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Madhinosaur akararama rini?
Dzidza kuti nei madinosaurs akararama munguva pfupi yapfuura, panguva imwe chete nevanhu. Mamirioni amakore ari nyore kusava nechokwadi maererano nouchapupu
Kutenda kwakajairika ndeyekuti madhinosaur akatonga Nyika kwemakore anopfuura mamirioni zana kusvika atsakatika makore 65 miriyoni apfuura. Iyi nhau yave ichisimbiswa nguva dzose kupfurikidza namabhuku emhindumupindu namapurogiramu, naizvozvo mufungo wama<em>dinosaur anorarama pasi pano mamiriyoni amakore akapfuura wakarovererwa zvakasimba mundangariro dzavanhu vazhinjisa. Hazvifungidzirwe kuti zvinokwanisika kuti aya mahombe (Size is related. Nhasi whales dzeblue whale dzinorema zvakapetwa kaviri semadinosaur makuru)mhuka dzakararama munguva pfupi yapfuura uye panguva imwe chete nevanhu. Maererano nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka, inofungidzirwa kuti dinosaurs aigara munguva yeJurassic neCretaceous, mhuka dzenguva yeCambrian kunyange kare, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakaonekwa paNyika yekupedzisira. Pfungwa yemhindumupindu yemapoka aya arikuonekwa pasi rino panguva dzakasiyana yakasimba zvikuru mupfungwa dzevanhu zvekuti vanotenda kuti inomiririra sainzi uye ichokwadi, kunyangwe zvichikwanisika kuwana zvinhu zvakawanda zvinopesana nepfungwa iyi. Zvadaro, tichaongorora nyaya iyi zvakadzama. Ufakazi hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti hakuna nguva refu zvikuru kubvira pakatanga kuva nemadinosaur pasi pano. Tinotarisa humbowo uhu hunotevera.
Dinosaur fossils mukudzokorora . Humbowo hunoratidza kuti madhinosaurs akamborarama pasi pano zvisaririra zvawo. Kubva pazviri, zvinokwanisika kuziva zvakakura uye chitarisiko chemadinosaur uye kuti dzaive mhuka chaidzo. Hapana chikonzero chekusava nechokwadi nezvenhoroondo yavo. Kufambidzana kwemadinosaurs, zvisinei, inyaya yakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo maererano nechati yenguva ye geological yakadhirowewa muzana remakore rechi19, ma<em>dinosaur akazotsakatika mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu neshanu emakore apfuura, mhedziso yakadaro haigoni kuitwa zvichibva pazvisaririra chaizvo. Zvicherwa hazvina mavara ezera rawo uye pazvakatsakatika. Panzvimbo pezvo, chimiro chakanaka chezvisaririra chinokarakadza kuti inhau yezviuru, kwete mamiriyoni amakore. Zvinokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvinotevera:
Mabhonzo haagare achiputswa . Petrified fossils akawanikwa kubva kumadinosaur, asiwo mapfupa asina kuparadzwa. Vanhu vazhinji vane pfungwa yekuti zvese zvisaririra zvedhinasosi zvakapwanyika uye saka zvekare. Uyezve, vanofunga kuti kuchenesa kunotora mamiriyoni emakore. Zvisinei, kuchenesa kunogona kuva nzira yekukurumidza. Mumamiriro erabhoritari, zvave zvichikwanisika kugadzira huni hwakaomeswa mumazuva mashoma. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera, senge mumatsime anopisa ane mineral-rich, mapfupa anogonawo kupera mukati memavhiki mashoma. Aya maitiro haadi mamiriyoni emakore. Saka mapfupa edinosaur asina kuomeswa awanikwa. Mamwe masaisai edhinasori anogona kunge aine bhonzo rawo rekutanga rasara uye anogona kunhuwa kuora. Imwe nyanzvi yezvakaitika kare inodavira dzidziso yemhindumupindu yakataura nezveimwe nzvimbo hombe yakawanwa nezvisaririra zvema<em>dinosaur iyo “mapfupa ose ari muHell Creek anonhuwa.” Mapfupa anogona sei kunhuwa pashure pemakumi emamiriyoni emakore? Sayenzi bhuku rinotaurira kuti C. Barreto neboka rake rebasa vakadzidza sei mapfupa ediki dinosaurs (Science, 262: 2020-2023), iyo yakanga isina kuomeswa. Mabhonzo anofungidzirwa kuve ane makore 72-84 miriyoni ekuzvarwa aive nechiyero chakafanana checalcium kune phosphorus yemukati semapfupa emazuva ano. Kudhindwa kwepakutanga kunoratidza zvinhu zvisingaoneki nemaziso zvakanyatsochengetedzwa zvemapfupa. Mabhonzo madiki chete akaomeswa akawanikwa munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe dzakadai seAlberta neAlaska muCanada. The Journal of Paleontology (1987, Vol. 61, No 1, pp. 198-200) inoshuma chimwe chakadaro:
Mumwe muenzaniso unotoorora wakawanwa kumhenderekedzo yegungwa yokuchamhembe kweAlaska, uko zviuru zvemapfupa zvinenge zvisina kukuvadzwa zvachose. Mapfupa anotaridzika uye anonzwa semapfupa emombe asakara. Vakawana havana kuzivisa kuwanikwa kwavo kwemakore makumi maviri nekuti vaifunga kuti vaive bison-, uye kwete mapfupa edinosaur.
Mubvunzo wakanaka ndewekuti mapfupa angadai akachengetedzwa sei kwemakumi emamiriyoni emakore? Panguva yemadinosaurs, mamiriro ekunze aidziya, saka hutachiona hwehutachiona hungadai hwakaparadza mapfupa. Ichokwadi chokuti mapfupa haana kusvibiswa, akachengetedzwa zvakanaka uye anotarisa akafanana nemapfupa matsva anoratidza pfupi pane nguva refu.
Zvinyoro zvinyoro . Sezvakataurwa, zvisaririra hazvina ma tag pazera rawo. Hapana anogona kutaura aine chokwadi kuti zvipenyu zvakawanikwa sezvisaririra zvave zvipenyu paPasi padanho ripi. Izvi hazvigone kutorwa zvakananga kubva kune zvisaririra. Kana zvasvika kune dinosaur fossil inowanikwa, zvisinei, icherechedzo inoshamisa kuti akati wandei emafossils akachengetedzwa zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, Yle uutiset yakashuma musi waDecember 5, 2007: "Dinosaur tsandanyama neganda zvakawanikwa muU.SA." Iyi nhau handiyo yega yerudzi rwayo, asi nhau dzakafanana nekuona zvakawanda. Maererano neimwe tsvakiridzo mushumo, zvinyoro zvinyoro zvakaparadzaniswa kubva kune yega yega yechipiri dinosaur bone kubva kuJurassic nguva (145.5 - 199.6 miriyoni yekushanduka-shanduka makore apfuura) (1). Zvisaririra zvedhinasori zvakachengetedzwa zvechokwadi ipikicha huru kana ichibva kune anopfuura mamirioni makumi matanhatu ane mashanu emakore apfuura. Muenzaniso wakanaka ifossil inenge yakazara dinosaur inowanikwa muPietraroia limestone deposits muSouthern Italy, iyo maererano nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yaionekwa semakore ane mamiriyoni e110, asi ane chiropa-, ura-, tsandanyama- uye cartilage tishu zvakanga zvichiri kusara. Mukuwedzera, chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa pane zvakawanikwa chaiva ura hwakachengetedzwa, umo nyama dzetsandanyama dzaigona kuonekwa. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, ura hwakaita sehwakanga huchangobva kuchekwa! ( TREE, August 1998, Vol. 13, No. 8, mapeji 303-304) Mumwe muenzaniso ndezvisaririra zve<em>pterosaur (dzakanga dziri madzvinyu makuru anobhururuka) anowanwa muAraripe, Brazil, ayo akanyatsochengetedzwa zvakanaka zvisati zvamboitika. Yunivhesiti yeLondon palaeontologist Stafford House yakataura nezve izvi zvisaririra zvakawanikwa (Discover 2/1994):
Dai chisikwa ichocho chakafa mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura, chakavigwa uye chakacherwa, zvaizoita sezvizvi chaizvo. Yakakwana zvachose munzira dzose.
Saka, zvakachengetwa zvakapfava zvinyoro zvinowanikwa zvakagadzirwa kubva kumadinosaur. Zvakawanikwa zvakangofanana nezvakaitwa nemhuka hombe, idzo dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakafa mamireniyumu mashoma apfuura. Mubvunzo wakanaka ndewekuti, zvisaririra zvedinosaur zvingatsanangurwa sei kakawanda kupfuura mafossils makuru, kana ese ari maviri akachengetedzwa zvakaenzana? Hapana humwe hwaro hweizvi kunze kweiyo geological time chart, iyo yakawanikwa ichipokana nezvinogona kucherechedzwa mumasikirwo kakawanda. Yaizova nguva yekusiya iyi nguva chati. Zvinogoneka zvikuru kuti ma<em>dinosaur nemammoth aigara panyika panguva imwe chete.
Mapuroteni akadai sealbumin, collagen uye osteocalcin akawanikwa mumasara emadinosaur. Uyewo mapuroteni asina kusimba elastin uye laminin akawanikwa [Schweitzer, M. nevamwe 6, Biomolecular characterization uye protein sequences yeCampanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Chinoita kuti zviwanikwa izvi zvinetse ndezvekuti zvinhu izvi hazviwanzo kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvemhuka kubva mazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, mune imwe mammoth bone samples, iyo yaifungidzirwa kuva 13,000 yemakore, ese collagen akange atonyangarika (Science, 1978, 200, 1275). Zvisinei, collagen yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune dinosaur fossils. Maererano nemagazini yenyanzvi inonzi Biochemist, collagen haigoni kuchengetedzwa kunyange kwemakore mamiriyoni matatu patembiricha yakakodzera yezero degrees Celsius (2) . Icho chokwadi chekuti zvakawanikwa zvakadaro zvinowanzoitika zvinoratidza kuti zvisaririra zvemadhinasori angangosvika zviuru zvemakore ekare. Kutemerwa zera kunoenderana nechati yenguva haienderane nezviri kuwanikwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinozivikanwa kuti biomolecules haigoni kuchengetedzwa kwemakore anopfuura 100,000 (Bada, J et al. 1999. Kuchengetedzwa kwemabiomolecules makuru muzvinyorwa zvefossil: ruzivo rwezvino uye matambudziko emangwana. Philosophical Transactions yeRoyal Society B: Biological Sayenzi. 354, [1379]). Iyi ndiyo mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa yeempirical sainzi. Collagen, inova biomolecule yenyama yemhuka, kureva puroteni yemaitiro, inogona kazhinji kuparadzaniswa kubva kune zvisaririra. Iyo inozivikanwa nezveprotein iri mubvunzo iyo inoputsika nekukurumidza mumapfupa, uye masara ayo chete anogona kuonekwa mushure memakore 30,000, kunze kwekuoma kwakanyanya kwakakosha. Iyo Hell Creek nzvimbo ine chokwadi chekuwana mvura nguva nenguva. Naizvozvo, collagen haifanirwe kuwanikwa mu "68 miriyoni" yemakore bhonzo yakavigwa muvhu. (3)
Kana zvakacherechedzwa pamusoro pemapuroteni akaparadzaniswa nemapfupa edinosaur, akadai sealbumin, collagen uye osteocalcin, pamwe neDNA zvakarurama, uye hatina chikonzero chokusava nechokwadi nekuchenjerera kwevatsvakurudzi, zvichibva pane zvidzidzo izvi, mapfupa anofanira kudzokororwa zvakare. kwete kupfuura 40,000-50,000 yemakore, nokuti iyo yakawanda inogona kuchengetedza nguva yezvinhu zviri mubvunzo mumasikirwo haigoni kudarika. (4)
Masero eropa . Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa kuwanikwa kwemasero eropa mumasara emadinosaur. Nucleated masero eropa akawanikwa uye zvakawanikwa kuti hemoglobin inoramba iri mavari zvakare. Imwe yemasero eropa akakosha akawanikwa yakatoitwa muma1990 naMary Schweitzer. Zvimwe zvakawanwa zvakafanana zvakawanikwa kubvira ipapo. Mubvunzo wakanaka ndewekuti masero eropa anogona kuchengetedzwa sei kwemakumi emamiriyoni emakore kana kuti ari mushure mezvose zve geologically zvakabva kwazvino? Zvakawanda zvakawanikwa zverudzi urwu zvinodaidzira kuti geological time chati uye mamiriyoni ayo emakore mubvunzo. Kubva pamamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ezvisaririra, hapana zvikonzero zvine musoro zvokudavira mamiriyoni emakore.
Mary Schweitzer paakanga ava nemakore mashanu, akazivisa kuti aizova muongorori wedhinasaro. Hope dzake dzakazadzikiswa, uye pazera remakore makumi matatu nemasere, akakwanisa kudzidza skeleton inenge yakachengetedzwa zvakakwana yeTyrannosaurus Rex, yakawanikwa muMontana muna 1998 ( Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , mapeji 2376–2377). Nguva ye skeleton yaifungidzirwa pa "80 mamiriyoni emakore." Kusvika 90% yemapfupa akawanikwa, uye akanga achiri. Schweitzer inyanzvi mukutsvagisa matishu uye anozvidaidza kuti molecular palaeontologist. Akasarudza zvidya uye shinbones yewawana uye akasarudza kuongorora mwongo. Schweitzer akacherekedza kuti mwongo wepfupa wakanga usina kucheneswa uye kuti wakanga wachengetwa nenzira inoshamisa. Iro bhonzo rakanga riri organic zvachose uye rakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya. Schweitzer akaidzidza nemaikorosikopu uye akacherekedza zvimiro zvaida kuziva. Dzakanga dziri duku uye dzakaita denderedzwa uye dzine nucleus, kungofanana nemasero matsvuku eropa ari mutsinga yeropa. Asi masero eropa aifanira kunge akanyangarika kubva kumapfupa edinosaur makore apfuura.“Ganda rangu rakava nemapundu, sekunge ndaitarisa pfupa rechimanjemanje,” anodaro Schweitzer. “Chokwadi handina kubvuma zvandaiona uye ndakati kunyanzvi yerabhu: ‘Mabhonzo aya ane makore mamiriyoni 65 ekuberekwa, masero eropa aizorarama sei kwenguva yakareba kudaro?’” ( Science, July 1993, Vol. 261, map. 160–163). Chinonyanya kukosha nekuwana uku ndechekuti haasi mapfupa ese akange anyatsogadzirwa. Gayle Callis, nyanzvi yekutsvagisa mapfupa, akaratidza masampuri emapfupa mumusangano wesainzi umo chiremba wepathologist akazviona. Chiremba akati, "Maiziva here kuti mune masero eropa mubhonzo iri?" Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nemafaro anoshamisa. Mary Schweitzer akaratidza muenzaniso kuna Jack Horner, muongorori ane mukurumbira wemadinosaurs,"Saka unofunga kuti mune masero eropa here?" , iyo Schweitzer akapindura, "Kwete, handisi." "Zvakanaka, imboedza kuratidza kuti haasi masero eropa," Horner akapindura (EARTH, 1997, June: 55-57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner anofungidzira kuti mapfupa akakora zvekuti mvura neokisijeni hazvina kukwanisa kuzvikanganisa. (5)
Radiocarbon . Nzira inonyanya kukosha inoshandiswa kuyera zera rezvinhu zvakasikwa ndeye radiocarbon nzira. Nenzira iyi, hafu yehupenyu hweradiocarbon (C-14) ndeye makore 5730, saka hapafanirwe kusara mushure memakore angangoita 100,000. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti radiocarbon yave ichiwanikwa kakawanda mu "mazana emamiriyoni emakore ekare" deposits, matsime emafuta, Cambrian organisms, marasha deposits, kunyange madhaimani. Kana iyo yepamutemo hafu yehupenyu hweradiocarbon ingori mireniyamu mashoma, izvi hazvifanirwe kuitika kana masampuli ari kubva kumamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Chinongogona kuitika ndechekuti nguva yekufa kwezvipenyu yakanga iri pedyo zvikuru nezvino, kureva zviuru, kwete mamiriyoni emakore kure. Dambudziko rakafanana ndere dinosaurs. Muzhinji, madhinosaurs haana kana kumbove neradiocarbon date, nekuti zvisaririra zvedinosaur zvakaonekwa kuti zvakanyanyisa kufambidzana neradiocarbon. Nekudaro, zviyero zvishoma zvakaitwa uye kushamisika kwave kuri kuti radiocarbon ichiripo. Izvi, sezvakaonekwa kare, zvinoratidza kuti hazvingagoni kuva mamiriyoni emakore kubva zvisikwa izvi zvakatsakatika. Iyo inotevera quote inotaura zvakawanda nezve dambudziko. Chikwata cheGerman chevaongorori chinoshuma nezve radiocarbon zvisaririra zvedinosaur zvakasara zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana:
Mafossils anofungidzirwa kuti akasakara haawanzo kunyorwa kabhoni-14 nekuti haafanirwe kuve neradiocarbon yasara. Hafu yehupenyu hweradioactive carbon ipfupi zvekuti yakaora yese mumakore asingasviki 100,000. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2012, boka revatsvagiri veGerman rakashuma pamusangano we geophysicist mhedzisiro yekabhoni-14 zviyero zvakange zvaitwa pane akawanda mafossilized dinosaur bone samples. Maererano nemigumisiro, mapfupa emapfupa aiva nemakore 22,000-39,000! Zvirinani panguva yekunyora, mharidzo inowanikwa paYouTube. (6) Mugumisiro wacho wakagamuchirwa sei? Vaviri vesachigaro, avo vakatadza kubvuma kuyerwa, vakadzima chidimbu chemharidzo kubva pawebhusaiti yemusangano vasina kuzvitaura kumasayendisiti. Mhinduro dziripo pa http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Mhosva inoratidza kuti iyo naturalistic paradigm inobata sei. Kunenge kusingabviri kuwana mibairo inopokanidza iyo yakabudiswa munharaunda yesainzi inodzorwa neruzivo rwechisiko. Zvingangodaro kuti mazambiringa akaomeswa anobhururuka. (7)
DNA . Chimwe chinoratidza kuti dinosaur inosara haigone kubva kumamiriyoni emakore apfuura ndiko kuwanikwa kweDNA mavari. DNA yakaparadzaniswa semuenzaniso About Tyrannosaurus Rex bone material (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) uye mazai edhinasa kuChina (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Chii chinoita kuti kuwanikwa kweDNA kuomerwe nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ndeyekuti kunyangwe kubva kune vanhu vakare mummies kana mammoths akaongororwa, DNA samples haigone kuwanikwa nguva dzose nekuti chinhu ichi chakaparara. Muenzaniso wakanaka ndewe apo Svante Pääbo akaongorora sampuli dzematishu ezvichemo zvevanhu makumi maviri nenhatu mumiziyamu yeBerlin muUppsala. Akakwanisa kutsaura DNA kubva kuamai mumwechete, zvichiratidza kuti chinhu ichi hachigone kugara kwenguva refu (Nature 314: 644-645). Idi rekuti DNA richiripo mumadhinosaurs rinoratidza kuti zvisaririra hazvigone kubva kumamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Chinoita kuti zvinyanye kuoma ndechekuti mushure memakore 10,000 hapafanirwe kuve neDNA yasara zvachose (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Saizvozvo, muongororo ichangoburwa kubva muna 2012, yakaverengerwa kuti hafu yeupenyu hweDNA ingori makore 521 chete. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pfungwa yemakumi emamiriyoni emakore ekare ezvisaririra inogona kurambwa. Munhau dzine hukama (yle.fi> Uutiset> Tiede, 13.10.2012) zvakanzi:
Muganho wekupedzisira wekuchengetedza DNA wakawanikwa - zviroto zve cloning dinosaurs zvakapera
Dinosaurs dzakatsakatika makore 65 miriyoni apfuura. DNA haipone kwenguva yakareba, kwete kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, maererano neongororo yazvino ... Enzymes uye micro-organism inotanga kuputsa DNA yemaseru mushure mekunge mhuka yafa. Zvisinei, chikonzero chikuru cheizvi chinofungidzirwa kuva maitiro anokonzerwa nemvura. Sezvo kune mvura yepasi pese pese, DNA inofanira, mukufungidzira, kuora pamwero wakatsiga. Kuti tione izvi, zvisinei, zuva iri risati rasvika hatina kukwanisa kuwana zvisaririra zvakakura zvakakwana zvakanga zvichine DNA yasara. Vesainzi veDenmark neAustralia zvino vakapedza chakavanzika, sezvavakagamuchira shinbones 158 dzeshiri hombe yeMoa murabhoritari yavo, uye mapfupa akanga achine zvinhu zvokutodza zvakasiiwa maari. Mapfupa ane makore 600 - 8000 uye anobva munzvimbo imwechete, saka akwegura mumamiriro akagadzikana.
Kwete kunyange amber inogona kupa DNA imwe nguva
Nokuenzanisa zera remasampuli uye kuora kwemazinga eDNA, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuverenga hafu yeupenyu hwemakore 521. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mushure memakore 521 hafu yemajoini enucleotide muDNA yatsemuka. Mushure memamwe makore 521 izvi zvakaitikawo kune hafu yemajoini akasara uye zvichingodaro. Vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza kuti kunyange kana pfupa rakazorora mukupisa kwakakodzera, majoini ose angadai akatyoka mushure memakore 68 mamiriyoni. Kunyangwe mushure memakore miriyoni imwe nehafu, DNA inova isingaverengeki: kune ruzivo rushoma rwasara, nekuti zvikamu zvese zvakakosha zvaenda.
Kana DNA ichiripo mumadinosaur uye hafu yehupenyu hwechinhu ichi inoyerwa chete mumazana emakore, mhedziso dzinofanira kutorwa kubva pane izvi. Zvimwe zviyero zveDNA hazvina kuvimbika, kana pfungwa dzemadinosaurs akararama makumi emamiriyoni emakore apfuura haasi echokwadi. Zvirokwazvo sarudzo yekupedzisira ndeyechokwadi, nekuti zvimwe zviyero zvakare zvinoreva nguva pfupi, kwete kumamiriyoni emakore. Iyi isayenzi inobva pazviyero, uye kana ikarambwa zvachose, tiri kuzvitungamirira pakurasika.
KUPARADZWA KWEMADINOSAURS . Kana zvasvika pakuparadzwa kwema dinosaurs, inowanzofungidzirwa kuti yakaitika mamiriyoni emakore apfuura, pakupera kweCretaceous period. Zvinotendwa kuti maammonites, belemnites nemamwe marudzi ezvirimwa nemhuka zvakabatanidzwawo mukuparadza kukuru kwakafanana. Kuparadza kunofanirwa kunge kwakabvisa chikamu chikuru chemhuka dzeCretaceous period. Chikonzero chikuru chekuparadzwa kwave kuchionekwa semeteorite, iyo ingadai yakasimudza gore guru reguruva. Gore reguruva raizove rakafukidza chiedza chezuva kwenguva refu, apo zvinomera zvaizofa uye mhuka dzinodya zvirimwa dzaizoziyawo nenzara. Zvisinei, dzidziso yemeteorite uye dzidziso inononoka yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ine dambudziko rimwe chete: haitsananguri kuwanikwa kwezvisaririra mukati mematombo akaomarara nemakomo. Dinosaur fossils inowanikwa kubva kumativi akasiyana epasi mukati mematombo akaomarara, izvo zvinoshamisa. Zvinoshamisa, nekuti hapana mhuka huru - pamwe 20 metres kureba - inogona kupinda mukati medombo rakaoma. Nguva haibatsiriwo nyaya, nekuti dai wakamirira mamiriyoni emakore kuti mhuka ivigwe muvhu yobva yaora, yaizowora zvakanaka zvisati zvaitika kana kuti dzimwe mhuka dzaizoidya. Kutaura idi, pese patinosangana nedhinosaur nemamwe mafossil, anofanira kunge akakurumidza kuvigwa mumatope. Zvisaririra hazvigoni kuberekwa neimwe nzira:
Zviri pachena kuti kana madhipoziti aizoitika zvishoma nezvishoma zvakadaro, hapana zvisaririra zvingachengetedza, sezvo zvaisazovigwa mumatope asati aora nemaasidhi emvura, kana kuti asati aparadzwa nokuputswa. zvidimbu sezvavaikwesha ndokurova pasi pegungwa risina kudzika. Vanogona chete kuvharwa nemarara mutsaona, kwavanongovigwa kamwe kamwe. ( Geochronology kana Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
Mhedziso ndeyokuti madhinosaur aya akawanikwa pasi rose anofanira kunge akakurumidza kuvigwa nemadhaka. Madhaka akapfava akavapoterera pakutanga ndokuzoomesa zvakasimba samende. Nenzira iyi chete ndipo panogona kutsanangurwa kwakabva dinosaurs, mammoths uye mamwe mafossil emhuka. MuMafashamo, izvozvo zvaigona kuitika zvechokwadi. Tinotarisa tsanangudzo, iyo inopa pfungwa yakarurama pamusoro peizvi. Inoratidza madinosaur ari kuwanikwa mukati mematombo akaomarara, zvichiratidza kuti anofanira kunge akafukidzwa nemadhaka akapfava. Madhaka akabva aoma pavari. MuMafashamo chete, asi kwete mukutenderera kwakajairika kwechisikigo, taigona kutarisira kuti chimwe chinhu chakadaro chiitike (chinyorwa chacho chinorevawo kuti madhiri emvura angadai akaunganidza sei mapfupa edhinaso). Mabold akawedzerwa kune zvinyorwa mushure kuti zvijekese:
Akaenda kumagwenga eSouth Dakota, uko kune mavara matsvuku, yero uye orenji matombo nematombo. Mukati memazuva mashoma akawana mamwe mapfupa mumadziro ematombo , ayo akafungidzira kuti ndiwo aaida kutsvaga. Paakachera dombo achitenderedza mapfupa , akaona kuti mapfupa akanga ari muhurongwa hwemaumbirwo emhuka. Vakanga vasina murwi semabhonzo edinosaur kazhinji. Mirwi yakawanda yakadaro yakaita seyakaitwa nechamupupuri chemvura chine simba. Zvino mapfupa aya akanga ari mujecha reblue, iro rakaoma zvikuru . Ibwe rejecha raifanira kubviswa negrader robviswa nekuputika. Brown nevatsigiri vake vakaita gomba rakadzika mamita manomwe nehafu kuti mapfupa abude. Kubvisa skeleton hombe kwakavatorera zhizha mbiri. Havana kutongobvisa mapfupa pabwe. Vakatakura matombo nenjanji kuenda kumuseum, uko masayendisiti akakwanisa kucheka zvinhu zvematombo ndokumisa skeleton. Iri dzvinyu rine utsinye zvino ramira muhoro yekuratidzira yemuseum. (p. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler naHarold G. Coffin)
HUMWE Uchapupu Hwemafashamo . Saka chokwadi ndechekuti zvakasara zve dinosaurs zvinowanikwa mukati mematombo akaoma, izvo zvakaoma kuvabvisa. Chinongogona kuitika kuti vakapinda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ndechekuti madhaka akapfava akakurumidza kuumba akavatenderedza achibva aoma kuita dombo. Muchiitiko chakaita seMafashamo, izvi zvingave zvakaitika. Zvisinei, pane kududzwa kwemhuka huru dzakadai munhau yavanhu kunyange pashure pemafashamo, naizvozvo hadzina kufa dzose ipapo. Zvakadini nehumwe uchapupu hweMafashamo? Pano tinonongedza zvishoma zvacho. Chii chiri muchati yenguva yepasi chinotsanangurwa nemamiriyoni amakore, kana kuti zvimwe ngwavaira dzakawanda, dzose dzinogona kukonzerwa nengwavaira imwe cheteyo: Mafashamo. Inogona kutsanangura kuparadzwa kwemadinosaur pamwe nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinoonekwa muvhu. Humwe humbowo hwakasimba hweMafashamo ndehwokuti marara emugungwa akazara munyika yose, sezvinoratidzwa nemashoko anotevera. Chekutanga chezvakataurwa kubva mubhuku rakanyorwa naJames Hutton, baba ve geology, kubva makore anopfuura 200 apfuura:
Tinofanira kugumisa kuti mativi ose epasi (...) akaumbwa nejecha nematombo akaturikidzana pasi pegungwa, makanda ecrustacean uye coral matter, ivhu nevhu. (J. Hutton, The Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Pamakondinendi, marine sedimentary matombo akawandisa uye akapararira kupfuura mamwe ese matombo e sedimentary akabatanidzwa. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakapfava izvo zvinoda tsananguro, kuva pakati pechinhu chiri chose chine chokuita nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzomunhu dzokunzwisisa kushanduka kwejogirafu kwemunguva yakapfuura. (8)
Chimwe chinoratidza Mafashamo inzvimbo dzinochengeterwa marasha pasi rose, dzinozivikanwa kuti dzakaiswa mumvura. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvapo kwezvisaririra zvemugungwa nehove kunoratidza kuti madhipoziti acho haagone kuve mugumisiro wekufamba zvishoma nezvishoma mune mamwe madhaka. Pane kudaro, tsananguro iri nani ndeyokuti mvura yakatakura miti yacho kunzvimbo dzakaumbwa marasha. Mvura yakadzura zvinomera nemiti, yakazviunganidza mumirwi mikuru, uye yakaunza mhuka dzomugungwa pakati pezvinomera zvenyika. Ikoku kunobvira bedzi mungwavaira huru, yakadai seMafashamo anodudzwa muBhaibheri.
Apo masango akavigwa mumadhaka nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, marasha akaiswa. Yedu yazvino muchina tsika yakavakirwa zvishoma pane idzi strata. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Pasi uye pamusoro pemaminerari emarasha seams pane, sezvakambotaurwa, anogara akaturikidzana evhu revhu, uye kubva pakurongeka kwavo tinogona kuona kuti akacheneswa kubva mumvura. (9)
Humbowo hunoratidza zvakanyanya kuti marasha emamineral akagadzirwa nekukurumidza apo masango makuru akaparadzwa, akafukidzwa uye ndokukurumidza kuvigwa. Kune hombe lignite strata muYallourn, Victoria (Australia) ine akawanda emiti yemipaini - miti isingakure pamatope. Iyo yakarongwa, yakakora strata ine inosvika 50% yemukume yakachena uye yakapararira pamusoro penzvimbo hombe inoratidza pachena kuti lignite strata yakaumbwa nemvura. (10)
Inodzidziswa muzvikoro kuti kabhoni inogadzirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva peat, kunyange pasina panogona kuonekwa kuti izvi zviri kuitika. Tichifunga nezvekukura kweminda yemarasha, mhando dzemiti dzakasiyana, uye hunde dzakatwasanudzwa dzakati twasu, zvinoita sekuti marasha aya akaumbwa nemafashama makuru ari kukukurwa nezvinomera. Makorido akavezwa nezvipenyu zvemugungwa anowanikwawo mune aya mafossils emiti ane carbonized. Zvisaririra zvemhuka dzemugungwa zvakawanikwawo mumadhipoziti emarasha ("Chinyorwa pamusoro peKuitika kweMarine Animal Remains in a Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Yakawanda yegungwa mhuka yegungwa inoisa uye fossils yeSpirorbis. , iyo yaigara mugungwa, inogonawo kuwanikwa mumadhipoziti emarasha.(Weir, J., "Recent Studies of Shells of the Carbon Measures", Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11)
Prof. Mutengo unopa zviitiko apo 50- to100 mineral coal layers iri pamusoro peumwe neumwe uye pakati pavo pane zvidimbu zvinosanganisira fossils kubva kugungwa rakadzika. Anoona chidimbu cheuchapupu ichi chakasimba uye chinogutsa zvekuti haasati amboedza kutsanangura chokwadi ichi pazvikonzero zvedzidziso yaLyell yekufanana. (12)
Chiratidzo chechitatu cheMafashamo kuvapo kwezvisaririra zvomugungwa mumakomo marefu akadai seHimalayas, Alps neAndes. Heino mimwe mienzaniso kubva kumabhuku emasayendisiti 'uye geologists' pachake:
Paaifamba paBeagle Darwin pachake akawana magoko egungwa ane fossilized kubva kumusoro kumakomo eAndean. Zvinoratidza kuti, zvino gomo raimbova pasi pemvura. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Nei mhindumupindu iri yechokwadi], p. 127)
Pane chikonzero chekutarisa zvakanyanya pamhando yepakutanga yematombo mumakomo emakomo. Inonyanya kuonekwa muAlps, mune lime Alps yekuchamhembe, inonzi Helvetian zone. Limestone ndiyo huru yematombo. Tikatarisa dombo riri pano pamateru kana pamusoro pegomo - dai taiva nesimba rekukwira ipapo - tinopedzisira tawana masara emhuka, zvisaririra zvemhuka, imomo. Dzinowanzokuvadzwa zvakaipisisa asi zvinokwanisika kuwana zvidimbu zvinozivikanwa. Ese zvisaririra ihoko reraimu kana marangwanda ezvisikwa zvegungwa. Pakati pavo pane spiral-threaded ammonites, uye kunyanya yakawanda-yakaviri-shelled clams. (…) Muverengi anogona kushamisika panguva ino kuti zvinorevei kuti makomo anotakura matombo akawanda, ayo anogona kuwanikwa akaturikidzana muzasi megungwa. (p. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai anobva kuJapan University muKyushu ave nemakore akawanda achitsvakurudza zvisaririra zvemugungwa izvi mumakomo eHimalaya. Iye neboka rake vakanyora yakazara aquarium kubva panguva yeMesozoic. Fragile maruva egungwa, hama kune ikozvino urchins yegungwa uye starfishes, anowanikwa mumatombo ematombo anopfuura makiromita matatu pamusoro pegungwa. MaAmoni, mabelemnites, makorari uye plankton anowanikwa sezvisaririra mumatombo emakomo (…) Paukwiriri hwemakiromita maviri, nyanzvi dzepasi dzakawana chisaririra chakasiiwa negungwa pacharo. Mafungu ayo akafanana nedombo anoenderana nemafomu anoramba ari mujecha kubva kumafungu emvura yakaderera. Kunyangwe kubva pamusoro peEverest, mitsetse yeyero yelimestone inowanikwa, iyo yakasimuka pasi pemvura kubva kune zvakasara zvemhuka dzemugungwa dzisingaverengeki. ( "Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", p. 55)
Chiratidzo chechina cheMafashamo inhau dzamafashamo, idzo mukuwirirana nokumwe kufungidzira, kune dzinoda kusvika 500 dzadzo. Hunhu hwepasirese hwenyaya idzi hunogona kutorwa sehumbowo hwakanakisa hwechiitiko ichi:
Dzinosvika 500 tsika - kusanganisira zvizvarwa zveGreece, China, Peru neNorth America - dzinozivikanwa munyika umo ngano nengano dzinotsanangura nyaya inogombedzera yemafashamo makuru akachinja nhoroondo yedzinza. Munyaya zhinji, vanhu vashoma chete ndivo vakapukunyuka mafashamo, sezvakaitika kuna Noa. Vazhinji vamarudzi vakarangarira mafashamo kuva akaparirwa navamwari avo, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe, vakafinhwa norudzi rwomunhu. Zvichida vanhu vakanga vane uori, somunguva yaNoa uye mungano yerudzi rweNative American Hopi rweNorth America, kana kuti zvichida kwaiva nevanhu vakawanda zvikuru uye vaiva nemhere-mhere, semungano yainzi Gilgamesh. (13)
Kudai Mafashamo enyika yose akanga asiri echokwadi, mamwe marudzi angadai akatsanangura kuti kuputika kwemakomo kunotyisa, madutu makuru echando, kusanaya kwemvura (...) kwakaparadza madzitateguru avo akaipa. Kubatanidzwa kwose kwose kwenhau yaMafashamo naizvozvo chimwe chezvikamu zvakanakisisa zvoufakazi hwouchokwadi hwaro. Tinogona kuramba chero ngano idzi sengano dzega uye tichifunga kuti kwaingova fungidziro, asi pamwechete, kubva mumaonero epasi rose, dzinenge dzisingarambiki. (Nyika)
Dinosaurs nemhuka dzinoyamwisa . Patinoverenga mabhuku ebhayoroji nemabhuku edzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, tinoramba tichiwana pfungwa yokuti upenyu hwose hwakashanduka sei kubva pasero rekare kusvika kune zvazvino. Evolution yaisanganisira kuti hove dzaifanira kuita matatya, matatya kuita zvinokambaira uye madinosaur kuita mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Nekudaro, chakakosha checherechedzo ndechekuti mapfupa edinosaur akawanikwa pakati pemapfupa akafanana nebhiza, mombe uye mapfupa ehwai (Anderson, A., Tourism inowirwa ne tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus anogona kunge akafa chinyararire mushure mezvose, 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), saka madinosaur nemhuka dzinoyamwisa zvinofanira kunge zvakararama panguva imwe chete. Mashoko anotevera anoreva zvakafanana. Inotaurira kuti Carl Werner akasarudza sei kuedza dzidziso yaDarwin mukuita. Akaita 14 makore ekutsvagisa uye akatora zviuru zvemifananidzo. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa neshiri dzairarama muhuwandu uye panguva imwe chete nemadinosaur:
Pasina kana ruzivo rwekare pamusoro pezvisaririra zvipenyu, chiremba wekuAmerica Carl Werner akasarudza kuisa dzidziso yaDarwin pasi pebvunzo inoshanda…uye nemhando dzemhando dzaigona kunge dzakagara nadzo… Werner akajairana nezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvepaleontology uye akashanyira mamuseum makumi matanhatu enhoroondo yezvakasikwa pasi rose, kwaakatora mifananidzo 60 000. Akangotarisa pane zvisaririra zvakacherwa kubva kune imwechete strata, uko dinosaur fossils inogona kuwanikwa (Triassic -, Jurassic -, uye Cretaceous nguva 250-65 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura). Akabva aenzanisa zviuru zvezvisaririra zvakaenzana zvaakawana mumamiziyamu uye akaona muzvinyorwa nemarudzi azvino uye akabvunzurudza nyanzvi dzakawanda dzepa paleontology nedzimwe nyanzvi. Mhedzisiro yake yaive yekuti mamuseum uye paleontology-based mabhuku airatidza zvisaririra zveboka rega rezvipenyu zviripo … Takaudzwa kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakavamba kukura zvishoma nezvishoma mukati me“nguva huru” yama<em>dinosaur, kuti mhuka dzokutanga dzinoyamwisa dzaiva “zvisikwa zviduku-duku zvinogara zvakahwanda uye zvaingofamba usiku zvichitya ma<em>dinosaur.” Muzvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, zvakadaro, Werner akawana mishumo yetsindi, opossums, beaver, primates uye platypus izvo zvakacherwa kubva kudanga redhinosaur. Akataurawo nezvebasa rakaburitswa muna 2004, maererano neizvo zvisikwa zvinoyamwisa makumi mana neshanu zvakawanikwa muTriassic -, Jurassic -, uye Cretaceous strata, uye angangoita zana azere skeletons… Mubvunzurudzo yevhidhiyo yaWerner, maneja weUtah's prehistoric museum, Dr Donald Burge, anotsanangura kuti: “Tinowana zvisaririra zvemhuka munenge mune zvese zvatakachenura madhinosaur. Tine matani gumi evhu re bentonite rine zvisaririra zvemhuka, uye tiri mubishi rokuapa kune vamwe vatsvakurudzi. Kwete nekuti hatingazviwane zvakakosha, asi nekuti hupenyu hupfupi, uye ini handisi nyanzvi yemhuka dzinoyamwisa: Ndine nyanzvi yezvinokambaira nemadinosaur”. Nyanzvi yezvicherwa Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) yakati mubvunzurudzo yevhidhiyo yaWerner muna May, 2004: “Izwi rokuti 'nguva yemadhinosaur' harina zita. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoumba boka rinokosha rakagara pamwe chete nemadinosaur uyewo rakararama”. (Mashoko aya anobva mubhuku: Werner C. Living Fossils, p. 172 –173). (14)
Kubva pane zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa, izwi rekuti dinosaur era saka rinorasisa. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemazuva ano dzakajairika dzakararama panguva imwe chete nemadinosaur, kureva marudzi anokwana 432 emhuka dzinoyamwisa. Zvakadini neshiri dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakashanduka-shanduka kubva kumadinosaur? Ivo zvakare vakawanikwa mune imwechete strata pamwe chete nemadinosaurs. Aya ndiwo chaiwo marudzi akafanana neanhasi: parrot, penguin, zizi regondo, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet...Dr Werner vakataura kuti "" Mamiziyamu haaratidzi zvisaririra zveshiri zvemazuva ano izvi. , kana kuvadhirowa mumifananidzo inoratidza nharaunda dzemadhinosaur. Zvakaipa. Zvikurukuru, pose panoratidzwa T. Rex kana kuti Triceratops mushoo yemumiziyamu, madhadha, ma<em>loons, flamingo, kana kuti dzimwe dzeidzi dzimwe shiri dzazvino uno dzakawanwa munhevedzano imwe cheteyo nama<em>dinosaur dzinofanirawo kuratidzirwa. Asi izvozvo hazviitiki. Handisati ndamboona dhadha rine dinosaur mune yakasikwa nhoroondo miziyamu, iwe? Zizi? Iparrot?"
Dinosaurs nevanhu . Murondedzero yemhindumupindu, kunorangarirwa kuva kusingabviri kuti munhu akararama pasi pano kare samadinosaur. Hazvibvumirwi, kunyange zvazvo zvichizivikanwa kuti dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakaonekwa panguva imwe chete semadinosaur, uye kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvichitoratidza kuti vanhu vaifanira kunge vakaonekwa pamberi pemadinosaur (zvinhu uye zvisaririra zvevanhu mumadhipoziti emarasha nezvimwewo). Zvisinei, pane humwe uchapupu huri pachena hwokuti madhinosaur nevanhu vakararama panguva imwe chete. Eg tsananguro dzeshato dzakadaro. Kare vanhu vakataura nezvemadhiragoni, asi kwete pamusoro pemadhinosaurs, iro zita rakatangwa naRichard Owen chete muzana remakore rechi19.
Nyaya s. Humwe humbowo hwekuti madhinosaur akararama munguva pfupi yapfuura inyaya dzakawanda uye tsananguro dzeshato huru nemadzvinyu anobhururuka. Iyo yekare tsananguro idzi ndedzechokwadi. Tsananguro idzi, dzinogona kunge dzakabva paruzivo rwekare rwendangariro, dzinogona kuwanikwa pakati pevanhu vazhinji vakasiyana, zvekuti dzinotaurwa semuenzaniso muChirungu, Irish, Danish, Norwegian, German, Greek, Roman, Egypt and Babylonian zvinyorwa. Mashoko anotevera anotaura nezve kupararira kwemifananidzo yeshato.
Madhiragoni mungano, zvinoshamisa zvakakwana, kungofanana nemhuka chaidzo dzakararama kare. Iwo akafanana nezvinokambaira zvikuru (madinosaur) akatonga nyika kare kare munhu asati afungidzirwa kuva akaoneka. Madhiragoni aiwanzoonekwa seakaipa uye anoparadza. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwaitaura kwavari mungano dzavo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, peji 265)
Kubva pakutanga kwenhoroondo yakanyorwa, shato dzakaonekwa kwese kwese: munhoroondo dzekutanga dzeAsiria neBabironi dzekukura kwebudiriro, munhoroondo yechiJudha yeTestamente Yekare, muzvinyorwa zvekare zveChina neJapan, mungano dzeGreece, Roma. uye vaKristu vapakuvamba, mumadimikira eAmerica yekare, mungano dzeAfrica neIndia. Zvakaoma kuwana nzanga yakanga isingasanganisire madhiragoni munhoroondo yayo yengano…Aristotle, Pliny nevamwe vanyori venguva yekare vaiti nyaya dzeshato dzaibva pachokwadi kwete fungidziro. (15)
Penti Eskola weFinnish geologist akatoudza makumi emakore apfuura mubhuku rake rinonzi Muuttuva maa kuti mifananidzo yemadragoni yakafanana sei nemadinosaur:
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka dzakaita sedzvinyu dzinoita seanosetsa kwatiri nekuti mazhinji acho akafanana - kure uye kazhinji kariko-senzira - mhuka dzemazuva ano dzinogara pasi pemamiriro akafanana. Nekudaro, mazhinji madhinosaurs aive akasiyana zvakanyanya neazvino ehupenyu mafomu zvekuti anofananidzira ari padyo anogona kuwanikwa mumifananidzo yemadhiragoni mungano. Sezvineiwo, vanyori vengano vaive vasina kudzidza petrifactions kana kutomboziva nezvavo. (16)
Muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti madhinosaurs angave akave sei madhiragoni ikarenda yemwedzi weChinese uye horoscope, iyo inozivikanwa kuva mazana emakore ekare. Saka kana zodiac yekuChina yakavakirwa pazviratidzo zvemhuka gumi nembiri zvinodzokororwa mumakore gumi nemaviri, pane 12 mhuka dzinobatanidzwa. 11 dzadzo dzinozivikanwa kunyange munguva dzazvino: gonzo, nzombe, ingwe, tsuro, nyoka, bhiza, makwai, tsoko, jongwe, imbwa nenguruve.Panzvimbo pezvo, mhuka yechi12 idhiragoni, iyo isipo nhasi. Mubvunzo wakanaka ndewekuti kana mhuka gumi neimwe dzanga dziri mhuka chaidzo, nei dhiragoni ingave yakasarudzika uye chisikwa chengano? Hazvina musoro here kufunga kuti yakamborarama panguva imwe chete nevanhu, asi yakatsakatika sedzimwe mhuka dzisingaverengeki? Zvakanaka kuyeuka zvakare kuti izwi rokuti dinosaur rakangogadzirwa muzana remakore rechi19 naRichard Owen. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, zita dhiragoni raishandiswa kwemazana emakore:
Mukuwedzera, zvinotevera zvinoonekwa zvinogona kutaurwa:
Sezvineiwo, mune imwe temberi yemakore 800 musango reCambodia, kuvezwa kwakawanikwa kunoratidzika kunge stegosaurus. Imhando ye dinosaur. (Kubva kuTa Prohm Tembere. Maier, C., The Fantastic Creatures of Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 Kukadzi 2006.)
• MuChina, tsananguro uye nyaya pamusoro pemadhiragoni zvakajairika; zviuru zvavo zvinozivikanwa. Dzinotaura kuti shato dzinokandira sei mazai, kuti mamwe acho aiva nemapapiro sei uye kuti makwande akaafukidza sei. Imwe nyaya yekuChina inotaura nezvemumwe murume anonzi Yu akasangana nemashato paaibudisa mvura pamvura. Izvi zvakaitika pashure pemafashamo makuru enyika yose. MuChina, mapfupa edinosaur ave achishandiswa kwemazana emakore semishonga yechivanhu uye poultices yekutsva. Zita rechiChinese remadinosaur (kong long) rinongoreva kuti "dragon mapfupa" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). MaChina anonziwo akashandisa shato semhuka dzinovaraidza uye mukufora kwamambo ( Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesisi 4, 1990, mapeji 23-26.)
• VaEgipita vakaratidza dhiragoni yeApophis semuvengi waMambo Re. Saizvozvo, tsananguro dzemashato dzinotenderera muzvinyorwa zveBabironi. Gilgamesh anozivikanwa zvikuru anonzi akauraya dhiragoni, chisikwa chikuru chakafanana nemhuka, musango remisidhari. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Vol. 10, p. 359)
• Apollo wechiGiriki anonzi akauraya dhiragoni yePython patsime reDelfin. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa pavaurayi vedragoni vekare vechiGiriki neRoma aiva munhu ainzi Perseus.
• Nganonyorwa yakanyorwa munhetembo kubva muna 500-600 AD. inotaura nyaya yemurume akashinga anonzi Beowulf, uyo akapiwa basa rekuchenesa straits yeDenmark kubva kune zvose zvinobhururuka uye zvemvura. Chiito chake chehugamba chaive kuuraya chikara cheGrendel. Mhuka iyi yainzi yaiva nemakumbo makuru eshure nemakumbo maduku kumberi, yaigona kutsungirira kurohwa nebakatwa, uye yakanga yakati kurei kupfuura munhu. Yakafamba ichidzika nekukasira.
• Munyori weRoma Lucanus akataurawo nezvemashato. Akanangidzira mashoko ake kudragoni yeEtiopia: “Iwe dragoni yendarama inopenya, unoita kuti mhepo ikwire kumusoro uye unouraya nzombe huru.
• Tsananguro dzenyoka dzinobhururuka muArabia nechiGiriki Herodotos (kare 484–425 BC) dzakachengetedzwa. Anotsanangura nemazvo mamwe mapterosaur. (Rein, E., The III-VI Book of Herodotos , p. 58 uye Bhuku VII-IX , p. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny akataura (Natural History) muzana remakore rokutanga BC kuti dhiragoni "iri muhondo yenguva dzose nenzou, uye iyo pachayo yakakura zvikuru muhukuru zvokuti inoputira nzou mumikombe yayo uye inoiputira mukati mechikoko chayo."
• Imwe enisaikoropidhiya yekare History Animalium inotaura kuti kwakanga kuchine "mashato" muma1500s, asi kuti akanga aderera zvakanyanya muhukuru uye akanga asingawanzoitiki.
• Chinyorwa cheChirungu kubva muna 1405 chinoreva shato: "Pedyo neguta re Bures, pedyo neSudbury, nguva pfupi yadarika paonekwa shato yakakuvadza zvikuru kumaruwa. pamusoro pomusoro wayo, meno ayo akanga akaita samapako, nomuswe wakanga wakareba kwazvo; zvino wakati auraya mufudzi weboka, akadya makwai mazhinji mumuromo make. (Cooper, B., Mushure meMafashamo-Nhoroondo yepakutanga mushure meMafashamo muEurope yakatevera kumashure kwaNoah, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)
• Muzana remakore rechi16, musayendisiti wokuItaly Ulysses Aldrovanus akatsanangura zvakarurama dhiragoni duku mune rimwe remabhuku ake. Edward Topsell akanyora kusvika muna 1608 kuti: “Kune marudzi mazhinji emadhiragoni. Mhando dzakasiyana dzakapatsanurwa zvichienderana nenyika yavo, pamwe pahwaro hwehukuru hwavo, pamwe pahwaro hwemavara avo ekusiyanisa."
• Dhiragoni insignia yaizivikanwa pakati pemauto akawanda. Yaishandiswa semuenzaniso madzimambo eRoma ekuMabvazuva nemadzimambo eChirungu (Uther Pendragon, baba vaMambo Arthur, Richard I munguva yehondo ya1191 naHenry III munguva yehondo yake neWales muna 1245) pamwe chete neChina, dhiragoni yaive chiratidzo chenyika munyika. jasi remaoko emhuri yehumambo.
• Dinosaurs nemadhiragoni chikamu chengano dzemarudzi mazhinji. Mukuwedzera kuChina, izvi zvave zvakajairika pakati pemarudzi eSouth America.
• Johannes Damascene, wekupedzisira paMadzibaba eChechi yeGreek, akazvarwa muna 676 AD, anotsanangura madhiragoni (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) nenzira inotevera:
Roman Dio Cassius (155-236 AD), akanyora nhoroondo yeHumambo hweRoma neRepublic, anoratidza kurwa kwemumiriri weRoma Regulus muCarthage. Shato yakaurayiwa muhondo. Yakabviswa ganda uye ganda rakatumirwa kuSeneti. Nekurayira kweSeneti, ganda raiyerwa uye rakanga rakareba mamita 120 (mamita 37). Ganda racho raichengetwa mutemberi pazvikomo zveRoma kusvika mugore ra133 BC, parakanyangarika apo maCelt aigara Roma. (Plinius, Natural History . Bhuku 8, Chitsauko 14. Plinius pachake anoti akaona mukombe uri kutaurwa muRoma). (17) • Mifananidzo. Dhirowa, pendi uye zvidhori zvemadhiragoni zvakachengetwawo, izvo zvakada kufanana mune zveanatomical kutenderera pasirese. Vanowanikwa mune dzinenge tsika dzose nezvitendero, sezvakangoita nyaya dzine chokuita navo. Mifananidzo yemadhiragoni yakanyorwa semuenzaniso nhoo dzemauto (Sutton Hoo) nezvishongo zvemadziro echechi (eg SS Mary naHardulph, England). Mukuwedzera kune nzombe neshumba, shato dzinoratidzirwa paIshtar Gedhi reguta rekare reBhabhironi. Early Mesopotamian humburumbira seals kuratidza shato mitsipa mumwe nomumwe nemiswe anenge kureba mitsipa yavo (Moortgat, A., The art of yekare Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 uye Plate A.) . Mimwe dhiragoni-dinosaur themed mifananidzo inogona kuonekwa, semuenzaniso pa www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Sezvineiwo, kune mifananidzo yemhuka idzi kunyangwe pamadziro emapako nemakoni. Zviwanikwa izvi zvakawanikwa muArizona nenzvimbo yaimbova Rhodesia (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Somuenzaniso, muArizona muna 1924, pakunzvera mudhuri wegomo refu, zvakawanwa kuti mifananidzo yemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana yakanga yavezwa mubwe, semuenzaniso wenzou nemhembwe dzomumakomo, asiwo mufananidzo wakajeka we<em>dinosaur ( Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, 1957, peji 91). MaIndia eMayan akachengetedzawo chivezwa chine shiri yakaita seArcheopteryx, kureva shiri yedzvinyu (18) . Maererano nemaonero ekushanduka-shanduka, yaifanira kunge yakararama panguva imwe chete nemadinosaur. Humbowo hwakachengetwawo hwemadzvinyu anobhururuka, ane mapapiro akareba mamita makumi maviri, uye anofungidzirwa kuti akafa makumi emamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Tsanangudzo inotevera inoreva kwavari uye kuti mhuka inobhururuka yakaita sePterosaur inoratidzwa sei pahari:
Madzvinyu makuru pane aibhururuka aiva pterosaur ane mapapiro anogona kunge akareba mamita gumi nemanomwe. (…) MuBbc WILDLIFE Magazine (3/1995, Vol. 13), Richard Greenwell akafungidzira kuvapo kwepterosaur nhasi. Anonokora mashoko munzveri A. Hyatt Verrill, akanga awana midziyo yevhu yokuPeru. Midziyo yevhu inoratidza pterosaur yakafanana nepterodactyl. Verrill anofungidzira kuti maartist akashandisa fossils semuenzaniso wavo uye anonyora:
Kwemazana emakore, tsananguro dzakarurama uye kunyange mifananidzo yezvinyorwa zvepterodactyl zvakapfuudzwa kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe, sezvo madzitateguru evanhu veCocle vaigara munyika umo makanga mune zvakasara zvakachengetedzwa zvepterosaurs.
Uyewo, maIndia okuNorth America akanga akarovedzana neshiri inonzi thunderbird, ine zita rakakweretwawo nokuda kwemotokari. (19)
MuBhaibheri , Bhehemoti neRevhiatani dzinotaurwa mubhuku raJobho dzinoita sedzinoreva madinosaur. Inotaura nezvemvuu kuti muswe wayo wakaita somusidhari, marunda ezvidya zvayo akarukwa zvakasimba uye mapfupa akaita sembariro dzesimbi. Tsananguro idzi dzinonyatsoenderana nemamwe madhinosaurs, akadai sauropods, anogona kukura kusvika pamamita makumi maviri pakureba. Saizvozvowo, nzvimbo yeBhehemoti pachivande chetsanga, uye fens inokodzera dinosaurs, nokuti akati wandei aigara pedyo nemahombekombe. Kana uri muswe wakaita somusidhari uyo Bhehemoti inofamba, zvinofadza kuti hapana mhuka huru inozivikanwa nhasi kuva nomuswe wakadaro. Muswe we herbivorous dinosaur unogona kunge wakareba 10-15 metres uye uremu hwematani 1-2, uye mhuka dzakafanana hadzizivikanwe mazuva ano. Dzimwe shanduro dzeBhaibheri dzinoshandura Bhehemoti kuti mvuu (uye Revhiatani segarwe), asi rondedzero yomuswe wakaita somusidhari haikodzeri mvuu munzira ipi neipi. Imwe tsinhiro inofadza pamusoro penhau yacho inogona kuwanwa kubva kumusayendisiti anoremekedzwa mushakabvu Stephen Jay Gould, akanga asingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari muMarxist. Akataura kuti bhuku raJobho parinotaura nezveBhehemoti, mhuka chete inokodzera tsananguro iyi idinosaur (Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Somunhu anodavira mhindumupindu, aidavira kuti munyori webhuku raJobho anofanira kuva akawana zivo yake muzvinyorwa zvakawanikwa. Zvisinei, iri rimwe remabhuku ekare muBhaibheri rinotaura zvakajeka nezvemhuka mhenyu (Jobho 40:15: Tarira zvino mvuu, yandakaita newe…).
- ( Jobho 40:15-23 ) Tarira zvino mvuu , yandakaita pamwe chete newe; inodya uswa senzombe. 16 Tarirai zvino, simba rayo riri muchiuno chayo, Kusimba kwayo kuri pamakakava edumbu rayo. 17 Inotsvikidza muswe wayo somusidhari ; Marunda ezvidya zvayo akarukwa zvakasimba . 18 Mapfupa ayo akafanana nendarira ine simba ; mafupa ayo akafanana namazariro esimbi. 19 Ndiyo huru panzira dzaMwari; Muiti wayo anogona kupinza munondo wake kwaari. 20 Zvirokwazvo, makomo anoivigira zvokudya zvayo, panotamba mhuka dzose dzesango. 21 Inovata pasi pemiti yemumvuri, Pakavanda petsanga, nepamuzhowa . 22 Miti yemumvuri inoifukidza nomumvuri wayo; mikonachando yomurukova inoipoteredza. 23 Tarira, inomwa rwizi , haikurumidzi; ichivimba kuti inogona kukwevera Joridhani mumuromo wayo.
Revhiatani chimwe chisikwa chinonakidza chinotaurwa muBhuku raJobho. Chisikwa ichi chinonzi ndimambo wemhuka uye chinotsanangurwa kubuda kunoita murazvo mumuromo mayo. (Iyo inonzi bomber beetle inogona kupfira kupisa - 100 degrees Celsius - gasi yakananga kune anorwisa, inozivikanwawo mumhuka). Zvinogoneka kuti nyaya zhinji dzemashato anogona kupfutidza moto kubva mumiromo yawo dzinobva pane izvi. Dzimwe shanduro dzeBhaibheri dzakashandura Revhiatani sengwena, asi ndiani akaona garwe rinoita kuti ugumbuke pakuriona, uye ndiani angati simbi semashanga, uye ndarira sedanda rakaora, uye ndiani ari mambo wemhuka dzose dzinokudzwa? Sezvingabvira, imhuka yakatsakatika isisipo, asi yaizivikanwa munguva yaJobho. Bhuku raJobho rinotaura zvinotevera:
- ( Jobho 41:1, 2, 9, 13-34 ) Unogona kukweva revhiatani nechiredzo here? Kana rurimi rwake nerwodzi, rwamakaburutsa here? 2 Ungaisa chiredzo mumhino dzayo here? Kana kuurura rushaya rwayo nomunzwa here? 9 Tarirai, tariro yake hapana; Ko munhu haangawi pasi achingomuona here ? 13 Ndianiko angagona kubvisa nguvo yayo yokunze? Ndianiko angasvika kwaari nematomu ake maviri? 14 Ndianiko angagona kuzarura mikova yechiso chayo? mazino ake anotyisa kumativi ose . 15 Makwande ayo ndiko kuzvikudza kwayo ; 16 Ari pedo nepedo, Mhepo haigoni kupinda napakati pawo. 17 Akanyatsobatanidzwa pane rimwe nerimwe, anonamatirana, kuti arege kuparadzaniswa. 18 Kuhotsira kwayo kunopenya chiedza, Meso ayo akafanana namafungiro amangwanani. 19 Mumuromo mayo munobuda marambi anopfuta ; 20 Utsi hunobuda mumhino dzayo, Sapahari inovira nemoto; 21 Kufema kwayo kunobatidza mazimbe, uye murazvo womoto unobuda mumuromo mayo . 22 Simba rinogara pamutsipa wayo, Kuchema kunoshanduka mufaro pamberi payo. 23 Nyama dzayo dzakabatanidzwa pamwechete, Dzakasimba pairi, hachina kusimba. hazvingazununguswi. 24 moyo wayo wakasimba sebwe; zvirokwazvo, wakaoma seguyo rezasi. 25 Kana ichisimuka, vane simba vanotya; Vanozvinatsa nokuputswa. 26 Munondo wounobata pairi haugoni kubata, pfumo kana museve kana ndarira inopinza. 27 Iyo inoti dare mashanga, Uye ndarira danda rakaora. 28 Museve haungaitizisi; Mabwe ezvifuramabwe anoita mashanga kwairi. 29 Miseve inonzi hundi, Inoseka kana pfumo richizunzwa. 30 Pasi payo pane mabwe anopinza; Anowarira mapanga mumatope. 31 Inovirisa mvura yakadzika sehari; Inoita gungwa sehari yamafuta. 32 Inotara nzira inopenya shure kwayo; mumwe munhu angafunga kuti mvura yakadzika ichena. 33 Panyika hapana chakafanana nayo, Chakaitwa chisingatyi. 34 Inoona zvose zvakakwirira; ndiye mambo wezvikara zvose zvinozvikudza .
Zvakadini nerondedzero dzeBhaibheri dzemadragoni? Bhaibheri rakazara nemadimikira anofananidzira njiva, mapere anoparadza, nyoka dzakangwara, makwai, uye mbudzi, idzo dzose dziri mhuka dzinowanikwa muzvarirwo nhasi. Sei dhiragoni, iyo inotaurwa kakawanda muTestamente Yekare neItsva, uye mumabhuku ekare, ingave yakasiyana? Apo Genesisi 1:21 inotaura kuti Mwari akasika sei mhuka huru dzomugungwa, zvikara zvomugungwa (the revised version) (Gen 1:21 ) Mwari akasika mhuka huru dzemakungwa, nezvipenyu zvose zvinokambaira, izvo mvura yakabereka zvizhinji kwazvo, shure kwazvo. norudzi, neshiri dzose dzine mapapiro, dzine marudzi adzo: Mwari akaona kuti zvakanga zvakanaka.) , mutauro wapakuvamba unoshandisa shoko rimwe chetero rokuti “tannin”, iro rinoenzanisa nedhiragoni kune imwe nzvimbo muBhaibheri. Mavhesi anotevera, semuenzaniso, anoreva shato:
- ( Jobho 30:29 ) Ndiri hama yamakava , neshamwari yamazizi.
- ( Pis 44:19 ) Kunyange makatipwanya zvikuru panzvimbo yemakava , Mukatifukidza nomumvuri worufu.
- ( Isaya 35:7 ) Nyika yakaoma ichava dziva, nenyika yakaoma zvitubu zvemvura ;
- ( Isa 43:20 ) Mhuka dzesango dzichandikudza, makava nemhou, nekuti ndinopa mvura murenje, nenzizi murenje, kuti ndimwise vanhu vangu, vasanangurwa vangu.
- ( Jer 14:6 ) Mbizi dzinomira panzvimbo dzakakwirira, dzichifema mhepo samakava ; meso adzo oonera madzerere, nekuti hakuna bumhudza.
- ( Jer 49:33 ) Hazori huchava hugaro hwamakava , nedongo nokusingaperi;
- ( Mika 1:8 ) Naizvozvo ndichawungudza nokuungudza, ndichafamba ndisina nguvo ndakashama; ndichachema semakava , nokuchema sezizi.
- ( Maraki 1:3 ) Ndakavenga Esau, ndikaita makomo ake matongo, nenhaka yake nokuda kwamakava murenje .
- ( Pis 104:26 ) Hezvo zvikepe zvinofamba ;
- ( Jobho 7:12 ) Ndiri gungwa here, kana kuti whale , zvamunondiisira murindi? (iyo yakadzokororwa: chikara chegungwa, muchiHebheru tannin, zvinoreva dhiragoni)
- ( Jobho 26:12, 13 ) Anopamura gungwa nesimba rake, uye nokunzwisisa kwake anoparadza vanozvikudza. 13 Akashongedza denga nomweya wake; ruoko rwake rwakaumba nyoka yakagonyana.
- ( Pis 74:13, 14 ) Makapamura gungwa nesimba renyu; Makaputsa misoro yezvikara mumvura . 14 Makaputsanya misoro yengwena , mukaipa kuti ive zvokudya zvavanhu vakanga vagere murenje.
- ( Pis 91:13 ) Uchatsika pamusoro peshumba nechiva: Mwana weshumba nenyoka uchazvitsikirira pasi netsoka.
(Isa 30:6) Chirevo chezvikara zvokumaodzanyemba: kunyika yokutambudzika nokurwadziwa, ndiko kunobva shumba duku negora, nyoka nenyoka yomoto inobhururuka, vachatakura pfuma yavo pamapfudzi evana . nembongoro, nefuma yavo pamapoka ekamera, kuvanhu vasingavabatsiri.
- ( Dhe 32:32, 33 ) Nekuti muzambiringa wavo wakabva pamuzambiringa weSodhoma, nepaminda yeGomora; mazambiringa avo mazambiringa enduru, masumbu awo anovava; 33 Waini yavo uturu bwenyoka , Nouturu hunouraya kwazvo hwemhungu.
(Neh 2:13) Ndakabuda usiku napasuo roMupata, pamberi petsime reShato , uye kusuo remarara, ndikacherekedza masvingo eJerusarema akanga akoromoka, uye masuo aro akanga aparadzwa. nemoto.
- ( Isaya 51:9 ) Muka, muka zvifukidze nesimba, iwe ruoko rwaJehovha; muka sapamazuva akare, sapamarudzi ekare. Ko hamuzimi makagura Rakabhi, mukakuvadza zibukanana here?
- ( Isaya 27:1 ) Nezuva iro Jehovha acharova nomunondo wake mukukutu, mukuru, noune simba, revhiatani, iyo nyoka inobaya, iyo, iyo nyoka yakagonyana; uye achauraya zibukanana riri mugungwa.
- ( Jer 51:34 ) Nebhukadrezari mambo weBhabhironi andidya, wandipwanya, wandiita mudziyo usina chinhu, wandimedza seshato, wazadza dumbu rake nezvinhu zvangu zvinonaka, wandikanda. ini kunze.
Apokirifa yeTestamende Yekare nemadhiragoni . Zvakadini neApokirifa yeTestamente Yekare? Iwowo, ane akati wandei anotaurwa nezveshato, idzo dzaionekwa semhuka chaidzo, kwete zvisikwa zvekunyepedzera. Munyori weBhuku raSiraki anonyora kuti angada sei kugara neshumba neshato, pane kugara nemukadzi wake akaipa. Wedzero kuBhuku raEstere dzinotaura pamusoro pechiroto chaModhekai (Modhekai womuBhaibheri), apo iye akaona shato huru mbiri. Danieri akatarisanawo neshato huru, yainamatwa nevaBhabhironi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mhuka idzi dzingave dzakakura sei kusvika pakukura zvikuru.
- ( Siraki 25:16 ) Zviri nani kuti ndigare neshumba nenyoka, pane kugara nomukadzi akaipa .
- ( Uchenjeri hwaSoromoni 16:10 ) Asi vanakomana venyu havana kukunda mazino chaiwo emakava ane uturu , nokuti tsitsi dzenyu dzakanga dziri pavari nguva dzose, uye mukavaporesa.
- (Sirach 43:25) Nokuti imomo muchava nemabasa echienzi uye anoshamisa, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemarudzi ose emhuka nehove dzakasikwa.
- (Wedzero kuna Estere 1:1, 4, 5, 6) Mordhekai, muJudha worudzi rwaBhenjamini, akatapwa pamwe chete naMambo Jehoyakini waJudha, apo Nebhukadnezari Mambo weBhabhironi akatapa Jerusarema. Modhekai akanga ari mwanakomana waJairi, muzukuru waKishi naShimei. 4 Akarota pakava nemheremhere huru, nenyonganyonga, nokutinhira kukuru, nokudengenyeka kwenyika, nokunyongana kukuru panyika; 5 Ipapo shato huru mbiri dzakabuda, dzakagadzirira kurwa . 6 Vakaita ruzha runotyisa , uye marudzi ose akagadzirira kurwa norudzi rwaMwari rwavanhu vakarurama.
- (Wedzero kuna Dhanieri, Bheri neShato 1:23-30) Uye panzvimbo imwe cheteyo makanga mune dhiragoni huru , yavainamata ivo veBhabhironi. 24 Mambo akati kuna Dhanyeri, Ko iwe unoda kuti ichi indarira here? tarirai, mupenyu, unodya nokumwa ; haungati haazi mwari mupenyu; naizvozvo chinamata kwaari. 25 Ipapo Dhanyeri akati kuna mambo, Ndichanamata Jehovha Mwari wangu, nekuti ndiye Mwari mupenyu. 26 Asi ndibvumirei, mambo, uye ndichauraya dhiragoni iyi ndisina bakatwa kana tsvimbo. Mambo akati, Ndinokutenderai. 27 Ipapo Dhanyeri akaisa tara, namafuta, nevhudzi, akazvisanganisa, akaita mapundu, akazviisa mumuromo wezibukanana, shato ikabvaruka napakati; Dhanyeri akati, Tarirai, ava ndivo vamwari vamakaita. kunamata. 28 Zvino ivo veBhabhironi vakati vachizvinzwa, vakatsamwa kwazvo, vakarangana pamusoro pamambo, vachiti, Mambo wava muJudha, waparadza Bheri, wauraya zibukanana, nokuuraya vapristi. 29 Naizvozvo vakauya kuna mambo, vakati, Tipei Dhanyeri, zvimwe tichakuparadzai imwi neimba yenyu. 30 Zvino mambo wakati achiona kuti vaimutambudza kwazvo, achimanikidzwa, akaisa Dhanyeri kwavari.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Mamirioni emakore / dinosaurs /
kushanduka kwevanhu? |
