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Gender-neutral marriage uye vana
Kuroorana kwevanhukadzi nevana, kureva kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinotsikwa sei kana vakanyimwa kodzero yevabereki vavo chaivo - vachishandisa sechikonzero kodzero dzevanhu nekuenzana kwevanhu vakuru.
Nyaya ino inotaura nezvewanano isina kwayakarerekera kuvanhukadzi uye pesvedzero yechimiro chemhuri pavana. Avo vanotsigira vakadzi vasina kwavakarerekera-vakaroorana uye vanomiririra rusununguko rwepabonde munzanga, kashoma kutarisa zvinhu nemaonero evana. Havatarisi simba rinoitwa nesarudzo nemutemo zvevakuru pavana. Vanhu ava vanongotaura nezve kuenzana, kodzero dzevanhu uye kusaenzana kwevanhu, asi vanokanganwa kuti vana vanofanirawo kuva nekodzero dzevanhu. Vanofanira kuva nekodzero kubva pakuzvarwa kuvabereki vavo vekubereka. Zvinonetsa kana izvi zvikasapihwa. Kushaya baba uye kusava naamai zvinorangarirwa sezvakanaka uye zvinodikanwa. Vana vanozotarisirwa kuti vajairane nenyaya yekuti vakatorerwa kodzero iyi uye kutoitenda. Zvakajairika kuti musoro uyu uedze kushandura nhaurirano yevana kune pfungwa yekuti kushorwa kumuchato usina kwawakarerekera kunomiririra ngochani uye ruvengo kune ngochani. Vanhu vanotaura izvi vanofunga kuti vanoziva uye vanonzwa mafungiro nemanzwiro emukati emunhu asingabvumirani nemaonero avo. Ivo havafungi kuti iwe unogona kusabvumirana pazvinhu chete pahwaro hwechokwadi, asi zvakadaro usingavenge chero munhu. Vatsigiri veroorano isina kwayakarerekera vanotadzawo kurangarira kuti ngochani zhinji pachadzo dzinoshora nyaya iyi. Vanoona kuti kutyora kodzero yemwana kuna baba naamai. Bongibault asingatendi kuna Mwari akataura mubvunzurudzo (Wendy Wright, French Homosexuals Join Demonstration Against Gay Marriage):
SEI VANHU VACHITSIGIRA GENDER-NEUTRAL MARRIAGE? Pakuedza kutsvaga kuti rudzii rwemafungiro ane vanhu pamusoro peungochani - hunhu hwekuzvarwa nahwo here kana kuti hunofurirwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemumashure uye maitiro emunhu pavari - vanhu vanowanzo zembera kune yekutanga sarudzo. Chinhu ichi chinowanzoonekwa sechido chokuzvarwa nacho Kuberekwa kwehungochani kunofarirwawo nevakawanda vanonzi vamiririri vesangano rechiKristu gay (pano muFinland, somuenzaniso, Yhteys-movement uye Tulkaa kaikki-movement) . Liisa Tuovinen, mutungamiri weYhteys-movement, akaunza maonero aya muhurukuro yeTV muna 2002:
Pamusoro pazvo, Pauro haana pfungwa yeungochani, hunova hunhu hwomunhu hwokuzvarwa nahwo zvokuti haugoni kuchinjwa. (2)
Kana ungochani huchinzwisiswa sehunhu hwekuzvarwa nahwo, zvirokwazvo ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei muchato usina kwawakarerekera kune murume nemukadzi uye mararamiro eungochani zvichionekwa zvakanaka munzanga yanhasi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kana iri hunhu hwekuzvarwa seruvara rweganda kana kuruboshwe-ruoko, saka hazvina kunaka here kudzivirira mararamiro eungochani uye vanhu vane hunhu hwakadaro? Hazvina kunaka here kutsigira vanhu pakusarudza kwavo zvepabonde? Asi chokwadi chenyaya yacho ndechei? Ngochani dzakawanda pachadzo dzinoramba kuti kuberekwa kwacho. Vamwe vangapikisa kuti zvakangoitika zvoga, asi vakawanda vanobvuma kuti kunyengerwa kwevakomana mumwe chete uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvakakonzera kuberekwa kwemaitiro avo. Aya aive pfungwa dzakajairika zvakare mune psychology makumi mashoma emakore apfuura. Saka chinhu chakafanana nekuvava kana kuti nei matsotsi achiwanzobva kune mamwe marudzi emamiriro ezvinhu. Hapana anogona kusarudza mamiriro akaita marererwo aakaitwa uye zvaakaitirwa, asi munhu anogona kuzvisarudzira kuti anoda kukanganwira here, angave tsotsi kana kuita chingochani. Angaedzwa kuita zvinhu izvi, asi kusvika pamwero wakati anogona kusarudza mararamiro aanoda:
Ndakaverenga chidzidzo chinonakidza chakaitwa nenyanzvi: yaive ongororo yekuona kuti vangani vanoshingairira ngochani vaitenda kuti vakazvarwa vakadaro. Makumi masere neshanu muzana evakabvunzurudzwa vaiva nepfungwa yokuti ungochani hwavo yakanga iri nzira yakadzidzwa yokuzvibata inokonzerwa nepesvedzero inoparadza pakuvamba mumba mavo uye kunyengerwa nomumwe munhu. Mazuva ano, mubvunzo wangu wekutanga kana uchisangana nengochani kazhinji ndewekuti, "Ndiani akakupa kurudziro pazviri?" Vose vanogona kundipindura. Ndobva ndabvunza kuti, “Chii chaizoitika kwauri uye bonde rako dai usina kuonana nasekuru vako, kana kuti dai mwana wamai vako asina kuuya muupenyu hwako? Kana kuti pasina baba vako vokurera? Munofunga kuti chii chakaitika?” Apa ndipo panotanga kurira mabhero. Vanoti, "Pamwe, pamwe, pamwe." (3)
Ole haatendi, zvisinei, kuti kune imwe mhando ye "ngochani geni". Anotenda kuti zvinokonzeresa kuda kuita ungochani zvakanyanya kuoma, uye anotaura, semuenzaniso, kuti anoziva vaviri vaviri vemapatya akafanana uye mumwe chete wevaviri vacho ingochani. Ole anotenda kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakonzera hunhu hwake, hwakadai sehukama hwakaoma uye husina kunaka nababa vake achiri mudiki. Ole haazeze paanotaura nezvehukama hwake nababa vake achiri mudiki. Akanzwa kuti baba vake vakanga vasipo uye aitya baba vake. Baba vacho dzimwe nguva vaibatwa nehasha, uye Ole akanzwa kakawanda kuti baba vake vaimunyadzisa nemaune pamberi pevanhu. Ole anotaura pachena kuti aivenga baba vake. (4)
Harri anofarira nhaurirano nezveungochani munhau uye zvidzidzo nezveungochani. Ane chokwadi chokuti ungochani hahuna chokuita nezvinhu zvokuberekwa nazvo. Anovakira uyu murangariro, somuenzaniso, paidi rokuti kazhinji kazhinji kuri nyore kuwana chikonzero nei vanhu vane zvishuvo zvoungochani. Kazhinji vakaitirwa mhirizhonga yepabonde kana kuti vane hukama hwakaoma nevabereki vavo kana vezera ravo. "Izvi zvakandiita kuti ndive nechokwadi chokuti hazvisi zvekutanga uye zvakakosha pamusoro pemajini. Zvisinei, handifungi kuti hazvibviri kuti vamwe vanhu vave nemamwe majini anoita kuti vawedzere kuda kuita zveungochani," anodaro Harri. (5)
Muchiitiko chake, Tepi anotenda kuti ungochani hunokonzerwa nekuti ane imwe mhando yekunetseka mupfungwa yaari kuedza kuzadzisa. Tepi anoti aitya baba vake achiri mudiki uye achiri “kutya varume kudaro”. Tepi anoti ari kutsvaga amai pakati pevakadzi. Kunyange zvazvo Tepi achifunga nezvezvikonzero zvokuita kwake ngochani, anotiwo pamusoro pokufarira kwake vakadzi: “Sezvo zvafamba nenzira inokatyamadza nenzira yomuzvarirwo, dzimwe nguva ndinoshamisika chaizvo kuti zvingafamba sei nenzira iyoyo.” Kune rumwe rutivi, anotenda kuti pane chikonzero cheizvi, zvakare. VaTepi havatendi kuti ungochani hunokonzerwa nemajini kana kuti munhu anogona kuva ngochani kana ngochani kubva pakuzvarwa. Mukuona kwake, munhu anokura ngochani kana ngochani, kunyange pasina matambudziko anokosha. (6)
Hongu, ini sengochani zhinji, ndinoshamisika kuti ungochani hunobvepi. Ndinotenda kuti unhu hwemwana hunoumbwa mukati memakore matatu ekutanga ehupenyu, kusanganisira zvepabonde. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvose zvakatipoteredza uye biology yevanhu. Handitendi zvachose kuti ungochani hwagara nhaka. Kune dzimwe hama dzangu, chingochani changu chakaoma chaizvo nekuti vanotya kugarika kwahwo. (7)
Ungochani hunokonzerwa nemajini here? Sezvacherechedzwa, tsananguro yakajairwa yeungochani ikozvino ndeyekuti kuberekwa uye kunokonzerwa nemajini, kana mahomoni anoburitswa panguva yekuzvitakura. Vanhu vanofunga kuti ungochani hunonyanya kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvipenyu. Zvakadaro, tsananguro iyi haitsigirwe nezvidzidzo zvemapatya. Mapatya akafanana ane majini akafanana uye nemhoteredzo yakafanana mudumbu, asi mumwe chete wavo anogona kufarira mukadzi wavo. Kana hungochani hwakakonzerwa nemajini izvi hazvifanirwe kudaro. Mashoko anotevera anobva kuongororo huru pamusoro penyaya iyi, yakaitwa muCanada uye yaisanganisira zvidzidzo zve20,000. Zvinoratidza kuti majini uye kugarwa nhaka hazvisirizvo zvine musoro pamavambo eungochani.
Ongororo pamapatya muCanada yakaratidza kuti magariro akakosha kupfuura majini (…) Mhedzisiro yetsvakiridzo inoratidza kuti majini haana chero chakakosha kukosha. Kana rimwe remapatya akafanana aive ngochani, paive ne6.7% mukana wekuti mumwe mapatya aifarirawo vanhu vebonde rimwe chete. Chikamu chevasina kufanana mapatya chaive 7.2% uye chevanin'ina venguva dzose 5.5%. Iyi mibairo inopokana zvakanyanya neiyo yambotaurwa genetic modhi yehungochani. Mamiriro anokura mapatya mukati mechibereko chaamai vavo akanyatsofanana kune ese ari maviri mapatya maererano nemahomoni, uye nekudaro mhedzisiro yakawanikwa naBearman naBrucker inopikisa dzidziso yekuti kusaenzana kwemahomoni aamai panguva yekuzvitakura kunokonzera ungochani. ... Bearman naBrucker vanoti kudzidza kwavo ndiko kwakavimbika nekuti kwakavakirwa pasampling yakasarudzika kubva kuongororo yevechidiki kusanganisira nyika yese. Paive neanosvika zviuru makumi maviri ezvidzidzo zvebvunzo! Uyezve, vatsvakurudzi havana kuvimba nezvakataurwa nemumwe wemapatya pamusoro pekuita zvepabonde kwemapatya: Pane kudaro, vakaenda kune rimwe mapatya ndokuvabvunza nezvazvo. (8)
Vaongorori veungochani kazhinji havadaviri muhunhu hwekuzvarwa hweungochani. Olli Stålström, nhengo yakavamba yeFinnish Seta movement, akaunza nyaya iyi mudissertation yake Homoseksuaalisuuden sairausleiman loppu (Kupera kwekushora ungochani sehurwere, 1997). Akataura kuti vaongorori veungochani havana kutsigira dzidziso yekuti "Ndakazvarwa ndiri ngochani" kwenguva yakareba. Akataura nezvemisangano miviri yesainzi yakapindwa nemazana emasayendisiti:
Misangano miviri yesainzi muna Zvita 1987 inogona kuonekwa sechinhu chakakosha munhoroondo… ichibatanidza vatsvakurudzi vezveungochani zana kubva kunyika makumi maviri nembiri dzakasiyana mumapoka zana anoshanda… Misangano iyi yakabvumiranawo kuti hazvina musoro kutsiva kurongwa kweungochani sechirwere chepfungwa nedzidziso dzekuzvarwa nadzo. Zvakaonekwa zvakafanira kuramba maonero akakosha eungochani, maererano nekuti ungochani hune chinhu chakazvimirira kubva panguva uye tsika ine chimwe chikonzero. (p. 299-300)
Feral vana . Chimwe chinoratidza kuti bonde rakawanda sei rine hukama nemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvakatipoteredza vana vadiki vakasiiwa kuti vagare nemhuka. Havana zvachose chido chepabonde. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti bonde revanhu rinokanganiswawo nemagariro evanhu. Biology haisiriyo yega inosarudza. Muongorori wepfungwa dzebudiriro uye mubatsiri wapurofesa wepfungwa, Risto Vuorinen, anotaura mubhuku rake rinonzi Minän synty ja kehitys [Birth and development of self] (1997) nezvevana vadiki vakasiyiwa ava, vanonzi vana vemhuka, vakarerwa nemhuka. Dai bonde raingotemwa nemajini, pangadai pasina nyaya dzakadai:
Kuita zvepabonde kwevana vemhuka chinhu chakakosha kuwanikwa. Pasinei nekukura kwavo kwemuviri, havaratidzi chido chepabonde ... Ikoko kunoratidzika kune nguva yepakutanga yakaoma yekuvandudzwa kwepabonde.
Vatsigiri vakawanda veroorano isina kwayakarerekera ivo vamene vakabvuma zvakananga kuti nharo yomuzvarirwo haisi yechokwadi kana kuti ine hwaro. Mumwe wavo ndiJohn Corvino, asingatendi kuti ungochani chinhu chekuzvarwa nacho. Iye akati: “Asi nharo dzakaipa nharo dzakaipa, zvisinei kuti dzinofadza sei—uye dzechokwadi – mhedziso dzinogona kutorwa mazviri” (9) Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti kuzivikanwa kwepabonde kunogonawo kuchinja kusvika pamwero wakati nezera, asi kazhinji mune yakajairwa heterosexual direction. Kune vamwe vechidiki, hunhu hwavo hwechikadzi hunogona kunge husina kujeka, asi nezera, vazhinji vavo vanozowana yakajairika heterosexual identity:
Ongororo huru yekuAmerica yakaburitswa muna 2007 pamusoro pekushanduka kwehunhu hwepabonde kwevane makore gumi nematanhatu kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri yakaratidza kuti ngochani kana bhizikine maitiro ane mukana wakapetwa makumi maviri neshanu wekuchinja kuita bonde mukati megore pane zvinopesana. Kuvachiri kuyaruka vakawanda, kunzwa kwokuita ungochani kunopera nokukura. Vanosvika makumi manomwe muzana evakomana vane makore gumi nemanomwe vakaratidza kufarira zvechingochani vakaratidza unilateral heterosexuality pazera ramakore makumi maviri nemaviri. (Savin-Williams & Ream 2007: 385 pp.) (10)
MUTEMO WEMWANANO WECHITU ANERUSARURA HERE? Imwe nharo yeroorano isina kwayakarerekera yave iri yokuti mutemo weroorano wegamuchidzanwa unosarura. Ndosaka vatsigiri vewanano isina kwayakarerekera vachitaura nezve kuenzana uye kurwisa rusarura, kana vachidzivirira pfungwa dzavo. Vezvenhau vanogonawo kutaura mashoko akavharidzirwa pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu nekuenzana.
Kodzero yewanano kuvanhu vakuru vose nekushandura zvinoreva muchato . Kana tichitaura nezverusarura maererano nemutemo wewanano yechivanhu, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vanhu vakuru vose vane kodzero yokuroorana. Hapana chinosara pano. Chero murume kana mukadzi akura anogona kupinda muwanano nemunhurume kana kuti wechikadzi. Mutemo wewanano wechivanhu wakatoenzana uye hausaruri chero munhu. Kutaura zvakasiyana kunopesana nechokwadi. Panzvimbo pezvo, nhamburiko yokutambanudzira roorano kuvarume vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yeroorano inochinjawo zvinorehwa neroorano. Shoko rokuti muchato rinotora chirevo chitsva chayakange isina kare. Zvakafanana nokukakavara kuti, somuenzaniso, ukama hwebasa hwenguva dzose pakati pomushandi nomushandi hunoreva roorano, kana kuti bhasikoro nendege imotokari, kunyange zvazvo zvisiri izvo. Shoko, iro kwamazana amakore munhau yomunhu rakanzwisiswa kuva rinongoreva bedzi ukama pakati pomurume nomudzimai, nokudaro rinochinja revo kuenda kune yakasiana kupfurikidza nomufungo wokusava nokwavakarerekera wechikadzi weroorano. Inoshandura tsika yakakunda mumarudzi ose makuru kwezviuru zvemakore.
Mamwe marudzi erudo. Kutaura kuti mutemo wewanano usina kwawakarerekera unobvisa kusaenzana uye rusarura gakava rakaipa nekuti kune mamwe marudzi ehukama. Nekuti kana hukama hweungochani huchinzi muchato, munhu angaruramisa sei kusabatanidzwa kwemamwe marudzi ehukama kubva mumutemo wakafanana? Sei vanhu vashoma vanoita zvechingochani vachifanira kubatanidzwa mumutemo wewanano? Kana tikatevedzera pfungwa imwechete iyo vanhu vava kuedza kudzivirira iyi nyaya, mhando dzinotevera dzehukama dzinofanirawo kuiswa muchikamu chemutemo. Kana vakasabatanidzwa, zviri, maererano nemafungiro akafanana, rusarura uye kutsigira kusaenzana. Mibairo yakadai inosvikwa kana tikatevedzera zvinofungwa nevatsigiri vewanano isina kwayakarerekera uye kana tikashandura zvinoreva izwi rekuti muchato:
• Hukama pakati paamai nemwanasikana, sezvo vachigara mumhuri imwechete
• Murume, anogara nembwa yake
• Hukama hwebarika
• Vadzidzi vaviri vanogara mune imwe dorm
• Hukama hwemakunakuna inzira imwe chete. Kunyange vanotsigira roorano yengochani kazhinji kazhinji havabvumiri ukama hwakadaro nemhaka yokuti vanohurangarira sohusina kururama mutsika. Zvisinei, avo vane chimiro chendangariro chakashata pamusoro peroorano isina kwayakarerekera kuvanhukadzi vanogona kuiramba nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chetecho. Vangafunga kuti zvakaipa mutsika.
Muzvinafundo, Anto Leikola, akanyora nezvenyaya iyi mumagazini yeYliopisto [University] (8 / 1996) ine zita rekuti Olisiko rakkauskin rekisteröitävä? [Rudo runofanira kunyoreswawo here?] . Vati nekutevedzera pfungwa imwe chete, hazvienderane kuti nyaya iyi ingoitwa ngochani chete. Sei ivo chete vachifanira kuverengerwa muchikamu chemutemo wewanano, nepo kune mamwe marudzi mazhinji ehukama ari kutsauka kubva pane zvakajairwa?
Ko kana mukoma nemunin'ina vanonyanya kuwirirana, vachida kuva nefurati pamwe chete uye nezvimwe, uye kunyange kutora mwana pamwe chete? Sei zvichifanira kuvaomera kupfuura ngochani? Imhaka yekuti kune rudo pakati pekupedzisira, asi kwete pakati pekare, kana pakati pevamwe shamwari chete? …Pazvose, kunyoreswa kwemubatanidzwa chiitiko chekugarisana …Kana mukana wakadaro ukapihwa kune vanhurume kana murume mumwe chete, handisati ndanzwisisa kuti sei uchingoitirwa ngochani chete. Kana kuti tinofunga kuti vanhu vose vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, vanogara pamwe chete uye vakanamatirana, ingochani here? Kana kuti isu tinoona here kuti ungochani hahuna chekuita nezvepabonde ... Kana isu tichifunga kuti zvinodikanwa kunyoresa hukama hwengochani, asi kwete vamwe, saka chokwadi chekuti inyaya yekunyoresa kuita zvepabonde,
Ngochani zhinji hadzitsvage kuroora . Apo roorano isina kwayakarerekera yakarondwa, imwe yepfungwa huru yave iri kurwisa rusaruro nokusaenzana. Kwave kuchifungwa kuti roorano isina kwayakarerekera, umo ngochani vanogona kuroorana mumwe nomumwe, ichabvisa rusarura. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti munyika dziya umo muchato woungochani wave uchishanda kwenguva refu, vashomanana chete ndivo vaida kuroora. MuNetherlands, kuroorana kwengochani kwave kuchishanda kwemakore gumi, asi 20% chete yengochani inoroora. Zvichienderana nevanhu, nhamba yacho yakatoderera. Maererano nokumwe kufungidzira, 8% chete yengochani ndiyo inoroorana. Mukuita, nhamba dzinoratidza kuti vashomanana chete vengochani vakafarira kuroora. Pane kudaro, ruzhinji rwavo haruna kuda (maererano nemafungiro evatsigiri vacho) kuwana kuenzana uye kusununguka kubva mukusarura.
CHITESHIRO CHEVANA . Sezvakataurwa, kuroorana kusina kwawakarerekera kunoruramiswa kubva pakuona kwekuenzana uye senyaya yekodzero dzevanhu. Zvatsanangurwa kuti kugamuchirwa kwenyaya iyi kunobvisa kusarongeka kwemutemo. Zvisinei, nyaya iyi yakangoongororwa kubva pakuona kwevanhu vakuru uye vana vakakanganwa. Mutemo wewanano usina kwawakarerekera inyaya yekodzero dzevanhu, asi zvinopesana nezvinotaurwa: zvinoreva kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Nekuti muzviitiko zviya zvekuti vakaroorana vanengochani vanenge vachida kuita vana (zvinogoneka, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nemabhangi embeu nekurojesa chibereko kana kuti mumwe wengochani ave muukama hwenguva pfupi yeungochani), zvinoreva kuparadzanisa mwana kubva kuna baba vake vekumubereka kana amai kubva vazvarwa nekuda kwekuti vanhu vakuru vanofunga kuti kuroora kana kuroorwa ikodzero yavo. Mutemo wewanano usina kwawakarerekera kune vanhukadzi nokudaro unoisa rusarura kuvana nemutengo wavakuru. Rusununguko rwevakuru runoiswa pamberi pekodzero dzevana. Hongu pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo mwana anofanira kukura asina baba kana amai, asi inyaya yakasiyana kuita nemaune mwana asina baba kana amai kuti vangozadzisa zvido zvevakuru. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika muwanano isina kwayakarerekera muchikadzi umo vana vanowanwa. MuFrance, ngochani dzakawanda dzimene dzakatora tsigiro panhau yacho. Vanoona kuti mutemo wewanano wevakadzi unotyora kodzero yemwana kuna baba naamai. Ndosaka vachiramba muchato usina kwawakarerekera kune vakadzi:
Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Ndiri ngochani… (11)
Jean-Marc Veyron la Croix: Munhu wose ane zvaanogona: chokwadi chokuti handina mwana uye kuti ndinosuwa mwana hachindipi kodzero yokutora rudo rwaamai kubva kumwana. (12)
Hervé Jourdan: Mwana chibereko cherudo uye anofanira kugara semuchero werudo. (13)
Kuva nevana . Kana zvasvika kune hukama hwepabonde, vane musiyano mukuru uchienzaniswa nehukama hwepabonde: chete hukama hwepabonde hunogona kuita vana, vekupedzisira havagone. Ichi zvakare chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei kuroorana kwemurume nemukadzi kuri kwekutanga kwevana. Zvinopa vana mukana wekukura vachichengetwa nababa naamai vavo chaivo kubva pakutanga. Dambudziko rekuhura kwechingochani nderekuti kana vana vakawanikwa kuburikidza nekudanana kwekanguva kadiki kana nenzira dzemasikirwo dzakadai sekurojesa chibereko kana mabhangi embeu, inosiya mwana asina baba kana amai. Akashaya kana mubereki wake wekubereka pamba, waaizokura naye. Mwana anofanira kugara asina mumwe mubereki wake wekubereka kubva pakutanga nekuda kwesarudzo dzevakuru. Avo vakakurira mumhuri dzechingochani vakashoropodza tsika yekunyima mwana kodzero yababa kana amai nenzira iyi; nekukumbira kuenzana pakati pevakuru. Vanonyimwa kodzero kune mumwe wevabereki vavo. Jean-Dominique Bunel, akakurira naamai vake ngochani nemumwe wake wechikadzi, anotaura kuti akazviwana sei. Akatambura nekushaya baba. Mune imwewo nzvimbo, anotiwo dai muchato usina kwawakarerekera wakanga watoitwa achiri kukura, angadai akamhan’arira hurumende, nekuti zvaipa kuti kodzero dzemwana wake dzityorwe.
Mhinduro iri pazasi inogadzirisawo nyaya iyi. Kusavapo kwababa kana amai ndicho chikonzero nei vana vachiwana kukurira mumhoteredzo yeungochani kwakaoma. Haisi nyaya yekuti mubereki mumwechete ari ngochani haana kukwana pakurera, asi inyaya yekunyima mwana nemaune pamberi pemumwe mubereki wake wekubereka kubva pakuzvarwa:
Robert Oscar Lopez (2012) anoshoropodza kutaura kwechingochani serusaruro uye pfungwa dzakatetepa, nekuti zvakare inodaidza vanhu vakaita saiye sengochani, akakurira mumusha wevaviri ngochani, vaigara chikamu chikuru chehupenyu hwavo mutsika yeungochani, asi. avo vachiri kushora kuroodzwa kwevakadzi nevakadzi nekuti vanofunga kuti kutyora kodzero dzemwana kuna baba naamai. Sekutaura kwaLopez, zvinonetsa kunzi ane chingochani chete nekuti anoti akasangana nekushaikwa kwababa kwakaoma achikura ari kumusha kwaamai vake nemumwe wavo wechikadzi. “Kunyange murume nomukadzi mumwe chete vachitsvaka kutevedzera muenzaniso wokurera vana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano kupfurikidza nokuberekesa mwana mumwe munhu, kuberekesa vana, kurambana, kana kuti kurerwa navabereki vasiri vavo nenzira yezvokutengeserana, vari kuisa mungozi zhinji dzetsika. vanonyatsoziva basa revabereki vavo mukugadzira upenyu hunonetsa uye hwepfungwa hwakaoma hunovaparadzanisa netsika dzetsika dzakadai seZuva raBaba neraamai. Nzvimbo yevana inoomeswa, kana vachidaidzwa kuti 'homophobic' nekuda kwekuti vanotambura - uye vanobvuma - kushungurudzika kwepanyama kwavanoiswa pavari nevabereki vavo. (Lopez 2013.) (15)
Kana vana vachiwanikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekugadzira sekurojesa chibereko nemabhangi embeu, tinofanirwa kutarisana nematambudziko mazhinji ehunhu. Dambudziko rekurojesa dumbu nderekuti amai vanorasa mwana wavakatakura. Yakagadzirirwa sechinangwa mukurojesa uterine. Anotarisirwa kudzvinyirira manzwiro ake kumwana uye anobhadharwa. Anotengesa kodzero dzake kumwana waangasazomboona zvakare. Zvakadaro, kune vazhinji izvi zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyorema nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwaamai, zvinova ndizvo zvave kuita kuti vade kumisa chibvumirano chekuberekera mwana. Vakadzi ava vakanzwisisa kuti vanoda mwana ari mukati mavo, izvo zvaita kuti vachinje pfungwa dzavo. Pamusoro pezvo, kuroja chibereko kunonetsa kuvana. Nokuti kana amai vakasiya kodzero yavo kumwana, mwana angazviona sokusiiwa. Mibvunzo ingamuka kwaari, nei amai vake vakamutengesa nemari uye haana hanya. Pakati pezvimwe, webhusaiti yaAlana Newman AnonymousUS.org inotaura nezvezviitiko uye manzwiro evana vakadai. Frank Litgvoet, anogara muukama hwengochani, anotaura chokwadi nezvenyaya yakafanana. Anotaura nezvevana vake vokurera vaisuwa amai vavo. Zvakanga zvakaoma uye zvichirwadza kuti vana vanzwisise kuti sei amai vakasiya vana vavo pakutanga:
Mamiriro ezvinhu emwana "asina amai" mukugamuchirwa pachena haasi nyore sezvaanogona kuonekwa, nokuti anosanganisira amai vanobereka, vanouya muupenyu hwemwana ndokubva vaenda. Uye apo amai vanenge vasipo mumuviri, vanenge vachiri, sezvatinoziva munhau dzavana vakawanda vokurera vasvika paukuru, varipo muzviroto, mifananidzo, chishuvo, uye kunetseka. Kusvika kwaAmai muupenyu hwevana vedu kunowanzova chiitiko chinoshamisa. Zvakaoma kuvana kana amai vaenda, kwete chete nokuti zvinosuruvarisa kutaura zvakanaka kune munhu mukuru anodiwa, asiwo nokuti zvinomutsa mubvunzo wakaoma uye unorwadza wekuti nei amai vakasiya mwana wavo pakutanga. (16)
Zvakadini netsika dzemabhangi embeu uye marapirwo efodya? Dzinobva paidi rokuti varume vakapa nokuzvidira urume hwavo nokuda kwokusimwa, naizvozvo ava varume zvirokwazvo havasati vachizofanira kutambura kunzwa kwakaoma kwakafanana kunogona kuitika nokurenda chibereko. Zvisinei, dambudziko rekurapa mbereko nderekuti vanoremedza vana nemutoro wekushaya baba. Vana vakagadzirwa nemaoko vanogona kunzwa vakaoma zvikuru kana amai vakavaisa noune munzvimbo yavasingagoni kuziva uye kuonana nababa vavo. Tapio Puolimatka anotsanangura tsvakiridzo yeYale University chiremba wepfungwa Kyle Pruett panyaya iyi (Kyle Pruett: Fatherneed, New York, Broadway, 2000). Zvakaoma kuti vana vagare mumhando yepakati pasina hukama nababa vavo vekubereka:
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa dzeYale University, Kyle Pruett (2000: 207) anopedzisa netsvakurudzo yake yokuti vana vanozvarwa pamusana pekupinzwa uye vakarerwa pasina baba vane “nzara yokugara nababa vavo zvachose”. Tsvagiridzo yake inopindirana nezvidzidzo zvekurambana uye kuva mubereki mumwe zvinosimbisa kushaikwa kwakafanana kweubaba. Tsvagiridzo yaPruett inoratidzawo kuti vana vanozvarwa nekuda kwekupinzwa mudumbu, vasina ruzivo nezvababa vavo, vane mibvunzo yakadzama uye inoshungurudza pamusoro pekwavanobva uye mhuri yavakabva. Vana ava havazivi baba vavo kana mhuri yababa vavo, uye zvinosemesa kwavari kugara murudzi rwepakati-kati pasina hukama nababa vavo chaivo (Pruett 2000: 204-208) (17)
Alana Newman anoenderera mberi nemusoro mumwe chete. Iye pachake akaberekwa kuburikidza nekuisa mbeu, iyo yakashandisa urume kubva kune asingazivikanwi donor. Anopikisa zvakasimba tsika iyo mwana anonyimwa mukana wekutanga ukama nevabereki vake chaivo uye kukura mukutarisira kwavo. Somugumisiro wezvakaitika kwaari pachake, akatambura nezvinetso zvekuzivikanwa uye kuvenga kune varume vakasiyana. Muuchapupu hwake hwakanyorwa kuCalifornia Legislature, akanyora nezvenyaya iyi:
…Ndaitambura nenyaya dzekusazivikanwa izvo zvaikanganisa kudzikama kwepfungwa dzangu, kusavimba uye kuvenga varume kana vasikana, manzwiro ekuva anoshoreka – sokunge kuti ndaivapo sechinhu chekutamba chemumwe munhu. Ndakanzwa sokunge ndakanga ndiri kuedza kwesayenzi. (18)
Kukosha kwevabereki kuvana . Zvirongwa zveterevhizheni nenyaya dzomupepanhau zvinowanzotaura nezvokuti vana vanoda sei kuwana mubereki wokubereka wavasina kumboonana naye uye akatsakatika muupenyu hwavo. Vane chishuwo chekuda kutsvaga midzi yavo uye kuonana nababa kana amai vekubereka vakashaika kwavari. Izvi zvave kuwanda mazuvano, semuenzaniso nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekurambana. Mukuona kwomwana, chokwadi chokuti vabereki vokubereka vose varipo uye vane hanya nomumwe nomumwe chinokosha. Izvi zvinobudawo mune zvakawanda zvinoonekwa zvehupenyu hunoshanda. Vana avo vane hukama nevabereki vavo hwakaputsika, semuenzaniso nekuda kwedoro, mhirizhonga kana kurambanawo zvavo, vanosangana nezvinetso zvakawanda muhupenyu hwavo izvo zvisingawanzo kune vana vakakurira mumhuri dzakasimba. Muenzaniso muduku unoshanda unoratidza izvi. Zvinoratidza kuti kunyanya kusava nababa, kushayikwa kwababa pamba, idambudziko razvino uno:
Apo ndakanga ndichitaura pane mumwe musasa wavarume muHume Lake muCalifornia, ndakataura kuti babawo zvavo vanopedza maminiti matatu bedzi enguva yakanaka nomwana wavo pazuva. Pashure pomusangano, mumwe murume akabvunza mashoko angu. Akatsiura, "Imi vaparidzi munongotaura zvinhu. Maererano netsvakurudzo yazvino, babawo zvavo havapedzi kana maminitsi matatu zuva nezuva nevana vavo, asi masekonzi 35 ." Ndinomutenda nekuti akashanda semuongorori wechikoro pakati peCalifornia. Chaizvoizvo, akandipa imwe nhamba inokatyamadza. Mune rimwe ruwa rwechikoro muCalifornia makanga mune vadzidzi 483 mudzidzo inokosha. Pavadzidzi ivavo hapana aiva nababa pamba. Mune imwe nzvimbo iri kunze kweSeattle, 61% yevana vanogara vasina baba. Kushaya baba chituko mazuvano. (19)
Izvi zvinoenderana sei nenyaya yakurukurwa? Muchidimbu, kuvapo kwevabereki vose vokubereka, rudo rwevabereki kune mumwe nomumwe uye, zvechokwadi, kumwana kunokosha kune hupenyu hwakanaka uye kukura kwemwana. Pane tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti mwana anokura uye anokura zvakanaka kana akabvumirwa kuva nevabereki vake vokubereka mumhuri ine mwero wakaderera wekukonana. Kana pfungwa yekuenzanisa iri yevana, vakasangana nekurambana kwevabereki kana mhuri dzine mubereki mumwe, mhuri itsva uye hukama hwekugarisana, vakawanwa senzira dzakaipa pakukura kwevana. Muhukama hweungochani, dambudziko rakatokura (kana vana vakawanikwa kuburikidza nehukama hwenguva pfupi yeungochani kana nenzira dzekugadzira), nokuti mavari mwana akaparadzaniswa nemubereki mumwe chete kubva pakutanga kwehupenyu hwake. Zvechokwadi haisi sarudzo yakanaka yevana, sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa. Tsinhiro shomanene dzinoratidza kuti kunokosha sei kuva navabereki vokubereka vose vari vaviri mumhuri. Munhu ari kuronga kurambana nemurume wake ngaafunge kaviri. Zvechokwadi, hapana mubereki akakwana, uye dzimwe nguva kugara kure kunogona kudiwa nekuda kwe, somuenzaniso, mhirizhonga. Zvisinei, kuvana, sarudzo yakanakisisa ndeyokuti vabereki vawirirane uye vadzidze kugamuchira mumwe nomumwe:
Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza zvakajeka kuti kuumbwa kwemhuri kunokosha kuvana uye kuti ivo vanotsigirwa zvakanakisisa nechimiro chemhuri, icho chine vabereki vaviri vokubereka muroorano vachitungamirira mhuri, uye kuti mwero wenharo wavabereki wakaderera. Vana vari mumhuri dzine mubereki mumwe, vana vanoberekwa naamai vasina kuroorwa, uye vana vari mumhuri dzakavhengana kana kuti dzinogara pamwe chete vari pangozi huru yokukura mugwara rakaipa... Ndicho chikonzero nei zvichikosha, kuti mwana, akurudzire michato yakasimba uye yakagadzikana. pakati pevabereki vokubereka. (21)
Kudai taikumbirwa kugadzira hurongwa hwekuona kuti zvese zvinodiwa nevana zviri kuchengetwa, pamwe taizopedzisira tave kune imwe nzvimbo, izvo zvakafanana nemafungiro ekuva nevabereki vaviri. Muchidzidzo, chirongwa cherudzi urwu hachingoiti kuti vana vawane nguva uye zviwanikwa zvevakuru vaviri, chinopawo hurongwa hwekutonga nekuenzanisa, hunosimudzira hubereki hwepamusoro. Ukama hwevabereki vose nomwana hunowedzera mukana wokuti vabereki vakwanise kuzvizivisa vamene nomwana uye vakagadzirira kuita zvimwe zvinhu nokuda kwomwana. Zvinoderedzawo mikana yekuti vabereki vashandise mwana. (22)
Zvave zvichiratidzwa zvine hunyoro kuti vana havasi kubudirira, zvisinei nekuchengetwa kwakanaka kwemuviri kana vachichengetwa munzvimbo dzisina munhu, uye kuti kuparadzana naamai - kunyanya panguva dzakati - kunokuvadza mwana zvakanyanya. Mhedzisiro yezvinoitika pakuchengetwa kwesangano kuderera kwepfungwa, kusava nehanya, kudzokera shure uye kunyange kufa, kana pasina amai vakabereka vakakwana. (23)
Sezvakataurwa, kukosha kwevabereki vose muupenyu hwevana kwakaonekwa kuti kunokosha. Izvi zvinoratidzwa neruzivo runoshanda uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda. Mubereki ari oga anogona kuva nomuenzaniso mubasa rake somubereki, asi izvozvo hazvitsivi mubereki akashaika wechirume kana kuti chechikadzi. Maererano nekutsvakurudza, vana vakakurira mumhuri dzakaputsika (mhuri dzine mubereki mumwe, mhuri itsva ...) vane mamwe marudzi ematambudziko anotevera. Vanoratidza kukosha kwakaita kuvapo kwerudo kwevabereki vekubereka:
• Chiyero chedzidzo uye mwero wekupedza chikoro zvakaderera
• Vakomana vakakura vasina baba vanowanzotungamirirwa munzira yemhirizhonga uye kuparwa kwemhosva
• Matambudziko epfungwa, kuora mwoyo uye kuedza kuzviuraya kunowanzoitika muvana vasina vabereki vose mumhuri.
• Kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka uye doro kunonyanya kuwanda
• Mimba dzevachiri kuyaruka nekushungurudzwa pabonde zvinowanzoitika
Vana vanorerwa nengochani vanomira sei mumamiriro ezvinhu aya? Muchidimbu, vane matambudziko akafanana nevamwe vana vanobva muukama hwemhuri hwakaparara. Tafura inotevera, ine chekuita netsvagiridzo yeAustralia Sotirios Sarantokis pamusoro pechidzidzo (22), inopa imwe chiratidzo chenyaya. Chidzidzo chaakagadzira muna 1996 chaive chidzidzo chikuru kwazvo achienzanisa budiriro yevana kusvika mugore ra2000. Chidzidzo ichi chakafunga nezvekuongorora kwevabereki pachavo, mhedzisiro yechikoro uye ongororo dzevadzidzisi dzekukura kwevana:
Imwe ongororo yakafanana yakaitwa napurofesa wezvemagariro evanhu Mark Regnerus. Yakaongorora mashandiro anoita mhuri pavana. Kubatsira kwechidzidzo kwaive kuti kwaive kwakavakirwa pane zvisina tsarukano sampling uye yakakura sampu (15,000 American vechidiki). Pamusoro pezvo, muenzaniso wacho wakawedzerwa nekubatanidza dzimba umo mumwe wevakuru dzimwe nguva anga aine hukama hweungochani. Chidzidzo ichi chakaburitswa muSocial Science Research, iyo yepamusoro sociology kudhindwa. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti vana vengochani vane matambudziko akanyanya epfungwa nemagariro kupfuura vana vakakura nevabereki chaivo. Robert Oscar Lopez, iye pachake akakurira naamai ngochani nemumwe wake wechikadzi, akataura nezvetsvakiridzo yaRegnerus:
Tsvagiridzo yaRegnerus yakaratidza vana 248 vakuru vane vabereki vaive nehukama hwerudo nemunhu wechirume chimwe chete. Apo vana vakura ava vakapiwa mukana wekuongorora huduku hwavo zviri pachena kubva mumaonero ekukura, vakapa mhinduro dzakanga dzisingaenderane zvakanaka nechirevo chekuenzanisa chiri muchirongwa chewanano isina kwayakarerekera. Zvisinei, migumisiro iyi inotsigirwa nechimwe chinhu chinokosha muupenyu, kureva pfungwa: Zvakaoma kukura zvakasiyana nevamwe vanhu, uye matambudziko aya anowedzera mukana wekuti vana vave nematambudziko ekugadzirisa uye kuti vanozozvirapa nedoro. uye mamwe maitiro ane ngozi. Mumwe nemumwe weavo mazana maviri nemakumi mana nevasere vakabvunzurudzwa pasina mubvunzo vane nyaya yavo yemunhu ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonetsa. Senge nyaya yangu, nyaya dzevanhu 248 idzi dzakakodzera kutaurwa. Sangano reungochani rinoita zvese zvarinogona kuona kuti hapana anovateerera. (25)
Hazvifaniri kushamisa kuti vana vengochani vane matambudziko. Zvimwe chetezvo kune vose vana vanobva kudzimba dzakaputsika. Vane mamwe matambudziko akawanda muupenyu hwavo kupfuura vana vakave neropafadzo yekukura nemhuri yakasimba. Pamusoro pezvo, tsika dzechingochani dzinonetsa kuvana, semuenzaniso nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera. Vanounza kusagadzikana kuhupenyu hwevana:
• Ngochani dzine hukama hwakasununguka. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kune ngochani dzechirume, avo maererano neimwe ongororo (Mercer et al 2009) vane hukama hwepabonde kakapetwa kashanu kupfuura varume vanoita zvepabonde.
• Vakadzi vanoita zvechingochani vanoratidzwa nehukama hupfupi. Musiyano kubva muzana wevakaroorana vechikadzi wakawanwa kuva wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura wevarume vakaroorana. Zvakare, zvichienzaniswa nevakaroora kana kuroorwa, iwo mutsauko muzana wakakwira zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinounzawo kusagadzikana muupenyu hwevana.
• Kana vanhu vakaroorana vawanda uye mumwe wevakuru asiri mubereki wemwana, njodzi yekushungurudzwa pabonde inowedzera. Ongororo yakaitwa naRegnerus yakaratidza kuti chikamu che2% chete chevana vakarerwa nababa naamai vavo chaivo vanoti vakabatwa pabonde, ukuwo chikamu che23% chevana vakarerwa naamai chikadzi vanoti vakasanganawo nazvo. Chinhu chimwe chetecho chakanga chisinganyanyi kuitika pakati pengochani dzechirume kupfuura pakati pevaroorani vechikadzi.
• Sezvinozivikanwa, vatsigiri vakawanda vesangano reungochani vakashora uye kunyomba zvinhu zvakadai apo vanhu vanoda nokuzvidira kubvisa mararamiro eungochani. Vakairwisa vachiti inokuvadza. Zvakadaro, mararamiro engochani mazhinji anokuvadza uye ane njodzi nekuda kwehukama hwakawanda hwepabonde. Varume kunyanya vane mukana wakawedzerwa wekubatwa nehosha dzepabonde nezvimwe zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa kubva kumunhu kuenda kune mumwe. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, AIDS idambudziko. Izvi zvinogona kupfupisa hupenyu hwavo zvakanyanya, asi zvinogonawo kubvisa mumwe mubereki kubva kumwana. Izvi zvinoitawo kuti hupenyu hwevana husagadzikana. Mashoko anotevera anotaura zvakawanda nezvenyaya yacho. Chidzidzo chakatungamirwa naDr. Robert S. Hogg. Boka rake rakaunganidza data pamusoro pengochani uye varume vane bisexual munzvimbo yeVancouver kubva 1987-1992. Chidzidzo chacho chakatarisa mhedzisiro yechirwere, kwete maitiro, paavhareji yehupenyu hunotarisirwa. Sezvineiwo, majekiseni akagadzirwa kubva kare,
Mukana wekuti varume vaviri nengochani vararame kubva pamakore makumi maviri kusvika makumi matanhatu nemashanu akasiyana pakati pe32 ne59 muzana. Nhamba idzi dzakadzikira zvikuru pane vamwe varume vose zvavo, vaiva nemukana we78 muzana wekurarama kubva pamakore makumi maviri kusvika kumakore 65. Mhedziso: Muguta guru reCanada, nduramo yengochani nevarume vane mitezo miviri yemakore ekuma20 imakore 8-20. zvishoma pane zvevamwe varume. Kana maitiro akafanana ekufa acharamba achienderera mberi, maererano nefungidziro yedu, ingangoita hafu yengochani nevarume vane bonde vari mumakore ekuma20 havazosvika pakuzvarwa kwavo kwemakumi matanhatu neshanu. Kunyangwe nefungidziro dzakasununguka, ngochani nevarume vane mitezo miviri pakati peguta iri parizvino vane tarisiro yeupenyu yakaenzana neyevarume vese muCanada muna 1871. (26)
VANHU VANOITA SEI NEZVI? Sezvakataurwa, mubereki ari ngochani anogona kuita nepaanogona napo basa rake somubereki oedza kuva mubereki akanaka kumwana wake. Iwe haugone kuramba izvozvo. Zvisinei, ichokwadiwo kuti chimiro chemhuri chinokosha. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda, zviitiko zvehupenyu hunoshanda uye pfungwa dzinoshanda dzinoratidza kuti zvakanaka kuti vana vakure mukambani uye kutarisira rudo kwevabereki vavo chaivo. Chokwadika, izvi hazviwanzoitiki zvakakwana nokuti vabereki vanokanganisa, asi kazhinji kacho, vana vakawanwa vachiita zviri nani kana vabereki vokubereka vose varipo. Saka vatsigiri vewanano isina kwayakarerekera vanoita sei kune ruzivo urwu, kana kuti ruchipokana nemararamiro eungochani? Kazhinji inozviratidza sezvinotevera maitiro:
Kupomerwa kuvenga ngochani uye kutaura ruvengo zvakajairika. Vanhu vazhinji vanosimudza kupomera uku, asi musafunga kuti kunyangwe tikapesana pazvinhu, hazvirevi kuvenga mumwe munhu. Avo vanoita nharo havagoni kuziva kufunga kwomukati kwomumwe munhu uye vangasanzwisisa kuti pasinei zvapo nokusawirirana, mumwe munhu wacho anogona kudiwa, kana kuti zvimwe kuedza kuda. Musiyano uyu unofanira kunzwisiswa. Ukuwo, zvakajairika kuti vatsigiri vakasimba zvikuru veroorano isina kwayakarerekera kuvarume vanyomba uye kutsvinyira vanhu vanoona zvinhu zvakasiyana nezvavanoona. Kunyange vachiti vanomiririra rudo, havaite maererano narwo. Kana uri mucheri akadaro iwe pachako, unowanei kubva pazviri kana kuti kana ukawana tendero yomunhu ari wose pamusoro pemararamire ako?
Kupomerwa mhosva. Pakutanga zvakataurwa kuti chimiro chemhuri chakakosha sei pakugara zvakanaka kwevana. Zvakaonekwa kuti pamuviri pevachiri kuyaruka, kuparwa kwemhosva, kushandisa zvinodhaka uye zvinetso zvepfungwa zvinowanzoitika mumhuri umo anenge mumwe wevabereki vokubereka akashaika. Izvi zvine zvazvinoitawo mune zvemari, sezvo mari dzemagariro evanhu dzichiwedzera. Semuenzaniso, ongororo yakaitwa muUSA muna 2008 yakaratidza kuti kurambana uye vana vanozvarwa kunze kwewanano inodhura vateresi 112 bhiriyoni emadhora pagore (Girgis et al 2012:46). Saizvozvowo, Etelä-Suomen sanomat yakashuma musi wa31 Gumiguru, 2010: Kuchengeta vana nevechidiki nemasangano nokukurumidza kuchadhura bhiriyoni, Matambudziko evana akawedzera zvakanyanya kubva pakutanga kwema1990 ... Kuchengeta kwemasangano kumwana mumwe chete kunodhura kusvika ku100,000 euros pagore. .... Pamusoro pezvo, Aamulehti yakashuma musi waKurume 3, 2013: Wechidiki akasarirwa anoita miriyoni 1,8. Kana kunyange mumwe akadzoserwa munzanga, muuyo wacho wakanaka. Vamwe vanoita sei kumashoko aya? Vangataura kuti zvino vabereki vari voga, vabereki vane ngochani kana kuti avo vakakundikana roorano dzavo vari kupomerwa mhaka. Nekudaro, iwe haufanirwe kuzvitarisa kubva kune iyo maonero. Zvakare, munhu wese anogona kufunga nezvekuti zvinhu zvingagadziriswe sei kuti zviite nani. Kana mumwe munhu ari kuronga, somuenzaniso, kusiya mudzimai wake nemhuri, anofanira kufunga kaviri, nokuti zvinogona kuva netapuro huru pavana neramangwana ravo. (Kazhinji vana bedzi vakaona uye vakawana chisimba chinodzokororwa vanogona kuona kuparadzana kwevabereki vavo sechiyamuro.) Kana kuti kana ngochani iri kuronga kuva nomwana nenzira dzokunyepedzera, inofanira kufunga nezvokuti mwana wacho anonzwa sei kugara asina baba kana kuti. amai. Ruzivo pamusoro pekukosha kwechimiro chemhuri kuvana rwakati fanane neruzivo rwezvakanakira kurovedza muviri kana njodzi yekusvuta pautano. Ruzivo urwu rwuripo, asi havasi vese vanorugamuchira. Zvisinei, kana tikatevera mashoko anowanika kumunhu wose, zvinovandudza utano hwedu hwomuviri.
"Kutsvagisa tsvina" . Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzinoshanda uye ruzivo rwoupenyu rwezuva nezuva zvichitsigira kuti zvakanaka kuvana kana vakabvumirwa kukurira mumhuri yavabereki vokubereka vose vari vaviri, vamwe vatsigiri vakasimba zvikuru veroorano isina kwayakarerekera kune varume vanoedza kuramba ikoku. Vanoti kuvapo kwemubereki wekubereka hakuna kukosha, asi kuti mumwe munhu mukuru anogona kutsiva kuvapo kwemubereki asipo. Pano vanodudza zvidzidzo zvinoburitsa maonero aya. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinotsanangurwa kuti ruzivo rwese rwekare pamusoro pezvinoreva zvivako zvemhuri "tsvakurudzo dzisina maturo" uye ruzivo rwesainzi. Ndiko kusaka vachifunga kuti inofanira kurambwa. Zvisinei, kana iwe ukatarisa zvidzidzo zvinorehwa nevatsigiri vewanano isina kwayakarerekera, ivo vanosangana nezviratidzo zveruzivo rwusiri rwesainzi. Chikonzero semuenzaniso zvinotevera zvinhu:
Muenzaniso wezvidzidzo idiki , paavhareji chete 30-60 vakabvunzurudzwa. Saizi diki dzemuenzaniso haigone kupa mhedzisiro yakakosha. Kuti uite generalizations, saizi yemuenzaniso inofanira kuwanda.
Mapoka ekuenzanisa haana kana kuti imhuri dzakaputsika. Dambudziko nezvidzidzo zvakawanda nderekuti ivo havana mapoka ekuenzanisa evakomana vakaroorana zvachose. Kana kuti kana paine boka rekuenzanisa, kazhinji imhuri ine mubereki mumwe, yakaumbwa patsva kana kuti inogara pamwe chete. Roorano dzevabereki vokubereka, dzinozivikanwa kuva dzinonyanya kufarira kukura kwevana, hadziwanzoshandiswa seboka rekuenzanisa. Zvakatotaurwa kare kuti vana vari mumhuri dzakaputsika vane zvinetso zvakawanda zvikuru.
Kubva pazvidzidzo makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe zvakashandiswa neAPA, makumi maviri nenhanhatu akange asina boka rekuenzanisa raisanganisira vakaroora vevarume vakasiyana zvachose. Zvidzidzo zve33 zvaive neboka rekuenzanisa rakadaro, asi muzvidzidzo gumi nenhatu boka rekuenzanisa raive mhuri dzine mubereki mumwe. Muzvidzidzo makumi maviri zvasara, hazvizivikanwe kana boka rekuenzanisa mubereki ari oga, vaviri vanogarisana, mhuri itsva kana vaviri vakaroorana vakaumbwa nevabereki chaivo vemwana. Kushaikwa uku chete kunoita kuti generalization inetse, sezvo Brown (2004: 364) achitaura muongororo yake achiongorora vana 35,938 vekuAmerica nevabereki vavo kuti zvisinei nemari uye zviwanikwa zvekurera vana, vechidiki (12-17 years old) vane migumisiro yakaderera mumhuri dzevakaroorana. kupfuura mumhuri dzine vabereki vaviri vokubereka vakaroorana. (27)
Hapana kusarudzika sampling uye kuziva kukosha kwebvunzurudzo . Kana masampuli ari madiki, rimwe dambudziko nderekuti akati wandei awo haana kubva pane zvisina kujairika sampling, asi vanobvunzurudzwa vanotorwa kubva kumaforamu ekuratidzira. Vanobvunzurudzwa vanogona kunge vachiziva kukosha kwezvematongerwo enyika kwetsvagurudzo nekudaro vanopa mhinduro "dzakafanira". Kunze kwezvo, ndiani anoda kutaura zvakaipa pamusoro pegarikano yavana vake amene kana kuti mwana pamusoro pavabereki vake, vane tendero yaanoda? Nenzira iyi, zvidzidzo zvakati wandei mundima iyi zvinoyeuchidza zvidzidzo zvakagadzirirwa makumi emakore apfuura naAlfred Kinsey. Idzo dzaisabva pane zvakangoitika zvesampling, asi chikamu chakakosha chetsvakiridzo yaKinsey yakabva kune vanoita zvepabonde, vabati chibharo, mapimps, pedophiles, makasitoma engochani uye vamwe vanhu vanorasika pabonde. Migumisiro yeKinsey yakanzi inomiririra weavhareji yeAmerica, asi zvidzidzo zvakazotevera zvakapa migumisiro yakasiyana zvachose uye zvakaramba ruzivo rwakapiwa naKinsey. Dr. Judith Reisman akanyora nezvenyaya iyi mubhuku rake rine simba "Kinsey: Crimes & Consequences" (1998).
Kutsvaga chinangwa? Apo kubvisa pamuviri pakupedzisira kwakabvumirwa pamutemo, kwainzi kubvisa pamuviri kusiri kwapamutemo kwaiitwa muzviverengero zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, zvakanzi kubvisa pamuviri kusiri pamutemo 30 000 kunoitika muFinland gore negore, kunyange zvazvo mushure mekuchinja kwemutemo, nhamba dzakangogara dzakapoteredza 10,000. Chii chakakonzera kusiyana kukuru kwakadaro? Vamwe vatsigiri vekubvisa pamuviri vakabvuma pachena mushure mezvo kuti vakawedzeredza nhamba kuti vanyengedze vamiriri vemitemo uye maonero eruzhinji. Mumwe anogona kubvunza kana paine chinangwa chakafanana muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvine chekuita newanano isina kwayakarerekera. Vamwe vakabvuma kuti zvinangwa zvakadaro zvakaitika. Vanzveri vakafuratira misiyano yakajeka inogona kuoneka nemhaka yokuti vakada kuratidza kuti maumbirwo emhuri haakoshi pakukura kwevana. Mashoko anotevera anoreva izvi:
Stacey naBiblarz (2001: 162) vanobvuma kuti nekuda kwekuti vatsvakurudzi vaida kuratidza kuti kurerwa kwevabereki nengochani kwakangofanana nekurerwa nevarume vakaroorana, vatsvakurudzi vane hanya vanobata kusiyana kwemhando dzemhuri idzi nehungwaru. Mune mamwe mazwi, kunyange zvazvo vatsvakurudzi vakawana misiyano mukurera kwevakuru vanogarisana, havana kuvateerera, vakaderedza kukosha kwavo, kana kuti vakakundikana kuitisa tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekusiyana. Kuita zvepabonde kwevabereki kwakakanganisa vana vavo kupfuura izvo zvakakonzerwa nevatsvakurudzi (Stacey & Biblarz 2001: 167). (28)
Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti ruzhinji rwekutsvagisa rwunoitwa nevashoma vaongorori. Pane dzimwe nguva, vakabatira pamwe. Uyezve, vamwe vavo vane tsika dzechingochani kana kuti vanoshingaira kutsigira muchato usina kwawakarerekera kune varume nevakadzi. Iyi ihwaro husina kunaka hwekutsvagisa zvisina tsarukano.
Kukanganisa kwemaonero evaongorori vega kunowedzerwa nekuti vashoma vaongorori vakaita chikamu chikuru chezvidzidzo makumi matanhatu zviri mubvunzo. Charlotte J. Patterson munyori pamwe naye pazvidzidzo gumi nembiri zvezvidzidzo makumi matanhatu izvozvo, Henny Bos pazvipfumbamwe, Nanette Gartrell pane zvinomwe, Judith Stacey naAbbie Goldberg vanyori pamwe chete pavana, uye vamwe vashoma vanyori pamwe pazvidzidzo zvitatu. Vanowanzoita tsvakurudzo pamwe chete. Izvi zvinoderedza huwandu hwezvidzidzo zvakazvimirira uye zvinowedzera kurudziro yekusarura kwevanoongorora. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei zvirevo zvakafanana zvichidzokororwa mune zvidzidzo zvakawanda. Charlotte Patterson purofesa wepfungwa paYunivhesiti yeVirginia. Pamusoro pebasa rake rakawanda rekutsvagisa, anewo ruzivo rwekutanga rwekuita kwevabereki mumhuri yemurume nemukadzi: akarera vana vatatu mumubatanidzwa wake wemakore makumi matatu naDeborah Cohn. Nanette Gartrell, pamwe chete nemukadzi wake Dee Mosbacher, vakarwira kodzero dzengochani uye anga ari muongorori mukuru muchirongwa chekutsvagisa US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study (NLLFS) inotsigirwa nemari nemasangano akati wandei ane mukurumbira. Henny Bos anoshanda sapurofesa wedzidzo paYunivhesiti yeAmsterdam uye akatora chikamu pamwe chete naNanette Gartrell muchirongwa chekutsvakurudza cheNLLFS. Abbie Goldberg purofesa wepfungwa paClark University muWorcester, Massachusetts. Anoti kubva pakutanga kwebasa rake rekutsvagisa, akawana dambudziko rekuti "tsika dzemagariro uye nhepfenyuro dzinoratidza izvo zvinonzi zvakajairwa, izvo zvisisiri zvakanyanya (kureva, iyo heterosexual mhuri yenyukireya)". Mune akati wandei emaonero ake enyanzvi, Judith Stacey akadzivirira wanano isina kwayakarerekera, kunyangwe achifunga sarudzo yakanaka kuve yekubvisa muchato wese. Semaonero ake, gadziriro yeroorano pachayo inowedzera kusaenzana. (29) kunyange zvazvo achifunga kuti ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yokugumisa nayo muchato. Semaonero ake, gadziriro yeroorano pachayo inowedzera kusaenzana. (29) kunyange zvazvo achifunga kuti ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yokugumisa nayo muchato. Semaonero ake, gadziriro yeroorano pachayo inowedzera kusaenzana. (29)
Rudo . Apo vaNazi vakadzivirira euthanasia, chimwe chezvikonzero chaiva tsitsi. Kwakatsanangurwa kuti hausi upenyu hwose hwomunhu hwakakodzera kurarama, uye ndicho chikonzero, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mafirimu anoparadzirwa akaitwa kuedza kudzivirira iyi nhau. Muzita retsitsi, zvisarudzo zvakaitwa izvo pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodzivirirwa kunyange nhasi muzita rerudo. Chokwadika, hakuna kuipa kuti rudo rwudzivirirwe, asi kazhinji kazhinji chaizvoizvo chingava chifukidziro choudyire, zvikurukuru nokuda kwoudyire hwomunhu mukuru kumwana. Sezvo mamiriro matsva akaonekwa munharaunda mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, mazhinji acho ane hukama nevana. Vana vanomanikidzwa kuwana mhedzisiro yesarudzo dzevakuru. Chimurenga chepabonde, kubvisa pamuviri, uye kuroorana kusina kwazvakarerekera kune varume nemienzaniso mitatu:
• Pfungwa yeshanduko yezvepabonde yaive yekuti hazvina kunaka kuita bonde pasina chibvumirano chewanano. Nyaya iyi yakadzivirirwa ichiti “hapana chakaipa kana vanhu vose vachidanana”. Chii chave chiri uye chii chiri mugumisiro kana mwana akaberekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro apo vabereki vasina kuzvipira kune mumwe nomumwe zvisati zvaitika? Chinonyanya kufadza ndicho chisarudzo apo vabereki vanobva vangobatana uye mwana anoberekerwa mumusha une vabereki vose. Zvisinei, tsika yacho inowanzosiyana. Vabereki vangabvisa pamuviri kana kuti vangaparadzana uye mwana ogara achichengetwa naamai vari voga (kana kuti baba vari voga). Rusununguko rwepabonde, runogona kunge rwakadzivirirwa nerudo, naizvozvo haisi sarudzo yakanaka kumwana.
• Kubvisa pamuviri kwakauya mushure mekuchinja kwepabonde. Kunyange nhasi, vadziviriri venyaya iyi havakwanisi kupa tsananguro yekuti sei mwana ari mudumbu raamai, ane nhengo dzemuviri dzakafanana (maziso, mhino, muromo, makumbo, maoko) semwana achangoberekwa kana, somuenzaniso, Mwana ane makore 10 okuberekwa, aizova munhu muduku. Kungogara mudumbu raamai hakufaniri kuva hwaro.
• Wanano isina kwayakarerekera - musoro wechinyorwa chino - inogonawo kunetsa kuvana. Nokuti kana vana vakawanwa mumubatanidzwa wakadaro kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasanogadzirwa kana kuti hukama hwechinguvana hwehetero, zvinosiya mwana ari mumamiriro ezvinhu apo anenge achishaikwa mumwe wevabereki vake vokubereka kumba.
References:
1. Wendy Wright: French Homosexuals Join Demonstration Against Gay Marriage, Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute, January 18, 2013 2. Liisa Tuovinen, ”Synti vai siunaus?” Inhimillinen tekijä. TV2, 2.11.2004, klo 22.05. 3. Bill Hybels: Kristityt seksihullussa kulttuurissa (Christians in a Sex Crazed Culture), p. 132 4. Espen Ottosen: Minun homoseksuaalit ystäväni (”Mine homofile venner”), p. 104 5. Espen Ottosen: Minun homoseksuaalit ystäväni (”Mine homofile venner”), p. 131 6. Lesboidentiteetti ja kristillisyys, p. 87, Seta julkaisut 7. Sinikka Pellinen: Homoseksuaalinen identiteetti ja kristillinen usko, p. 77, Teron kertomus 8. Ari Puonti: Suhteesta siunaukseen, p. 76,77 9. John Corvino: Mitä väärää on homoseksualisuudessa?, p. 161 10. Tapio Puolimatka: Seksuaalivallankumous, perheen ja kulttuurin romahdus, p. 172 11. Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Homosexuel contre le marriage pour tous (2013), Deboiris, p. 94 12. Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Homosexuel contre le marriage pour tous (2013), Deboiris, p. 210 13. Jean-Pierre Delaume-Myard: Homosexuel contre le marriage pour tous (2013), Deboiris, p. 212 14. Jean-Marc Guénois: “J’ai été élevé par deux femmes”, Le Figaro 1.10.2013 15. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 28,29 16. Frank Litgvoet: “The Misnomer of Motherless Parenting”, New York Times 07/2013 17. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 43,44 18. Alana Newman: Testimony of Alana S. Newman. Opposition to AB460. To the California Assembly Committee on Health, April 30, 2013. 19. Edwin Louis Cole: Miehuuden haaste, p. 104 20. David Popenoe (1996): Life without Father: Compelling New Evidence That Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society. New York: Free Press. 21. Kristin Anderson Moore & Susan M. Jekielek & Carol Emig:” Marriage from a Child’s Perspective: How Does Family Structure Affect Children and What Can We do About it”, Child Trends Research Brief, Child Trends, June 2002, http:www. childrentrends.org&/files/marriagerb602.pdf.) 22. Sara McLanahan & Gary Sandefur: Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps, p. 38 23. Margaret Mead: Some Theoretical Considerations on the Problem of Mother-Child Separation, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 24, 1954, p. 474 24. Sotirios Sarantakos: Children in Three Contexts: Family, Education and Social Development, Children Australia 21, 23-31, (1996) 25. Robert Oscar Lopez: Growing Up With Two Moms: The Untold Cgildren’s View, The Public Discourse, Augustth, 2012 26. International Journal of Epidemiology Modelling the Impact of HIV Disease on Mortality in Gay and Bisexual men; International Journal of Epidemiology; Vol. 26, No 3, p. 657 27. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 166 28. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 176 29. Tapio Puolimatka: Lapsen ihmisoikeus, oikeus isään ja äitiin, p. 178,179
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Mamirioni emakore / dinosaurs /
kushanduka kwevanhu? |
