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Dinosaurs zawangaala ddi?
Manya lwaki dinosaurs zaaliwo mu biseera ebiyise, mu kiseera kye kimu n’abantu. Obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka kyangu okubuusabuusa okusinziira ku bujulizi obuliwo
Enzikiriza eya bulijjo eri nti dinosaurs zafuga Ensi okumala emyaka egisukka mu bukadde 100 okutuusa lwe zaasaanawo emyaka obukadde 65 egiyise. Ensonga eno ebadde eggumiza buli kiseera okuyita mu bitabo ne pulogulaamu ezikwata ku nkulaakulana, n’olwekyo endowooza ya dinosaurs ezibeera ku nsi obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka egiyise ebadde ewandiikiddwa nnyo mu birowoozo by’abantu abasinga obungi. Tekitwalibwa nga kisoboka nti bino ebinene (Size is relative. Leero blue whale zizitowa emirundi nga ebiri okusinga dinosaurs ezisinga obunene)ebisolo byali bibeera mu biseera eby’emabega ennyo era mu kiseera kye kimu n’abantu. Okusinziira ku ndowooza y’enkulaakulana, kiteeberezebwa nti dinosaurs zaali mu kiseera kya Jurassic ne Cretaceous, ebisolo eby’omulembe gwa Cambrian n’okusooka, era ebisolo ebiyonka byasembayo okulabika ku Nsi. Endowooza y’enkulaakulana ey’ebibinja bino ebirabika ku nsi eno mu biseera eby’enjawulo ya maanyi nnyo mu birowoozo by’abantu ne bakkiriza nti ekiikirira ssaayansi era nga kituufu, wadde nga kisoboka okuzuula ensonga nnyingi eziwakanya endowooza eno. Ekiddako, tujja kwetegereza omulamwa guno mu bujjuvu. Obujulizi bungi bulaga nti tewannayita bbanga ddene nnyo bukya dinosaurs zirabika ku nsi. Obujulizi buno tubutunuulira ekiddako.
Ebintu eby'edda ebya dinosaur mu kwekenneenya . Obujulizi obulaga nti dinosaurs zibadde zibeera ku nsi bwe bintu byabwe eby’ebintu eby’edda. Okusinziira ku zo, kisoboka okumanya obunene n’endabika ya dinoosaur zino era nti zaali nsolo za ddala. Tewali nsonga lwaki tubuusabuusa ebyafaayo byabwe. Kyokka, ennaku za dinosaur zino nsonga ya njawulo. Wadde nga okusinziira ku kipande ky’ebiseera eby’eby’ettaka ekyakolebwa mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, dinoosaur zasaanawo emyaka obukadde 65 egiyise, okusalawo ng’okwo tekuyinza kukolebwa nga kwesigamiziddwa ku bifo eby’edda. Ebintu eby’edda tebirina biwandiiko bikwata ku myaka gyabyo ne ddi lwe byasaanawo. Mu kifo ky’ekyo, embeera ennungi ey’ebintu eby’edda eraga nti nsonga ya myaka nkumi na nkumi, so si bukadde na bukadde. Kiva ku nsonga zino wammanga:
Amagumba tegatera kufuuka mayinja . Ebintu ebifuuse amayinja bizuuliddwa okuva mu dinosaurs, naye era n’amagumba agatafuuse amayinja. Abantu bangi balina endowooza nti ebifo byonna ebya dinosaur bifuuse amayinja n’olwekyo bya dda. Ate era, balowooza nti okufuuka amayinja kitwala obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka. Kyokka, okufuuka amayinja kuyinza okuba enkola ey’amangu. Mu mbeera ya laboratory, kisoboka okukola enku ezifuuse amayinja mu nnaku ntono. Mu mbeera entuufu, gamba nga mu nsulo ez’omuliro ezirimu eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka, amagumba nago gasobola okufuuka amayinja mu wiiki bbiri oba ssatu. Enkola zino tezeetaagisa myaka bukadde na bukadde. Kale amagumba ga dinosaur agatali ga mayinja gazuuliddwa. Ebintu ebimu eby’ebintu eby’edda ebya dinosaur biyinza okuba nga bisigadde n’amagumba agasinga obungi agasooka era nga biwunya nga bivunze. Omukugu mu by’ebintu eby’edda akkiririza mu ndowooza y’okukyukakyuka yagamba ku kifo ekimu ekinene ekyazuulibwa ebifo eby’edda ebya dinosaur nti “amagumba gonna agali mu Hell Creek gawunya.” Amagumba gayinza gatya okuwunya oluvannyuma lw’emyaka obukadde n’obukadde? Ekitabo kya ssaayansi kyogera ku ngeri C. Barreto n’ekibiina kye ekikola gye basomye ku magumba ga dinosaur ento (Science, 262:2020-2023), agaali tegafuuse mayinja. Amagumba agabalirirwamu emyaka obukadde 72-84 gaali galina omugerageranyo gwe gumu ogwa calcium ne phosphorus n’amagumba ag’omulembe guno. Ekitabo ekyasooka kiraga ebintu ebitonotono ebikwata ku magumba ago ebikuumiddwa obulungi. Amagumba matono gokka agafuuse amayinja nago ge gasangiddwa mu bitundu by’obukiikakkono nga Alberta ne Alaska mu Canada. Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Journal of Paleontology (1987, Vol. 61, No 1, pp. 198-200) kiwandiika ku kimu ku bizuuliddwa ng’ebyo:
Ekyokulabirako ekisingako awo ekyewuunyisa kyasangibwa ku lubalama lw’ennyanja mu bukiikakkono bw’ekibuga Alaska, enkumi n’enkumi z’amagumba kumpi gye gataliiko mayinja. Amagumba galabika era gawulira ng’amagumba g’ente amakadde. Abazudde tebaaloopa kuzuula kwabwe okumala emyaka amakumi abiri kubanga baali bakitwala nti bya bison-, so si magumba ga dinosaur.
Ekibuuzo ekirungi kiri nti amagumba gandibadde gakuumibwa gatya okumala emyaka obukadde n’obukadde? Mu kiseera kya dinosaurs, embeera y’obudde yali ya bbugumu, n’olwekyo emirimu gy’obuwuka obutonotono mazima ddala gyandisaanyizzaawo amagumba. Eky’okuba nti amagumba tegafuuse mayinja, gakuumibwa bulungi era galabika nga gafaanana n’amagumba amapya kiraga nti gamala ebbanga ttono okusinga okumala ebbanga eddene.
Ebitundu ebigonvu . Nga bwe kyayogeddwa, ebifo eby’edda tebirina tags ku myaka gyabyo. Tewali ayinza kwogera n’obukakafu ku mutendera ki ebiramu ebizuuliddwa ng’ebintu eby’edda bye bibadde biramu ku Nsi. Kino tekiyinza kuggyibwa butereevu mu bifo eby’edda. Kyokka bwe kituuka ku bifo eby’edda ebya dinosaur ebizuuliddwa, kyewuunyisa nnyo okulaba nti ebifo ebiwerako eby’ebintu ebyo bikuumiddwa bulungi. Okugeza, Yle uutiset yategeeza nga December 5, 2007 nti: "Ebinywa bya dinosaur n'olususu byasangibwa mu USA." Amawulire gano si ge gokka ag’ekika kyago, naye amawulire agafaananako n’ebyo bye twetegereza bingi. Okusinziira ku lipoota emu ey’okunoonyereza, ebitundu ebigonvu byawuddwa okuva mu ggumba lya dinosaur nga buli mulundi ogw’okubiri okuva mu kiseera kya Jurassic (emyaka 145.5 – 199.6 egy’enkulaakulana emabega) (1). Ebintu eby’edda ebya dinosaur ebikuumiddwa obulungi mazima ddala puzzle nnene singa biba bya myaka egisukka mu bukadde 65 egiyise. Ekyokulabirako ekirungi kye kifo kya dinosaur kumpi ekijjuvu ekyasangibwa mu bifo eby’amayinja ag’omuwendo aga Pietraroia mu Bugwanjuba bwa Yitale, okusinziira ku ndowooza y’enkulaakulana kyali kitwalibwa ng’eky’emyaka obukadde 110, naye ng’ebitundu byakyo eby’ekibumba, ekyenda, ebinywa n’amagumba byali bikyasigaddewo. Okugatta ku ekyo, ekintu ekyewuunyisa mu kuzuulibwa kwe kwali ekyenda ekyakuumibwa, ng’ebinywa bikyayinza okulabibwa. Okusinziira ku banoonyereza, ekyenda kyalabika nga kyakasaliddwa! ( OMUTTI, Agusito 1998, Omuzingo 13, No. 8, olupapula 303-304) Ekyokulabirako ekirala bye bifo eby’ebintu eby’edda eby’ekika kya pterosaurs (zaali nzige ennene ezibuuka) ezaasangibwa mu Araripe, Brazil, nga zikuumibwa bulungi mu ngeri etabangawo. Omukugu mu by’ebintu eby’edda mu Yunivasite y’e London, Stafford House yagamba ku bintu bino eby’ebintu eby’edda (Discover 2/1994):
Singa ekitonde ekyo kyali kifudde emyezi mukaaga egiyise, ne kiziikibwa ne kisimibwa, kyandibadde kifaanana ddala bwe kiti. Kituukiridde ddala mu buli ngeri.
Kale, ebizuuliddwa mu bitundu ebigonvu ebikuumiddwa obulungi bikoleddwa okuva mu dinosaurs. Ebizuuliddwa bifaanagana nnyo n’ebyo ebibadde bikoleddwa mu biwuka ebiyitibwa mammoths, ebilowoozebwa nti byafa emyaka enkumi ntono emabega. Ekibuuzo ekirungi kiri nti, ebifo eby’edda ebya dinosaur biyinza bitya okunnyonnyolwa nti bikadde emirundi mingi okusinga ebifo eby’ekika kya mammoth, singa byombi bikuumibwa bulungi kyenkanyi? Tewali musingi mulala gwonna ku kino okuggyako ekipande ky’obudde bw’eby’ettaka, ekizuuliddwa nga kikontana n’ebyo ebiyinza okwetegereza mu butonde emirundi mingi. Kyandibadde kiseera okusuula ekipande kino eky’ebiseera. Kisoboka nnyo nti dinosaurs ne mammoths zaali zibeera ku nsi mu kiseera kye kimu.
Ebirungo ebizimba omubiri nga albumin, collagen ne osteocalcin bizuuliddwa mu bisigalira bya dinosaurs. Era puloteyina ezitali nnywevu ennyo elastin ne laminin zizuuliddwa [Schweitzer, M. n’abalala 6, Biomolecular characterization n’ensengekera za puloteyina za Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Ekifuula ebizuuliddwa bino okuba obuzibu kwe kuba nti ebintu bino tebisangibwa bulijjo ne mu bifo eby’edda eby’ebisolo eby’omulembe guno. Okugeza, mu sampuli emu ey’amagumba ga mammoth, eyabalirirwamu emyaka 13,000, kolagini yonna yali yabula dda (Science, 1978, 200, 1275) .. Wabula kolagini eyawuddwa okuva mu bifo eby’edda ebya dinosaur. Okusinziira ku magazini ey’ekikugu eyitibwa Biochemist, kolagini tasobola kukuumibwa wadde okumala emyaka obukadde busatu ku bbugumu erituufu erya ziro diguli Celsius (2) . Eky’okuba nti ebizuuliddwa ng’ebyo bibaawo enfunda n’enfunda kiraga nti ebifo eby’edda ebya dinosaur ebisinga obungi biwezezza emyaka nkumi ntono. Okusalawo emyaka nga kwesigamiziddwa ku kipande ky’obudde bw’eby’ettaka tekukwatagana na bizuuliddwa mu kiseera kino.
Ku luuyi olulala, kimanyiddwa nti biomolecules teziyinza kukuumibwa okumala emyaka egisukka mu 100,000 (Bada, J et al. 1999. Okukuuma biomolecules enkulu mu biwandiiko by’ebintu eby’edda: okumanya okuliwo kati n’okusoomoozebwa mu biseera eby’omu maaso. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 354, [1379 ]). Kino kye kivudde mu kunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi ow’okugezesa (empirical science). Kolagini, nga eno ye biomolecule y’ebitundu by’ebisolo, kwe kugamba, puloteyina eya bulijjo ey’ensengekera, etera okwawulwa okuva mu bifo eby’edda. Kimanyiddwa ku puloteyina eyogerwako nti emenyeka mangu mu magumba, era ebisigalira byayo byokka bye bisobola okulabibwa oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 30,000, okuggyako mu mbeera ez’enjawulo enkalu ennyo. Ekitundu kya Hell Creek kikakafu nti kijja kufuna enkuba oluusi n’oluusi. N'olwekyo, kolagini tasaanidde kusangibwa mu ggumba ery'emyaka "obukadde 68" eribadde liziikiddwa mu ttaka. (3) .
Singa ebitunuuliddwa ku puloteyina ezaawuddwa okuva mu magumba ga dinosaur, nga albumin, collagen ne osteocalcin, awamu ne DNA bituufu, era nga tetulina nsonga lwaki tubuusabuusa carefullness y’abanoonyereza, okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kuno, amagumba galina okuddamu okuwandiikibwa ku myaka egitasukka 40,000-50,000, kubanga obudde obusinga obunene obusoboka obw’okukuuma ebintu ebyogerwako mu butonde tebiyinza kusukka. (4) .
Obutoffaali bw'omusaayi . Ekintu ekimu ekyewuunyisa kwe kuzuula obutoffaali bw’omusaayi mu bisigalira bya dinoosaur. Obutoffaali bw’omusaayi obuyitibwa nucleated blood cells buzuuliddwa era kizuuliddwa nti hemoglobin nayo esigala mu bwo. Ekimu ku bisinga obukulu ebyazuulibwa obutoffaali bw’omusaayi kyakolebwa dda mu myaka gya 1990 nga Mary Schweitzer. Okuva olwo ebintu ebirala ebifaananako bwe bityo byazuulibwa. Ekibuuzo ekirungi kiri nti obutoffaali bw’omusaayi buyinza butya okukuumibwa okumala emyaka obukadde n’obukadde oba oluvannyuma lw’ebyo byonna byasibuka mu by’ettaka? Ebintu bingi ebizuuliddwa eby’ekika kino bibuusabuusa ekipande ky’ebiseera by’ettaka n’obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka gyayo. Okusinziira ku mbeera ennungi ey’ebintu eby’edda, tewali nsonga ntuufu lwaki tukkiririza mu bukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka.
Mary Schweitzer bwe yali wa myaka etaano, yalangirira nti yali agenda kufuuka omukugu mu kunoonyereza ku dinoosaur. Ekirooto kye kyatuukirira, era ku myaka 38, yasobola okusoma ku magumba g’ennyonyi ekika kya Tyrannosaurus Rex kumpi agaali gakuumiddwa bulungi, agasangibwa mu Montana mu 1998 (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19, pp. 2376–2377). Emyaka gy'amagumba gano gyabalirirwamu "emyaka obukadde 80." Amagumba agawera ebitundu 90% gaazuuliddwa, era nga gakyaliwo. Schweitzer mukugu mu kunoonyereza ku bitundu by’omubiri era yeeyita omukugu mu by’obutonde (molecular paleontologist). Yalonze amagumba g’ebisambi n’amagumba g’ekisambi g’ekintu kye yazudde n’asalawo okwekebejja obusigo bw’amagumba. Schweitzer yakiraba nti obusigo bw’amagumba tebwali tebufuuse bya bifo era nti bwali bukuumibwa bulungi mu ngeri etayinza kukkirizibwa. Eggumba lyali lya butonde ddala era nga likuumibwa bulungi nnyo. Schweitzer yakisoma n’ekintu ekirabika obulungi era n’alaba ebizimbe ebyewuunyisa. Zaali ntono era nga zeetooloovu era nga zirina ekitundu ekiyitibwa nucleus, okufaananako n’obutoffaali obumyufu obuli mu musuwa. Naye obutoffaali bw’omusaayi bwandibadde bubula mu magumba ga dinosaur emyaka egiyise."Olususu lwange lwafuna ebizimba, nga ntunuulidde ekitundu ky'eggumba ery'omulembe," Schweitzer bw'agamba. "Mazima ddala saasobola kukkiriza bye nnali ndaba era ne ŋŋamba omukugu mu laabu nti: 'Amagumba gano gawezezza emyaka obukadde 65, obutoffaali bw'omusaayi bwandiwangadde butya ebbanga eryo?'" (Science, July 1993, Vol. 261, pp. 160–163) . Ekikulu mu kuzuula kuno kwe kuba nti amagumba gonna tegaali gafuuliddwa mu bifo eby’edda. Gayle Callis, omukugu mu kunoonyereza ku magumba, yalaze sampuli z’amagumba mu lukiiko lwa ssaayansi omusawo w’endwadde mwe yaziraba mu butanwa. Omusawo w'endwadde yagamba nti, "Obadde okimanyi nti mu ggumba lino mulimu obutoffaali bw'omusaayi?" Kino kyavaako omuzannyo ogw’ekitalo ogw’ekitalo. Mary Schweitzer yalaga Jack Horner, omunoonyereza omututumufu ku dinosaurs, sampuli eyo, ."Kale olowooza nti mulimu obutoffaali bw'omusaayi?" , Schweitzer kye yaddamu nti, "Nedda, sikikola." "Kale, gezaako bukakasizza nti si butoffaali bwa musaayi," Horner bwe yaddamu (EARTH, 1997, June: 55–57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner ateebereza nti amagumba manene nnyo ne kiba nti amazzi ne oxygen tebisobodde kugakosa. (5 )
Radiocarbon . Enkola esinga obukulu ekozesebwa okupima emyaka gy’ebintu ebiramu ye nkola ya radiocarbon. Mu nkola eno, ekitundu ky’obulamu ekitongole ekya radiocarbon (C-14) kiri emyaka 5730, kale tewandibaddewo kusigalawo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka nga 100,000. Naye ekituufu kiri nti radiocarbon ezze esangibwa enfunda eziwera mu bifo "ebikumi n'obukadde bw'emyaka" ebiterekeddwa, enzizi z'amafuta, ebiramu eby'omu Cambrian, ebifo eby'amanda, ne dayimanda. Ekitundu ky’obulamu ekitongole ekya radiocarbon bwe kiba nga kya myaka nkumi mitono gyokka, kino tekisaanye kusoboka singa sampuli ziba za myaka obukadde n’obukadde emabega. Ekisoboka kyokka kiri nti ekiseera ky’okufa kw’ebiramu kyali kumpi nnyo n’eky’omulembe guno, kwe kugamba, enkumi n’enkumi, so si obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka. Obuzibu bwe bumu buli ku dinosaurs. Okutwaliza awamu, dinosaurs tezibadde na nnaku za radiocarbon, kubanga ebifo eby’edda ebya dinosaur bibadde bitwalibwa ng’ebikadde ennyo okusobola okuzuula ennaku za radiocarbon. Wabula ebipimo ebitonotono bikoleddwa era ekyewuunyisa kibadde nti radiocarbon ekyasigalawo. Kino, okufaananako n’ebyo bye twalaba emabega, kiraga nti tekiyinza kutwala myaka bukadde na bukadde bukya bitonde bino bisaanawo. Ekigambo kino wammanga kyogera ku kizibu kino. Ttiimu y’abanoonyereza mu Girimaani ekola lipoota ku bisigalira bya radiocarbon eby’ebisigadde bya dinosaur ebyasangibwa mu bifo eby’enjawulo ebiwerako:
Ebintu ebikadde ebiteeberezebwa okuba eby’edda ennyo tebitera kuba na nnaku za kaboni-14 kubanga tebirina kuba na leediyokaboni yonna esigaddewo. Ekitundu ky’obulamu bwa kaboni alina obusannyalazo bumpi nnyo ne kiba nti kumpi byonna bivunze mu myaka egitawera 100,000. Mu August 2012, ekibinja ky’abanoonyereza Abagirimaani baategeeza mu lukiiko lw’abakugu mu by’obutonde bw’ensi ku bivudde mu kupima kaboni-14 okwali kukoleddwa ku sampuli z’amagumba ga dinosaur mangi agafuuse ebifo eby’edda. Okusinziira ku bivudde mu kunoonyereza, amagumba gano gaali gawezezza emyaka 22,000-39,000! Waakiri mu kiseera kino nga bino biwandiikibwa, ennyanjula eno esangibwa ku mukutu gwa YouTube. (6) . Ebyavaamu byafunibwa bitya? Babiri ku bassentebe bano abataasobodde kukkiriza bipimo bino, basazeewo ekiwandiiko ekitonotono eky’ennyanjula eno ku mukutu gw’olukuŋŋaana nga tebakyogerako eri bannassaayansi. Ebyavudde mu kunoonyereza kuno bifunibwa ku mukutu gwa http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Omusango gulaga engeri enkola y’obutonde gy’ekosaamu. Kumpi tekisoboka kufuna bivuddemu ebikontana n’ebyo ebifulumiziddwa mu kibiina kya ssaayansi ekifugibwa enkola y’obutonde. Kiyinzika nnyo nti zabbibu zibuuka. (7) .
DNA . Ekimu ku biraga nti ebisigalira bya dinosaur tebiyinza kuba bya myaka bukadde na bukadde emabega kwe kuzuula DNA mu byo. DNA eyawuddwa okuva mu kugeza Ebikwata ku Tyrannosaurus Rex bone material (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) n’amagi ga dinosaur mu China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Ekikaluubiriza okuzuula kwa DNA eri endowooza y’enkulaakulana kiri nti ne ku mummy oba mammoths z’abantu enkadde ezisomeseddwa, sampuli za DNA bulijjo teziyinza kufunibwa kubanga ekintu kino kyonoonese. Ekyokulabirako ekirungi Svante Pääbo bwe yanoonyereza ku bitundu by’omubiri eby’omubiri gw’abantu 23 mu myuziyamu y’e Berlin e Uppsala. Yasobola okwawula DNA okuva mu mummy emu yokka, ekiraga nti ekintu kino tekisobola kumala bbanga ddene nnyo (Nature 314: 644-645). Eky’okuba nti DNA ekyaliwo mu dinosaurs kiraga nti ebintu eby’edda tebiyinza kuba bya myaka bukadde na bukadde emabega. Ekisinga okukaluubiriza kwe kuba nti oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 10,000 tewandibaddewo DNA esigaddewo n’akatono (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Mu ngeri y’emu, mu kunoonyereza okwakakolebwa okuva mu 2012, kyabalirirwa nti ekitundu ky’obulamu bwa DNA buba myaka 521 gyokka. Kino kiraga nti endowooza y’ebintu eby’edda eby’emyaka obukadde n’obukadde esobola okugaanibwa. Mu mawulire agakwatagana (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) kyagambibwa nti:
Ekkomo erisembayo ery’okukuuma DNA lyazuulibwa - ebirooto by’okukola cloning ya dinosaurs byaggwaawo
Dinosaurs zasaanawo emyaka obukadde 65 egiyise. DNA tewangaala kumpi bbanga ddene bwe lityo, wadde mu mbeera ennungi, okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakakolebwa... Enziyiza n’obuwuka obutonotono bitandika okumenya DNA y’obutoffaali amangu ddala ng’ekisolo kifudde. Naye ensonga enkulu lwaki kino kibaawo kirowoozebwa nti y’enkola ereetebwa amazzi. Olw’okuba kumpi buli wamu waliwo amazzi agali wansi w’ettaka, mu ndowooza, DNA yandibadde evunda ku sipiidi etakyukakyuka. Kyokka okuzuula kino, nga olunaku luno terunnatuuka tetwasobola kuzuula bintu bingi ebimala eby’ebintu eby’edda ebyali bikyalina DNA esigaddewo. Kati bannassaayansi b’e Denmark ne Australia bagonjodde ekyama kino, kubanga baafunye amagumba g’ekinyonyi ekinene ennyo ekiyitibwa Moa 158 mu laboratory yaabwe, era amagumba ago gakyalina obuzaale obusigadde mu go. Amagumba galina emyaka 600 – 8000 era gasibuka nga mu kitundu kye kimu, bwe kityo gakaddiye mu mbeera ezitebenkedde.
Ne amber tasobola kuwa DNA budde bwa kwongera
Nga bageraageranya emyaka gya sampuli n’emiwendo gya DNA gy’evunda, bannassaayansi basobodde okubala ekitundu ky’obulamu bwa myaka 521. Kino kitegeeza nti oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 521 ekitundu ky’ennyondo za nyukiliyotayidi mu DNA zikutuse. Oluvannyuma lw’emyaka emirala 521 kino nakyo kituuse ku kitundu ky’ennyondo ezisigaddewo n’ebirala. Abanoonyereza baakiraba nti ne bwe kiba nti eggumba lino lyawummudde mu bbugumu erituufu, ennyondo zonna zandibadde zikutuse nga tezinnaggwaako oluvannyuma lw’emyaka obukadde 68. Ne bwe wabaawo emyaka obukadde bumu n’ekitundu, DNA efuuka etali ya kusoma: wasigalawo amawulire matono nnyo, kubanga ebitundu byonna ebikulu biweddewo.
Singa DNA ekyaliwo mu dinosaurs era ng’ekitundu ky’obulamu bw’ekintu kino kipimibwa mu bikumi n’ebikumi by’emyaka gyokka, kino kisaana okuggyibwamu. Oba ebipimo bya DNA tebyesigika, oba endowooza ezikwata ku dinosaurs ezaaliwo emyaka obukadde n’obukadde emabega si ntuufu. Mazima ddala eky’oluvannyuma kituufu, kubanga ebipimo ebirala nabyo bitegeeza ebiseera ebimpi, so si obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka. Ono ssaayansi eyeesigama ku bipimo, era bwe kigaanibwa ddala, tuba twebuzaabuza.
OKUSAANYIZA EBIKOLWA BY'ENSIGO . Bwe kituuka ku kuzikirizibwa kwa dinosaurs, kitera okulowoozebwa nti kyaliwo obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka egiyise, ku nkomerero y’ekiseera kya Cretaceous. Kiteeberezebwa nti ammonites, belemnites n’ebika by’ebimera n’ebisolo ebirala nabyo byali byenyigira mu kuzikirizibwa kwe kumu. Okuzikirizibwa kuno kuteeberezebwa nti kwasaanyaawo ekitundu ekinene eky’ebisolo eby’omu kiseera kya Cretaceous. Ekisinga okuvaako okuzikirizibwa kuno ebiseera ebisinga kibadde kitwalibwa ng’ekiwujjo ekiyitibwa meteorite, ekyandibadde kisitula ekire ekinene ennyo eky’enfuufu. Ekire ky’enfuufu kyandibadde kibikka omusana okumala ebbanga ddene, ng’ebimera bifudde era n’ebisolo ebirya ebimera nabyo byandifa enjala. Naye endowooza ya meteorite n’endowooza y’enkyukakyuka y’obudde egenda mpola zirina ekizibu kimu: tezinnyonnyola kuzuulibwa kwa bifo eby’edda munda mu njazi enkalu n’ensozi. Ebintu eby’edda ebya dinosaur bisangibwa okuva mu bitundu by’ensi eby’enjawulo munda mu njazi enkalu, ekintu ekyewuunyisa. Kyewunyisa, kubanga tewali nsolo nnene - mpozzi nga ya mita 20 obuwanvu - esobola kugenda munda mu lwazi olukalu. Ebiseera nabyo tebiyamba nsonga, kubanga singa olinda obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka ekisolo okuziikibwa mu ttaka ne kifuulibwa eby’ebintu eby’edda, kyandivunze bulungi ng’ekiseera ekyo tekinnatuuka oba ebisolo ebirala byandikirya. Mu butuufu, buli lwe tusanga dinosaur n’ebintu ebirala eby’edda, biteekwa okuba nga byaziikibwa mangu wansi w’ebitosi. Ebintu eby’edda tebisobola kuzaalibwa mu ngeri ndala yonna:
Kya lwatu nti singa okutondebwa kw’ebitereke kwandibaddewo ku sipiidi empola bwetyo, tewali bifo biyinza kukuuma, okuva bwe kiri nti tebyandiziikiddwa mu nsenke nga tebinnavunda asidi z’amazzi, oba nga tebinnasaanyizibwawo ne bikutukakutuka mu bitundutundu nga bwe bisiiga n’okukuba wansi w’ennyanja ezitali nnene. Ziyinza okubikkibwako ensenke mu kabenje, nga ziziikibwa mu bwangu. ( Geochronology oba Emyaka gy’Ensi ku nsonga z’Ensenke n’Obulamu , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, lup. 14)
Ekifundikwa kiri nti dinoosaur zino ezisangibwa mu nsi yonna ziteekwa okuba nga zaziikibwa mangu ebitosi. Ebitoomi ebigonvu bizze bibitoolodde mu kusooka n’oluvannyuma ne bikaluba nnyo mu ngeri y’emu nga seminti. Mu ngeri eno yokka ensibuko ya dinosaurs, mammoths n’ebintu ebirala eby’ebintu ebikadde gye bisobola okunnyonnyolwa. Mu Mataba, ekyo mazima ddala kiyinza okubaawo. Tutunuulira ennyonyola, etuwa endowooza entuufu ku nsonga eno. Kiraga dinosaurs nga zisangibwa munda mu njazi enkalu, ekiraga nti ziteekwa okuba nga zaali zibikkiddwako ebitoomi ebigonvu. Olwo ebitoomi bikalubye nga bibeetoolodde. Mu Mataba mwokka, naye si mu nsengekera y’obutonde eya bulijjo, twandisuubidde ekintu ng’ekyo okubaawo (ekiwandiiko era kyogera ku ngeri ebiwujjo by’amazzi gye byandibadde bituuma amagumba ga dinosaur). Ebiwandiiko ebinene byongeddwaako oluvannyuma okusobola okutegeera obulungi:
Yagenda mu ddungu ly’e South Dakota, awali bbugwe w’amayinja aga langi emmyufu, emmyufu n’emicungwa n’amayinja amanene. Mu nnaku ntono yasangamu amagumba mu bbugwe w’amayinja , ge yateebereza nti ge kika kye yali atandise okunoonya. Bwe yasima ejjinja okwetooloola amagumba , yakizuula ng’amagumba gali mu nsengeka y’ensengeka y’ensolo. Tezaali mu ntuumu ng’amagumba ga dinosaur bwe gatera okuba. Entuumu nnyingi ng’ezo zaali ng’ezikoleddwa mu kiwujjo ky’amazzi eky’amaanyi. Kati amagumba gano gaali mu jjinja ly’omusenyu erya bbululu, erikaluba ennyo . Ejjinja ly’omusenyu lyalina okuggyibwamu n’ekyuma ekikuba ebyuma (grader) ne liggyibwawo nga bakuba bbomu. Brown ne banne baakola ekinnya kumpi mmita musanvu n’ekitundu obuziba okusobola okufulumya amagumba. Okuggyawo amagumba agamu amanene kyabatwalira mu biseera by’obutiti bibiri. Tebaaggyawo magumba ku jjinja n’akatono. Baatambuza amayinja ago nga bakozesa eggaali y’omukka okutuuka mu myuziyamu, bannassaayansi gye baasobola okukutula ebintu eby’amayinja ne bateekawo amagumba ago. Enzige eno ey’omutyobooli kati eyimiridde mu kisenge eky’okwolesebwamu mu myuziyamu eno. (olupapula 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler ne Harold G. Coffin)
OBUVUNANYIZIBWA EBIRALA OBW'AMAABA . Kale ekituufu kiri nti ebisigalira bya dinosaurs bisangibwa munda mu njazi enkalu, nga kizibu okuziggyamu. Ekisoboka kyokka engeri gye baatuuka mu mbeera eno kwe kuba nti ebitosi ebigonvu biba bikoleddwa mangu okwetooloola ate ne bikaluba ne bifuuka olwazi. Mu mbeera ng’Amataba, kino kiyinza okuba nga kyaliwo. Kyokka waliwo ebyogerwako ku bisolo ebinene nga bino mu byafaayo by’omuntu ne bwe byamala amataba, kale byonna tebyafa mu kiseera ekyo. Ate kiri kitya ku bujulizi obulala obulaga Amataba? Wano tukulaga ebitonotono ku byo. Ekyo mu kipande ky’ebiseera by’ettaka ekinnyonnyolwa obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka, oba oboolyawo obutyabaga bungi, byonna bisobola okuva ku katyabaga kamu: Amataba. Kiyinza okunnyonnyola okuzikirizibwa kwa dinosaurs awamu n’ebintu ebirala bingi ebirabibwa mu ttaka. Obukakafu obumu obw’amaanyi obw’Amataba kwe kugeza nti ensenke z’ennyanja za bulijjo mu nsi yonna, ng’ebijuliziddwa bino wammanga bwe biraga. Ekisooka ku bigambo bino kiva mu kitabo ekyawandiikibwa James Hutton, taata w’eby’ettaka, okuva emyaka egisukka mu 200 egiyise:
Tulina okumaliriza nti layers zonna ez’ettaka (...) zakolebwa omusenyu n’amayinja ebyatuuma ku ttaka ly’ennyanja, ebisusunku by’ebiwuka ebiyitibwa crustacean n’ebintu by’amasanga, ettaka n’ebbumba. (J. Hutton, Endowooza y’Ensi l, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Ku ssemazinga, enjazi ez’ensenke ez’omu nnyanja zitera nnyo era zisaasaanidde nnyo okusinga enjazi endala zonna ez’ensenke bwe zigatta. Kino kye kimu ku bintu ebyo ebyangu ebyetaagisa okunnyonnyolwa, nga kiri ku mutima gwa buli kimu ekikwatagana n’okufuba kw’omuntu okugenda mu maaso okutegeera enkula y’ensi ekyukakyuka ey’eby’emabega eby’eby’ettaka. (8) .
Ekirala ekiraga Amataba gano ge bifo ebirimu amanda okwetoloola ensi yonna, ebimanyiddwa nti byasengekebwa amazzi. Okugatta ku ekyo, okubeerawo kw’ebintu eby’omu nnyanja n’ebyennyanja kiraga nti ebifo ebiterekeddwa tebiyinza kuba biva ku kuzimba mpola mu lutobazzi olumu. Wabula ennyonyola esinga obulungi eri nti amazzi gaatambuza ebimera okutuuka mu bifo amanda we gaakolebwa. Amazzi gasimbula ebimera n’emiti, ne gabituuma mu ntuumu ennene, era ne galeeta ebisolo by’omu nnyanja mu bimera eby’oku lukalu. Kino kisoboka mu katyabaga akanene, gamba ng’Amataba agoogeddwako mu Baibuli.
Ebibira bwe byaziikibwa mu nfuufu olw’ensonga ezimu, ebifo by’amanda byatondebwawo. Obuwangwa bwaffe obw’ebyuma obuliwo kati ekitundu kyesigamiziddwa ku bitundu bino. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Ekitabo ky’ebiramu 9, olupapula 91)
Wansi ne waggulu w’emisono gy’amanda ag’eby’obuggagga bw’omu ttaka waliwo, nga bwe kyayogeddwa, layers eza bulijjo ez’amayinja ag’ebbumba, era okusinziira ku nsengeka yaago tusobola okulaba nti gabadde gasengekeddwa okuva mu mazzi. (9) .
Obujulizi obusinga obungi bulaga nti amanda g’eby’obuggagga bw’omu ttaka gaakolebwa mangu ng’ebibira ebinene bisaanyiziddwaawo, ne biteekebwamu layeri n’oluvannyuma ne biziikibwa mangu. Waliwo ebitundu ebinene ebiyitibwa lignite strata mu Yallourn, Victoria (Australia) ebirimu ebikonge by’emiti gya payini bingi – emiti mu kiseera kino egitamera ku ttaka ly’ebitosi. Ebisenge ebisunsuddwa, ebinene ebirimu ebitundu 50% eby’obuwuka obulongoofu era nga busaasaanidde mu kitundu ekinene ennyo bikakasa bulungi nti ebitundu bya lignite byakolebwa amazzi. (10) .
Kisomesebwa mu masomero nti kaboni atondebwa mpolampola okuva mu peat, wadde nga tewali we kiyinza kwetegereza nti kino kigenda mu maaso. Bw’olowooza ku bunene bw’ennimiro z’amanda, ebika by’ebimera eby’enjawulo, n’ebikonge ebigolokofu ebiriko emitendera mingi, kirabika nti ebifo by’amanda byakolebwa ebimera ebinene ennyo ebikulukuta, mu kiseera ky’amataba amanene ennyo. Emikutu egyayolwa ebiramu eby’omu nnyanja nagyo gisangibwa mu bifo bino eby’ebimera ebirimu kaboni. Ebintu eby'edda eby'ebisolo by'omu nnyanja nabyo bizuuliddwa mu bifo eby'amanda ("A note on the Occurrence of Marine Animal Remains in a Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Ebifo ebinene eby'ebisusunku by'ebisolo by'omu nnyanja n'ebintu eby'edda ebya Spirorbis, ebyabeeranga mu nnyanja, nabyo bisobola okusangibwa mu bifo eby'amanda.(Weir, J., ”Okunoonyereza okwakakolebwa ku bisusunku by’ebipimo bya kaboni”, Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11) .
Prof. Price ayanjula ensonga nga layers z’amanda ag’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka 50- ku100 ziri waggulu wa buli emu era wakati wazo waliwo layers omuli n’ebintu eby’edda okuva mu nnyanja ennene. Obujulizi buno abutwala nga bwa maanyi nnyo era nga bumatiza ne kiba nti tagezaako kunnyonnyola nsonga zino ng’asinziira ku ndowooza ya Lyell ey’obumu. (12) .
Ekintu eky’okusatu ekiraga Amataba kwe kubeerawo kw’ebintu eby’omu nnyanja mu nsozi empanvu nga Himalaya, Alps ne Andes. Bino bye bimu ku byokulabirako okuva mu bitabo bya bannassaayansi n’abakugu mu by’ettaka:
Bwe yali atambula ku nnyanja Beagle Darwin yennyini yasanga ebisusunku by’ennyanja ebifuuse ebifo eby’edda okuva waggulu ku nsozi z’e Andes. Kiraga nti, kati ekiyitibwa olusozi edda kyali wansi w’amazzi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Lwaki evoluutio kituufu], lup. 127)
Waliwo ensonga lwaki tulina okutunuulira obulungi obutonde bw’amayinja agali mu nsozi ezaasooka. Kisinga kulabibwa mu nsozi za Alps, mu nsozi za lime Alps ez’obukiikakkono, ekiyitibwa Helvetian zone. Limestone kye kintu ekikulu eky’amayinja. Bwe tutunuulira olwazi wano ku nsozi eziwanvu oba ku ntikko y’olusozi - singa twalina amaanyi okulinnya waggulu eyo - ku nkomerero tujja kusanga ebisigalira by’ebisolo ebifuuse eby’edda, ebifo eby’ebisolo, mu lyo. Zitera okwonooneka ennyo naye kisoboka okusanga ebitundu ebimanyiddwa. Ebintu ebyo byonna eby’ebintu eby’edda biba bisusunku bya lime oba amagumba g’ebitonde eby’omu nnyanja. Mu byo mulimu ammonites eziriko obuwuzi obuyitibwa spiral-threaded ammonites, n’okusingira ddala enseenene nnyingi ezirina ebisusunku bibiri. (...) Omusomi ayinza okwebuuza mu kiseera kino kitegeeza ki nti ensozi zikwata ensenke nnyingi nnyo, era eziyinza okusangibwa nga zisengekeddwa wansi mu nnyanja. (olupapula 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai okuva mu yunivasite y’e Japan e Kyushu amaze emyaka mingi ng’anoonyereza ku bifo bino eby’omu nnyanja mu nsozi za Himalaya. Ye n’ekibinja kye bawandiise ekifo ekikuumirwamu eby’ennyanja kyonna okuva mu kiseera kya Mesozoic. Enseenene z’ennyanja ezitali nnywevu, ezikwatagana n’enseenene z’omu nnyanja n’emmunyeenye z’ennyanja eziriwo kati, zisangibwa mu bbugwe w’amayinja agasukka mu kiromita ssatu waggulu w’obugulumivu bw’ennyanja. Ammonites, belemnites, corals ne plankton bisangibwa ng’ebintu eby’edda mu njazi z’ensozi (...) Ku buwanvu bwa kiromita bbiri, abakugu mu by’ettaka baazudde akabonero akalekeddwa ennyanja yennyini. Obugulumivu bwayo obw’olwazi obulinga amayengo bukwatagana n’ebifaananyi ebisigala mu musenyu okuva mu mayengo ag’amazzi amatono. Ne bwe wava waggulu ku lusozi Everest, wasangibwawo ebitundu by’amayinja aga kiragala aga limestone, agaasituka wansi w’amazzi okuva mu bisigalira by’ebisolo by’omu nnyanja ebitabalika. ("Maapallo ihmeiden pulaneetta", olupapula 55)
Ekintu eky’okuna ekiraga nti Amataba galiwo ye mboozi z’amataba, nga okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu, kumpi 500 ku zo. Obutonde bw’emboozi zino obw’ensi yonna buyinza okutwalibwa ng’obujulizi obusinga obulungi ku kintu kino:
Obuwangwa nga 500 – omuli abantu enzaalwa z’e Buyonaani, China, Peru ne North America – bwe bumanyiddwa mu nsi yonna ng’enfumo n’enfumo byogera ku mboozi ematiza ey’amataba amanene agaakyusa ebyafaayo by’ekika kino. Mu mboozi nnyingi, abantu batono bokka abaawonawo amataba, nga bwe kyali ku Nuuwa. Bangi ku bantu baatwala amataba nga gaava ku bakatonda abaaboola ekika ky’abantu, olw’ensonga emu oba endala. Oboolyawo abantu baali ba nguzi, nga mu biseera bya Nuuwa ne mu lugero olw’ekika ky’Abahopi enzaalwa z’omu Amerika mu North America, oba oboolyawo abantu baali bangi nnyo era nga bakola amaloboozi mangi, nga mu Gilgamesh epic. (13) .
Singa Amataba mu nsi yonna tegaali ga ddala, amawanga agamu gandinnyonnyodde nti okubutuka kw’olusozi olutiisa, omuyaga omunene ogw’omuzira, ekyeya (...) bisaanyizzaawo bajjajjaabwe ababi. N’olwekyo, okubeera kw’emboozi y’Amataba mu nsi yonna kye kimu ku bintu ebisinga obulungi ebiraga nti ya mazima. Tuyinza okugoba enfumo zonna ku zino ng’enfumo ssekinnoomu ne tulowooza nti zaali kuteebereza kwokka, naye awamu, okusinziira ku ndowooza y’ensi yonna, kumpi teziyinza kuwakanyizibwa. (Ensi) .
Dinosaurs n'ebisolo ebiyonka . Bwe tusoma ebitabo ebikwata ku biramu n’ebitabo ebikwata ku nkulaakulana, enfunda n’enfunda tusanga endowooza y’engeri obulamu bwonna gye bwakulaakulana okuva mu katoffaali akasookerwako akatono okutuuka ku nkula eziriwo kati. Evolution yalimu nti ebyennyanja byali birina okufuuka ebikere, ebikere ne bifuuka ebisolo ebikulukusiza ate dinosaurs ne bifuuka ebisolo ebiyonka. Naye ekikulu kye twetegereza kiri nti amagumba ga dinosaur gazuuliddwa mu magumba agafaanagana n’amagumba g’embalaasi, ente n’endiga (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus ayinza okuba nga yafa mu kasirise oluvannyuma lw’ebyo byonna, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9.), kale dinosaurs n’ebisolo ebiyonka biteekwa okuba nga byawangaala mu kiseera kye kimu . Ekijuliziddwa kino wammanga kyogera ku kye kimu. Kyogera ku ngeri Carl Werner gye yasalawo okugezesa endowooza ya Darwin mu nkola. Yakola okunoonyereza okumala emyaka 14 era n’akuba ebifaananyi enkumi n’enkumi. Okunoonyereza kwalaga nti ebisolo ebiyonka n’ebinyonyi bibeera mu bungi ate mu kiseera kye kimu ne dinoosaur:
Nga talina kumanya kwonna kwonna okusooka ku bifo ebiramu, omusawo Omumerika Carl Werner yasalawo okuteeka endowooza ya Darwin wansi w’okugezesebwa okw’omugaso... Yakola okunoonyereza okunene okumala emyaka 14 ku bifo eby’edda eby’omulembe gwa dinosaurn’ebika ebiyinza okuba nga byabeera wamu nabyo... Werner yamanyiira ebitabo by’ekikugu eby’eby’edda era n’agenda mu myuziyamu 60 ez’ebyafaayo by’obutonde okwetoloola ensi yonna, gye yakubye ebifaananyi 60 000. Essira yalissa ku bifo eby’edda byokka ebyasimibwa okuva mu bitundu bye bimu, ng’ebifo bya dinosaur bisobola okusangibwa (ebiseera bya Triassic -, Jurassic -, ne Cretaceous emyaka obukadde 250-65 egiyise). Oluvannyuma yageraageranya enkumi n’enkumi z’ebintu eby’edda eby’enkanankana bye yali azudde mu myuziyamu n’alaba mu biwandiiko n’ebika ebiriwo kati era n’abuuza abakugu bangi mu by’okunoonyereza ku bintu eby’edda n’abakugu abalala. Ekyavaamu kwe kuba nti myuziyamu n’ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku by’edda byalaga ebifo eby’edda ebya buli kibinja ky’ebika ebiriwo mu kiseera kino ... Tutegeezeddwa nti ebisolo ebiyonka byatandika okukula mpola mu “mulembe omukulu” ogwa dinosaurs, nti ebisolo ebiyonka ebyasooka byali “bitonde bitono ebiringa ebiwuka ebiyitibwa shrew ebibeera nga byekukumye era nga bitambula kiro kyokka nga bitya dinosaurs.” Kyokka mu bitabo by’abakugu, Werner yazuula lipoota z’enseenene, opossums, beavers, primates ne platypuses ezaali zisimiddwa okuva mu bitundu bya dinosaur. Era yayogera ku kitabo ekyafulumizibwa mu 2004, okusinziira ku kino ebitonde ebiyonka 432 bye bizuuliddwa mu bitundu bya Triassic -, Jurassic -, ne Cretaceous, era kumpi kikumi ku byo magumba amajjuvu... Mu mboozi ey’akafubo Werner gye yayogera ku vidiyo, omuddukanya ekifo eky’ebyafaayo eky’omu Utah, Dr Donald Burge, annyonnyola nti: “Tusanga ebifo eby’edda eby’ebisolo ebiyonka kumpi mu byonna bye twasima ebya dinosaur. Tulina ttani kkumi ez’ebbumba erya bentonite nga lirimu ebifo eby’edda eby’ebisolo ebiyonka, era tuli mu nteekateeka y’okubiwa abanoonyereza abalala. Si lwakuba nti tetwandizisanze nga nkulu, wabula lwakuba nti obulamu bumpi, era siri mukugu mu bisolo ebiyonka: nkuguse mu bisolo ebikulukusiza ne dinosaurs”. Omukugu mu by’ebintu eby’edda Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) yagamba mu mboozi ya Werner mu vidiyo mu May, 2004 nti: “Ekigambo ‘omulembe gwa dinosaur’ kiyitibwa linnya likyamu. Ebisolo ebiyonka bikola ekibinja ekinene ekyabeera awamu ne dinosaurs era nga nabyo byawona”. (Ebigambo bino biva mu kitabo: Werner C. Living Fossils, p. 172 –173). (14) .
Okusinziira ku bizuuliddwa mu bifo eby’edda, ekigambo omulembe gwa dinosaur n’olwekyo kibuzaabuza. Ebisolo ebiyonka eby’omulembe guno ebya bulijjo bibadde mu kiseera kye kimu ne dinosaurs, kwe kugamba ebika by’ebisolo ebiyonka ebitakka wansi wa 432. Ate ebinyonyi ebilowoozebwa nti byava mu dinoosaur? Era zisangiddwa mu strata emu wamu ne dinosaurs. Bino bika bye bimu ddala n'eby'ennaku zino: enkazaluggya, penguin, eagle owl, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet...Dr Werner ategeezezza nti ""Museums teziraga bifo bino eby'ebinyonyi eby'omulembe guno, wadde okubikuba mu bifaananyi ebiraga embeera za dinosaur. Kikyamu. Okusinga, buli T. Rex oba Triceratops lw’elagibwa mu mwoleso gw’omu myuziyamu, engege, loons, flamingo, oba ebimu ku binyonyi bino ebirala eby’omulembe ebisangiddwa mu bitundu bye bimu ne dinosaurs nabyo birina okulagibwa. Naye ekyo tekibaawo. Sirabangako nkoko eriko dinosaur mu myuziyamu y’ebyafaayo by’obutonde, nedda? Enjuki? Enkazaluggya?”
Dinosaurs n'abantu . Mu ndowooza y’eby’enkulaakulana, kitwalibwa ng’ekitasoboka nti omuntu yabeeranga ku nsi nga bukyali ku dinosaurs. Tekikkirizibwa, wadde nga kimanyiddwa nti ebisolo ebirala ebiyonka byalabika mu kiseera kye kimu ne dinosaurs, era newankubadde nga ebizuuliddwa ebirala bituuka n’okulaga nti abantu baalina okulabika nga dinosaurs tennabaawo (ebintu n’ebintu eby’edda eby’abantu mu bifo eby’amanda n’ebirala). Kyokka, waliwo obukakafu obumu obulaga nti dinoosaur n’abantu baali babeera mu kiseera kye kimu. Okugeza ennyonyola z'ekisota bwe zityo. Edda abantu baayogeranga ku biwuka ebiyitibwa dragons, naye si ku dinosaurs, erinnya lyazo Richard Owen ye yayiiya mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda mwokka.
Emboozi s. Obujulizi obumu obulaga nti dinoosaur zaaliwo mu biseera ebiyise, y’emboozi nnyingi n’ennyonnyola ezikwata ku bisota ebinene n’enzige ezibuuka. Ennyonnyola zino gye zikoma okukula, gye zikoma okuba entuufu. Ennyonyola zino, eziyinza okuba nga zeesigamiziddwa ku mawulire amakadde ag’okujjukira, zisobola okusangibwa mu bantu bangi ab’enjawulo, bwe zityo ne zoogerwako okugeza mu biwandiiko by’Olungereza, Oluyindi, Oludansi, Olunorway, Olugirimaani, Oluyonaani, Oluruumi, Olumisiri n’Olubabulooni. Ebigambo bino wammanga byogera ku bungi bw’ebifaananyi by’ekisota.
Ebisota mu nfumo, ekyewuunyisa, bifaananako n’ebisolo ebya nnamaddala ebyawangaala emabega. Zifaananako ebisolo ebinene ebikulukusiza (dinosaurs) ebyafuga ensi eno edda ng’omuntu tannaba kulabika. Okutwalira awamu ebisota byatwalibwanga ng’ebibi era ebizikiriza. Buli ggwanga lyabyogerako mu nfumo zaago. ( Ekitabo ky’Ensi Yonna, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)
Okuva ku ntandikwa y’ebyafaayo ebiwandiikiddwa, ebisota bizze birabika buli wamu: mu nnyiriri z’Abaasuli n’Abababulooni ezaasooka ez’enkulaakulana y’empuku, mu byafaayo by’Abayudaaya eby’Endagaano Enkadde, mu biwandiiko eby’edda ebya China ne Japan, mu nfumo z’Abayonaani, Rooma n’Abakristaayo abaasooka, mu ngero z’Amerika ey’edda, mu nfumo z’Afirika ne Buyindi. Kizibu okuzuula ekibiina ky’abantu ekyali tekiyingizaamu bisota mu byafaayo byakyo eby’olugero...Aristotle, Pliny n’abawandiisi abalala ab’omulembe gwa kikula kya waggulu baagamba nti emboozi z’ebisota zaali zeesigamiziddwa ku nsonga so si kulowooza. (15) .
Omukugu mu by’ettaka mu Finland, Pentti Eskola yategeeza dda emyaka mingi emabega mu kitabo kye Muuttuva maa engeri ebifaananyi by’ebisota gye bifaanana ne dinoosaur:
Ebika eby’enjawulo eby’ebisolo ebiringa enzige birabika nga bya nseko nnyo gye tuli kubanga bingi ku byo bifaanagana – mu ngeri ey’ewala era etera okufaanana ng’ebifaananyi – ebisolo ebiyonka eby’omulembe ebibeera mu mbeera ezifaanagana. Kyokka, dinoosaur ezisinga zaali za njawulo nnyo ku bulamu obw’omulembe guno ne kiba nti analogues ezisinga okumpi zisobola okusangibwa mu bifaananyi by’ebisota mu nfumo. Ekyewuunyisa, abawandiisi b’enfumo mu butonde baali tebasomye ku bintu ebiyitibwa petrifactions oba wadde okubimanya. (16) .
Ekyokulabirako ekirungi eky’engeri dinosaurs gye ziyinza okuba nga zaali zisota mu butuufu ye kalenda y’omwezi n’enjuba y’Abachina, ebimanyiddwa nti bimaze ebyasa bingi. Kale zodiac y’Abachina bw’eba yeesigamiziddwa ku bubonero bw’ebisolo 12 obuddiŋŋana mu nsengekera z’emyaka 12, wabaawo ebisolo 12 ebikwatibwako. 11 ku zo zimanyiddwa ne mu mulembe guno: envunza, ente, engo, enkazaluggya, omusota, embalaasi, endiga, enkima, enkoko, embwa n’embizzi.Mu kifo ky’ekyo, ekisolo eky’ekkumi n’ebbiri kisota, ekitaliiwo leero. Ekibuuzo ekirungi kiri nti singa ebisolo 11 bibadde bisolo bya ddala, lwaki ekisota kyandibadde kya njawulo era ekitonde eky’olugero? Si kya magezi nnyo okulowooza nti edda kyaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu n’abantu, naye nga kiweddewo ng’ebisolo ebirala ebitabalika? Kirungi okuddamu okujjukira nti ekigambo dinosaur kyayiiya mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda gyokka Richard Owen. Ekyo nga tekinnatuuka, erinnya ekisota lyakozesebwanga okumala ebyasa bingi:
Okugatta ku ekyo, bino wammanga bye twetegereza bisobola okwogerwako:
Ekyewuunyisa, mu yeekaalu emaze emyaka 800 mu nsiko y’e Cambodia, wazuuliddwa ekibumbe ekiringa stegosaurus. Kika kya dinosaur. (Okuva mu Ta Prohm Temple. Maier, C., Ebitonde eby’ekitalo eby’e Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 February 2006.)
• Mu China, ennyonyola n’emboozi ezikwata ku bisota bitera nnyo; enkumi n’enkumi zazo zimanyiddwa. Zinyumya engeri ebisota gye byabiika amagi, engeri ebimu gye byalina ebiwaawaatiro n’engeri ebisusunku gye byabibikka. Emboozi y’Abachina eyogera ku musajja ayitibwa Yu eyasisinkana ebisota bwe yali akulukuta amazzi mu lutobazzi. Kino kyaliwo oluvannyuma lw’amataba amanene ag’ensi yonna. Mu China, amagumba ga dinosaur gabadde gakozesebwa okumala ebyasa bingi ng’eddagala ly’ekinnansi n’okusiiga eddagala ly’okwokya. Erinnya ly'Oluchina erya dinosaurs (kong long) litegeeza butegeeza "amagumba g'ekisota" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Abachina era kigambibwa nti baakozesanga ebisota ng’ebisolo by’omu nnyumba ne mu kaweefube w’obwakabaka (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesis 4, 1990, pp. 23-26.)
• Abamisiri balaze ekisota kya Apophis ng’omulabe wa Kabaka Re. Mu ngeri y’emu, ennyinnyonnyola ezikwata ku bisota zitambula mu bitabo by’e Babulooni. Kigambibwa nti Gilgamesh amanyiddwa ennyo yatta ekisolo ekinene ennyo ekiringa ebisolo ebikulukusiza mu kibira ky’emivule. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Omuzingo 10, olupapula 359)
• Kigambibwa nti omusota Omuyonaani Apollo ye yatta ekisota ekiyitibwa Python ku nsulo ya Delfin. Omuntu eyasinga okweyoleka mu Bayonaani n’Abaruumi ab’edda abatta ekisota yali muntu ayitibwa Perseus.
• Ennyiriri eziwandiikiddwa mu ngeri y’ebitontome okuva mu mwaka gwa 500-600 AD. eyogera ku musajja omuzira ayitibwa Beowulf, eyaweebwa omulimu gw’okugogola emikutu gya Denmark okuva mu biwuka ebibuuka n’eby’omu mazzi. Ekikolwa kye eky’obuzira kyali kya kutta kisolo kya Grendel. Kigambibwa nti ensolo eno yalina ebitundu ebinene eby’emabega n’ebitundu by’omu maaso ebitono, ng’esobola okugumira emiggo gy’ekitala, era nga nnene nnyo okusinga omuntu. Yatambula mu vertikal mangu nnyo.
• Omuwandiisi w’ebitabo Omuruumi Lucanus naye ayogedde ku bisota. Yalung’amya ebigambo bye eri ekisota eky’e Ethiopia: “Ggwe ekisota ekya zaabu ekimasamasa, olinnyisa empewo waggulu era otta ente ennume ennene.
• Ennyonnyola z’emisota egibuuka mu Buwalabu egyawandiikibwa Omuyonaani Herodotos (ca. 484–425 BC) zikuumiddwa. Annyonnyola bulungi nnyo ensolo ezimu eziyitibwa pterosaurs. (Rein, E., Ekitabo III-VI ekya Herodotos , olupapula 58 n’Ekitabo VII-IX , olupapula 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny yayogera ku (Natural History) mu kyasa ekyasooka BC engeri ekisota gye kiri "mu lutalo buli kiseera n'enjovu, era yennyini munene nnyo mu bunene ne kiba nti kizinga enjovu mu bifo byayo ne bagizinga munda mu kikuta kyayo."
• Encyclopedia enkadde History Animalium eyogera nti wakyaliwo "ebisota" mu myaka gya 1500, naye nti byali bikendedde nnyo mu bunene era nga tebitera kubaawo.
• Ekitabo ky’ebyafaayo ky’Olungereza okuva mu mwaka gwa 1405 kyogera ku kisota: "Okumpi n'ekibuga Bures, mu bitundu ebiriraanye Sudbury, gye buvuddeko walabibwa ekisota ekikoze obulabe obw'amaanyi mu byalo. Kiba kya sayizi nnyo, nga kiriko ekikondo waggulu ku mutwe gwakyo, amannyo gaakyo galinga ebiso ebisala, era omukira gwakyo muwanvu nnyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okutta omusumba w'ekisibo, kyalya bingi." endiga mu kamwa ke." (Cooper, B., Oluvannyuma lw’Amataba-Ebyafaayo bya Bulaaya ebyasooka oluvannyuma lw’Amataba byadda ku Nuuwa, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)
• Mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omukaaga, munnasayansi Omuyitale Ulysses Aldrovanus yannyonnyola bulungi akasota akatono mu kimu ku bitabo bye. Edward Topsell yawandiika nga mu mwaka gwa 1608: “Waliwo ebika by’ebisota bingi. Ebika eby'enjawulo byawulwamu okusinziira ku kitundu ku nsi yaabwe, ekitundu okusinziira ku bunene bwabyo, ekitundu okusinziira ku bubonero bwabyo obw'enjawulo."
• Obubonero bw’ekisota bwali bwa bulijjo mu magye mangi. Yakozesebwa okugeza empula z’Abaruumi ab’ebuvanjuba ne bakabaka b’Abangereza (Uther Pendragon, kitaawe wa Kabaka Arthur, Richard I mu lutalo lwa 1191 ne Henry III mu lutalo lwe n’Abawelsh mu 1245) awamu ne mu China, ekisota kyali kabonero ka ggwanga mu kkanzu y’olulyo olulangira.
• Dinosaurs n’ebisota kitundu ku nfumo z’amawanga mangi. Ng’oggyeeko China, kino kibadde kya bulijjo mu mawanga ga South Amerika.
• Johannes Damascene, eyasembayo mu Bataata b’Ekkanisa y’Abayonaani, eyazaalibwa mu mwaka gwa 676 AD, annyonnyola ebisota (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) mu ngeri eno:
Roman Dio Cassius (155–236 AD), eyawandiika ebyafaayo by’Obwakabaka bwa Rooma ne Republic, alaga entalo za konsula wa Rooma Regulus mu Carthage. Ekisota kyattibwa mu lutalo. Yasalibwako olususu era olususu ne lusindikibwa mu lukiiko lwa Senate. Olw’ekiragiro kya Senate, olususu lwapimibwa era nga luweza ffuuti 120 mu buwanvu (ca. mita 37). Olususu lwakuumibwa mu yeekaalu ku nsozi za Rooma okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 133 BC, bwe lwabula ng’Abaselusi bawamba Rooma. (Plinius, Natural History . Ekitabo 8, Essuula 14. Plinius yennyini agamba nti yalaba ekikopo ekyogerwako mu Rooma). (17) . • Ebifaananyi. Ebifaananyi, ebifaananyi n’ebibumbe by’ebisota nabyo bikuumiddwa, nga kumpi bifaanagana mu bujjuvu bw’ensengekera y’omubiri mu nsi yonna. Zisangibwa kumpi mu buwangwa n’amadiini gonna, ng’emboozi ezizikwatako bwe zitera okubeerawo. Ebifaananyi by’ebisota biwandiikiddwa mu kugeza engabo z’amagye (Sutton Hoo) n’eby’okwewunda ku bbugwe w’ekkanisa (okugeza SS Mary ne Hardulph, Bungereza). Ng’oggyeeko ente ennume n’empologoma, ebisota bikubiddwa ku mulyango gwa Ishtar ogw’ekibuga Babulooni eky’edda. Envumbo za silinda ez’omu Mesopotamiya ezaasooka ziraga ebisota nga bikwatagana n’emikira kumpi ng’ensingo zaabyo (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 ne Plate A.) . Ebifaananyi ebirala ebiriko omulamwa gwa dragon-dinosaur osobola okubiraba, okugeza ku www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Ekyewuunyisa, waliwo ebifaananyi by’ebisolo bino ne ku bbugwe w’empuku n’ebiwonvu. Ebizuuliddwa bino bikoleddwa waakiri mu Arizona n’ekitundu ekyali ekya Rhodesia (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Okugeza, mu Arizona mu 1924, bwe twakebera bbugwe w’olusozi omuwanvu, kyazuulibwa nti ebifaananyi by’ebisolo eby’enjawulo byali biyooleddwa mu jjinja, okugeza enjovu n’empologoma z’oku nsozi, naye era nga waliwo ekifaananyi ekitegeerekeka obulungi ekya dinosaur (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, 1957, p. 91) . Abayindi b’Abamaya nabo bakuumye ekibumbe eky’obuweerero nga kiriko ekinyonyi ekifaananako Archeopteryx, kwe kugamba, ekinyonyi eky’enzige (18) . Okusinziira ku ndowooza y’enkulaakulana, yandibadde ebeera mu kiseera kye kimu ne dinoosaur. Obujulizi era bukuumiddwa ku ssekkokko ezibuuka, ng’ebiwaawaatiro byazo byandibadde mita amakumi abiri, era nga kirowoozebwa nti zifa obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka egiyise. Ennyonnyola eno wammanga ebajuliza n’engeri ensolo ebuuka eringa Pterosaur gy’elagibwa ku kibumba:
Enzige ezaali zibuuka ezaali zisinga obunene yali pterosaur ng’ebiwaawaatiro byayo biyinza okuba nga byasukka mita 17. (...) Mu BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Vol. 13), Richard Greenwell yateebereza ku kubeerawo kwa pterosaur leero. Ajuliza omuvumbuzi A. Hyatt Verrill, eyali azudde ebibumba ebimu eby’omu Peru. Ebibya eby’ebbumba biraga pterosaur eringa pterodactyl. Verrill atebereza nti abayiiya bakozesezza ebifo eby’edda ng’ekyokulabirako kyabwe era awandiika nti:
Okumala ebyasa bingi, ennyonyola entuufu era n’okukuba ebifaananyi by’ebintu eby’edda eby’ekika kya pterodactyl bibadde biyisibwa okuva ku mulembe ogumu okudda ku mulala, nga bajjajja b’abantu b’e Cocle bwe baali babeera mu nsi nga waliwo ebisigalira by’ebiwuka ebiyitibwa pterosaurs ebikuumiddwa obulungi.
Ate era, Abayindi b’omu North America baali bamanyidde ddala ennyonyi eno eyitibwa thunderbird, era erinnya lyayo lye lyewolwa ku mmotoka. (19) .
Mu Baibuli , Bekemoths ne Leviathan ayogerwako mu kitabo kya Yobu kirabika nga byogera ku dinosaurs. Kigamba ku behemoth nti omukira gwe gulinga omuti gw’omuvule, nti emisuwa gy’ebisambi bye giyungiddwa bulungi n’amagumba gali ng’emiggo egy’ekyuma. Ennyonnyola zino zikwatagana bulungi ne dinoosaur ezimu, gamba nga sauropods, eziyinza okukula okutuuka ku mita ezisukka mu 20 mu buwanvu. Mu ngeri y’emu, ekifo Behemoth we yali mu kifo ekikusike eky’omuddo, n’ebikondo bikwatagana ne dinosaurs, kubanga abawerako ku bo baali babeera okumpi n’emyalo. Ku ky’omukira ogufaanana ng’omuvule Bekemosi gw’atambuza, kyewuunyisa nti tewali nsolo nnene emanyiddwa leero okuba n’omukira ng’ogwo. Omukira gwa dinosaur okulya omuddo gwandibadde guwanvu mita 10-15 ate nga guzitowa ttani 1-2, era ebisolo ebifaananako bwe bityo tebimanyiddwa mu mulembe guno. Enkyusa za Baibuli ezimu zivvuunula Bekemosi ng’envubu (ne Leviyasani ng’engo), naye ennyinnyonnyola y’omukira ogufaanana ng’omuvule tekwatagana na nvubu mu ngeri yonna. Ekimu ku bigambo ebinyuvu ku nsonga eno osobola okukisanga okuva eri munnasayansi w’ebintu eby’edda omugenzi ow’ekitiibwa Stephen Jay Gould, eyali atakkiririza mu Katonda ow’ekika kya Marxist. Yagamba nti ekitabo kya Yobu bwe kyogera ku Behemoth, ensolo yokka ekwatagana n’ennyonnyola eno ye dinosaur (Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Olw’okuba yali omukugu mu by’enkulaakulana, yali alowooza nti omuwandiisi w’ekitabo kya Yobu ateekwa okuba nga yafuna okumanya kwe okuva mu bifo eby’edda ebyazuulibwa. Naye kino ekimu ku bitabo ebisinga obukadde mu Baibuli kyogera bulungi ku nsolo ennamu (Yobu 40:15: Laba kaakano behemoth, gye nnakola naawe...).
- (Yob 40:15-23) Laba kaakano behemoth , gye nakola nammwe; alya omuddo ng’ente. 16 Laba kaakano, amaanyi ge gali mu kiwato kye, n'amaanyi ge gali mu nnyindo y'olubuto lwe. 17 Atambuza omukira gwe ng'omuvule : Emisuwa gy'ebisambi bye giyungiddwa bulungi . 18 Amagumba ge gali ng'ebitundu by'ekikomo ebigumu ; amagumba ge gali ng’emiggo egy’ekyuma. 19 Ye mukulu w’amakubo ga Katonda: oyo eyamukola asobola okumusemberera ekitala kye. 20 Mazima ensozi zimuleetera emmere, ensolo zonna ez’omu ttale gye zizannyira. 21 Agalamira wansi w’emiti egy’ebisiikirize, mu kifo ekikwese eky’omuggo, ne mu bikondo . 22 Emiti egy’ekisiikirize gimubikkako ekisiikirize kyagyo; emivule egy’omu kagga gimwetooloola. 23 Laba, anywa omugga , so tayanguwa: yeesiga nti asobola okusena Yoludaani mu kamwa ke.
Leeviyasani kitonde ekirala ekinyuvu ekyogerwako mu Kitabo kya Yobu. Ekitonde kino kigambibwa nti ye kabaka w’ebisolo era kinnyonnyolwa engeri ennimi z’omuliro gye zifuluma mu kamwa ke. (Ekiyitibwa bomber beetle ekisobola okufuuwa omukka ogwokya – 100 degrees Celsius – butereevu ku muntu alumba, era kimanyiddwa mu bwakabaka bw’ebisolo). Kisoboka okuba nti emboozi nnyingi ezikwata ku bisota ebisobola okufuuwa omuliro okuva mu kamwa kazo zisibuka mu kino. Enkyusa za Baibuli ezimu zivvuunudde Leviyasani ng’engo, naye ani alaba enkovu ekuleetera okumenyeka ng’ogirabye, era ani ayinza okutwala ekyuma ng’essubi, n’ekikomo ng’enku envundu, era ani kabaka w’ensolo zonna ez’ekitiibwa? Mu byonna ebiyinza okubaawo, era nsolo eyasaanawo era nga tekyaliwo, naye nga yali emanyiddwa mu kiseera kya Yobu. Ekitabo kya Yobu kigamba bino wammanga:
- (Yobu 41:1,2,9,13-34) Osobola okuggyamu leviyatani n’akaguwa? oba olulimi lwe n'omuguwa gwe mwasuula wansi? 2 Osobola okumuteekako enkoba mu nnyindo? oba yasitula akawanga ke n’amaggwa? 9 Laba, essuubi lye liri bwereere: omuntu talisuulibwa wansi wadde nga amulabye ? 13 Ani ayinza okuzuula ffeesi y’ekyambalo kye? oba ani ayinza okujja gy’ali n’omuggo gwe ogw’emirundi ebiri? 14 Ani ayinza okuggulawo enzigi z’amaaso ge? amannyo ge ga ntiisa okwetooloola . 15 Minzaani ze ze yenyumirizaamu, ezisibiddwa wamu ng’envumbo ey’okumpi . 16 Omu ali kumpi nnyo ne munne, ne kiba nti tewali mpewo eyinza kuyingira wakati waabwe. 17 ( B ) Bagattibwa wamu, ne banywerera wamu, ne batasobola kwawukana. 18 Olw’obwetaavu bwe ekitangaala kyaka, n’amaaso ge gali ng’ebikoola by’amaaso eby’oku makya. 19 Mu kamwa ke muvaamu amataala agayaka, n’ennimi z’omuliro ne zibuuka . 20 Mu nnyindo ze omukka guvaamu, ng’oguva mu kiyungu oba ekibbo ekibuguma. 21 Omukka gwe gukuma amanda, n’ennimi z’omuliro ne ziva mu kamwa ke . 22 Mu bulago bwe mwe mubeera amaanyi, n’ennaku efuuse essanyu mu maaso ge. 23 Ebikuta by'omubiri gwe byegattira wamu: binywevu mu byo; teziyinza kusengulwa. 24 Omutima gwe gunywevu ng’ejjinja; weewaawo, nga nkalu ng’ekitundu ky’ejjinja ery’okusiba erya wansi. 25 Bwe yeeyimusiza, ab'amaanyi batya: olw'okumenya, beetukuza. 26 Ekitala ky'oyo amugalamidde tekiyinza kukwata: effumu, n'obusaale, newakubadde engoye. 27 Ekyuma akitwala ng’essubi, n’ekikomo ng’omuti oguvunze. 28 Akasaale tekayinza kumuddusa: amayinja ag’ensowera gafuulibwa wamu naye ne gafuuka ebisaka. 29 Emisinde gibalibwa ng’ebisubi: aseka olw’okukankana kw’effumu. 30 Amayinja amasongovu gali wansi we: Ayanja ebintu ebisongovu ku bitoomi. 31 Afumba obuziba ng’ekiyungu: Ennyanja agifuula ng’ekiyungu eky’ebizigo. 32 Akola ekkubo okumulisa; omuntu yandirowoozezza nti obuziba buba bwa langi enzirugavu. 33 Ku nsi tewali amufaanana, eyatondebwa awatali kutya. 34 Alaba ebintu byonna ebya waggulu: ye kabaka w’abaana bonna ab’amalala .
Ate kiri kitya ku ngeri Bayibuli gye zinnyonnyolamu ebisota? Baibuli ejjudde enfumo eziraga amayiba, emisege egy’ennaku, emisota egy’obukuusa, endiga, n’embuzi, nga byonna bisolo ebisangibwa mu butonde leero. Lwaki ekisota, ekyogerwako emirundi egiwerako mu Ndagaano Enkadde n’Empya, ne mu biwandiiko eby’edda, kyandibadde kya njawulo? Olubereberye (1:21) bwe lwogera engeri Katonda gye yatonda ensolo ennene ez’omu nnyanja, ebisolo by’omu nnyanja (enkyusa erongooseddwa) (Lub 1:21 Era Katonda n’atonda envubu ennene, na buli kitonde ekiramu ekitambula, amazzi bye gaaleeta mu bungi, ng’ekika kyabyo, ne buli kinyonyi eky’ebiwaawaatiro mu ngeri yaakyo: era Katonda n’alaba nga kirungi.) , olulimi olw’olubereberye lukozesa ekigambo kye kimu “tannin”, ekyenkana okusika ku bifo ebirala mu Baibuli . Ng’ekyokulabirako, ennyiriri zino wammanga zikwata ku bisota:
- (Yob 30:29) Ndi muganda wa bisota , era ndi mubeezi eri enjuki.
- (Zab 44:19) Newankubadde nga watumenyeka mu kifo ky’ebisota , n’otubikka ekisiikirize ky’okufa.
- (Is 35:7) N’ettaka erikaze lirifuuka ekidiba, n’ensi erimu ennyonta ensulo z’amazzi: mu kifo eky’ebisota , buli kimu we kigalamidde, kiriba omuddo oguliko emivule n’ebiwuka.
- (Is 43:20) Ensolo ey'omu nsiko ejja kungulumiza, ebisota n'enjuki: kubanga mpa amazzi mu ddungu, n'emigga mu ddungu, okunywa abantu bange, abalonde.
- (Yer 14:6) N'endogoyi ez'omu nsiko ne ziyimirira mu bifo ebigulumivu, ne ziwunya empewo ng'ebisota ; amaaso gaabwe ne galemererwa, kubanga tewaaliwo muddo.
- (Yer 49:33) Kazoli kiriba kifo eky’okubeeramu ebisota , n’amatongo emirembe gyonna: tewali muntu yenna alibeera eyo wadde omwana w’omuntu yenna alibeeramu.
- (Mikka 1:8) Noolwekyo ndikaaba n’okuwowoggana, ndigenda nga nyambudde engoye era nga ndi bukunya: Ndikaaba ng’ebisota , n’okukungubaga ng’enjuki.
- (Mal 1:3) Era ne nkyawa Esawu, ne nfuka ensozi ze n’obusika bwe olw’ebisota eby’omu ddungu.
- (Zab 104:26) Eyo emmeeri gye zigenda: awo leviyatani oyo gwe wakola okuzannyiramu.
- (Yobu 7:12) Ndi nnyanja, oba ennyanja ekika kya whale , gwe wanteekako omukuumi? (enkyusa erongooseddwa: sea monster, mu Lwebbulaniya tannin, ekitegeeza ekisota)
- (Yob 26:12,13) Agabanya ennyanja n’amaanyi ge, era olw’okutegeera kwe akuba ab’amalala. 13 Olw’omwoyo gwe yayooyoota eggulu; omukono gwe gufudde omusota ogukyamye.
- (Zab 74:13,14) Wagabanya ennyanja olw’amaanyi go: wamenya emitwe gy’ebisota mu mazzi. 14 ( B ) Wamenya emitwe gya leviyasani , n’omuwa abantu ababeera mu ddungu okuba emmere.
- (Zab 91:13) Olirinnyanga empologoma n'empologoma: empologoma ento n'ekisota olirinnyirira wansi w'ebigere.
- (Is 30:6) Omugugu gw’ensolo ez’omu bukiikaddyo: mu nsi ey’okubonaabona n’okubonaabona, empologoma ento n’enkadde, omusota n’omusota ogubuuka ogw’omuliro gye guva , balisitula obugagga bwabwe ku bibegabega by’endogoyi ento, n’eby’obugagga byabwe ku bibinja by’eŋŋamira, eri abantu abatajja kubagasa .
- (Ma 32:32,33) Kubanga omuzabbibu gwabwe guva mu muzabbibu ogw’e Sodomu ne mu nnimiro z’e Ggomola: emizabbibu gyabwe mizabbibu gya kikuta, ebikuta byabwe bikaawa. 33 Omwenge gwabwe butwa bwa bisota , n’obutwa obw’obukambwe obw’empologoma.
- (Nek 2:13) Ne nfuluma ekiro nga mpita ku mulyango gw’ekiwonvu, mu maaso g’oluzzi lw’ekisota , ne ku mwalo gw’obusa, ne ndaba bbugwe wa Yerusaalemi, eyamenyebwa, n’emiryango gyayo nga gyayokebwa omuliro.
- (Isaaya 51:9) Zuukuka, zuukuka, kwata amaanyi, ggwe omukono gwa Mukama; muzuukuke, nga bwe kyali mu biseera eby’edda, mu milembe egy’edda. Si ggwe eyatema Lakabu, n'olumya ekisota?
- (Isaaya 27:1) Ku lunaku olwo Mukama n'ekitala kye ekinene era ekinene era eky'amaanyi alibonereza leviyasani omusota ogufumita, ne leviyasani omusota ogwo omukyamu; era alitta ekisota ekiri mu nnyanja.
- (Yer 51:34) Nebukadduneeza kabaka w’e Babulooni anzidde, anbetenta, anfudde ekibya ekyerere, anmira ng’ekisota , ajjuza olubuto lwe n’ebiwoomerera byange, angobye ebweru.
Apocrypha y'Endagaano Enkadde n'ebisota . Ate kiri kitya ku Apocrypha ey’Endagaano Enkadde? Nazo zirimu ebigambo ebiwerako ebikwata ku kisota, ebyatunuulirwa ng’ebisolo ebya nnamaddala, okusinga ebitonde eby’obulimba. Omuwandiisi w’Ekitabo kya Sirachi awandiika engeri gye yandibadde ayagala okubeera n’empologoma n’ekisota, okusinga ne mukyala we omubi. Ebyongerwako mu Kitabo kya Eseza byogera ku kirooto kya Moluddekaayi (Moluddekaayi owa Baibuli), bwe yalaba ebisota ebinene bibiri. Ate era Danyeri yayolekagana n’ekisota ekinene ennyo, ekyasinzibwanga Abababulooni. Kino kiraga engeri ebisolo bino gye biyinza okuba nga byakula ne bituuka ku bipimo ebinene ennyo.
- (Sirak 25:16) Nnali nsinga kubeera n’empologoma n’ekisota, okusinga okubeera n’omukazi omubi .
- (Amagezi ga Salomoni 16:10) Naye batabani bo amannyo g'ebisota eby'obutwa tegaawangula : kubanga okusaasira kwo kwali ku bo bulijjo, n'obawonya.
- (Sirach 43:25) Kubanga omwo mubeeremu ebikolwa ebyewuunyisa era ebyewuunyisa, ebitonde eby’enjawulo eby’ensolo n’ennyanja ekika kya whale.
- (Ebyongezeddwa ku Eseza 1:1,4,5,6) Moluddekaayi, Omuyudaaya eyali ow’ekika kya Benyamini, yatwalibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse, wamu ne kabaka Yekoyakini owa Yuda, Kabaka Nebukadduneeza owa Babulooni bwe yawamba Yerusaalemi. Moluddekaayi yali mutabani wa Yayiri, muzzukulu wa Kisi ne Simeeyi. 4 ( B ) N’aloota nga waaliwo amaloboozi amangi n’okutabulwa, n’okubwatuka okw’amaanyi, n’okubwatuka kw’ettaka, nga waliwo akavuyo ak’entiisa ku nsi. 5 Awo ebisota bibiri ebinene ennyo ne birabika, nga byetegefu okulwanagana . 6 Ne bakola eddoboozi ery’entiisa , era amawanga gonna ne beetegekera okulwana n’eggwanga lya Katonda ery’abantu abatuukirivu.
- (Additions to Daniel, Bel and the Dragon 1:23-30) Era mu kifo ekyo kyennyini mwalimu ekisota ekinene , bo ab’e Babulooni kye basinzanga. 24 Kabaka n'agamba Danyeri nti Naawe ogamba nti kino kya kikomo? laba, mulamu, alya era anywa ; toyinza kugamba nti si katonda mulamu: kale musinza. 25 Awo Danyeri n'agamba kabaka nti Nja kusinza Mukama Katonda wange: kubanga ye Katonda omulamu. 26 Naye kabaka, mpaayo olukusa, nditta ekisota kino awatali kitala wadde omuggo. Kabaka n’agamba nti, “Nkukkiriza.” 27 Awo Danyeri n'addira enjala n'amasavu n'enviiri, n'abifuka, n'abikola ebikuta: ebyo n'abiteeka mu kamwa k'ekisota, ekisota ne kikutuka: Danyeri n'ayogera nti Laba, bano be bakatonda be musinza. 28 Ab'e Babulooni bwe baawulira ekyo, ne basunguwala nnyo, ne beekobaana ku kabaka, nga bagamba nti Kabaka afuuse Muyudaaya, era azikirizza Beri, asse ekisota, n'atta bakabona. 29 ( B ) Awo ne bajja eri kabaka ne bagamba nti, “Tuwonye Danyeri, oba si ekyo tujja kukusaanyaawo n’ennyumba yo.” 30 Awo kabaka bwe yalaba nga bamunyiga nnyo, n’abawa Danyeri.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ 20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Obukadde n'obukadde bw'emyaka /
dinosaurs / evolution y'omuntu? |
