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Chikristu nesainzi

Kutenda kwechiKristu kwave kuri chipingamupinyi kusayenzi kana kuti kwakasimudzira here? Verenga umboo!

Musoro wechinyorwa ichi kutenda kwechiKristu nesainzi. Kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera sei sayenzi nekukura kwayo? Yave iri chipingamupinyi kubudiriro yesayenzi kana kuti yakaisimudzira here? Kana iyi nhau ikanzverwa bedzi kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvenyika uye zvinyorwa zvamasayendisiti asingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari, kazhinji kazhinji zvinopa murangariro wakakurumbira werwisano pakati pokutenda nesayenzi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutenda muna Mwari nesayenzi zvinhu zvinopesana uye kuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwave kuri chipingamupinyi pakufambira mberi kwesayenzi. Mune iyi pfungwa, sayenzi inofanira kuva ine simba muGreece uye yakangofambira mberi zvakare apo, mukati meChiedza, yakaparadzana nechitendero chezvakazarurwa ndokutanga kutsamira pakufunga nekucherechedza. Kukosha kwaDarwin kunyanya kunoonekwa kwakakosha pakukunda kwekupedzisira kwemaonero enyika.

    Asi chokwadi chenyaya yacho ndechei? Nheyo yekutenda kwechiKristu haina kumbove sainzi uye kuita sainzi, asi kutenda mukuvapo kwaMwari naJesu Kristu, kuburikidza naye munhu wese anogona kuregererwa zvivi zvavo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti kutenda kwechiKristu hakuna kukanganisa sayenzi uye kubudirira kwevanhu. Mukupesana, ukoshi hwaJesu nokutenda kwechiKristu kwave kuri kwakasimba nokuda kwokuberekwa nokufambira mberi kwesayenzi. Maonero aya anobva pazvibodzwa zvakawanda, zvatichapfuura nazvo mune zvinotevera. Tinotanga nemutauro uye kuverenga.

Kuverenga nekunyora: maduramazwi, girama, alphabets. Kutanga, kuberekwa kwemitauro yebhuku uye kuverenga. Munhu wose anonzwisisa kuti kana rudzi rusina mutauro warwo wekunyora uye vanhu vasingagoni kuverenga, chipingamupinyi kubudiriro yesainzi, tsvakurudzo, kuberekwa kwezvakagadzirwa uye kupararira kwezivo. Ipapo hakuna mabhuku, haugone kuaverenga, uye zivo haiparadziri. Sosaiti inoramba iri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

   Ipapoka, kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera sei kusikwa kwemitauro yokunyorwa nokunyora? Apa ndipo pane vaongorori vakawanda vane bofu. Ivo havazive kuti inenge mitauro yese yekunyora yakagadzirwa nevaKristu vanonamata. Somuenzaniso, muno muFinland, Mikael Agricola, muchinji worudzidziso wokuFinnish uye baba vezvinyorwa, akadhinda bhuku rokutanga reABC neTestamente Itsva namativi amamwe mabhuku eBhaibheri. Vanhu vakadzidza kuverenga mavari.

    MuGermany, Martti Luther akaita chinhu chimwe chetecho. Akashandurira Bhaibheri muchiGerman nemutauro wake. Mazana ezvinyorwa akaitwa eshanduro yake uye ndimi yakashandiswa naLuther yakasimbiswa somutauro wokunyora pakati pevaGermany.

    Zvakadini neEngland? William Tyndale, uyo akashandurira Bhaibheri muchiNgezi, akaita rutivi runokosha muna ikoku. Shanduro yaTyndale yakapesvedzera kutanga kwomutauro wechiNgezi chazvino uno. Yakavakirwa pashanduro yaTyndale, shanduro yeKing James yakazogadzirwa gare gare, iyo iri shanduro yakakurumbira yechiNgezi yeBhaibheri.

   Mumwe muenzaniso mabhii emarudzi echiSlavic, anonzi Cyrillic alphabet. Vakatumidzwa zita raSt. Cyril, aiva mumishinari pakati pevaSlav uye vakaona kuti vakanga vasina arufabheti. Cyril akavagadzirira arufabheti kuti vagogona kuverenga Evhangeri yaJesu.

   Kugona kuverenga kusati kwaberekwa, mutauro unonyorwa unofanira kuvapo. Mupfungwa iyi, mamishinari echiKristu akaita basa guru, kwete chete mazana emakore akapfuura munyika dzokuMadokero, asiwo muAfrica neAsia gare gare. Mamishinari angave akaita makore ebasa mukunzvera mitauro. Vakagadzira magirama ekutanga, maduramazwi uye alphabets.

   Mumwe munhu akadaro akanga ari mufundisi weMethodist Frank Laubach, uyo akatanga nhimbe yenyika yose yokudzidzisa kurava nokunyora. Akakurudzira kuvandudzwa kweABC-mabhuku mumitauro 313. Akagadzwa semuapostora wevasina kuverenga.

    Mienzaniso inotevera inoreva chinhu chimwe chete, kukura kwemitauro. Zvakakosha kuti kunyangwe mitauro yakadai seHindi, mutauro mukuru weIndia, Urdu wePakistan, neBengali wekuBangladesh vane girama nemutauro wavo pahwaro hwemisheni yechiKristu. Mazana emamiriyoni evanhu anotaura uye anoshandisa mitauro iyi.

Vishal Mangalwadi: Ndakakurira mumoyo wemutauro wechiHindu muAllahabad, anenge makiromita makumi masere kubva kuKashi, uko Tulsidas akanyora Ramcharitmanasin , iyo inonyanya kukosha yechitendero epic yeNorthern India. Ndaigara ndichiudzwa kuti chiHindi chakabva kune iyi epic huru. Asi pandakariverenga, ndakavhiringika, nokuti handina kukwanisa kunzwisisa kana shoko rimwe zvaro kubva mariri. “Hindi” yemunyori yakanga yakasiyana zvachose neyangu uye ndakatanga kubvunza kuti rurimi rwaamai – mutauro wenyika yeIndia – rwakabva kupi.

… Nyanzvi dzechiHindu hadzinawo kugadzira mutauro wenyika yeIndia, chiHindi. Kutenda kuvashanduri veBhaibheri vakadai saJohn Borthwick Gilchrist uye mamishinari emitauro akaita saRev. SHKellogg kuti mutauro wechiHindi wazvino uno wakabuda mumutauro wakashandiswa nanyanduri Tulsidas (c. 1532-1623).

... Vashanduri veBhaibheri nemamishinari vakapa zvinopfuura rurimi rwaamai Hindi. Mitauro yese mhenyu yekunyora yeIndia inopupurira basa ravo. Muna 2005, Dr. Babu Verghese, muongorori kubva kuMumbai asi mutauri weMalayalam, akatumira 700-peji chiremba dissertation kuNagpur University kuti iongororwe. Akaratidza kuti vashanduri veBhaibheri vakagadzira mitauro 73 yemazuva ano kubva mundimi dzinotaurwa nevaIndia vakawanda vasingagoni kuverenga nokunyora. Izvi zvaisanganisira mitauro yenyika yeIndia (Hindi), Pakistan (Urdu) neBangladesh (Bengali). Nyanzvi shanu dzeBramine dzakadzidza dissertation yeVerghes's doctoral uye dzakamupa zita reChiremba wePhilosophy muna 2008. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakakurudzira nemoyo wese kuti, mushure mekudhindwa, dissertation igamuchirwe sebhuku rinosungirwa kuzvidzidzo zvemutauro wechiIndia. (1)

Basa roufundisi hwechiKristu nguva dzose rave riri rorudzi rwakasiyana-siyana rwokubetsera vanhu, zvokuti rakasvika pakubatsira vanorwara, vakaremara, vane nzara, vasina pokugara uye vanosarurwa. Munyika zhinji dzemuAfrica, mishoni dzechiKristu dzakavaka hwaro hwehurongwa hwese hwechikoro maererano nedzidzo yekutanga uye yemabasa emawoko. Saizvozvowo, basa racho rakabatsira nenzira inokosha pakuumbwa kwehutano hwehutano ... Muongorori anozivikanwa weAfrica, purofesa weYale University Lamin Sanneh akataura kuti muAfrica, mamishinari akaita basa guru kune tsika dzeko. kugadzira hwaro hwemutauro wakanyorwa. (2)

Mapurojekiti ekuverenga nekunyora. Sezvakataurwa, mitauro mizhinji yakagamuchira girama uye nheyo yezvinyorwa kubva mukupesvedzera kwekutenda kwechiKristu. Vasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari uye nyika vakanga vasiri ivo vakatanga kukura uku, asi vamiririri vekutenda kwechiKristu. Kukura kwevanhu kungadai kwakanonoka kwemazana emakore pasina kutenda muna Mwari naJesu.

    Iyi nharaunda inosanganisira zvirongwa zvekuverenga nekunyora muEurope nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi. Kuburikidza navo, vanhu vanodzidza kuverenga Bhaibheri nemamwe mabhuku uye kudzidza zvinhu zvitsva. Kana usina kuverenga, zvakaoma kudzidza zvinhu zvitsva zvakanyorwa nevamwe.

    Apo kutenda kwechiKristu kwakakunda munda kupfurikidza nebasa roufundisi, kwakavandudzawo mugariro wenzanga uye chimiro chenyika dzakawanda. Zvinhu zvakadaro mamiriro ehutano ari nani, hupfumi huri nani, mamiriro emagariro akadzikama, uori hushoma uye kufa kwevana uye, chokwadi, kuverenga kuri nani. Dai pasina basa roumishinari uye kutenda kwechiKristu, kungadai kune kutambura kwakawanda uye urombo munyika uye vanhu vaisazoziva kuverenga. Pakati pevamwe, Robert Woodberry, mubatsiri wapurofesa paYunivhesiti yeTexas, akaona kubatana kuri pakati pebasa roumishinari nedemocracy, kuvandudzwa kwevanhu uye kugona kuverenga:

Sainzi: Basa roumishinari rakatanga demokrasi

Sekureva kwaRobert Woodberry, mutevedzeri wapurofesa paTexas University, kukanganiswa kwebasa remamishinari echiPurotesitendi muma1800 uye mukutanga kwema1900 pakuvandudzwa kwedemocracy kwave kwakakosha kupfuura zvaifungwa pakutanga. Panzvimbo pokuva nebasa duku mukusimudzirwa kwoutongi hwezvido zvevanhu, mamishinari aiva nechikamu chikuru machiri munyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica neAsia. Magazini inonzi Christianity Today inotaura nezvenyaya yacho.

Robert Woodberry akadzidza hukama pakati pebasa roumishinari uye zvinhu zvinokanganisa democracy anenge makore gumi nemashanu. Maererano naye, ikoko uko mamishinari echiPurotesitendi akava nepesvedzero huru. Imomo upfumi mazuva ano hwakasimukira zvikuru uye mamiriro ezvinhu outano ari nani zvikuru kupfuura munzvimbo, umo pesvedzero yavafundisi yave iri duku kana kuti isipo. Munzvimbo dzine nhoroondo yemamishinari yakatekeshera, mwero wekufa kwevana wakadzikira, uori hushoma, kugona kuverenga nekunyora kunowanikwa uye kupinda mudzidzo kuri nyore, kunyanya kuvakadzi.

   Sekureva kwaRobert Woodberry, zvaive chaizvo maKristu ekumutsidzira maPurotesitendi aive nemhedzisiro yakanaka. Mukupesana, vafundisi vakashanda nehurumende kana kuti mamishinari echiKaturike asati asvika ma1960 akanga asina tapuro yakafanana. (3)

Mumwe muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera sei kuverenga nekunyora ndewekuti hakuna kusvika kuma1900 apo mabhuku epanyika akatora mabhuku emweya mukutengesa. Bhaibheri nedzidziso dzaro zvakanga zviri munzvimbo inokosha kwemazana emakore, kutozosvikira muzana remakore rapfuura rarasikirwa nokukosha kwaro zvakanyanya munyika dzokuMadokero. Itsaona here kuti muzana rimwe chetero ramakore rechi 20, apo kutenda kwechiKristu kwakasiiwa, hondo hurusa munhau dzakarwiwa?

    Mumwe muenzaniso iEngland, iyo yakanga iri nyika yakasimukira zvikuru pasi rose muzana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19. Asi chii chakanga chiri seri kwebudiriro yakanaka yeEngland? Zvamazvirokwazvo chimwe chinhu chakanga chiri rumutsiriro rwomudzimu apo vanhu vakatendeukira kuna Mwari. Zvinhu zvakanaka zvakawanda zvakauya somugumisiro, zvakadai sokudzidza kuverenga nekunyora, kubviswa kwouranda, uye kuvandudzwa kwezvimiro zvevarombo nevashandi.

   John Wesley, uyo anozivikanwa somuparidzi anokosha zvikurusa wesangano reMethodist uye kupfurikidza naye rumutsiriro rukuru rwakauya kuEngland muzana ramakore rechi 18, akapesvedzera zvikuru iyi budiriro. Zvinonzi kuburikidza nebasa rake England yakadzivirirwa shanduko yakafanana yakaitika muFrance. Zvisinei, Wesley nevamwe vake vakabatsirawo kuti mabhuku asvike kuvanhu vechiRungu. The Encyclopedia Britannica inotaura nezvaWesley panyaya iyi kuti “hapana mumwezve muzana remakore rechi18 akaita zvakawanda kudaro kuti asimudzire kuverengwa kwemabhuku akanaka, uye akaunza mabhuku akawanda kwazvo kuti vanhu vawanike pamutengo wakaderera kudaro”...

    MuEngland, somuuyo worumutsiriro, basa reSandesikuru rakatangawo muzana ramakore rechi 18. Munenge muna 1830, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chevana veEngland vane mamiriyoni 1,25 vakapinda Sandesikuru, uko vakadzidza kurava nokunyora. England yakanga yava kuita nzanga inodzidza kuverenga inodzidziswa neShoko raMwari; nyika haina kuifurira.

    Zvakadini neUnited States? Mashoko anotevera anoreva izvi. Yakataurwa naJohn Dewey (1859-1952), uyo pachake akapesvedzera zvakasimba kutorwa kwedzidzo muUnited States. Zvisinei, akatsanangura kuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwakave nemigumisiro yakanaka sei padzidzo yakakurumbira uye kubviswa kweuranda munyika yake:

Ava vanhu (Vakristu veevhangeri) ndivo musimboti wesocial philanthropy, basa rezvematongerwo enyika rakanangana neshanduko dzemagariro, pacifism uye dzidzo yeruzhinji. Vanosanganisira uye vanoratidza mutsa kune avo vari mumatambudziko ehupfumi uye vamwe vanhu, kunyanya kana vachiratidza kufarira kudiki muhurumende yehurumende - - Ichi chikamu chevanhu chapindura zvakanaka kune zvinodiwa zvekubatwa zvakanaka uye kugoverwa kwakaenzana kweakaenzana. mikana maererano nemafungiro avo ekuenzanisa. Yakatevera mumakwara aLincoln mukubviswa kweuranda uye yakabvumirana nepfungwa dzaRoosevelt paakashora masangano "akaipa" uye kuunganidzwa kwehupfumi mumaoko evashoma. (4)

Mayunivhesiti. Pakutanga, zvakataurwa kuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwakakanganisa sei kusikwa kwemitauro yakanyorwa uye kuverenga mumazana emakore apfuura uye munguva ino. Semuenzaniso, munyika dzemuAfrica, hwaro hwehurongwa hwechikoro maererano nedzidzo yekutanga uye yehunyanzvi hwakanyanya kuzvarwa kubva mupesvedzero yemamishinari echiKristu, sezvakaita hutano. Pasina pesvedzero yekutenda kwechiKristu, kusimukira kwenzanga kungadai kwakanonoka kwemazana emakore.

   Imwe nzvimbo mayunivhesiti nezvikoro. Pamwe chete nekuverenga, zvakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwesainzi, tsvakiridzo, kuzvarwa kwezvakagadzirwa uye kupararira kweruzivo. Kuburikidza navo, ruzivo uye tsvakiridzo inofambira mberi kune imwe nhanho.

   Kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera sei iyi nharaunda? Venyika nevasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari vanowanzosaziva kuti Bhaibheri nekutenda kwechiKristu zvakabata basa guru munzvimbo iyi. Mazana emayunivhesiti uye makumi ezviuru ezvikoro zvakatangwa namaKristu anonamata kana kuti kupfurikidza nebasa roufundisi. Havana kuzvarwa pahwaro hwekusatenda kuti kuna Mwari, nekuti pakanga pasina mayunivhesiti enyika uye ehurumende. Semuenzaniso, mayunivhesiti anotevera anozivikanwa muEngland neAmerica:

- Oxford neCambridge. Maguta ese ari maviri ane machechi akawanda nemachapel. Mayunivhesiti aya akavambwa kuti adzidzise Bhaibheri.

- Harvard. Iyi yunivhesiti yakatumidzwa zita reReverend John Harvard. Chirevo chayo kubva muna 1692 ndechekuti Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae (chokwadi chaKristu neChechi)

- Yale University yakavambwa neaimbova mudzidzi weHarvard, Puritan mupristi Cotton Mather.

- Mutungamiri wekutanga wePrinceton University (pakutanga College of New Jersey) aiva Jonathan Edwards, uyo anozivikanwa nerumutsiriro rukuru muAmerica muzana remakore rechi18. Akanga ari muparidzi ane mukurumbira werumutsiriro urwu, pamwe chete naGeorge Whitefield.

- Yunivhesiti yePennsylvania. George Whitefield, mumwe mutungamiri weGreat Awakening, akatanga chikoro icho chakazosimudzira kuva University of Pennsylvania. Whitefield aive mwanakomana wemuchengeti wepabhu uye waaishanda naye weambotaurwa nezvaJohn Wesley paakanga ari kuEngland. Aiva nezwi rakanaka zvisingawanzoitiki, rinotyisa uye rine simba, zvokuti aigona kutaura zvinonzwika kumakumi ezviuru zvevanhu mumisangano yepanze. Aigonawo kuparidza nemisodzi mumaziso ake nemhaka yetsitsi dzaakanga apiwa naMwari kuvanhu

   Zvakadini neIndia? India haizivikanwi nokuda kwechiKristu chayo. Zvisinei, munyika ino, somuAfrica, kune zviuru zvezvikoro zvakazvarwa pahwaro hwokutenda kwechiKristu. Iwo mayunivhesiti ekutanga muIndia akazvarwawo pahwaro humwe chete. Mayunivhesiti akadai seyunivhesiti yeCalcutta, Madras, Bombay neSerampore anozivikanwa zvikuru. Uye zvakare, iyo University yeAllahabad, yakavambwa muna 1887, inozivikanwa kwazvo. Vashanu vemakurukota manomwe ekutanga eIndia aibva muguta rino, uye vazhinji vehutongi hweIndia vakadzidza paYunivhesiti yeAllahabad.

Kuchinja kwesainzi. Chinyorwa chacho chakatangira pamaonero anodiwa nevasingatendi kuti chitendero chechiKristu chave chiri chipingamupinyi mukusimudzirwa kwesainzi. Zvakadaro, maonero aya ari nyore kubvunza, nekuti mitauro yekunyora, kuverenga nekunyora nemayunivhesiti zvakazvarwa zvakanyanya kubva musimba rekutenda kwechiKristu.

    Zvakadiniko nokunonzi kumukira kwesayenzi? Zvinowanzoitwa mumasangano ezvitendero uye asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari kuti mhirizhonga iyi haina chekuita nekutenda kwechiKristu, asi maonero aya anogona kupokana. Nokuti mupfungwa yemazuva ano, sainzi yakatanga kamwe chete, ndiko kuti, muEurope yezana ramakore rechi 16-18, umo dzidziso yechiKristu yakapararira. Izvo hazvina kutanga munharaunda yezvenyika, asi zvakanyanya munharaunda inokurudzirwa nekutenda kwechiKristu. Anenge masayendisiti ose akakurumbira aidavira kuti zvinhu zvakaita zvokusikwa. Pakati pavo paiva naFrancis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, James Clerck Maxwell, John Ray, Louis Pasteur, nezvimwewo. Vakanga vasiri vamiririri veChiedza asi vechiKristudhomu.

Zvizvarwa zvevanyori venhoroondo nenyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu zvakaona kuti maKristu, kutenda kwechiKristu, uye masangano echiKristu zvakabatsira nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana mukukura kwedzidziso, nzira, uye hurongwa hwakazobereka sainzi yechisikigo yemazuva ano(...) Kunyange zvazvo kune maonero akasiyana. zvepesvedzero yacho vanenge vezvenhau vose nhasi vanobvuma kuti chiKristu (chiKaturike nechiPurotesitendi zvakafanana) chakakurudzira vafungi vakawanda venguva yakatangira yazvino uno kupinda mufundo ine nhevedzano yechisiko. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaonawo kuti pfungwa dzakatorwa muchiKristu dzakapinda mukukurukurirana kwesayenzi nemigumisiro yakanaka. Mamwe masayendisiti anototaura kuti pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoshanda maererano nemimwe mitemo inobva padzidziso yechiKristu. (5)

Chii chaikonzera kumukira kwesayenzi? Chimwe chikonzero chaiva, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mayunivhesiti. Pakazosvika 1500, kwakanga kune vanenge makumi matanhatu vavo muEurope. Aya mayunivhesiti akanga asiri mayunivhesiti anochengetedzwa nevenyika nenyika, asi akamuka nerutsigiro runoshingaira rwechechi yeMiddle Ages, uye tsvakurudzo yesayenzi yechisikigo uye nyeredzi yakaita basa guru mazviri. Mavari maive nerusununguko rwakakura rwekutsvagisa nekukurukurirana, izvo zvaifarirwa. Aya mayunivhesiti aive nemazana ezviuru zvevadzidzi, uye akabatsira kugadzirira nzvimbo yekuti shanduko yesainzi igoneke muEurope muzana ramakore rechi 16-18. Kumukira uku hakuna kungoerekana kwamuka, asi kwakatangirwa nebudiriro dzakanaka. Mamwe makondinendi akange asina dzidzo yakakura yakafanana uye mayunivhesiti akafanana semuEurope,

Middle Ages yakagadzira hwaro hwekubudirira kukuru kwenzanga yekuMadokero: sainzi yemazuva ano. Chirevo chinoti sainzi yakanga isipo "Renaissance" isati yavapo inhema. Mushure mekujairana nekutsvagisa kwechiGiriki kwekare, nyanzvi dzeMiddle Ages dzakagadzira hurongwa hwepfungwa, izvo zvakaita kuti sainzi iwedzere kuenzaniswa nekare. Makunivhesiti, uko rusununguko rwezvidzidzo rwakadzivirirwa kubva kumasimba evatungamiriri, akavambwa kuma1100s. Aya masangano agara achipa nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekutsvagisa kwesainzi. Kunyange dzidziso yechiKristu yakaratidza kuti yakanyatsokodzera kuti ikurudzire kunzvera chisiko, icho chaidavirwa kuva chisiko chaMwari. (6)

Mishonga nezvipatara. Imwe nharaunda iyo kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera mushonga uye kuberekwa kwezvipatara. Chikamu chakakosha chaive kunyanya mamongi, akachengetedza, akakopa uye akashandura zvinyorwa zvekare zvekurapa uye mamwe mabasa ekare echinyakare uye esainzi. Mukuwedzera, ivo vakawedzera kugadzira mishonga. Pasina mabasa avo, mishonga ingadai isina kufambira mberi kusvika pamwero wakafanana, uye zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvingadai zvisina kuchengetwa kuti zvizvarwa zvemazuva ano zviverenge.

    Kuchengetwa kwehutano, basa remagariro evanhu uye masangano akawanda ezvipo (Red Cross, Save the Children ...) zvakatangwawo nevanozviti vaKristu, nokuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwagara kuchisanganisira tsitsi kune muvakidzani wako. Izvi zvinobva pakudzidzisa uye muenzaniso waJesu. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanhu vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari navanodavira vanhu kazhinji kazhinji vave vacherekedzi munzvimbo iyi. Mutori wenhau wechiRungu Malcolm Muggeridge (1903-1990), iye pachake ari munhu wenyika, asi zvisinei akatendeseka, akacherechedza izvi. Akacherechedza kuti maonero enyika anobata sei tsika:“Ndakapedza makore ndiri muIndia neAfrica, uye mune zvose ndakasangana nemabasa akawanda akarurama anochengetwa nevaKristu vezvitendero zvakasiyana; asi hapana kana kamwe chete pandakamboona chipatara kana nzvimbo inochengeterwa nherera inochengetwa nesangano remasocialist kana chipatara chine maperembudzi. kushanda pahwaro hwehumanism." (7)

   Mashoko anotevera anoratidzazve kuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera sei hukoti nedzimwe nzvimbo kuburikidza nebasa roumishinari. Zvipatara zvakawanda muAfrica neIndia zvakazvarwa kuburikidza nemamishinari echiKristu uye chido chekubatsira. Rutivi rukuru rwezvipatara zvokutanga zveEurope rwakavambawo mupesvedzero yokutenda kwechiKristu. Mwari vanogona kuporesa munhu zvakananga, asi vazhinji vakawana rubatsiro kuburikidza nemishonga uye zvipatara. Kutenda kwechiKristu kwakaita rutivi runokosha muna ikoku.

Mukati meMiddle Ages vanhu, avo vari veOrder of Saint Benedict, vakachengeta zvipatara zvinopfuura zviuru zviviri muWestern Europe chete. 12 ^th century yaive yakakosha mune izvi, kunyanya ipapo, uko Order yaSaint John yaishanda. Somuenzaniso, Chipatara chikuru cheMweya Mutsvene chakavambwa muna 1145 paMontpellier, iyo yakakurumidza kuva muzinda wedzidzo yezvokurapa uye muzinda wezvokurapa weMontpellier mukati megore ra 1221. Mukuwedzera kukutarisira kurapwa, izvi zvipatara zvakagovera zvokudya kuvanenzara uye aichengeta chirikadzi nenherera, uye aipa zvipo kuvarombo. (8)

Kunyange zvazvo chechi yechiKristu yakashoropodzwa zvikuru munhoroondo yayo yose, yakaramba iri nhanho yezvokurapa kuvarombo, kubatsira nhapwa, vasina pokugara kana vari kufa uye kuvandudza nharaunda dzebasa. MuIndia zvipatara zvakanakisisa nemasangano edzidzo zvakabatanidzwa nazvo mugumisiro webasa roufundisi hwechiKristu, kunyange kusvikira kutambanuko iyoyo yokuti vaHindu vazhinji vanoshandisa zvipatara izvi kupfuura zvipatara zvinochengetwa nehurumende, nemhaka yokuti vanoziva kuti vachagamuchira tarisiro iri nani ikoko. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, chikamu che90% chevanamukoti muIndia vaive maKristu, uye kuti 80% yavo vakawana dzidzo yavo muzvipatara zvemamishinari. (9)

Muchechi zvinhu zvehupenyu huno zvakange zvichitarisirwa sezvaiitwa zvehupenyu hwemangwana; zvaiita sokuti chinhu chiri chose icho vaAfrica vakapedza, chakabva mubasa roufundisi rechechi. (Nelson Mandela mubhuku rake renhoroondo yekufamba kwenguva refu kuenda kurusununguko)

Chechi yakatambudza masayendisiti here? Sezvakataurwa, kutenda kwechiKristu kwakapesvedzera zvikuru kutanga kwechinjo yesayenzi. Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi chaiva mayunivhesiti akatangwa nechechi. Kutaura kwokuti vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari vanoda kukudziridza, ndiko kuti kutenda kwechiKristu kwaizova chipingamupinyi kubudiriro yesayenzi, naizvozvo ingano huru. Izvi zvinoratidzwawo nechokwadi chokuti nyika idzo kutenda kwechiKristu kwakava nepesvedzero refu zvikuru dzave dziri mapiyona mundima yesayenzi nenzvero.

    Zvakadini nepfungwa yokuti chechi yaitambudza masayendisiti? Vasingatendi kuti kuna Mwari vanoda kuchengetedza pfungwa iyi, asi vazhinji vanoongorora nhoroondo vanoiona sekukanganisa kwenhoroondo. Pfungwa iyi yekunetsana pakati pekutenda nesainzi yakangotangira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, apo vanyori vaitsigira dzidziso yaDarwin, semuenzaniso Andrew Dickson White naJohn William Draper, vakaiburitsa mumabhuku avo. Nekudaro, semuenzaniso muongorori wekare James Hannam akati:

Mukupesana nezvinodavirwa nevakawanda, chechi haina kumbobvira yatsigira pfungwa yepasi rakati sandara, isingarambidze kuongorora zvitunha, uye zvechokwadi haina kumbopisa chero munhu panjodzi nokuda kwedzidziso dzavo dzesayenzi. (10)

WekuAustralia anopokana Tim O'Neill akatora danho pane ichi chirevo uye anoratidza kuti vanhu vashoma vanoziva sei nezvenhoroondo: "Hazvina kuoma kukanda bhuru iri kuita zvidimbu, kunyanya kana vanhu vari kutaura nezvazvo vasina chavanoziva nezvenhoroondo. Vachangotora pfungwa idzi dzisinganzwisisike kubva kumawebhusaiti nemabhuku akakurumbira. Zvikumbiro izvi zvinopera kana zvabatwa nazvo. umboo husingapikiswe.Ndinoona zvichinakidza kuseka vanoparadzira mashoko zvakakwana nokuvakumbira kuti vadudze mumwe - mumwe chete - musayendisiti akapisirwa padanda kana kutambudzwa kana kudzvinyirirwa nekuda kwekutsvakurudza kwake muMiddle Ages. ... Panguva yandinonyora masayendisiti eMiddle Ages - Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, John Peckham, Duns Scotus, Thomas Bradwardine, Walter Burley, William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, John Dumbleton, Richard weWallingford, Nicholas Oresme, Jean Buridan,naNicolaus Cusanus-uye ini ndinobvunza kuti sei varume ava murugare rwose vakafambisa sainzi yeMiddle Ages pasina chechi ichivakanganisa, vadzivisi vangu vaiwanzokwenya misoro yavo vachishamisika, vachishamisika kuti chii chaizvo chakashata. " (11)

   Zvakadini naGalileo Galilei, uyo akapidigura mufananidzo wepasi waPtolemy wechiGiriki wezuva rinotenderera pasi? Ichokwadi kuti Pope akaita zvisizvo kwaari, asi nyaya ndeyekukanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwesimba, kwete kupikisa sainzi. (Hongu, vanapapa neChechi yeRoma vane mhosva yezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakadai seHondo dzechiKristu uye Bvunzurudzo. Zvisinei, inhau yokusiya zvachose kutenda kwechiKristu kana kuti kusatevera dzidziso dzaJesu. Vazhinji havazvinzwisisi izvi. musiyano.) Zvinokoshawo kuziva kuti vose vamiririri vesayenzi nokutenda vakakamukana mumaonero avo dzidziso yaGalileo. Mamwe masayendisiti aive kudivi rake, vamwe vachipikisa. Saizvozvowo, vamwe vafundisi vaipikisa pfungwa dzake, vamwe vachidzivirira. Izvi zvinogara zvakadaro kana dzidziso itsva dzichionekwa.

   Saka sei Galileo akatadza kudiwa naPope ndokuiswa muhusungwa mumba make? Chimwe chikonzero chaiva mufambiro waGalileo pachake. Pope aimboyemura zvikuru Galileo, asi kunyora kwaGalileo kwehungwaru kwakakonzera kukwira kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Ari Turunen akanyora nezve kumashure kwenyaya:

Kunyange zvazvo Galileo Galilei achionekwa semumwe wevakafira kutenda kwesayenzi, zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti akanga asina kunyanya kufadza semunhu. Akanga ane manyawi uye asingatani kutsamwa, aichema zvikuru uye akanga asina kungwara uye tarenda rekubata vanhu. Nekuda kwerurimi rwake rwakapinza uye kuseka, haanawo kushomeka kwevavengi. Basa raGalileo rekuongorora nyeredzi rinoshandisa chimiro chenhaurirano. Bhuku iri rinosuma munhu ane hungwaru hushoma anonzi Simplicius, anopa Galileo kupokana kwakanyanya. Vavengi vaGalileo vakakwanisa kugonesa Pope kuti Galileo aireva Pope nemufananidzo wake weSimplicus. Chete mushure meizvi ndipo iyo isina maturo uye ine hanya Urban VIII yakatora danho kurwisa Galileo ...

    ...Urbanus akazviona semutsiridzi uye akabvuma kutaura naGalileo, asi maitiro aGalileo aive akawandisa kuna Pope. Kuti Galilei aireva Pope ane chimiro chake cheSimplicus kana kuti kwete, sarudzo yezita yaive yakaipa zvisinganzwisisike. Galilei akanga asina basa nezvinhu zvinokosha pakunyora zvinobudirira, zvinosanganisira kuremekedza muverengi. (12)

Uye vasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari vakatambudza masayendisiti here? Zvichida izvi zvakaitika muSoviet Union isingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari, umo masayendisiti akati wandei, akadai sevanoongorora geneticists, vakaiswa mujeri uye vamwe vakaurayiwa nekuda kwepfungwa dzavo dzesainzi.

     Saizvozvo, masayendisiti akati wandei akaurayiwa muChimurenga cheFrance: chemist Antoine Lavoisier, nyanzvi yenyeredzi Jean Sylvain Bally, mineralogist Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, nyanzvi yenyeredzi Jean Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de Saron, botanist Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Zvisinei, havana kuurairwa pfungwa dzavo dzesainzi, asi nekuda kwemaonero avo ezvematongerwo enyika. Pano, zvakare, yaive nyaya yekushandisa simba zvisizvo, izvo zvaive nemhedzisiro yakasiyana zvachose nemabatirwo akaitwa Galileo.

Nzira yakarasika yesainzi: Darwin akatungamira sainzi kurasika. Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubva pakutaura kunofarirwa nevasingatendi kuti chitendero chechiKristu chave chipingamupinyi mukusimudzirwa kwesainzi. Zvakataurwa kuti hapana hwaro mukutaura uku, asi kukosha kwekutenda kwechiKristu kwave kwakasimba pakuzvarwa nekufambira mberi kwesainzi. Maonero aya anobva pane zvakati wandei zvakaita sekuzvarwa kwemitauro yekunyora, kuverenga, zvikoro nemayunivhesiti, kusimukira kwemishonga nezvipatara, uye chokwadi chekuti shanduko yesainzi yakaitika muzana ramakore rechi 16-18 muEurope, uko dzidziso dzechiKristu dzakapararira. Shanduko iyi haina kutanga munharaunda yepasirese, asi zvakanyanya munharaunda inokurudzirwa nekutenda kwechiKristu.

   Kana kutenda kwechiKristu kwave kuri chinhu chakanaka pakukura kwesainzi, pfungwa yekupikisa sainzi uye kutenda kwechiKristu yakatangira papi? Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi zvechokwadi chaiva Charles Darwin nedzidziso dzake dzemhindumupindu muzana remakore rechi19. Iyi dzidziso, iyo inopindirana nezvisikwa, ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera mufananidzo uyu. Asingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari anosanozivikanwa Richard Dawkins akataurawo kuti nguva yaDarwin isati yasvika zvaizova zvakamuomera kuva asingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari: “ Kunyange zvazvo kusadavira kuvapo kwaMwari kungave kwairatidzika kuva kunoshanda nenzira ine mufungo Darwin asati avapo, akanga ari Darwin bedzi akavaka hwaro hwokusadavira kuvapo kwaMwari kunoruramiswa nenzira youngwaru. (13).

   Asi asi. Apo masayendisiti anoongorora zvinhu zvakasikwa anoremekedza basa raDarwin nenhamburiko, zvimwe vakarurama, pamwe chete vasina kururama. Vanotaura chokwadi kuti Darwin akanga ari nyanzvi yezvakasikwa yakanyatsoongorora zvisikwa, akadzidza nezvenyaya yake uye aiziva kunyora nezvekutsvakurudza kwake. Hapana akaverenga magnum opus yake PaMavambo eZvisikwa anogona kuramba izvozvo.

   Zvisinei, vakarasika pakubvuma fungidziro yaDarwin yokuti marudzi ose anogarwa nhaka kubva musero rimwe rekutanga ( the primordial cell-to-man theory). Chikonzero chiri nyore: Darwin haana kukwanisa kuratidza chero mienzaniso yekuchinja kwemarudzi mubhuku rake rinonzi On the Origin of Species, asi mienzaniso chete yekusiyana uye kugadzirisa. Zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana. Kusiyana-siyana, zvakadai soukuru hwemuromo weshiri, ukuru hwemapapiro, kana kuti kusakurira zviri nani kwehumwe utachiona, hazvimboratidzi kuti marudzi ose aripo iye zvino akabva musero rimwe chete repakutanga. Mashoko anotevera anotaura zvakawanda pamusoro pehurukuro. Darwin pachake aifanira kubvuma kuti akanga asina mienzaniso yekuchinja chaiko mumarudzi. Mupfungwa iyi, zvinogona kunzi Darwin akatsausa sainzi:

Darwin: Chokwadi ndaneta nekuudza vanhu kuti handina humbowo hwakananga hwekuti rudzi rwupi zvarwo rwakashanduka kuva rumwe rudzi uye kuti ndinotenda kuti maonero aya ndeechokwadi nekuti zviitiko zvakawanda zvinogona kuiswa mumapoka nekutsanangurwa zvichibva pazviri. (14)

Encyclopedia Britannica: Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti Darwin haana kumbotaura kuti aikwanisa kuratidza mhindumupindu kana kuti mavambo emarudzi. Akataura kuti kana mhindumupindu yakaitika, zvinhu zvakawanda zvisingatsananguriki zvinogona kutsanangurwa. Uchapupu hunotsigira mhindumupindu nokudaro hahuna kunanga. 

"Zvinoshamisa kuti bhuku rave rakakurumbira pakutsanangura kwakabva zvipenyu haritsananguri nenzira ipi zvayo." (Christopher Booker, mutori wenhau weTimes achitaura nezveDarwin's magnum opus, On the Origin of Species )   (15)

Kudai Darwin akanga adzidzisa nenzira yokuti panzvimbo pomuti mumwe wemhuri (kuona kwemhindumupindu, uko kunofungidzira kuti zvimiro zvoupenyu zvazvino uno zvakabva musero rimwe chetero rokutanga), paizova nemazana emiti yemhuri, uye kuti muti mumwe nomumwe une mapazi. uye bifurcations, angadai akave pedyo nechokwadi. Kusiyana kunoitika, sezvakaratidzwa naDarwin, asi mukati memhando dzemhando. Zvaonekwa zvinokwana zvirinani nemhando yekusika pane iyo modhi apo mafomu ehupenyu azvino anobva kusero rekutanga, kureva kuti dzinde rimwechete:

Tinogona chete kufungidzira pamusoro pezvikonzero zvakaita kuti masayendisiti atore pfungwa yeakajairika tateguru zvisina tsarukano. Kukunda kwedzidziso yaDarwin pasina mubvunzo kwakawedzera mukurumbira wemasayendisiti, uye pfungwa yezvinongoerekana zvaitika inonyatsoenderana nemafungiro enguva iyoyo zvekuti dzidziso yacho yakatowana tsigiro inoshamisa kubva kuvatungamiriri vezvitendero. Chero zvazvingava, masayendisiti akagamuchira dzidziso isati yaedzwa zvakasimba, uye ipapo vakashandisa simba ravo kupwisa ruzhinji kuti maitirwo echisikigo akanga akakwana kubudisa munhu kubva kubhakitiriya uye utachiona kubva musanganiswa wekemikari. Sayenzi yemhindumupindu yakatanga kutsvaga humbowo hunotsigira uye yakatanga kubuda netsananguro dzaizoita kuti humbowo husina kunaka hushande. (16)

Zvinyorwa zvezvicherwa zvinopikisawo dzidziso yaDarwin. Izvo zvave zvichizivikanwa kwenguva yakareba kuti hapana kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kunogona kuonekwa mumafossils, kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka inoda kubuda kwemanzwiro, nhengo uye zvisikwa zvitsva kuburikidza neizvi. Somuenzaniso, Steven M. Stanley akati: “Hapana kana muenzaniso mumwe chete muzvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa zvezvicherwa umo chinhu chitsva chinokosha chiri kukura nokuda kwemarudzi (17)

    Kushaikwa kwebudiriro yapashoma napashoma kwakabvumwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotungamirira dze paleontologist. Hapana zvisaririra kana kuti zvipenyu zvemazuva ano zvinoratidzira mienzaniso yokukura zvishoma nezvishoma kunodiwa nedzidziso yaDarwin. Pazasi pane mamwe mazwi kubva kune vamiriri vezvakaitika kare mamuseum. Natural history museums inofanira kunge iine humbowo hwakanakisa hwekushanduka-shanduka, asi havana. Kutanga, tsinhiro yakaitwa naStephen Jay Gould, zvichida nyanzvi yepaleontologist yakakurumbira zvikurusa yenguva yedu (American Museum). Akaramba kukura zvishoma nezvishoma mumafossils:

Stephen Jay Gould: Ini handidi nenzira ipi zvayo kudzikisira kugona kwekugona kwemaonero eshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma. Ndinoda kungotaura kuti haina kumbobvira 'yaonekwa' mumatombo.  (The Panda's Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183).

Dr. Etheridge, muchengeti ane mukurumbira pasi rose weBritish Museum:  Mune iyi museum yese, hapana kana chinhu chidiki diki chingaratidza kwakabva zvipenyu kubva kumhando dzepakati. Dzidziso yemhindumupindu haibvi pakuona uye chokwadi. Sokutaura pamusoro pezera rorudzi rwomunhu, mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Iyi museum izere nehumbowo hunoratidza kuti dzidziso idzi hadzina mufungo sei. (18)

Hapana kana mumwe wevakuru mumamiziyamu makuru mashanu epaleontological anogona kupa muenzaniso mumwe wakapfava wechinhu chipenyu chinogona kutorwa sechidimbu cheumboo hwekushanduka-shanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune rumwe rudzi kuenda kune rumwe. ( Pfupiso yaDr. Luther Sunderland mubhuku rake rinonzi  Darwin’s enigma . Akabvunzurudza vamiririri vakawanda vemamiyuziyemu ezvakaitika kare zvebhuku iri ndokuvanyorera achivavarira kuwana kuti rudzii rwoufakazi hwavaiva nahwo hwokubvumikisa mhindumupindu. [19])

Chirevo chinotevera chinoenderera mberi pamusoro penyaya imwe chete. Mushakabvu Dr Colin Patterson vaive nyanzvi yepamusoro pe paleontologist uye nyanzvi yezvicherwa paBritish Museum (Natural History). Akanyora bhuku pamusoro pemhindumupindu - asi apo mumwe munhu akamubvunza kuti nei bhuku rake rakanga risina mifananidzo ipi neipi yezvimiro zvepakati (zvipenyu zviri mukuchinja), akanyora mhinduro inotevera. Mumhinduro yake, anonongedzera kuna Stephen J. Gould, zvichida nyanzvi yepaleontologist yakakurumbira zvikurusa munyika (yakawedzerwa noushingi):

Ini ndinobvumirana zvizere nemafungiro ako maererano nekushaikwa kwemifananidzo mubhuku rangu pamusoro pezvipenyu izvo zviri mukushanduka-shanduka muchikamu chekuchinja. Kudai ndakanga ndichiziva chipi nechipi chakadaro, chezvisaririra kana kuti kurarama, ndingadai ndakazvibatanidza nokuzvidira mubhuku rangu . Iwe unofunga kuti ndinofanira kushandisa nyanzvi kuenzanisira mafomu epakati akadaro asi angawanepi ruzivo rwemifananidzo yake? Kutaura chokwadi, handina kukwanisa kumupa ruzivo urwu, uye kana ndikasiya nyaya yacho kune muimbi, hazvingatsause muverengi here?

   Ndakanyora zvinyorwa zvebhuku rangu makore mana apfuura [mubhuku raanoudza kuti anotenda mune mamwe marudzi epakati]. Dai ndaizorinyora iye zvino, ndinofunga kuti bhuku racho raizova rakasiyana. Gradualism (kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma) ipfungwa yandinotenda mairi. Kwete chete nekuda kwemukurumbira waDarwin asi nekuti kunzwisisa kwangu genetics kunoratidzika kunge kunoda. Zvisinei, zvakaoma kutaura [nyanzvi yezvicherwa zvakakurumbira Stephen J.] Gould nevamwe vanhu vemumiziyamu yeAmerica pavanotaura kuti hapana zvimiro zvepakati . Sepalaeontologist, ini ndinoshanda zvakanyanya nezvinetso zvehuzivi pandinoziva maitiro ekare ezvipenyu kubva kune zvisaririra. Unoti ndinofanirawo 'kupa mufananidzo wezvisaririra, kubva pakabva rimwe boka rezvisikwa.' Ndinotaura zvakananga - hapana zvisaririra zvingave chikamu cheuchapupu husina mvura . (20)

Chii chinogona kugumiswa kubva pamusoro apa? Tinogona kuremekedza Darwin semuongorori akanaka wezvakasikwa, asi hatifanire kubvuma fungidziro yake pamusoro penhaka yemarudzi kubva kune rimwe sero rekutanga. Ufakazi hwacho hwakanyatsokodzera chisiko zvokuti Mwari akabva agadzira zvinhu zvose. Kusiyana kunoitika, uye zvipenyu zvinogona kuchinjwa kusvika pamwero wakati nokuberekana, asi zvose izvi zvine miganhu ichasvikwa nokukurumidza.

    Mhedziso ndeyokuti Darwin akatsausa sainzi, uye masayendisiti asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari akamutevera. Zvine musoro zvikuru kuvimba nemaonero ezvakaitika kare kuti Mwari akasika zvinhu zvose zvokuti hazvina kumuka zvoga. Maonero aya anotsigirwawo neidi rokuti masayendisiti haazivi mhinduro yokuti upenyu hunogona kumuka hwoga. Izvi zvinonzwisisika nekuti hazvigoneke. Upenyu chete hunogona kusika hupenyu, uye hapana kunze kwemutemo uyu wakawanikwa. Pamhando dzehupenyu hwekutanga, izvi zvinoreva Mwari zvakajeka:

- ( Gen 1:1 ) Pakutanga Mwari akasika denga nenyika.

- (VaRoma 1:19,20) Nokuti izvo zvingazivikanwa zvaMwari zvinoonekwa mukati mavo; nokuti Mwari akazviratidza kwavari.

20 Nokuti kubvira pakusikwa kwenyika izvo zvisingaonekwi zvake, iro simba rake risingaperi nouMwari hwake, zvinoonekwa kwazvo, zvichizikanwa pazvinhu zvakaitwa; kuti varege kuva nepembedzo .

- ( Zvak 4:11 ) Haiwa Ishe, makakodzera kuti mugamuchire mbiri nokukudzwa nesimba, nokuti makasika zvinhu zvose, uye nokuda kwenyu zvakavapo uye zvakasikwa .

Jesus is the way, the truth and the life

Grap to eternal life!

Other Google Translate machine translations:

Mamirioni emakore / dinosaurs / kushanduka kwevanhu?
Kuparadzwa kwemadinosaur
Sayenzi mukunyengedza: dzidziso dzekusatenda Mwari dzekwakabva uye mamiriyoni emakore
Madhinosaur akararama rini?

Nhoroondo yeBhaibheri
Mafashamo

Kutenda kwechiKristu: sainzi, kodzero dzevanhu
Chikristu nesainzi
Kutenda kwechiKristu uye kodzero dzevanhu

Zvitendero zvekuMabvazuva / New Age
Buddha, Buddhism kana Jesu?
Kuberekwazve kwechokwadi here?

ChiIslram
Zvizaruro zvaMuhammad nehupenyu
Kunamata zvidhori muIslam uye muMecca
Korani yakavimbika here?

Mibvunzo yetsika
Sunungurwa kubva muhungochani
Kuroorana kusina kwawakarerekera
Kubvisa pamuviri imhosva
Euthanasia uye zviratidzo zvenguva

Ruponeso
Unogona kuponeswa