bwinoko. Kukanakhala kuti kulibe ntchito yaumishonale ndi chikhulupiriro chachikristu, pakanakhala mavuto ambiri ndi umphaŵi padziko lapansi ndipo anthu sakanatha kudziŵa kuŵerenga. Mwa ena, Robert Woodberry, wothandizira pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Texas, wawona kugwirizana pakati pa ntchito yaumishonale ndi demokalase, kukwera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuŵerenga ndi kulemba:
Wasayansi: Ntchito yaumishonale inayambitsa demokalase
Malinga ndi Robert Woodberry, wothandizira pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Texas, zotsatira za ntchito yaumishonale ya Apulotesitanti m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 pa chitukuko cha demokalase zakhala zazikulu kuposa momwe ankaganizira poyamba. M’malo mokhala ndi mbali yaing’ono m’kutukula kwa demokalase, amishonale anali ndi mbali yaikulu mmenemo m’maiko ambiri a mu Afirika ndi Asia. Magazini ya Christianity Today imafotokoza za nkhaniyi. Robert Woodberry waphunzira za ubale pakati pa ntchito yaumishonale ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza demokalase pafupifupi zaka 15. Malinga ndi iye, kumeneko kumene amishonale Achiprotestanti akhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu. Kumeneko chuma chapita patsogolo kwambiri masiku ano ndipo mkhalidwe wa thanzi ndi wabwino kwambiri kuposa m’madera, kumene chisonkhezero cha amishonale chakhala chocheperapo kapena kulibe. M’madera omwe ali ndi mbiri yaumishonale yofala, chiŵerengero cha imfa za ana pakali pano chikucheperachepera, pali ziphuphu zochepa, kuŵerenga ndi kulemba ndikofala kwambiri ndipo kuloŵa m’maphunziro n’kosavuta, makamaka kwa amayi. Malinga ndi Robert Woodberry, chinali makamaka Chitsitsimutso cha Chiprotestanti chomwe chinali ndi zotsatira zabwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, atsogoleri achipembedzo olembedwa ntchito ndi boma kapena amishonale Achikatolika chisanafike zaka za m’ma 1960 analibe chiyambukiro chofananacho. (3)
Chitsanzo chimodzi chabwino cha momwe chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhudzira luso la kuwerenga ndi kulemba ndi chakuti sizinali mpaka cha m'ma 1900 pamene mabuku akudziko adagulitsa mabuku auzimu. Baibulo ndi ziphunzitso zake zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kufikira m’zaka za zana lapitalo linasiya kufunika kwake mowonjezereka m’maiko a Kumadzulo. Kodi zinali mwangozi kuti m’zaka za zana la 20 lomwelo, pamene chikhulupiriro Chachikristu chinasiyidwa, nkhondo zazikulu kwambiri m’mbiri zinamenyedwa? Chitsanzo china ndi England, yomwe inali dziko lotukuka kwambiri padziko lonse m’zaka za m’ma 1800 ndi 1800. Koma n’chiyani chinachititsa kuti England apite patsogolo bwino? Ndithudi chinthu chimodzi chinali zitsitsimutso zauzimu pamene anthu anatembenukira kwa Mulungu. Zinthu zabwino zambiri zinabwera chifukwa cha zimenezi, monga kuphunzira kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo, ndi kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa osauka ndi antchito. John Wesley, amene amadziŵika monga mlaliki wofunika koposa wa gulu la Methodist ndipo kupyolera mwa amene zitsitsimutso zazikulu zinadza ku England m’zaka za zana la 18, anasonkhezera kwambiri chitukuko chimenechi. Zanenedwa kuti kupyolera mu ntchito yake England inapulumuka kusintha kofanana komwe kunachitika ku France. Komabe, Wesley ndi anzake anathandizanso kuti mabuku azipezeka kwa Angelezi. The Encyclopedia Britannica ikunena za Wesley pankhaniyi kuti “palibe munthu wina aliyense m’zaka za zana la 18 amene anachita zochuluka chonchi kuti alimbikitse kuŵerenga mabuku abwino, ndipo anabweretsa mabuku ambiri kwa anthu pamtengo wotsika kwambiri” . . . Ku England, chifukwa cha zitsitsimutso, ntchito ya Sande sukulu inayambanso m’zaka za zana la 18. Cha m’ma 1830, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa anayi mwa ana 1.25 miliyoni a ku England anapita ku Sande sukulu, kumene anaphunzira kuŵerenga ndi kulemba. Dziko la England linali kukhala gulu lodziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga lophunzitsidwa ndi Mawu a Mulungu; boma silinachisonkhezere. Nanga bwanji United States? Mawu otsatirawa akunena za izi. Inanenedwa ndi John Dewey (1859-1952), amene iye mwiniyo anasonkhezera mwamphamvu kutengeka kwa maphunziro ku United States. Komabe, iye anafotokoza mmene chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino, mwachitsanzo pa maphunziro otchuka ndi kuthetsa ukapolo m'dziko lake:
Anthu awa (Akhristu a Evangelical) ndi msana wa chifundo cha anthu, ntchito za ndale zomwe zimayang'ana kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, pacifism ndi maphunziro a anthu. Amaphatikiza ndikuwonetsa chifundo kwa iwo omwe ali m'mavuto azachuma ndi anthu ena, makamaka akawonetsa chidwi ngakhale pang'ono mu boma la republic - - Gawo ili la anthu layankha bwino pazofuna kuchitiridwa zinthu mwachilungamo komanso kugawa kofananako. mwayi potengera lingaliro lawo la kufanana. Zinatsatira m’mapazi a Lincoln pothetsa ukapolo ndipo zinagwirizana ndi maganizo a Roosevelt pamene anadzudzula mabungwe “oipa” ndi kudzikundikira chuma m’manja mwa ochepa. (4)
Mayunivesite. M'mbuyomu, zidanenedwa momwe chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chathandizira kulengedwa kwa zilankhulo zolembedwa komanso kuwerenga m'zaka mazana apitawa komanso masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, m’maiko a mu Afirika, maziko a dongosolo la masukulu ponena za maphunziro apamwamba ndi a ntchito zamanja abadwa makamaka kuchokera ku chisonkhezero cha utumwi wachikristu, monganso chisamaliro chaumoyo. Popanda chisonkhezero cha chikhulupiriro chachikristu, chitukuko cha magulu chikanachedwetsedwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Dera limodzi ndi mayunivesite ndi masukulu. Pamodzi ndi kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndizofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi, kafukufuku, kubadwa kwa zinthu zatsopano komanso kufalikira kwa chidziwitso. Kudzera mwa iwo, chidziwitso ndi kafukufuku zimapita kumlingo wina. Kodi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhudza bwanji nkhaniyi? Magulu achipembedzo ndi osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu kaŵirikaŵiri sadziwa kuti Baibulo ndi chikhulupiriro chachikristu zachita mbali yaikulu pankhaniyi. Mazana a mayunivesite ndi masauzande masauzande asukulu ayambika ndi Akristu opembedza kapena mwa ntchito yaumishonale. Sanabadwe pamaziko okana Mulungu, chifukwa kunalibe mayunivesite adziko komanso oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, mayunivesite otsatirawa ndi odziwika ku England ndi America: - Oxford ndi Cambridge. Mizinda yonseyi ili ndi matchalitchi ambiri ndi matchalitchi. Mayunivesite amenewa poyamba anakhazikitsidwa kuti aziphunzitsa Baibulo. - Harvard. Yunivesite iyi idatchedwa Reverend John Harvard. Mawu ake ochokera mu 1692 ndi Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae (choonadi cha Khristu ndi Mpingo) - Yale University idakhazikitsidwa ndi wophunzira wakale wa Harvard, wansembe wa Puritan Cotton Mather. - Purezidenti woyamba wa Princeton University (poyamba College of New Jersey) anali Jonathan Edwards, yemwe amadziwika ndi chitsitsimutso chachikulu ku America m'zaka za zana la 18. Iye anali mlaliki wotchuka kwambiri wa chitsitsimutso ichi, pamodzi ndi George Whitefield. - Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania. George Whitefield, mtsogoleri wina wa Great Awakening, adayambitsa sukulu yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala University of Pennsylvania. Whitefield anali mwana wa munthu wosunga mabuku komanso mnzake wa John Wesley yemwe tamutchula uja ali ku England. Iye anali ndi mawu okongola modabwitsa, a sonorous ndi amphamvu, kotero kuti ankatha kulankhula momveka kwa anthu zikwi makumi ambiri pamisonkhano yapanja. Ankathanso kulalikira misozi ili m’maso chifukwa cha chifundo chimene Mulungu anam’patsa kwa anthu Nanga bwanji India? India sadziwika chifukwa cha Chikhristu. Komabe, m’dziko lino, monganso mu Afirika, muli masauzande a sukulu amene anabadwira pamaziko a chikhulupiriro Chachikristu. Mayunivesite oyamba ku India nawonso adabadwa pamaziko omwewo. Mayunivesite monga yunivesite ya Calcutta, Madras, Bombay ndi Serampore amadziwika bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, University of Allahabad, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1887, ndiyodziwika bwino. Prime Minister asanu mwa asanu ndi awiri oyambirira aku India adachokera mumzinda uno, ndipo akuluakulu aku India adaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Allahabad.
Kusintha kwa sayansi. Nkhaniyi inayamba ndi maganizo amene anthu osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amavomereza kuti chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhala cholepheretsa kuti sayansi isapite patsogolo. Komabe, lingaliro ili ndi losavuta kukayikira, chifukwa zilankhulo zolembera, kuwerenga ndi kuyunivesite zabadwa makamaka kuchokera ku chikoka cha chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Nanga bwanji za zimene amati kusintha kwa sayansi? Nthawi zambiri zimachitika m'magulu achipembedzo komanso osakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu kuti chipwirikitichi sichinali chochita ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, koma malingaliro awa akhoza kukayikira. Chifukwa m’lingaliro lamakono, sayansi yangoyamba kamodzi kokha, ndiko kuti, ku Ulaya m’zaka za zana la 16-18, kumene chiphunzitso chaumulungu chachikristu chinali chofala. Sizinayambike m’gulu la anthu osapembedza, koma makamaka m’gulu lolimbikitsidwa ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Pafupifupi asayansi onse otchuka ankakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa. Ena mwa iwo anali Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, James Clerck Maxwell, John Ray, Louis Pasteur, etc. Iwo sanali oimira Chidziwitso koma a chiphunzitso chachikhristu.
Mibadwo ya akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu adawona kuti akhristu, chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, ndi mabungwe achikhristu adathandizira m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti ziphunzitso, njira, ndi machitidwe omwe pamapeto pake abereke sayansi yamakono (...) Ngakhale pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana. za chikoka chake pafupifupi olemba mbiri onse lerolino amavomereza kuti Chikristu (Chikatolika ndi Chiprotestanti mofanana) chinalimbikitsa oganiza ambiri a nyengo isanayambe kuloŵerera m’kufufuza mwadongosolo za chilengedwe. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale aonanso kuti mfundo zotengedwa m’Chikristu zinalowa m’makambitsirano a sayansi ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zabwino. Asayansi ena amafika ponena kuti lingaliro lakuti chilengedwe chimagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo ena chinachokera ku chiphunzitso chaumulungu chachikristu. (5)
Kodi n'chiyani chinayambitsa kusintha kwa sayansi? Chifukwa chimodzi chinali, monga tanenera pamwambapa, mayunivesite. Pofika m'ma 1500, panali pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi a iwo ku Ulaya. Mayunivesite amenewa sanali mayunivesite osungidwa ndi anthu osapembedza ndi boma, koma adadzuka ndi chithandizo champhamvu cha tchalitchi chazaka zapakati pazaka zapakati, ndipo kafukufuku wa sayansi yachilengedwe ndi zakuthambo zidachita gawo lalikulu mwa iwo. Mwa iwo munali ufulu wochuluka wofufuza ndi kukambirana, zomwe zimayanjidwa. Mayunivesite amenewa anali ndi ophunzira masauzande ambiri, ndipo anathandiza kukonza njira yoti kusintha kwa sayansi kuchitike ku Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1500 mpaka 1800. Kusinthaku sikunayambike mwadzidzidzi, koma kunayamba ndi zochitika zabwino. Makontinenti ena analibe maphunziro ochulukirapo komanso mayunivesite ofanana ndi aku Europe,
Nyengo Zapakati zinapanga maziko a kupindula kwakukulu kwa anthu akumadzulo: sayansi yamakono. Kunena kuti sayansi kunalibe "Renaissance" isanachitike sibodza. Pambuyo pozoloŵerana ndi kafukufuku wakale wachigiriki, akatswiri a m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages anapanga njira za malingaliro, zimene zinatsogolera sayansi mokulirapo poyerekeza ndi nthaŵi zakale. Mayunivesite, komwe ufulu wamaphunziro udatetezedwa ku mphamvu za atsogoleri, adakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1100. Mabungwewa akhala akupereka malo otetezeka a kafukufuku wa sayansi. Ngakhale chiphunzitso chaumulungu chachikristu chinatsimikizira kukhala choyenerera mwapadera kulimbikitsa kufufuza za chilengedwe, chimene amakhulupirira kuti chinalengedwa ndi Mulungu. (6)
Mankhwala ndi zipatala. Mbali imodzi yomwe chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chakhudza ndi mankhwala komanso kubadwa kwa zipatala. Mbali yofunika kwambiri inali makamaka amonke, amene anasunga, kukopera ndi kumasulira mipukutu yakale yachipatala ndi mabuku ena akale akale ndi asayansi. Kuphatikiza apo, adapanganso mankhwala. Popanda ntchito zawo, mankhwala sakanapita patsogolo mofanana, ndipo malemba akale akale sakanasungidwa kuti mibadwo yamakono iwerenge. Zaumoyo, ntchito zachitukuko ndi mabungwe ambiri othandiza (Red Cross, Save the Children ...) adayambitsidwanso ndi odzitcha Akristu, chifukwa chikhulupiriro chachikhristu nthawi zonse chimaphatikizapo chifundo kwa mnansi wako. Izi zazikidwa pa chiphunzitso ndi chitsanzo cha Yesu. M’malo mwake, anthu amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu ndiponso anthu okhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu nthawi zambiri akhala akungoonerera m’derali. The English mtolankhani Malcolm Muggeridge (1903-1990), mwiniwake waumunthu, koma moona mtima, anaona izi. Iye anasamala za momwe dziko limakhudzira chikhalidwe:“Ndakhala zaka zambiri ku India ndi ku Africa, ndipo m’zonse ziwirizi ndakumana ndi zinthu zambiri zolungama zimene Akhristu a mipingo yosiyanasiyana amachitira; zikugwira ntchito pamaziko a humanism." (7) Mawu otsatirawa akusonyezanso mmene chikhulupiriro chachikristu chayambukirira unamwino ndi madera ena kupyolera mu ntchito yaumishonale. Zipatala zambiri ku Africa ndi India zidabadwa kudzera mu mishoni zachikhristu komanso kufuna kuthandiza. Mbali yaikulu ya zipatala zoyamba za ku Ulaya inayambikanso ndi chisonkhezero cha chikhulupiriro Chachikristu. Mulungu akhoza kuchiritsa munthu mwachindunji, koma ambiri alandira chithandizo kudzera mu mankhwala ndi zipatala. Chikhulupiriro chachikristu chachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa zimenezi.
M’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages anthu, omwe anali a Order of Saint Benedict, ankasamalira zipatala zoposa zikwi ziŵiri ku Western Europe mokha. Zaka za zana la 12 zinali zofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi, makamaka kumeneko, komwe Dongosolo la Saint John lidagwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Chipatala chachikulu cha Mzimu Woyera chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1145 ku Montpellier, chomwe mwamsanga chinakhala likulu la maphunziro a zachipatala ndi chipatala cha Montpellier m’chaka cha 1221. Kuwonjezera pa chithandizo chamankhwala, zipatala zimenezi zinapereka chakudya kwa anjala ndi anasamalira akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye, ndipo anapereka zachifundo kwa osowa. (8)
Ngakhale kuti mpingo wachikhristu wakhala ukudzudzulidwa kwambiri m’mbiri yake yonse, wakhalabe wotsogolera pa chithandizo chamankhwala kwa osauka, kuthandiza ogwidwa, osowa pokhala kapena amene akumwalira komanso kuwongolera malo ogwirira ntchito. Mu India zipatala zabwino koposa ndi mabungwe a maphunziro ogwirizanitsidwa nacho ziri chotulukapo cha ntchito yaumishonale Yachikristu, ngakhale kufika pamlingo wakuti Ahindu ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito zipatala zimenezi koposa zipatala zosamalidwa ndi boma, chifukwa amadziŵa kuti adzalandira chisamaliro chabwinoko. Apo. Akuti pamene nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inkayamba, anamwino 90 pa 100 alionse ku India anali Akhristu, ndipo 80 peresenti ya iwo anaphunzira m’zipatala za amishonale. (9)
Mu mpingo zinthu za moyo uno zinali kusamaliridwa mochuluka monga momwe zinalili za moyo wamtsogolo; zinkawoneka kuti zonse zimene Afirika anachita, zinachokera ku ntchito yaumishonale ya tchalitchi. (Nelson Mandela mu mbiri yake ya Long Walk to Freedom)
Kodi tchalitchi chinazunza asayansi? Monga tanenera, chikhulupiriro chachikristu chinasonkhezera kwambiri kuyambika kwa kusintha kwa sayansi. Chifukwa chimodzi cha izi chinali mayunivesite okhazikitsidwa ndi tchalitchi. Zoti anthu osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amakonda kukulitsa, kutanthauza kuti chikhulupiriro chachikristu chikanakhala cholepheretsa chitukuko cha sayansi, ndiye nthano yaikulu. Izi zikusonyezedwanso ndi mfundo yakuti mayiko amene chikhulupiriro Chachikristu chakhala ndi chisonkhezero chautali kwambiri akhala apainiya m’munda wa sayansi ndi kufufuza. Nanga bwanji maganizo akuti tchalitchicho chinazunza asayansi? Magulu omwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amafuna kusunga lingaliro ili, koma ofufuza ambiri a mbiri yakale amawona kuti ndi kupotoza mbiri yakale. Lingaliro limeneli la kulimbana kwa chikhulupiriro ndi sayansi linayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, pamene olemba amene anachirikiza chiphunzitso cha Darwin, mwachitsanzo Andrew Dickson White ndi John William Draper, anachitulutsa m’mabuku awo. Komabe, mwachitsanzo, wofufuza wakale James Hannam adati:
Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, tchalitchi sichinachirikize konse lingaliro la dziko lapansi lathyathyathya, silinavomereze konse kupendedwa kwa imfa, ndipo motsimikizirika silinawotchere aliyense pamtengo chifukwa cha malingaliro awo asayansi. (10)
Wokayikira waku Australia a Tim O'Neill wanenapo kanthu pa zomwe akunena ndikuwonetsa momwe anthu amadziwira mbiri yakale: "Sizovuta kukankha ng'ombe iyi m'zidutswa, makamaka pamene anthu akukamba za izo sadziwa chilichonse chokhudza mbiri yakale. Iwo angotenga malingaliro odabwitsawa kuchokera ku mawebusaiti ndi mabuku otchuka. Umboni wosatsutsika.Ndimaona kuti n’kosangalatsa kuseka ofalitsa nkhani zabodza mwangwiro powafunsa kuti atchule mmodzi yekha—wasayansi amene anawotchedwa pamtengo kapena kuzunzidwa kapena kuponderezedwa chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages. ... Panthawi yomwe ndikulemba asayansi a Middle Ages - Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, John Peckham, Duns Scotus, Thomas Bradwardine, Walter Burley, William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, John Dumbleton, Richard wa Wallingford, Nicholas Oresme, Jean Buridan,ndi Nicolaus Cusanus-ndipo ndikufunsa chifukwa chake amuna awa mwamtendere adapititsa patsogolo sayansi ya Middle Ages popanda tchalitchi kuwasokoneza, otsutsa anga nthawi zambiri ankakanda mitu yawo modabwa, akudabwa chomwe chinalakwika." (11). Bwanji ponena za Galileo Galilei, amene anagubuduza chitsanzo cha Ptolemy Wachigiriki cha dzuŵa lozungulira dziko lapansi? Ndizowona kuti Papa adachita molakwika kwa iye, koma nkhaniyo ndi kusokoneza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, osati kutsutsa sayansi. (Inde, apapa ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika akhala ndi mlandu pa zinthu zina zambiri, monga Nkhondo za Mtanda ndi Bwalo la Inquisition. Komabe, ndi nkhani yosiya kotheratu Chikhulupiriro chachikristu kapena kusatsatira ziphunzitso za Yesu. Ambiri samamvetsetsa zimenezi. kusiyana.) Ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira kuti oimira sayansi ndi chikhulupiriro onse anali ogawanika m’malingaliro awo ku chiphunzitso cha Galileo. Asayansi ena anali kumbali yake, ena otsutsa. Mofananamo, atsogoleri ena atchalitchi ankatsutsa maganizo ake, ena ankatsutsa. Izi zimakhala choncho nthawi zonse pamene malingaliro atsopano akuwonekera. Nanga n’cifukwa ciani Galileo sanayanjidwe ndi Papa n’kuikidwa m’ndende m’nyumba yake? Chifukwa chimodzi chinali khalidwe la Galileo. Papa ankakonda kwambiri Galileo, koma kulemba mosaganizira bwino kwa Galileo kunapangitsa kuti zinthu zichuluke. Ari Turunen adalemba za mbiri ya nkhaniyi:
Ngakhale kuti Galileo Galilei amaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa ofera chikhulupiriro chachikulu cha sayansi, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti sanali wosangalatsa ngati munthu. Anali wodzikuza komanso wokwiya msanga, ankadandaula kwambiri ndipo analibe nzeru komanso luso lotha kusamalira anthu. Chifukwa cha lilime lake lakuthwa komanso nthabwala, analibenso kusowa kwa adani. Ntchito ya zakuthambo ya Galileo imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a zokambirana. Bukuli limafotokoza za munthu wina wanzeru kwambiri dzina lake Simplicius, yemwe amamupatsa Galileo zotsutsana zopusa kwambiri. Adani a Galileo adatha kutsimikizira Papa kuti Galileo amatanthauza Papa ndi chithunzi chake cha Simplicus. Zitangochitika izi pomwe Urban VIII wopanda pake komanso wosamvera adachitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi Galileo ... ...Urbanus ankadziona ngati munthu wokonzanso zinthu ndipo anavomera kulankhula ndi Galileo, koma kalembedwe ka Galileo kanali komuchulukira kwa Papa. Kaya Galilei amatanthauza Papa ndi mawonekedwe ake a Simplicus kapena ayi, kusankha dzina kunali koyipa kwambiri. Galilei sanasamale mfundo za kulemba bwino, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kulemekeza owerenga. (12)
Ndipo kodi anthu osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu azunza asayansi? Mwina zimenezi zinachitika ku Soviet Union yokana Mulungu, kumene asayansi angapo, monga akatswiri a zachibadwa, anatsekeredwa m’ndende ndipo ena anaphedwa chifukwa cha maganizo awo asayansi. Momwemonso, asayansi angapo anaphedwa mu Revolution ya France: katswiri wa sayansi Antoine Lavoisier, katswiri wa zakuthambo Jean Sylvain Bally, mineralogist Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, katswiri wa zakuthambo Jean Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de Saron, katswiri wa zomera Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Komabe, sanaphedwe chifukwa cha malingaliro awo asayansi, koma chifukwa cha malingaliro awo andale. Apanso, inali nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu, zomwe zinali ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe Galileo anachitidwira.
Njira yolakwika ya sayansi: Darwin adasokeretsa sayansi. Nkhaniyi inayamba pa zimene anthu osakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu ndi amene ankati chikhulupiriro chachikhristu ndi cholepheretsa sayansi kuti ipite patsogolo. Zinanenedwa kuti palibe maziko pa zonenazi, koma kufunika kwa chikhulupiriro chachikhristu kwakhala kotsimikizika pa kubadwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi. Lingaliro limeneli lazikidwa pa zinthu zingapo monga kubadwa kwa zinenero zolembedwa, kuŵerenga ndi kulemba, masukulu ndi mayunivesite, chitukuko cha zamankhwala ndi zipatala, ndi chenicheni chakuti kusintha kwa sayansi kunachitika m’zaka za zana la 16-18 ku Ulaya, kumene chiphunzitso chaumulungu chachikristu chinali chofala. Kusintha kumeneku sikunayambike m’gulu la anthu osapembedza, koma makamaka m’gulu losonkhezeredwa ndi chikhulupiriro chachikristu. Ngati chikhulupiriro chachikristu chakhala chothandizira pakukula kwa sayansi, kodi lingaliro la kutsutsa sayansi ndi chikhulupiriro chachikristu linachokera kuti? Chifukwa chimodzi cha ichi chinalidi Charles Darwin ndi nthanthi zake za chisinthiko m’zaka za zana la 19. Chiphunzitso ichi, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi chilengedwe, ndicho chifukwa chachikulu cha fanoli. Richard Dawkins, wokhulupirira Mulungu wodziŵika bwino, ananenanso kuti nthaŵi ya Darwin isanafike kukanakhala kovuta kwa iye kukhala wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu: “ Ngakhale kuti kusakhulupirira kukhalako kuli konse kunaoneka kukhala koyenera Darwin asanakhaleko, anali Darwin yekha amene anayala maziko akusakhulupirira Mulungu kolungamitsidwa mwaluntha” (13). Koma koma. Pamene asayansi okhulupirira zachilengedwe alemekeza ntchito ya Darwin ndi zoyesayesa zake, mwapang’ono iwo amakhala olondola, ena olakwa. Akunena zowona kuti Darwin anali katswiri wodziwa bwino za chilengedwe yemwe ankawona molondola za chilengedwe, anaphunzira za nkhani yake ndi kulemba za kafukufuku wake. Palibe amene wawerenga magnum opus yake Pa Origin of Species angatsutse zimenezo. Komabe, akulakwitsa kuvomereza maganizo a Darwin akuti zamoyo zonse zimachokera ku selo limodzi loyambirira (theory primordial cell-to-man). Chifukwa chake n’chosavuta: Darwin sanathe kusonyeza zitsanzo zilizonse za kusintha kwa zamoyo m’buku lake lakuti On the Origin of Species, koma zitsanzo zokha za kusinthasintha ndi kusintha. Ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Kusiyanasiyana, monga kukula kwa milomo ya mbalameyo, kukula kwa mapiko, kapena kupirira bwino kwa mabakiteriya ena, sikutsimikizira m’pang’ono pomwe kuti mitundu yonse ya zamoyo imene ilipo tsopano inachokera ku selo loyambirira lomwelo. Ndemanga zotsatirazi zikufotokoza zambiri za mutuwo. Darwin mwiniyo anayenera kuvomereza kuti analibe zitsanzo za kusintha kwenikweni kwa zamoyo. M’lingaliro limeneli, tinganene kuti Darwin anasocheretsa sayansi:
Darwin: Ndatopa kwenikweni kuuza anthu kuti ndilibe umboni wachindunji wakuti zamoyo zinasintha n’kukhala zamoyo zina ndipo ndimakhulupirira kuti lingaliro limeneli ndi lolondola makamaka chifukwa chakuti zochitika zambiri zingathe kuikidwa m’magulumagulu n’kufotokozedwa mozikidwa pa izo. (14)
Encyclopedia Britannica: Kuyenera kugogomezera kuti Darwin sananenepo konse kuti anali wokhoza kutsimikizira chisinthiko kapena chiyambi cha zamoyo. Iye ananena kuti ngati chisinthiko chachitika, mfundo zambiri zosamvetsetseka zikhoza kufotokozedwa. Motero umboni wochirikiza chisinthiko uli wosalunjika.
“N’zodabwitsa kwambiri kuti buku limene latchuka pofotokoza mmene zamoyo zinayambira, silifotokoza m’njira iliyonse. (Christopher Booker, wolemba nkhani wa Times akunena za Darwin's magnum opus, On the Origin of Species ) (15)
Darwin akanakhala kuti anaphunzitsa m’njira yakuti m’malo mwa banja limodzi (lingaliro la chisinthiko, limene limalingalira kuti mipangidwe ya moyo yamakono inayamba kuchokera ku selo loyambirira lomwelo), pakanakhala mazana a mitengo ya mabanja, ndi kuti mtengo uliwonse uli ndi nthambi. ndi kubwerezabwereza, akanakhala pafupi ndi choonadi. Kusiyanasiyana kumachitika, monga momwe Darwin anatsimikizira, koma mkati mwa mitundu yoyambirira. Zowunikirazi zimagwirizana bwino ndi chitsanzo cha chilengedwe kusiyana ndi chitsanzo chomwe moyo wamakono umachokera ku selo limodzi loyambirira, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a tsinde limodzi:
Titha kungolingalira za zolinga zomwe zidapangitsa asayansi kutengera lingaliro la kholo limodzi mosakayikira. Kupambana kwa chiphunzitso cha Darwin mosakayika kunawonjezera kutchuka kwa asayansi, ndipo lingaliro la njira yodziŵika bwino limagwirizana kwambiri ndi mzimu wa nthaŵiyo kwakuti chiphunzitsocho chinalandira chichirikizo chodabwitsa kuchokera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo. Mulimonsemo, asayansi anavomereza chiphunzitsocho chisanayesedwe mwamphamvu, ndiyeno anagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wawo kutsimikizira anthu onse kuti njira zachilengedwe zinali zokwanira kupanga munthu kuchokera ku bakiteriya ndi bakiteriya kuchokera ku mankhwala osakaniza. Sayansi yachisinthiko inayamba kufunafuna umboni wochirikizira ndipo inayamba kubwera ndi mafotokozedwe amene akanathetsa umboni wotsutsawo. (16)
Zolemba zakale zimatsutsanso chiphunzitso cha Darwin. Zakhala zikudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti palibe chitukuko chapang'onopang'ono chomwe chingathe kuwonedwa muzinthu zakale, ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimafuna kutuluka kwa mphamvu, ziwalo ndi zamoyo zatsopano kudzera mu izi. Mwachitsanzo, Steven M. Stanley ananena kuti: “Palibe chitsanzo ngakhale chimodzi m’zinthu zakale zokwiririka pansi zodziwika bwino pamene chinthu chatsopano chofunika kwambiri cha zamoyo zamoyo chikukula (17) Kusakula kwapang'onopang'ono kwavomerezedwa ndi akatswiri angapo otsogola ofufuza zinthu zakale. Palibe zokwiriridwa pansi zakale kapena zamoyo zamakono zomwe zimasonyeza zitsanzo za kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kumene chiphunzitso cha Darwin chimafuna. M'munsimu muli ndemanga zochokera kwa oimira malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zakale. Malo osungiramo zinthu zakale achilengedwe ayenera kukhala ndi umboni wabwino kwambiri wa chisinthiko, koma alibe. Choyamba, ndemanga ya Stephen Jay Gould, mwinamwake katswiri wa mbiri yakale wotchuka wa nthaŵi yathu ino (American Museum). Iye anakana kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zokwiriridwa pansi zakale:
Stephen Jay Gould: Sindikufuna mwanjira ina iliyonse kupeputsa kuthekera komwe kungatheke kwa lingaliro lachisinthiko pang'onopang'ono. Ndikufuna kunena kuti sichinayambe 'kuwonedwa' m'miyala. (The Panda's Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183).
Dr. Etheridge, woyang'anira wotchuka padziko lonse wa British Museum: Mumyuziyamu yonseyi, mulibe ngakhale chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri chomwe chingatsimikizire chiyambi cha mitundu kuchokera ku mitundu yapakati. Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko sichichokera pa zochitika ndi zenizeni. Pankhani ya kulankhula za zaka za mtundu wa anthu, zinthu ndi zofanana. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi ili ndi umboni wochuluka wosonyeza mmene mfundozi zilili zopanda nzeru. (18)
Palibe aliyense wa akuluakulu a m’nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zazikulu zisanu zosungiramo zinthu zakale zosungiramo zinthu zakale amene angasonyeze ngakhale chitsanzo chimodzi chosavuta cha zamoyo zomwe tingazione ngati umboni wa chisinthiko chapang’onopang’ono kuchokera ku zamoyo zina kupita ku zina. (Chidule cha Dr. Luther Sunderland m’bukhu lake lakuti Darwin’s enigma . Iye anafunsa oimira ambiri a malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zosungiramo zinthu zakale za m’bukuli ndi kuwalembera kalata ali ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mtundu wa umboni umene anali nawo wotsimikizira chisinthiko. [19])
Mawu otsatirawa akupitiriza pa mutu womwewo. Malemu Dr Colin Patterson anali katswiri wamkulu wa paleontologist ndi fossil ku British Museum (Natural History). Iye analemba buku lonena za chisinthiko - koma munthu wina atamufunsa kuti n’chifukwa chiyani buku lakelo linalibe zithunzi za zamoyo zapakatikati (zamoyo zomwe zimasintha kwambiri), analemba yankho lotsatirali. M’kuyankha kwake, iye akunena za Stephen J. Gould, mwinamwake katswiri wodziŵa zinthu zakale wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse (mowonjezera molimba mtima):
Ndimagwirizana kwathunthu ndi malingaliro anu okhudzana ndi kusowa kwa zithunzi zomwe zili m'buku langa za zamoyo zomwe zamoyo zimasintha. Ngati ndikanadziŵa za zinthu zoterozo, zokwiriridwa pansi zakale kapena zamoyo, ndikanaziphatikiza mofunitsitsa m’buku langa . Mukuganiza kuti ndigwiritse ntchito wojambula kuti afotokoze mafomu apakati oterowo koma angapeze kuti chidziwitso cha zojambula zake? Kunena zowona, sindikanatha kumpatsa chidziwitsochi, ndipo ngati ndingasiyire nkhaniyi kwa wojambula, kodi sizingasokeretse owerenga? Ndinalemba malemba a bukhu langa zaka zinayi zapitazo [m’bukulo akunena kuti amakhulupirira mitundu ina yapakati]. Ndikadalilemba tsopano, ndikuganiza kuti bukuli lingakhale losiyana. Pang'onopang'ono (kusintha pang'onopang'ono) ndi lingaliro lomwe ndimakhulupirira. Osati kokha chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa Darwin koma chifukwa chakuti kumvetsa kwanga za majini kumaoneka kuti kumafuna zimenezo. Komabe, nkovuta kunena motsutsa [katswiri wotchuka wa zokwiriridwa pansi zakale Stephen J.] Gould ndi anthu ena a mumyuziyamu ya ku America ponena kuti kulibe mitundu yapakati . Monga katswiri wa zamoyo zakale, ndimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi mavuto afilosofi pozindikira mitundu yakale ya zamoyo kuchokera ku zinthu zakale. Mukunena kuti ndiyeneranso 'kupereka chithunzi cha zokwiriridwa pansi zakale, kumene gulu linalake la zamoyo linachokera.' Ndikulankhula mwachindunji - palibe zinthu zakale zomwe zingakhale umboni wopanda madzi . (20)
Kodi tinganene chiyani kuchokera pamwambazi? Tikhoza kulemekeza Darwin monga katswiri wabwino wa zachilengedwe, koma sitiyenera kuvomereza maganizo ake ponena za choloŵa cha zamoyo kuchokera ku selo limodzi loyambirira. Umboniwo ndi woyenerera kwambiri ku chilengedwe kotero kuti nthawi yomweyo Mulungu anakonza zonse. Kusiyanasiyana kumachitika, ndipo zamoyo zimatha kusinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu kuswana, koma zonsezi zili ndi malire omwe afikiridwe posachedwa. Chomaliza n’chakuti Darwin anasokeretsa sayansi, ndipo asayansi osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu anam’tsatira. Kuli kwanzeru kwambiri kudalira malingaliro a mbiri yakale kuti Mulungu analenga chirichonse kotero kuti sichinadziwonekere chokha. Lingaliro limeneli limachirikizidwanso ndi chenicheni chakuti asayansi samadziŵa njira yothetsera mmene moyo ungayambitsire wokha. Zimenezi n’zomveka chifukwa n’zosatheka. Moyo wokha ukhoza kulenga moyo, ndipo palibe chosiyana ndi lamuloli chomwe chapezeka. Kwa mitundu yoyambirira ya moyo, izi zikutanthauza Mulungu:
( Gen. 1:1 ) Pachiyambi Mulungu analenga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi.
- ( Aroma 1:19,20 ) Chifukwa chodziwika cha Mulungu chaonekera mwa iwo; pakuti Mulungu adawawonetsera iwo. 20 Pakuti zinthu zosaoneka za Iye, mphamvu yake yosatha ndi Umulungu wake, ziwoneka bwino, zizindikirika ndi zinthu zolengedwa; kotero kuti asakhale akuwiringula ;
- ( Chiv. 4:11 ) Ndinu woyenera, inu Ambuye, kulandira ulemerero ndi ulemu ndi mphamvu: chifukwa mudalenga zinthu zonse, ndipo mwa chifuniro chanu zilipo, ndipo zinalengedwa .
References:
1. Vishal Mangalwadi: Kirja, joka muutti maailmasi (The Book that Made Your World), p. 181,182,186 2. Usko, toivo ja terveys, p. 143, Article by Risto A. Ahonen 3. Matti Korhonen, Uusi tie 6.2.2014, p. 5. 4. John Dewey: ”The American Intellectual Frontier” New Republic, 10.5.1922, vol. 30, p. 303. Republic Publishing 1922 5. Noah J. Efron: Myytti 9: Kristinusko synnytti modernin luonnontieteen, p. 82,83 in book Galileo tyrmässä ja muita myyttejä tieteestä ja uskonnosta (Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion) 6. James Hannam: The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution 7. Malcolm Muggeridge: Jesus Rediscovered. Pyramid 1969. 8. David Bentley Hart: Ateismin harhat (Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and its Fashionable Enemies), p. 65 9. Lennart Saari: Haavoittunut planeetta, p. 104 10. James Hannam: The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution 11. O'Neill, T., The Dark Age Myth: An atheist reviews God's Philosophers, strangenotions.com, 17 October 2009 12. Ari Turunen: Ei onnistu, p. 201,202 13. Richard Dawkins: Sokea kelloseppä, p. 20 14. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 15. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19 16. Philip E. Johnson: Darwin on Trial, p. 152 17. Steven M. Stanley: Macroevolution: Pattern and Process. San Francisco: W.M. Freeman and Co. 1979, p. 39 18. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 94 19. Sit. kirjasta "Taustaa tekijänoikeudesta maailmaan", Kimmo Pälikkö ja Markku Särelä, p. 19. 20. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 15,16
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Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Mamilioni azaka / ma dinosaur / chisinthiko cha anthu? Sayansi muchinyengo: ziphunzitso zosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu zoyambira ndi mamiliyoni azaka Kodi madinosaur anakhala liti?
Mbiri ya Baibulo
Chikhulupiriro chachikhristu: sayansi, ufulu waumunthu Chikhulupiriro chachikhristu ndi ufulu waumunthu
Zipembedzo zaku Eastern / New Age Kodi munthu amabadwanso kwina?
Chisilamu mavumbulutso ndi moyo wa Muhammad Kupembedza mafano mu Islam ndi ku Mecca
Mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe Khalani omasuka ku kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Ukwati wosakondera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi Euthanasia ndi zizindikiro za nthawi
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