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Dinɔsɔsiw tun bɛ balo tuma jumɛn?

A dɔn mun na dinɔsɔsiw tun bɛ balo kɔsa in na, waati kelen na ni hadamadenw ye. A ka nɔgɔn ka ɲininkali kɛ san miliyɔn caman na ka da daliluw kan

Dannaya min bɛ mɔgɔw bɛɛ la o ye ko dinɔsɔsiw ye Dugukolo mara san miliyɔn 100 ni kɔ fo ka se u tununni ma a bɛ san miliyɔn 65 bɔ. Sinsin kɛra o ko kan tuma bɛɛ fɛnɲɛnɛmako sɛbɛnw ni porogaramuw fɛ, o la sa, dinɔsɔsiw ka ɲɛnamaya bɛ dugukolo kan a san miliyɔn caman ye nin ye, o hakilina sɛbɛnnen don kosɛbɛ mɔgɔ fanba hakili la. A tɛ jate ko nin belebelebaw (Bonya bɛ tali kɛ ɲɔgɔn na. Bi balema buluw girinya bɛ se dinɔsɔsi belebelebaw ma siɲɛ fila ɲɔgɔn)baganw tun bɛ balo kɔsa in na kosɛbɛ ani waati kelen na ni hadamadenw ye. Ka Kɛɲɛ ni fɛnɲɛnɛma-ko miiriya ye, a bɛ Fɔ ko dinɔsɔsiw tùn bɛ Jurassic ni Cretaceous waatiw la, Cambrian waati baganw tùn bɛ yen hali ka Kɔn o ɲɛ, wa baganw tùn bɛ Bɔ dugukolo kan laban na. O kulu minnu bɛ bɔ dugukolo in kan waatiw la, olu ka fɛnɲɛnamayali hakilina barika ka bon mɔgɔw hakili la fo u dalen b’a la ko a bɛ dɔnniya jira, wa a ye tiɲɛ ye, hali n’a bɛ se ka kɛ ko tiɲɛ caman bɛ sɔrɔ o hakilina in kama.

O kɔfɛ, an bɛna o barokun sɛgɛsɛgɛ ka ɲɛ. Dalilu caman b’a jira ko a ma mɛn kosɛbɛ kabini dinɔsɔsiw bɔra dugukolo kan. An bɛ o daliluw lajɛ kɔfɛ.

Dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛ seginnkanni na . Dalilu minnu b’a jira ko dinɔsɔsiw ye ɲɛnamaya kɛ dugukolo kan, olu ye u ka fɛnɲɛnɛmaw ye. Ka da u kan, a bɛ Se ka Dinɔsɔsiw bonya n’u cogoya Dɔn k’a Kɛ ‘kɔrɔlen ye ani k’u tùn ye bagan lakikaw ye. Kuma si t’a la ka sigasiga u ka tariku la.

Nka, dinɔsɔsiw ka waati kɛcogo ye ko wɛrɛ ye. Hali ni ka kɛɲɛ ni dugukoloko waati jatebɔsɛbɛn dɔ ye min dilanna san kɛmɛ 19nan na, dinɔsɔsiw tununna a bɛ san miliyɔn 65 bɔ, o dantigɛli sugu tɛ se ka kɛ ka da fɛnɲɛnɛma yɛrɛyɛrɛw kan. Fɛnɲɛnɛmaw tɛ ni sɛbɛnni ye u si hakɛ kan ani u tununna waati min na. O nɔ na, fɛnɲɛnɛmaw cogoya ɲuman b’a jira ko san ba caman ko don, a tɛ san miliyɔn caman ko ye. A bɛ bɔ nin kun ninnu de la:

Kolow tɛ kɛ kabakurunw ye tuma bɛɛ . Fɛnɲɛnɛmafagalanw sɔrɔla dinɔsɔsiw fɛ, nka kolo minnu ma kɛ kabakurunw ye, olu fana sɔrɔla. Mɔgɔ caman hakilina ye ko dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛɛ ye kabakurunw ye, o de kama u kɔrɔlen don. Ka fara o kan, u hakili la, kabakurunbɔli bɛ san miliyɔn caman ta.

Nka, kabakurun-ci bɛ se ka kɛ ko ye min bɛ kɛ teliya la. Laboratowari cogoyaw la, a sera ka jiri kabakurunw dilan tile damadɔ kɔnɔ. Ni cogoya bɛnnen don, i n’a fɔ jibolisira funtenimaw la, minnu falen don fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na, kolo fana bɛ se ka kɛ kabakurun ye dɔgɔkun fila-fila kɔnɔ. O walew tɛ san miliyɔn caman de wajibiya.

O la, dinɔsɔsi kolo minnu ma kabako, olu sɔrɔla. Dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamafagalan dɔw bɛ se ka kɛ u kolo fɔlɔ fanba tora ani u kasa bɛ se ka toli. Fɛnɲɛnɛmaw dɔnbaga dɔ min dalen bɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw ka fɛnɲɛnamayali miiriya la, o y’a fɔ dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw sɔrɔyɔrɔba dɔ kan ko “Hell Creek kolo bɛɛ bɛ kasa bɔ.” Kolow bɛ se ka kasa bɔ cogo di san miliyɔn tan ni tan kɔfɛ?

Dɔnniya gafe b’a fɔ cogo min na C. Barreto n’a ka baarakɛjɛkulu ye dinɔsɔsi denmisɛnninw kolo sɛgɛsɛgɛ (Science, 262:2020-2023), minnu ma kɛ kabakurun ye. Kolow minnu jatera ko u si bɛ san miliyɔn 72-84 la, olu ka kalisiyɔmu ni fosiporozɛni hakɛ tun bɛ kelen ye ni bi kolow ye. Gafe fɔlɔ bɛ kolotugudaw kunnafoni fitininw jira minnu maralen bɛ koɲuman ni mikroskɔpi ye.

Kolow faralen ɲɔgɔn kan dɔɔnin dɔrɔn de fana sɔrɔla woroduguyanfan maraw la i n’a fɔ Alberta ani Alaska Kanada. Journal of Paleontology (1987, Vol. 61, No 1, pp. 198-200) ye o sɔrɔ sugu dɔ fɔ:

Misali min ye mɔgɔ kabakoya ka tɛmɛ o kan, o sɔrɔla Alaska woroduguyanfan kɔgɔjida la, yɔrɔ min na, a bɛ ɲini ka kɛ ko kolo ba caman tɛ kabako ye pewu. Kolow bɛ i n’a fɔ misi kolo kɔrɔw ani u bɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ. Sɔrɔbagaw ma u ka sɔrɔli fɔ san mugan kɔnɔ bawo u y’a miiri k’u ye bison- ye, wa u tɛ dinɔsɔsi kolo ye.

Ɲininkali ɲuman ye ko kolotugudaw tun bɛna mara cogo di san miliyɔn tan ni tan kɔnɔ? Dinɔsɔsiw ka waati la, waati tun ka suma, o la, siga t’a la ko banakisɛw ka baara tun bɛna kolo tiɲɛ. K’a sɔrɔ kolotugudaw tɛ kabakurun ye, u maralen don koɲuman ani u ɲɛ bɛ i n’a fɔ kolo kuraw, o b’a jira ko waati kunkurunninw bɛ kɛ sanni u ka mɛn.

Farikolo nɔgɔlenw . I n’a fɔ a fɔra cogo min na, fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw tɛ ni taamasiyɛnw ye u si hakɛ kan. Mɔgɔ si tɛ Se k’a Fɔ ni dannaya ye ko fɛnɲɛnama minnu Sɔrɔla i n’a fɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw, olu tùn bɛ ɲɛnamaya la Dugukolo kan cogo min na. O tɛ Se ka Bɔ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na k’a ɲɛsin fɛnɲɛnɛmaw ma.

Nka, n’a bɛ Fɔ dinɔsɔsiw ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw sɔrɔli ma, o ye kɔlɔsili kabakoma ye k’a Fɔ ko o fɛnɲɛnɛma damadɔw maralen dòn kosɛbɛ. Misali la, Yle uutiset ye kunnafoni di san 2007 desanburukalo tile 5 ko: "Dinɔsɔsi farikolo ni fari sɔrɔla USA." Nin kibaruya in dɔrɔn tɛ a sugu ye, nka o kibaruyaw ni kɔlɔsili suguw ka ca. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli dɔ y’a jira ko farikolo yɔrɔ nɔgɔlenw bɔra dinɔsɔsi kolo filanan kelen-kelen bɛɛ la ka bɔ Jurassic waati la (a bɛ san miliyɔn 145,5 – 199,6 bɔ jiginni na) (1). Dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw minnu maralen dòn kosɛbɛ, olu ye 'puzzle belebele ye tiɲɛ na n'u Bɔra a sàn miliyɔn 65 ni kɔ ye nin ye.

Misali ɲuman ye dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnama dɔ ye min bɛ ɲini ka dafa, n’o sɔrɔla Pietraroia kalkɛriw la Itali Saheliyanfan fɛ, min ka kɛɲɛ ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka miiriya ye, a jatera ko a si bɛ san miliyɔn 110 bɔ, nka a sugunɛ, banakɔtaa, farikolo ani kolotugudaw tun tora hali bi. Ka fara o kan, fɛn kabakoma dɔ min kɛra o sɔrɔli la, o tun ye banakɔtaa maralen ye, farikolo yɔrɔw tun bɛ se ka kɔlɔsi yɔrɔ min na hali bi. Ɲininikɛlaw ka fɔ la, banakɔtaa tun bɛ i n’a fɔ a tigɛra kura! ( JIRI, san 1998 Awirilikalo, Vol. 13, No. 8, ɲɛ 303-304)

Misali wɛrɛ ye pterosaurs (u tun ye wulu belebelew ye minnu bɛ pan) fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ye minnu sɔrɔla Araripe, Berezil jamana na, minnu maralen bɛ koɲuman cogo la min ɲɔgɔn ma deli ka kɛ fɔlɔ. Lɔnduru Iniwɛrisite ka fɛnkɔrɔw dɔnbaga Stafford House y’a fɔ o fɛnɲɛnamaw sɔrɔlenw kan (Discover 2/1994):

Ni o danfɛn in tun sara a kalo wɔɔrɔ ye nin ye, ka su don ka sɔgɔ, a tun bɛna kɛ nin cogo in na tigitigi. A dafalen don tigitigi cogo bɛɛ la.

O la, farikolo yɔrɔ nɔgɔlenw sɔrɔlenw dilannen don ni dinɔsɔsiw ye. O sɔrɔlenw ni fɛn minnu dilannen don ni maganw ye, olu bɛ tali kɛ ɲɔgɔn na kosɛbɛ, a bɛ miiri ko olu sara a san ba damadɔ dɔrɔn de filɛ nin ye.

Ɲininkali ɲuman ye ko dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛ se ka ɲɛfɔ cogo di ko u kɔrɔlen don siɲɛ caman ka tɛmɛ mamɔni fɛnɲɛnamaw kan, n’u fila bɛɛ maralen don koɲuman cogo kelen na? O basigi wɛrɛ tɛ yen ni dugukoloko waati jatebɔ tɛ, min Sɔrɔla ko a ni fɛn min bɛ Se ka Kɔlɔsi sigida la siɲɛ caman, o bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔsɔ. A tun bɛna kɛ waati ye ka nin waati jatebɔsɛbɛn in bila. A bɛ Se ka Kɛ kosɛbɛ ko dinɔsɔsiw ni mamɔw tùn bɛ dugukolo kan waati kelen na.

Protéines i n’a fɔ albumin, collagène ani osteocalcine sɔrɔla dinɔsɔsi tolenw na. Fana, farikolojɔlifɛn minnu bɛ se ka tiɲɛ kosɛbɛ elastin ni laminin, olu sɔrɔla [Schweitzer, M. ani mɔgɔ 6 wɛrɛw, Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, Fɛn min bɛ nin sɔrɔli ninnu Kɛ gɛlɛya ye, o ye ko o fɛnw tɛ Sɔrɔ tuma bɛɛ hali baganw ka fɛnɲɛnamaw la minnu bɛ Bɔ bi waati la. Misali la, maman kolo sɛgɛsɛgɛli kelen na, min jatera ko a si bɛ san 13 000 bɔ, kolajɛ bɛɛ tun tununna kaban (Science, 1978, 200, 1275). Nka, kolajɛ bɔra dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw la. Baarakɛlaw ka zurunali min tɔgɔ ye ko Biochemist, o y’a fɔ ko kolajɛ tɛ se ka mara hali san miliyɔn saba kɔnɔ, ni funteni hakɛ bɛnnen don, n’o ye degere zeru ye ⁽²⁾ . K’a sɔrɔ o sɔrɔ suguw bɛ kɛ siɲɛ caman, o b’a jira ko dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛ san ba damadɔ bɔ a caya la. San hakɛ dantigɛli min sinsinnen bɛ dugukoloko waati jatebɔ kan, o tɛ bɛn sisan sɔrɔlenw ma.

Faan wɛrɛ fɛ, a dɔnna ko biyomolekuli tɛ se ka mara ka tɛmɛ san 100.000 kan (Bada, J et al. 1999. Biyomolekuli kunbabaw lakanani fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw kɔnɔ: dɔnniya sisan ani gɛlɛya nataw. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Ɲɛnamaya dɔnniyaw.354, [1379 ]). Nin ye ɲininiw jaabi ye min bɛ Kɛ ni dɔnniya ye min bɛ Kɛ ni 'sèn ye. Kolazɛni, n’o ye baganw ka farikolo yɔrɔw ka biyomolekuli ye, n’o ye farikolojɔlan ye min bɛ kɛ cogoya la, a ka c’a la, o bɛ se ka bɔ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na. A dɔnna farikolojɔlifɛn min kofɔlen don ko a bɛ tiɲɛ joona kolotugudaw la, wa a tolenw dɔrɔn de bɛ se ka ye san 30000 kɔfɛ, fo ni a kɛra cogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw na minnu jalen don kosɛbɛ. Hell Creek yɔrɔ la, sanji bɛna na tuma ni tuma. O la, kolajɛ man kan ka sɔrɔ san "miliyɔn 68" kolo la min suturalen don bɔgɔ la. (3) .

Ni kɔlɔsili minnu kɛra farikolojɔlifɛnw kan minnu bɔra dinɔsɔsi kolo la, i n’a fɔ albumin, kolajɛni ani osteocalcine, ani ADN, ni olu ye tiɲɛ ye, wa kun t’an bolo ka sigasiga ɲininikɛlaw ka hakilijagabɔ la, ka da nin ɲinini ninnu kan, kolow ka kan ka segin u waati la a tɛ tɛmɛ san 40.000-50.000 kan, bawo fɛn minnu kofɔlen don sigida la, olu marali waati dantɛmɛnen tɛ se ka tɛmɛ. (4) .

Joli kurukuruw . Fɛn min ye kabako ye, o ye joli kuruw sɔrɔli ye dinɔsɔsi tolenw na. Joli kuru nukililenw sɔrɔla ani a jirala ko ɛmoɲini bɛ to olu fana na. Jolikisɛw sɔrɔli nafama dɔ kɛra kaban san 1990 waatiw la Mary Schweitzer fɛ. O ɲɔgɔnna sɔrɔli wɛrɛw Kɛra kabini o waati. Ɲininkali ɲuman ye ko joli-sira-funu bɛ se ka mara cogo di san miliyɔn tan ni tan kɔnɔ walima yala u bɛɛ kɔfɛ, u bɔra dugukoloko siratigɛ la kɔsa in na wa? O suguya sɔrɔli caman bɛ dugukoloko waati jatebɔ n’a san miliyɔn caman bila ɲininkali la. Ka da o fɛnɲɛnamaw cogoya ɲuman kan, dalilu jɔnjɔn si tɛ yen min b’a to an bɛ se ka da san miliyɔn caman na.

Mary Schweitzer si tun ye san duuru ye tuma min na, a y’a jira ko ale bɛna kɛ dinɔsɔsi ɲininikɛla ye. A ka sugo kɛra tiɲɛ ye, wa a si san 38 la, a sera ka Tyrannosaurus Rex kolo dɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛ min tun bɛ ɲini ka mara cogo dafalen na, o min sɔrɔla Montana san 1998 (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , ɲɛ 2376-2377). O kolo in si hakɛ jatera ko "san miliyɔn 80". Kolow 90% ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔla, wa u tun bɛ cogo la hali bi. Schweitzer ka baara ɲɛsinnen bɛ farikolo yɔrɔw ɲinini ma, wa a b’a yɛrɛ wele ko molekiyɔmu fɛnɲɛnamaw dɔnbaga. A ye o sɔrɔlen in cɛmancɛ kolo ni a senkɔniw sugandi, k’a latigɛ ka kolotugudaw sɛgɛsɛgɛ. Schweitzer y’a kɔlɔsi ko kolotuguda ma kɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw ye, wa ko a maralen bɛ koɲuman cogo la min tɛ se ka da a la. Kolo tun ye fɛnɲɛnama ye pewu ani a tun maralen bɛ kosɛbɛ kosɛbɛ. Schweitzer y’a sɛgɛsɛgɛ ni mikroskɔpu ye ani a ye fɛnw kɔlɔsi minnu bɛ mɔgɔ kabakoya. U tun ka dɔgɔ ani u tun ye sɛrɛkili ye ani u tun bɛ ni nucleus ye, i n’a fɔ joli kuru bilenman minnu bɛ joli sira la. Nka joli-sira-funu tun ka kan ka tunun dinɔsɔsi kolo la a san caman ye nin ye.Schweitzer ko: "Ne fari ye gosi sɔrɔ, i n'a fɔ ne tun bɛ bi kolo dɔ lajɛ." "Tiɲɛ na, ne tun bɛ min ye, ne ma se ka da o la wa ne y'a fɔ laboratuwari fɛɛrɛtigi ye ko: 'Nin kolo ninnu si bɛ san miliyɔn 65 bɔ, joli kuruw bɛ se ka balo o waati jan kɔnɔ cogo di?'" (Science, Zuluyekalo 1993, Vol. 261, 261, Vol. 261 , ɲɛ 160-163 la). Fɛn min nafa ka bon ni nin sɔrɔli in ye, o ye ko kolo bɛɛ tun ma Kɛ fɛnɲɛnɛma ye pewu. Gayle Callis, n’o ye kolo ɲininikɛla kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen ye, ale ye kolotugudaw jira dɔnniya lajɛ dɔ la, banakɔtaa dɔnbaga dɔ y’u ye yɔrɔ min na a kɛra cogo o cogo. Banakɔtaa dɔnbaga y'a jira ko: "I b'a dɔn ko joli kuruw bɛ nin kolo in na wa?" O kɛra sababu ye ka fɛn kabakoma dɔ kɛ min bɛ mɔgɔ nisɔndiya. Mary Schweitzer ye o misali jira Jack Horner la, min ye dinɔsɔsi ɲininikɛla tɔgɔba dɔ ye,"O tuma na fɛ, i b'a miiri ko joli kuruw bɛ a kɔnɔ wa?" , o min na Schweitzer y'a jaabi ko : "Ayi, ne t'o kɛ." "Ayiwa o tuma na, a ɲini dɔrɔn k'a jira ko u tɛ joli-sira-funu ye," Horner y'a jaabi (EARTH, 1997, Zuwɛnkalo: 55–57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner b'a miiri ko kolotugudaw ka bon kosɛbɛ fo ji ni oksizɛni ma se ka nɔ bila u la (5) .

Radiokarɔbɔni . Fɛɛrɛ min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ walasa ka fɛnɲɛnamaw si hakɛ jateminɛ, o ye radiyokarɔbɔni fɛɛrɛ ye. O fɛɛrɛ in na, radiyokarbon (C-14) tilancɛ-ɲɛnamaya ofisiyali ye san 5730 ye, o la, a man kan ka to san 100.000 ɲɔgɔn kɔfɛ.

Nka, tiɲɛ ye ko radiyokarɔbɔni sɔrɔla siɲɛ caman "san miliyɔn kɛmɛ caman" sɔrɔyɔrɔw la, tulubɔyɔrɔw la, Kambriyɛn fɛnɲɛnamaw la, kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw la, hali diamantw la. Ni arajokarɔbɔni tilancɛ waati ofisiyali ye san ba damadɔ dɔrɔn ye, o man kan ka se ka kɛ ni a ta kɛra a san miliyɔn caman ye nin ye. O dɔrɔn de bɛ Se ka Kɛ ko fɛnɲɛnamaw ka saya waati tùn ka surun kosɛbɛ bi la, o kɔrɔ ye ko sàn ba caman, a ma Kɛ sàn miliyɔn caman ye.

O gɛlɛya kelen de bɛ dinɔsɔsiw fana na. A ka c’a la, dinɔsɔsiw yɛrɛ ma kɛ ni radiyokarɔbɔni waati ye, bawo dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw jatera ko u kɔrɔla kojugu ka se ka radiyokarɔbɔni waati jate. Nka, sumani damadɔ kɛra wa kabako kɛra ko arajokarɔbɔni bɛ to yen hali bi. O, i n’a fɔ kɔlɔsili tɛmɛnenw, o b’a jira ko a tɛ se ka kɛ san miliyɔn caman ye kabini o danfɛn ninnu tununna.

Nin kumasen in bɛ fɛn caman fɔ o gɛlɛya kan. Alemaɲi ɲininikɛlaw ka kulu dɔ ye kunnafoni di dinɔsɔsi tolenw ka radiocarbon tolenw kan minnu sɔrɔla yɔrɔ caman na:

Fɛnɲɛnɛma minnu bɛ jate ko u kɔrɔla kosɛbɛ, a ka c’a la, olu tɛ kɛ ni karɔbɔli-14 ye bawo u man kan ka kɛ ni radiyokarɔbɔni si ye. Karɔbɔni radiyowaati tilancɛ ka surun fo a bɛ se ka fɔ ko a bɛɛ tiɲɛna san 100 000 kɔnɔ.

Awirilikalo san 2012, Alemaɲi ɲininikɛlaw kulu dɔ ye dugukoloko dɔnnikɛlaw ka lajɛ dɔ la, karɔbɔni-14 sumanikɛlanw jaabiw fɔ, minnu kɛra dinɔsɔsi kolo caman kan minnu kɛra fɛnɲɛnamaw ye. Ka kɛɲɛ ni jaabiw ye, kolociw kɛra san 22 000-39 000 ye! A dɔgɔyalenba la nin sɛbɛn in kɛtuma na, o jirali bɛ sɔrɔ YouTube kan. (6) .

O nɔ sɔrɔla cogo di? O ɲɛmɔgɔ fila minnu ma se ka sɔn sumanikɛlanw ma, olu ye ɲɛjirali in kuncɛlen bɔ lajɛba in ka siti kan k’a sɔrɔ u ma o fɔ dɔnnikɛlaw ye. o jaabiw bɛ sɔrɔ https://newgeology.us/presentation48.html kan. O ko in b’a jira cogo min na naturalistic paradigme bɛ nɔ bila. A bɛ ɲini ka kɛ ko a tɛ se ka kɛ ka jaabiw sɔrɔ minnu bɛ sɔsɔ n’a ye minnu bɔra dɔnniya jɛkulu kɔnɔ min fanga bɛ naturalisme (naturalisimu) bolo. A ka c’a la, rezɛnsunw bɛ pan. (7) .

ADN . Fɛn dɔ min b’a Jira ko dinɔsɔsi tolenw tɛ Se ka Bɔ a sàn miliyɔn caman ye nin ye, o ye ADN sɔrɔli ye u la. ADN bɔra misali la About Tyrannosaurus Rex kolofɛnw na (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) ani dinɔsɔsi kɔnɔw la Sinuwa jamana na (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Fɛn min bɛ ADN sɔrɔli gɛlɛya fɛnɲɛnamaw ka fɛnɲɛnamayali miiriya ma, o ye ko hali hadamadenw ka mumɛ kɔrɔw walima mamɔni minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra, ADN sɛgɛsɛgɛli tɛ se ka sɔrɔ tuma bɛɛ bawo o fɛn in tiɲɛna. Misali ɲuman ye tuma min na Svante Pääbo ye hadamadenw ka mumɛ 23 ka farikolo yɔrɔw sɛgɛsɛgɛ Bɛrɛlin misiri kɔnɔ Uppsala. A sera ka ADN bɔ mumɛ kelen dɔrɔn na, o b’a jira ko nin fɛn in tɛ se ka mɛn kosɛbɛ (Nature 314: 644-645). K’a sɔrɔ ADN bɛ dinɔsɔsiw la hali bi, o b’a jira ko o fɛnɲɛnamaw tɛ se ka bɔ a san miliyɔn caman ye nin ye.

Min b’a gɛlɛya ka tɛmɛn fɔlɔ kan, o ye ko san 10.000 tɛmɛnen kɔfɛ, ADN si man kan ka to hali dɔɔnin (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). O cogo kelen na, sɛgɛsɛgɛli dɔ la min kɛra kɔsa in na kabini san 2012, jatebɔ kɛra ko ADN tilancɛ si hakɛ ye san 521 dɔrɔn ye. O b’a Jira ko fɛnɲɛnɛma minnu si bɛ sàn miliyɔn tan na, olu hakilina bɛ Se ka Ban. Kibaru minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) a fɔra ko :

ADN lakanani dan laban sɔrɔla - dinɔsɔsiw ka cloning sugo banna

Dinɔsɔsiw tununna a bɛ san miliyɔn 65 bɔ. ADN tɛ mɛn ka surunya o cogo la, hali ni a bɛ cogo ɲuman na, ka kɛɲɛ ni sɛgɛsɛgɛli dɔ ye min kɛra kɔsa in na...

Enzymes ni micro-organisme bɛ daminɛ ka farikolokisɛw ka ADN tiɲɛ bagan dɔ salen kɔfɛ dɔrɔn. Nka, a bɛ miiri ko o sababu fɔlɔ ye ji ye min bɛ sɔrɔ farikolo la. Ikomi dugujukɔrɔji bɛ yɔrɔ bɛɛ la, ADN ka kan, hakilina na, ka toli cogo basigilen na. Nka walasa k’o dɔn, sanni nin don in ka se an ma se ka fɛnɲɛnamaw hakɛ caman sɔrɔ minnu ADN tora hali bi.

Danmakɛ ni Ɔsitarali dɔnnikɛlaw ye o gundo ɲɛnabɔ sisan, bawo u ye Moa kɔnɔba in senkɔni kolo 158 sɔrɔ u ka laboratuwari kɔnɔ, wa hali bi, jamufɛnw tun bɛ o kolow la. Kolow bɛ sàn 600 – 8000 Bɔ wa u bɛ Bɔ yɔrɔ kelen na ɲɔgɔn fɛ, o la u kɔrɔla cogo sabatilen na.

Hali amber tɛ se ka waati wɛrɛ di ADN ma

Ni dɔnnikɛlaw ye o fɛnw si hakɛ ni ADN toli hakɛ suma ɲɔgɔn na, u sera ka jate kɛ ko u tilancɛ si hakɛ ye san 521 ye. O kɔrɔ ye ko san 521 tɛmɛnen kɔ, ADN kɔnɔ nukilitɔnw tilancɛ karilen don. San 521 wɛrɛ tɛmɛnen kɔ o fana Kɛra joli tɔw tilancɛ la ani o ɲɔgɔnnaw.

Ɲininikɛlaw y’a jira ko hali ni kolo tun bɛ lafiɲɛ funteni ɲuman na, kolotugudaw bɛɛ tun bɛna kari ka tɛmɛ san miliyɔn 68 kan. Hali san miliyɔn kelen ni tila tɛmɛnen kɔfɛ, ADN bɛ kɛ fɛn ye min tɛ se ka kalan: kunnafoni dɔɔnin dɔrɔn de tora, bawo a yɔrɔ nafamaw bɛɛ tɛ yen.

Ni ADN bɛ dinɔsɔsiw la hali bi ani ni o fɛn in tilancɛ bɛ jate san kɛmɛ caman dɔrɔn kɔnɔ, dantigɛliw ka kan ka bɔ o la. ADN sumanikɛlanw tɛ se ka da u kan, walima hakilina minnu bɛ dinɔsɔsiw kan minnu tun bɛ balo a san miliyɔn tan ni tan ye nin ye, olu tɛ tiɲɛ ye. Siga t’a la, sugandi laban in ye tiɲɛ ye, bawo sumanikɛlan wɛrɛw fana bɛ waati kunkurunninw de kofɔ, a tɛ tali kɛ san miliyɔn caman na. Nin ye dɔnniya ye min sinsinnen bɛ sumanikɛlanw kan, wa n’a banna pewu, an b’an yɛrɛ bila sira la.

DINOSAURW KA TIƝƐNI . Ni kuma sera dinɔsɔsiw halakili ma, a ka c’a la, a bɛ miiri ko a kɛra a san miliyɔn caman ye nin ye, Kɛrɛtɛsi waati laban na. A bɛ Fɔ ko amonitew, belemnitiw ani jiriw ni bagan suguya wɛrɛw fana tùn bɛ o jamaba tiɲɛni kelen in na. A fɔra ko o tiɲɛni in ye Krɛtɛsi waati baganw fanba halaki. A ka c’a la, o tiɲɛni sababuba jatera ka kɛ mɛtɛrɛ ye, min tun bɛna buguri sankaba belebeleba dɔ lawuli. Buguri sankaba tun bɛna tile yeelen datugu waati jan kɔnɔ, tuma min na jiriw tun bɛna sa ani bagan minnu bɛ jiriw dun, olu fana tun bɛna kɔngɔ.

Nka, mɛtɛrɛw ka miiriya ni waati jiginni dɔɔnin dɔɔnin hakilinaw bɛ gɛlɛya kelen na: u tɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw sɔrɔli ɲɛfɔ fara gɛlɛnw ni kuluw kɔnɔ. Dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛ sɔrɔ diɲɛ yɔrɔw la fara gɛlɛnw kɔnɔ, o ye kabako ye. A bɛ mɔgɔ kabakoya, bawo baganba si - n’a sɔrɔla a janya bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 20 ma - tɛ se ka don fara gɛlɛn kɔnɔ. Waati fana tɛ ko dɛmɛ, bawo n’i ye san miliyɔn caman makɔnɔ bagan dɔ ka sutura dugukolo la k’a kɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalan ye, a bɛ toli ka ɲɛ sani o waati ka se walima bagan wɛrɛw tun bɛna a dun. Tiɲɛ na, n’an ye dinɔsɔsi ni fɛn wɛrɛw sɔrɔ tuma o tuma, n’a sɔrɔ u su donna joona bɔgɔ jukɔrɔ. Fɛnɲɛnɛmaw tɛ Se ka Bange cogo wɛrɛ la:

A jɛlen don ko ni jidagayɔrɔw jɔli tun bɛna kɛ dɔɔnin dɔɔnin ten, fɛnɲɛnamafagalan si tun tɛ se ka mara, bawo u tun tɛna su don bɔgɔdaga kɔnɔ sani u ka tiɲɛ ji asidiw fɛ, walima sanni u ka tiɲɛ ka tiɲɛ ka kɛ yɔrɔw la k’u to ka kɔgɔjiw jukɔrɔla maga ani ka u gosi. U bɛ se ka datugu dɔrɔn nɔgɔw la kasaara la, u bɛ su don yɔrɔ min na yɔrɔnin kelen. ( Jeochronologie ou l’Age de la terre sur grounds de sediments et vie , Bulletin du National Recherche Conseil No. 80, Washinton DC, san 1931, ɲ. 14)

Kuncɛli ye ko nin dinɔsɔsi minnu bɛ Sɔrɔ diɲɛ fan bɛɛ la, n’a sɔrɔla olu sutura joona bɔgɔbɔgɔli fɛ. Bɔgɔ nɔgɔlen nana u lamini a daminɛ na, ka sɔrɔ ka gɛlɛya kosɛbɛ i n’a fɔ siman. O cogo dɔrɔn de la, dinɔsɔsiw, mamɔw ani baganw ka fɛnɲɛnɛma wɛrɛw bɔyɔrɔ bɛ Se ka ɲɛfɔ. Sanjiba waati la, o tun bɛ se ka kɛ tiɲɛ na.

An bɛ ɲɛfɔli lajɛ, o min bɛ hakilina ɲuman di nin ko in kan. A b’a jira ko dinɔsɔsiw bɛ sɔrɔ fara gɛlɛnw kɔnɔ, o b’a jira ko n’a sɔrɔla bɔgɔ nɔgɔlenw y’u datugu. O kɔfɛ, bɔgɔmugu gɛlɛyara u lamini na. Sanjiba dɔrɔn de la, nka a tɛ kɛ cogo la min bɛ kɛ cogoya la, an tun bɛ se k’a jira ko o ɲɔgɔnna dɔ bɛna kɛ (barokun bɛ kuma fana jikuruw tun bɛ se ka dinɔsɔsi kolow dalajɛ cogo min na). Sɛbɛn jɛmanw farala sɛbɛnni kan o kɔfɛ walasa k’a jɛya:

A taara Dakota du Sud kungodaw la, fara kogow ni kabakurunw bɛ yen minnu ɲɛw ye bilen, jɛman ani oranjɛ ye. Tile damadɔ kɔnɔ a ye kolo dɔw sɔrɔ fara kogo la , a y’a jateminɛ ko a y’a daminɛ ka kolo sugu min sɔrɔ. Tuma min na a ye farakurun sɔgɔ ka kolotugudaw lamini , a y’a sɔrɔ ko kolow bɛ bagan in jɔcogo sigicogo la. U tun tɛ kulu kɔnɔ i n’a fɔ dinɔsɔsi kolow bɛ kɛ cogo min na tuma caman na. O kulu sugu caman tun bɛ i n’a fɔ ji wulicogo barikama dɔ de y’u dilan.

Sisan, o kolo ninnu tun bɛ cɛncɛn bulu la, o min ka gɛlɛn kosɛbɛ . Cɛmancɛ kabakurun tun ka kan ka bɔ ni grader ye, ka bɔ ni fiɲɛbɔ ye. Brown n’a kɛrɛfɛmɔgɔw ye dingɛ dɔ Kɛ min juguya bɛ Taa mɛtɛrɛ wolonwula ni tila la walasa ka kolow Bɔ. Koloba kelen bɔli ye samiyɛ fila ta u fɛ. U ma kolow bɔ kabakurun kan cogo si la. U ye kabakurun ninnu ta nɛgɛso fɛ ka taa mise la, dɔnnikɛlaw sera yen ka kabakurunw tigɛ ka bɔ yen, ka kolotugudaw sigi. Nin wulu jugu in jɔlen bɛ sisan mise ka jiralikɛnɛ na. (sɛbɛn ɲɛ 72, Dinɔsɔsiw / Ruth Wheeler ni Harold G. Coffin)

DALILU WƐRƐW MIN BƐ SANGA KAN . O la, tiɲɛ ye ko dinɔsɔsi tolenw bɛ Sɔrɔ fara gɛlɛnw kɔnɔ, u bɔli ka gɛlɛn minnu na. U Nàna nin cogo in na cogo kelen min bɛ Se ka Kɛ o ye ko bɔgɔ nɔgɔlen Dɔgɔyara teliya la u lamini na ka sɔrɔ ka Gɛlɛya ka Kɛ fara ye. Ko dɔ la i n’a fɔ Sanjiba, n’a sɔrɔ o kɛra. Nka, nin ɲɔgɔnna bagan belebelebaw kofɔlen bɛ hadamadenw ka tariku kɔnɔ hali sanjiba kɔfɛ, o la u bɛɛ ma sa o waati la.

Sanjiba ko dalilu wɛrɛw dun? Yan, an bɛ u damadɔw dɔrɔn de jira. Fɛn min bɛ dugukoloko waati jatebɔsɛbɛn kɔnɔ, o ɲɛfɔlen don san miliyɔn caman fɛ, walima laala balawu caman fɛ, o bɛɛ bɛ se ka sɔrɔ balawu kelen de fɛ: Sanjiba. A bɛ Se ka dinɔsɔsiw ka tiɲɛni ɲɛfɔ ka Fàra fɛn caman wɛrɛw kan minnu Kɔlɔsira dugukolo la.

Sanjiba in dalilu barikama dɔ ye misali ye ko kɔgɔji kɔnɔ nɔgɔw ka ca diɲɛ fan bɛɛ la, i n’a fɔ nin kumasen ninnu b’a jira cogo min na. O kuma fɔlɔ bɔra James Hutton ka gafe dɔ la, min ye dugukoloko fa ye, min bɔra a ka ca ni san 200 ye:

An ka kan k’a Jira ko dugukolo-yɔrɔ (...) bɛɛ Dabɔra cɛncɛn ni kabakurunw fɛ minnu tùn bɛ dalajɛ kɔgɔjida la, kurukuruw ni koralifɛnw, dugukolo ni bɔgɔ. (J. Hutton, Dugukolo ka teori l, 26. 1785)

J. S. Shelton: Farafinnaw kan, kɔgɔjida la bɔgɔdaga faraw ka ca kosɛbɛ ani u jɛnsɛnnen don ka tɛmɛ bɔgɔdaga fara tɔw bɛɛ kan u faralen ɲɔgɔn kan. Nin ye o tiɲɛ nɔgɔmanw dɔ ye min bɛ ɲɛfɔli de wajibiya, k’a sɔrɔ fɛn o fɛn bɛ tali kɛ hadamaden ka cɛsiriw la minnu bɛ taa a fɛ walasa ka dugukoloko tɛmɛnenw ka dugukoloko caman yeli faamuya. (8) .

Sanjiba in jiracogo wɛrɛ ye kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw ye diɲɛ fan bɛɛ, minnu dɔnna ko ji ye u tila-tila. Ka fara o kan, kɔgɔji kɔnɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw ni jɛgɛw sɔrɔli b’a jira ko o fɛnw bilali tɛ se ka kɛ peat (peating) ye dɔɔnin dɔɔnin kɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔw la. O nɔ na, ɲɛfɔli min ka fisa ni o ye, o ye ko ji ye jiriw ta ka taa kɔɔri in dabɔra yɔrɔ minnu na. Ji ye jiriw ni jiriw wuli, k’u dalajɛ kulubaw kɔnɔ, ka kɔgɔji baganw lase dugukolo jiriw cɛma. O bɛ se ka kɛ dɔrɔn balawuba dɔ la, i n’a fɔ Sanjiba min kofɔlen bɛ Bibulu kɔnɔ.

Tuma min na kungow su donna bɔgɔdaga kɔnɔ kun dɔw la, kɔɔrisɛnɛw tun bɛ dabɔ. An ka sisan masinw ka laadalakow yɔrɔ dɔ sinsinnen bɛ o sɛrɛkili ninnu kan. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg ani Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, ɲɛ 91) Kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni: kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni gafew.

Minɛriw ka kɔɔri sɔgɔlenw jukɔrɔ ani u sanfɛ, i n’a fɔ a fɔra cogo min na, bɔgɔdaga basigilenw bɛ yen, wa u jɔcogo la an b’a ye k’u kɛra stratifié (yɔrɔ) ye ka bɔ ji la. (9) .

Dalilu caman b’a jira ko kɔɔri minɛnw tun bɛ bɔ joona ni kungo belebelebaw tiɲɛna, ka kɛ layɛrɛw ye, ka sɔrɔ ka su don joona. Lignite sɛrɛkili belebelebaw bɛ Yallourn, Victoria (Ɔsitarali) minnu na, pinin jiribolo caman bɛ minnu kɔnɔ – jiri minnu tɛ falen sisan marakɛnɛ dugukolo kan.

Fɛnɲɛnɛma suguya minnu bɛ Bɔ ɲɔgɔn na, minnu ka bon, n’u bɛ Se ka Kɛ 50% ye, n’olu bɛ Se ka Kɛ 50% ye, n’u bɛ jɛnsɛn yɔrɔba dɔ la, olu b’a Jira k’a jɛya ko lignite (lignite) yɔrɔw Dabɔra ji fɛ. (10) .

A bɛ kalan lakɔlisow la ko kabon bɛ bɔ dɔɔnin dɔɔnin ka bɔ pewu la, hali ni a tɛ se ka kɔlɔsi yɔrɔ si ko nin bɛ ka kɛ. Ni an y’a jateminɛ ko kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw bonya, jiri suguya wɛrɛw, ani jirisun caman jɔlenw, a bɛ i n’a fɔ kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw kɛra jiriw ka kurunba belebelebaw fɛ minnu bɛ wuli, sanjiba dɔ waati la. Kɔgɔji kɔnɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw ye kɔri minnu ja, olu fana bɛ sɔrɔ o jiriw fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na minnu bɛ kɛ ni gazi ye. Kɔgɔji baganw fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw fana sɔrɔla kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw la ("A note on the Occurrence of Marine Animal Remains in a Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Kɔgɔji baganw ka bɔgɔdaga camanba ani Spirorbis fɛnɲɛnamaw , minnu tun sigilen bɛ kɔgɔji la , olu fana bɛ se ka sɔrɔ kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw la .(Weir, J., ”Karɔbɔli sumanikɛlanw ka bɔgɔlanw ka kalan kɔsa in na”, Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11) .

Karamɔgɔ Price bɛ ko dɔw jira minnu na, kɔɔri 50- ka se 100 ma, olu ye ɲɔgɔn sanfɛla kelen ye ani u ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ, jirisunw bɛ yen minnu kɔnɔ, fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw bɛ sɔrɔ kɔgɔji jugumanba la. A b’a jate ko nin dalilu in barika ka bon kosɛbɛ ani ko a bɛ mɔgɔ dalen to fo a ma deli k’a ɲini ka nin ko ninnu ɲɛfɔ Lyell ka kelenya miiriya kan. (12) .

Sanjiba in jiracogo sabanan ye kɔgɔji kɔnɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw sɔrɔli ye kulu janw na i n’a fɔ Himalaya kuluw, Alpes ani Andes kuluw. Misali dɔw filɛ nin ye minnu bɔra dɔnnikɛlaw ni dugukoloko dɔnnikɛlaw yɛrɛ ka gafew kɔnɔ:

K’a to taama na Beagle kurunba kan Darwin yɛrɛ ye kɔgɔjida la fɛnɲɛnamaw sɔrɔ ka bɔ sanfɛ Andes kuluw kan. A b’a jira ko, min bɛ wele sisan kulu ye, o tun bɛ ji jukɔrɔ fɔlɔ. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Mun na fɛnɲɛnamayali ye tiɲɛ ye], ɲ. 127)

Kuma bɛ yen ka faraw cogoya fɔlɔ lajɛ kosɛbɛ kuluw kɔnɔ. A bɛ Ye kosɛbɛ Alpes kuluw la, woroduguyanfan Alpes limew la, n’o bɛ Weele ko Helvetian zone. Kɔlɔn ye farakurunba ye. N’an ye fara in lajɛ yan kuluba dɔ kan walima kulu sanfɛ - n’an tun bɛ fanga sɔrɔ ka wuli yen - an bɛ laban ka bagan tolenw sɔrɔ minnu ye fɛnɲɛnamaw ye, baganw ka fɛnɲɛnamaw, a kɔnɔ. A ka ca a la u bɛ tiɲɛ kosɛbɛ nka a bɛ se ka kɛ ka yɔrɔw sɔrɔ minnu bɛ dɔn. O fɛnɲɛnɛmaw bɛɛ ye lime bɔgɔlanw ye walima kɔgɔji kɔnɔfɛnw kolo. U dɔw la, amonitɛri minnu bɛ kɛ ni jiribolo ye, olu bɛ yen, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la, jɛgɛ fila-fila caman. (...) Kalanbaga bɛ se k’a yɛrɛ ɲininka nin yɔrɔ in na, o kɔrɔ ye mun ye ko kuluw bɛ nɔgɔ caman mara, minnu fana bɛ se ka sɔrɔ u tilalen don kɔgɔji jukɔrɔ. (sɛbɛn ɲɛ 236.237 « Muuttuva maa », Penti Eskola)

Harutaka Sakai min bɛ Japon Iniwɛrisite la Kyushu, ale ye san caman kɛ ka ɲinini kɛ o kɔgɔji kɔnɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw kan Himalaya kuluw la. Ale n’a ka kulu ye jidagayɔrɔ kuuru dɔ jate Minɛ ka Bɔ Mɛzozoyik waati la. Kɔgɔjida la jirisun nɔgɔlenw, n’u bɛ tali kɛ sisan kɔgɔjida la jɛgɛw ni dolow la, olu bɛ sɔrɔ fara kogow la minnu ka ca ni kilomɛtɛrɛ saba ye kɔgɔji sanfɛ. Amoniw, belemnite, koraliw ani planktonw bɛ sɔrɔ i n’a fɔ fɛnɲɛnɛmaw kuluw faraw la (...)

Kilomɛtɛrɛ fila sanfɛ, dugukoloko dɔnnikɛlaw ye taamasiyɛn dɔ sɔrɔ kɔgɔji yɛrɛ ye min to yen. A farakurun min bɛ i n’a fɔ jikuruw, o bɛ Bɛn ni cogoyaw ye minnu bɛ To cɛncɛn na ka Bɔ jikuruw la minnu ka dɔgɔ. Hali ka bɔ Everest sanfɛ, kɔji jɛmanw bɛ sɔrɔ, minnu wulila ji jukɔrɔ ka bɔ kɔgɔji bagan jatebaliya tolenw na. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", ɲɛ 55)

Sanjiba in jiracogo naaninan ye sanjiba maanaw ye, minnu ka kɛɲɛ ni jateminɛ dɔw ye, u bɛ se 500 ma. Nin maana ninnu cogoya min bɛ diɲɛ bɛɛ kɔnɔ, o bɛ se ka jate dalilu ɲuman ye nin ko in na:

Ladamu 500 ɲɔgɔn – minnu bɛ Gɛrɛsi, Sinuwa, Peru ani Ameriki Woroduguyanfan jamanadenw cɛma – olu bɛ dɔn diɲɛ kɔnɔ yɔrɔ min na, nsiirinw ni nsiirinw bɛ maana dɔ ɲɛfɔ min bɛ mɔgɔ bila ka miiri, sanjiba dɔ kan min ye kabila tariku Changé. Maana caman kɔnɔ, mɔgɔ damadɔw dɔrɔn de ye u yɛrɛ kisi sanjiba ma, i n’a fɔ Nuhun ta cogo min na. Jamana caman tun b’a jate ko sanjiba in sababu bɔra ala la minnu, kun dɔ la, u sɛgɛnna hadamaden sugu la. Laala, jamanadenw tun ye nɔgɔlenya kɛ, i n’a fɔ Nuhun ka waati la ani Ameriki Woroduguyanfan Ameriki jamanadenw ka Hopi kabila ka nsiirin dɔ kɔnɔ, walima laala, mɔgɔ tun ka ca kojugu ani mankan tun bɛ u la kojugu, i n’a fɔ Gilgamesh ka maanaba kɔnɔ. (13) .

Ni sanjiba min kɛra diɲɛ bɛɛ kɔnɔ, o tun tɛ tiɲɛ ye, jamana dɔw tun bɛna a ɲɛfɔ ko tasuma-fanga-bɔn siranninw, nɛnɛba, ja (...) y’u bɛnba juguw tiɲɛ. O la sa, sanjiba maana min bɛ diɲɛ bɛɛ kɔnɔ, o ye dalilu ɲumanw dɔ ye min b’a jira ko a ye tiɲɛ ye. An bɛ se ka nin maana ninnu dɔ la kelen bila kɔfɛ i n’a fɔ nsiirin kelen-kelen bɛɛ, k’a miiri ko miirili dɔrɔn de don, nka u faralen ɲɔgɔn kan, diɲɛ kɔnɔ, a bɛ ɲini ka kɛ ko sɔsɔli tɛ u la. (Dugukolo)

Dinɔsɔsiw ni baganw . N’an ye ɲɛnamayako gafew ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka fɛnɲɛnamayali sɛbɛnw kalan, an bɛ segin ka na hakilina sɔrɔ cogo min na ɲɛnamaya bɛɛ jiginna cogo min na ka bɔ selilɛri fɔlɔ nɔgɔman na ka taa a bila sisan cogoyaw la. Yɛlɛma-yɛlɛma dɔ tùn ye ko jɛgɛw ka kan ka Kɛ ʃɛw ye, ʃɛw ka Kɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw ye ani dinɔsɔsiw ka Kɛ baganw ye. Nka, kɔlɔsili nafama dɔ ye ko dinɔsɔsi kolow sɔrɔla kolow cɛma minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ sow, misiw ani saga kolow (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinɔsɔsi bɛ se ka sa ni dususuma ye o bɛɛ kɔfɛ, san 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), o la, dinɔsɔsiw ni baganw ka kan ka balo waati kelen na.

Nin kumasen in bɛ kuma o kuma kelen de kan. A b’a fɔ cogo min na Carl Werner y’a latigɛ ka Darwin ka miiriya kɔrɔbɔ waleyali la. A ye san 14 ɲinini kɛ ani ka foto ba caman ta. Kɔlɔsiliw y’a jira ko baganw ni kɔnɔw bɛ balo ka caya ani waati kelen na ni dinɔsɔsiw ye:

K’a sɔrɔ a ma dɔnniya kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen si sɔrɔ fɔlɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw kan, Ameriki dɔgɔtɔrɔso dɔgɔtɔrɔ Carl Werner y’a latigɛ ka Darwin ka miiriya bila kɔrɔbɔli waleyali la... A ye ɲinini caman kɛ san 14 kɔnɔ dinɔsɔsi waati fɛnɲɛnamaw kanani suguya minnu bɛ se ka kɛ minnu tun bɛ se ka sigi ɲɔgɔn fɛ n’u ye... Werner y’a yɛrɛ dɔn fɛnkɔrɔw dɔnniya baarakɛlaw ka sɛbɛnw na, wa a taara bɔ tariku mise 60 la diɲɛ kɔnɔ, a ye foto 60 000 ta yen. A y’a sinsin fɛnɲɛnɛmaw dɔrɔn de kan minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra ka bɔ yɔrɔ kelenw na, dinɔsɔsi fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛ se ka sɔrɔ yɔrɔ minnu na (Triassic -, Jurassic -, ani Cretaceous waatiw a bɛ san miliyɔn 250-65 bɔ). O kɔfɛ, a ye fɛnɲɛnamafagalan ba caman minnu sɔrɔ misew kɔnɔ, n’u ye sɛbɛnw kɔnɔ, olu ni sisan fɛnɲɛnama suguyaw suma ɲɔgɔn na, wa a ye fɛnɲɛnɛmako dɔnnikɛla caman ɲininka ani baarakɛla wɛrɛw. A ka jaabi kɛra ko misew ni sɛbɛnw minnu sinsinnen bɛ fɛnkɔrɔw dɔnniya kan, olu ye fɛnɲɛnama suguya kulu kelen-kelen bɛɛ ka fɛnɲɛnamaw jira minnu bɛ yen sisan ...

A fɔra an ye ko baganw y’a daminɛ ka yiriwa dɔɔnin dɔɔnin dinɔsɔsiw ka “waati fɔlɔ” waati la, ko bagan fɔlɔw tun ye “danfɛn misɛnninw ye minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ wuluwuluw, minnu sigilen bɛ dogo la, wa u tun bɛ lamaga dɔrɔn su fɛ dinɔsɔsiw siranya fɛ.” Nka, baarakɛlaw ka sɛbɛnw kɔnɔ, Werner ye kunnafoniw sɔrɔ minnu bɛ kuma wuluw, opossums, beavers, primates ani platypuses kan minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra ka bɔ dinɔsɔsiw ka yɔrɔw la. A ye baara dɔ fana kofɔ min bɔra san 2004, ka kɛɲɛ n’o ye, bagan danfɛn 432 sɔrɔla Triassic -, Jurassic -, ani Cretaceous strata la, wa u kɛmɛ bɛ se ka kɛ kolo dafalenw ye.

Werner ka videyo ɲininkali kɔnɔ, Utah ka mise min tun bɛ tariku ɲɛfɛ, o ɲɛmɔgɔ, Dɔgɔtɔrɔ Donald Burge, y’a ɲɛfɔ ko: “An bɛ baganw ka fɛnɲɛnamaw sɔrɔ an ka dinɔsɔsi sɛgɛsɛgɛliw bɛɛ la, a bɛ se ka fɔ ko an bɛ o fɛnw sɔrɔ. Bentonite bɔgɔ tɔni tan b’an bolo, baganw ka fɛnɲɛnamaw bɛ min kɔnɔ, wa an bɛ baara la k’u di ɲininikɛla tɔw ma. A tɛ kɛ bawo an tun tɛna u sɔrɔ ko u nafa ka bon, nka bawo ɲɛnamaya ka surun, wa ne kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen tɛ baganw na: ne kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen don fɛnɲɛnamaw ni dinɔsɔsiw la ». Fɛnkɔrɔw dɔnbaga Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) y’a fɔ Werner ka videyo ɲininkali kɔnɔ san 2004 Mɛkalo la ko: “‘Dinɔsɔsi waati’ daɲɛ ye tɔgɔ jugu ye. Baganw ye kuluba ye min ni dinɔsɔsiw tun bɛ ɲɔgɔn fɛ, wa u fana ye ɲɛnamaya sɔrɔ”. (Nin kumaw bɔra gafe kɔnɔ: Werner C. Living Fossils, ɲ. 172 –173). (14) .

Ka da fɛnɲɛnɛmaw sɔrɔlenw kan, o la, dinɔsɔsi waati daɲɛ bɛ mɔgɔ Lafili. Bi bagan minnu bɛ sɔrɔ tuma caman na, olu ni dinɔsɔsiw ye ɲɛnamaya kɛ waati kelen na, o kɔrɔ ye ko bagan suguya 432 ni kɔ.

Kɔnɔ minnu bɛ miiri ko u bɔra dinɔsɔsiw la, olu dun bɛ cogo di? U fana Sɔrɔla 'sèn kelen na ni dinɔsɔsiw ye ɲɔgɔn fɛ. Ninnu ye bi suguya kelen ye tigitigi: parrot, penguin, eagle owl, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet...Dɔgɔtɔrɔ Werner y’a jira ko ""Misew tɛ nin bi kɔnɔw ka fɛnɲɛnamaw jira , wa u ja fana ja la minnu bɛ dinɔsɔsi sigidaw jira. O ye kojugu ye. A jɔnjɔn na, tuma o tuma ni T. Rex walima Triceratops dɔ ja jirala mise jirali la, kɔnɔw, loonw, flamingow, walima nin bi kɔnɔ wɛrɛw dɔw minnu sɔrɔla ni dinɔsɔsiw ye kulu kelenw na, olu fana ka kan ka jira. Nka o tɛ kɛ. N ma deli ka kɔnɔ ye ni dinɔsɔsi ye tariku nafama mise dɔ kɔnɔ, tiɲɛ tɛ? Owl dɔ? Parrot dɔ don?”

Dinɔsɔsiw ni hadamadenw . Fɛnɲɛnɛma-ko miiriya la, a bɛ jate ko a tɛ se ka kɛ ko hadamaden ye ɲɛnamaya kɛ dugukolo kan kabini dinɔsɔsiw. A ma Sɔn, hali n’a Dɔnna ko bagan wɛrɛw Bɔra waati kelen na ni dinɔsɔsiw ye, wa hali ni sɔrɔ wɛrɛw yɛrɛ b’a Jira ko hadamadenw tùn ka kan ka Bɔ dinɔsɔsiw ɲɛ (fɛnw ni hadamadenw ka fɛnɲɛnɛmaw bɔgɔdagaw la wdfl).

Nka, dalilu jɛlen dɔw bɛ yen minnu b’a jira ko dinɔsɔsiw ni hadamadenw tun bɛ balo waati kelen na. Misali la sa ɲɛfɔliw bɛ ten. Fɔlɔ, mɔgɔw tun bɛ kuma saw kan, nka u tun tɛ kuma dinɔsɔsiw kan, minnu tɔgɔ dabɔra Richard Owen fɛ san kɛmɛ 19nan dɔrɔn na.

Maana s. Dalilu dɔ min b’a jira ko dinɔsɔsiw tun bɛ balo kɔsa in na, o ye sa belebelebaw ni wuluwuluw maana caman ni u ɲɛfɔli ye. Ni o ɲɛfɔliw kɔrɔla, u bɛ kɛ tiɲɛ ye ka taa a fɛ. O ɲɛfɔliw, minnu bɛ Se ka Da hakilijagabɔ kunnafoni kɔrɔw kan, olu bɛ Se ka Sɔrɔ jamana suguya caman 'cɛ, fo u bɛ Fɔ misali la tubabukan, Irlandikan, Danmakɛkan, Norwijkan, Alimankan, Gɛrɛkikan, Romɛkan, Misirakan ani Babilonɛ sɛbɛnw na. Nin kumasen ninnu bɛ sago ja jiracogo caya kan.

Sa minnu bɛ nsiirinw kɔnɔ, olu bɛ, kabako la, i n’a fɔ bagan lakikaw minnu tun bɛ balo waati tɛmɛnenw na. U bɛ i n’a fɔ fɛnɲɛnama belebelebaw (dinosaur) minnu ye dugukolo mara kabini tuma jan sani a ka fɔ ko hadamaden ka bɔ kɛnɛ kan. A ka c’a la, u tun bɛ dragonw jate mɔgɔ juguw ye ani ko u bɛ tiɲɛni kɛ. Jamana kelen-kelen bɛɛ tun bɛ kuma u kan u ka nsiirinw kɔnɔ. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, san 1973, ɲɛ 265)

Kabini tariku sɛbɛnnenw daminɛ na, saw bɔra yɔrɔ bɛɛ: Asirikaw ni Babilonɛkaw ka maana fɔlɔw la siwili yiriwali kan, Yahutuw ka Layidu Kɔrɔ tariku kɔnɔ, Sinuwa ni Japon sɛbɛn kɔrɔw kɔnɔ, Gɛrɛsi, Romɛ nsiirinw kɔnɔ ani kerecɛn fɔlɔw, Ameriki kɔrɔlen ntalenw na, Afiriki ni Ɛndu nsiirinw kɔnɔ. A ka gɛlɛn ka jamana sɔrɔ min ma saw don a ka tariku nsiirin na...Aristote, Pline ani sɛbɛnnikɛla wɛrɛw minnu tun bɛ klasiki waati la, olu y’a fɔ ko saga maanaw sinsinnen bɛ tiɲɛ kan, u tɛ sinsin miirili kan. (15) .

Finlande dugukoloko dɔnnikɛla Pentti Eskola y’a fɔ kaban a san tan caman ye nin ye a ka gafe Muuttuva maa kɔnɔ cogo min na sagaw ja bɛ i n’a fɔ dinɔsɔsiw:

Bagan minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ wuluwulu, olu suguya caman bɛ i n’a fɔ nisɔndiyako an bolo bawo u caman bɛ tali kɛ – yɔrɔjan na, wa a ka c’a la, i n’a fɔ karikatɛri – bi baganw minnu bɛ balo cogo kelen na. Nka, dinɔsɔsi fanba tun tɛ kelen ye kosɛbɛ ni bi ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo ye fo a ɲɔgɔnna minnu ka surun u la, olu bɛ se ka sɔrɔ sagaw ja la nsiirinw kɔnɔ. Kabako don, a dabɔra cogo min na, nsiirinw sɛbɛnbagaw tun ma kabakurunw sɛgɛsɛgɛ walima u tun ma u dɔn yɛrɛ. (16) .

Misali ɲuman min b’a jira ko dinɔsɔsiw tun bɛ se ka kɛ saw ye tiɲɛ na, o ye Sinuwaw ka kalolabɔ ni horoscope ye, min dɔnna ko a si bɛ san kɛmɛ caman bɔ. O la ni Sinuwaw ka zodiac sinsinnen bɛ bagan taamaʃyɛn 12 kan minnu bɛ segin-ka-bɔ san 12 kɔnɔ, bagan 12 de bɛ o la. U la 11 de bɛ dɔn hali bi waati la: soso, misi, waraba, wulu, sa, so, saga, sonsannin, ntumu, wulu ani donsokɛ.O nɔ na, bagan 12nan ye sa ye, min tɛ yen bi. Ɲininkali ɲuman ye ko ni bagan 11 ninnu kɛra bagan lakikaw ye, mun na sa bɛ kɛ danfara ye ani danfɛn nsiirin ye? Yala a tɛ bɛn kosɛbɛ k’a miiri ko a ni hadamadenw tun bɛ balo waati kelen na fɔlɔ, nka a tununna i n’a fɔ bagan jatebaliya wɛrɛw wa? A ka ɲi an k’an hakili to a la kokura ko dinɔsɔsi daɲɛ in dabɔra san kɛmɛ 19nan dɔrɔn de la Richard Owen fɛ. Sani o ka kɛ, sa tɔgɔ tun bɛ fɔ san kɛmɛ caman kɔnɔ:

Ka fara o kan, nin kɔlɔsili ninnu bɛ se ka fɔ:

• Marco Polo ye bagan belebelebaw kofɔ a ye minnu ye Ɛndujamana na, minnu tun bɛ jate ala ye. O baganw tun ye mun ye? N'u tùn ye waraw ye, siga t'a la k'o tùn b'o Dɔn.

A ka di kosɛbɛ k’a ye ko batoso dɔ kɔnɔ min si bɛ san 800 bɔ Kamboja kungo kɔnɔ, ja dɔ sɔrɔla min bɛ i n’a fɔ stegosaurus. O ye dinɔsɔsi sugu dɔ ye. (Ka bɔ Ta Prohm batoso la. Maier, C., Angkor danfɛn kabakomaw, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, san 2006 Feburuyekalo tile 9.)

• Sinuwa jamana na, ɲɛfɔliw ni maanaw bɛ kɛ saw kan, olu ka ca kosɛbɛ ; u ba caman bɛ dɔn. U bɛ sagaw bɛ kɔnɔw da cogo min na, u dɔw kamanw tun bɛ u la ani balansi tun bɛ u datugu cogo min na, u b’o fɔ. Sinuwaw ka maana dɔ bɛ kuma cɛ dɔ kan min tɔgɔ ye ko Yu, o ye sagaw sɔrɔ k’a to jibɔ la nɔgɔ dɔ la. O kɛra diɲɛ bɛɛ ka sanjiba kɔfɛ.

Sinuwa jamana na, dinɔsɔsi kolow bɛ kɛ kabini san kɛmɛ caman i n’a fɔ laadala furaw ani jeninida sɔgɔlenw. Sinuwa tɔgɔ min bɛ dinɔsɔsiw la (kong long) kɔrɔ ye dɔrɔn "sa kolo" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). A fɔra fana ko Sinuwaw tun bɛ sagaw kɛ sokɔnɔbaganw ye ani masakɛ ka ɲɛnajɛw la (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Jenɛse 4, 1990, ɲ. 23-26.)

• Misirakaw ye Apophis sa jira iko masakɛ Re jugu. O cogo kelen na, sagaw ɲɛfɔliw bɛ yaala Babilonɛ sɛbɛnw kɔnɔ. A fɔra ko Gilgamesh min lakodɔnnen don kosɛbɛ, o ye sa dɔ faga, o ye danfɛnba ye min bɛ i n’a fɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw, sɛdiri kungo dɔ kɔnɔ. (Encyclopedia Britannica, san 1962, gafe ɲɛ 10, ɲɛ 359)

• A fɔra ko Gɛrɛki Apollo de ye Python sa faga Delfin jiboli-yɔrɔ la. Gɛrɛkiw ni Romɛkaw ka saga fagabaga kɔrɔw la, mɔgɔ min tun kɔlɔsira kosɛbɛ, o tun ye mɔgɔ dɔ ye min tɔgɔ ye ko Perseus.

• Lakalicogo min sɛbɛnna poyi cogo la kabini san 500-600 Krisita tile la. bɛ cɛ jagɛlɛn dɔ ka maana fɔ min tɔgɔ ye ko Beowulf, min ka baara tun ye ka Danmakɛ bajiw saniya ka bɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw la minnu bɛ pan ani minnu bɛ ji la. A ka cɛsiri wale kɛra Grendel waraba fagali ye. A fɔra ko nin bagan in kɔfɛla ni a ɲɛfɛla misɛnninw tun b’a la, a tun bɛ se ka npan gosili muɲu, wa a tun ka bon dɔɔnin ka tɛmɛ hadamaden kan. A tun bɛ taa jɔlen na joona kosɛbɛ.

• Romɛkaw ka sɛbɛnnikɛla Lucanus fana kumana sagaw kan. A y’a ka kuma ɲɛsin Etiyopi sa dɔ ma: “E sanu sanulaman, i bɛ fiɲɛ bila san fɛ ani i bɛ misiba faga.

• Gɛrɛkikan Herodotos (san 484–425 ɲɔgɔnna Krisita tile ɲɛ) ye sa pantaw ɲɛfɔli minnu kɛ Arabu jamana na, olu maralen don. A bɛ pterosaur dɔw ɲɛfɔ cogo bɛnnen na kosɛbɛ. (Rein, E., Hérodotos ka gafe III-VI , ɲɛ 58 ani gafe VII-IX , ɲɛ 239, WSOY, 1910)

• Pline ye (Natural History) fɔ san kɛmɛ fɔlɔ la Krisita tile ɲɛ cogo min na sa in bɛ "kɛlɛ la tuma bɛɛ ni waraba ye, wa a yɛrɛ ka bon kosɛbɛ fo a bɛ waraba siri a ka dawolo la k'a siri a ka wulu kɔnɔ."(Alimankan na)

• Ansiklopedi kɔrɔ dɔ min tɔgɔ ye ko History Animalium, o b’a fɔ ko "sa" tun bɛ yen hali bi san 1500 waatiw la, nka u bonya dɔgɔyara kosɛbɛ, wa u man ca.

• Angilɛw ka tarikusɛbɛn dɔ min bɔra san 1405 la, o bɛ kuma sa dɔ kan: "Bures dugu kɛrɛfɛ, Sudbury lamini na, kɔsa in na, sa dɔ yelen don min ye tiɲɛniba kɛ togodaw la. A bonya ka bon kosɛbɛ, a kunbere bɛ a kan." a kun sanfɛ, a ɲinw bɛ i n'a fɔ jirisunw, a kɔ janya ka bon kosɛbɛ. Sagagɛnnaw fagalen kɔ, a ye saga caman dun a da la." (Cooper, B., Sanjiba kɔfɛ-Erɔpu ka sanjiba kɔfɛ tariku fɔlɔw bɔra Nuhun na, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)

• San kɛmɛ 16nan na, Itali dɔnnikɛla Ulysses Aldrovanus ye sa fitinin dɔ ɲɛfɔ ka ɲɛ a ka gafe dɔ kɔnɔ. Edward Topsell y’a sɛbɛn kabini san 1608 ko: “Sa suguya caman bɛ yen. Sugu suguya wɛrɛw bɛ danfara ka kɛɲɛ n’u ka jamana ye, yɔrɔ dɔ ka da u bonya kan, yɔrɔ dɔ ka da u danfara taamasiyɛnw kan."

• Dragon taamasiyɛnw tun ka ca sɔrɔdasikulu caman na. A tun bɛ baara kɛ ni misali ye kɔrɔnfɛ Romɛ masakɛw fɛ ani Angilɛ masakɛw fɛ (Uther Pendragon, masakɛ Arthur fa, Richard I san 1191 kɛlɛ senfɛ ani Henry III a ka kɛlɛ senfɛ ni Wales ye san 1245) ani fana Sinuwa jamana na, sa tun ye jamana taamasiyɛn ye san masakɛ ka denbaya ka bɔgɔdaga.

• Dinɔsɔsiw ni sagaw ye jamana caman ka laadalakow dɔ ye. Ka fara Sinuwa jamana kan, o kɛra ko ye min kɛra Ameriki Saheli jamanaw cɛ.

• Johannes Damascene, Gɛrɛsi Egilisi Faw la laban, min bangera san 676 Krisita tile la, ale bɛ saw ɲɛfɔ (The Works of St John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) nin cogo in na:

Romɛ Dio Cassius (155–236 Krisita tile kɔfɛ), min ye Romɛ Mansamara ani Repibiliki tariku sɛbɛn, ye Romɛkaw ka lasigiden Regulus ka kɛlɛw jira Carthage. Sa dɔ fagara kɛlɛ la. A fari donna, ka fari ci Senat ma. Senat ka yamaruya fɛ, fari suman ani a janya tun ye mɛtɛrɛ 120 ye (mɛtɛrɛ 37 ɲɔgɔn). Fari tun maralen bɛ batoso dɔ kɔnɔ Romɛ kuluw kan fo san 133 K.Ɲ., tuma min na a tununna tuma min na Selɛtiw ye Romɛ minɛ. (Plinius, Natural History . Gafe 8nan, tilayɔrɔba 14. Plinius yɛrɛ y’a fɔ ko a ye o kupu ye min kofɔlen bɛ Romɛ). (17) .

• Ja minnu bɛ kɛ. Saw ja, ja ani ja fana maralen don, minnu bɛ ɲini ka kɛ kelen ye farikolo yɔrɔw la diɲɛ fan bɛɛ. U bɛ sɔrɔ ladamu ni diinɛ bɛɛ la, i n’a fɔ maana minnu bɛ fɔ u kan, olu ka ca cogo min na. Saw jaw sɛbɛnna misali la sɔrɔdasi kalaw (Sutton Hoo) ani egilisi kogo masirilenw na (misali la S. S. Mary ani Hardulph, Angletɛri). Ka fara misiw ni warabilenw kan, saw ja jiralen bɛ Babilonɛ dugu kɔrɔ Ishtar Da la. Mezopotami silinda sigilan fɔlɔw bɛ saw jira minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn kɔ ni u kɔw janya bɛ se u kɔ ma (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 ani Plate A. ) Dragon-dinosaur barokun ja caman bɛ se ka ye, misali la www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm kan.

A ka di kosɛbɛ k’a ye ko o bagan ninnu ja bɛ yen hali kɔw ni kɔw kogow kan. O sɔrɔli ninnu kɛra a dɔgɔyalenba la Arizona ani Rodezi kɔrɔ yɔrɔ la (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Misali la, Arizona san 1924, n’u ye kulu kogo jan dɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛ, a y’a ye ko bagan suguya caman jaw jalen don kabakurun in kɔnɔ, misali la, waraw ni kulu sagaw, nka dinɔsɔsi ja jɛlen dɔ fana tun bɛ yen (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, san 1957, ɲɛ 91nan na). Maya Ɛndiyɛnw fana ye ja dɔ mara min bɛ se ka kɛ ni kɔnɔ ye min bɛ i n’a fɔ Archeopteryx, n’o ye kɔnɔ ye min bɛ wele ko lizard ⁽¹⁸⁾ . Ka kɛɲɛ ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka fɛnɲɛnamayali ye, a tun ka kan ka ɲɛnamaya waati kelen na ni dinɔsɔsiw ye.

Dalilu fana maralen bɛ wuluw kan minnu bɛ pan, minnu kamanw janya tun bɛ se ka kɛ mɛtɛrɛ mugan ye, wa a dalen b’a la ko u bɛ sa a san miliyɔn tan ni tan ye nin ye. Nin ɲɛfɔli in bɛ kuma u kan ani bagan min bɛ pan i n’a fɔ Pterosaur, o jiralen bɛ cogo min na bɔgɔdaga kan:

Fɛnɲɛnɛma minnu tùn bɛ Fɔ olu bɛɛ la belebeleba tùn ye pterosaur (pterosaur) ye min kamanw janya bɛ Se ka Tɛmɛ mɛtɛrɛ 17 kan. (...) BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Vol. 13) kɔnɔ , Richard Greenwell ye hakilinaw di pterosaur ka sɔrɔ kan bi. A bɛ ɲininikɛla A. Hyatt Verrill ka kuma fɔ, ale min tun ye Perukaw ka bɔgɔdaga dɔw sɔrɔ. Bɔgɔdagaw bɛ pterosaur jira min bɛ i n’a fɔ pterodactyl.

Verrill y’a jira ko dɔnkotigiw ye fɛnɲɛnɛmaw kɛ u ka misali ye, wa a y’a sɛbɛn ko:

San kɛmɛ caman kɔnɔ, pterodactyl fɛnɲɛnamaw ɲɛfɔli tigitigiw ani hali ja minnu bɛ bɔ mɔgɔw la ka bɔ bɔnsɔn dɔ la ka taa bɔnsɔn wɛrɛ la, bawo Cocle mɔgɔw bɛnbaw tun sigilen bɛ jamana kɔnɔ, pterosaurs tolenw tun maralen bɛ yɔrɔ min na kosɛbɛ.

Ani fana, Ameriki Woroduguyanfan Ɛndiyɛnw tun bɛ sanpɛrɛn dɔn, min tɔgɔ juru tun tara mobili kama fana. (19) .

Bibulu kɔnɔ , a bɛ iko Behemoti ni Leviatan minnu kofɔlen bɛ Job ka kitabu kɔnɔ, olu bɛ kuma dinɔsɔsiw de kan. A b’a fɔ behemoth ko la ko a kɔ bɛ i n’a fɔ sɛdirijiri, ko a cɛmancɛw sirilen don kosɛbɛ ani ko kolo bɛ i ko nɛgɛberew. O ɲɛfɔliw bɛ Bɛn kosɛbɛ ni dinɔsɔsi dɔw ye, i n’a fɔ sauropods, minnu janya bɛ Se ka Tɛmɛ mɛtɛrɛ 20 kan. O cogo kelen na, Behemoth sigiyɔrɔ min bɛ jirisunba dogolen na, ani fenw bɛ bɛn dinɔsɔsiw ma, bawo u damadɔ tun sigilen bɛ kɔgɔjida kɛrɛfɛ.

Behemoti bɛ min lamaga i n’a fɔ sɛdiri, o ta fan fɛ, a ka di kosɛbɛ k’a ye ko baganba si ma dɔn bi ko o kɔ in bɛ o cogo la. Dinɔsɔsi min bɛ binkɛnɛ dun, o kɔ tun bɛ se ka kɛ mɛtɛrɛ 10-15 ye, a girinya tun bɛ se tɔni 1-2 ma, wa o bagan suguw tɛ dɔn bi waati la. Bibulu bayɛlɛmani dɔw bɛ Behemoti bayɛlɛma ko wuluwulu (ani Leviatan bamanankan na i n’a fɔ wuluwulu), nka sɛdiridiri min bɛ i n’a fɔ sɛdiri, o ɲɛfɔli tɛ bɛn wuluwulu ma cogo si la.

Kuma duman kelen bɛ se ka sɔrɔ o ko kan ka bɔ fɛnɲɛnɛma dɔnnikɛla salen bonyalen Stephen Jay Gould fɛ, min tun ye maakɔrɔw ka Ala dɔnbali ye. A y’a jira ko ni Job ka kitabu bɛ kuma Behemoth kan, bagan kelen min bɛ bɛn nin ɲɛfɔli ma, o ye dinɔsɔsi ye (Pandans Tumme, ɲ. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Ikomi a tun ye fɛnw jiginni dɔnbaga ye, a tun dalen b’a la ko Job ka kitabu sɛbɛnbaga y’a ka dɔnniya sɔrɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw la minnu sɔrɔla. Nka, nin gafe kɔrɔlen dɔ bɛ Bibulu kɔnɔ, o bɛ bagan ɲɛnama dɔ de kofɔ ka jɛya (Job 40:15: A filɛ sisan behemoth, ne ye min dilan ni aw ye...).

- (Job 40:15-23) A filɛ sisan behemoth , ne ye min dilan ni aw ye. a bɛ bin dun i n' a fɔ misi.

16 A filɛ sisan, a barika bɛ a cɛmancɛ la, a fanga bɛ a kɔnɔbara la.

17 a b' a kɔ lamaga i n' a fɔ sɛdiri : a cɛmancɛw sirilen don kosɛbɛ .

18 a kolow bɛ i ko nɛgɛso barikamaw ; a kolow bɛ i ko nɛgɛberew.

19 Elohim ka siraw kuntigi de don.

20 Tiɲɛ na, kuluw bɛ dumuni lase a ma, kungo kɔnɔ baganw bɛɛ bɛ tulon kɛ yɔrɔ min na.

21 A dalen bɛ jiri sumayalenw jukɔrɔ, binkɛnɛ dogolen na ani kɔw la .

22 Jiri sumayalenw b'a datugu ni u sumaya ye. kɔji kɔnɔ jirisunw b’a lamini.

23 A filɛ, a bɛ baji min , a tɛ teliya.

Leviatan ye danfɛn nafama wɛrɛ ye min kofɔlen bɛ Job ka kitabu kɔnɔ. A fɔra ko nin danfɛn in ye baganw ka masakɛ ye wa a ɲɛfɔlen don cogo min na tasuma bɛ bɔ a da la. (Mɔgɔ min bɛ wele ko bomber beetle min bɛ se ka gazi funteni – degere 100 – bɔn k’a ɲɛsin binkannikɛla ma, o fana bɛ dɔn baganw ka masaya la). A bɛ se ka kɛ ko maana caman bɛ bɔ saw kan minnu bɛ se ka tasuma fiyɛ ka bɔ u da la.

Bibulu bayɛlɛmani dɔw ye Leviatan bayɛlɛma i n’a fɔ wulu, nka jɔn de ye wulu ye min b’a to i bɛ kurukuru a yelen kɔ, ani jɔn bɛ se ka nɛgɛ jate i n’a fɔ bɔgɔ, ka nɛgɛ jate i n’a fɔ yiri tolilen, ani jɔn ye bagan belebelebaw bɛɛ ka masakɛ ye? A ka c’a la, o fana ye bagan tununnen ye min tɛ yen tugun, nka a tun bɛ dɔn Job ka waati la. Job ka kitabu b’a fɔ nin cogo la:

- (Job 41:1,2,9,13-34) Yala i bɛ se ka leviyatan sama ni nɛgɛ ye wa? walima a nɛnkun bɛ kɛ ni juru ye, aw ye min jigin wa?

2 I bɛ se ka nɛgɛso don a nugu la wa? walima a y'a dawolo tigɛ ni ŋaniya ye wa?

9 A filɛ, a jigi ye fu ye, yala mɔgɔ tɛna fili hali a ɲɛ kɔrɔ wa ?

13 Jɔn bɛ se k’a ka fini ɲɛda dɔn? walima jɔn bɛ se ka na a fɛ n'a ka nɛgɛbere fila ye?

14 Jɔn bɛ se ka a ɲɛda da wuli? a ɲinw ka jugu kosɛbɛ a lamini na .

15 A ka balansi ye a ka kuncɛbaya ye, u datugulen don ɲɔgɔn fɛ i n'a fɔ taamasiyɛn surun .

16 Mɔgɔ kelen ka surun ɲɔgɔn na fo fiɲɛ si tɛ se ka don u ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ.

17 U sirilen bɛ ɲɔgɔn na, u bɛ nɔrɔ ɲɔgɔn na, fo u tɛ se ka fara ɲɔgɔn kan.

18 Yeelen bɛ yeelen bɔ a magow fɛ, a ɲɛw bɛ i ko sɔgɔmada ɲɛw.

19 Fitinɛw bɛ bɔ a da la, tasuma manamanw bɛ pan ka bɔ .

20 Sisi bɛ bɔ a nugu la, i n'a fɔ a bɛ bɔ daga walima daga tobilen na.

21 A ninakili bɛ bɔgɔdaga mana, tasuma bɛ bɔ a da la .

22 Fanga bɛ to a kɔ la, dusukasi bɛ yɛlɛma ka kɛ ɲagali ye a ɲɛ kɔrɔ.

23 A farisogo kurukuruw sirilen bɛ ɲɔgɔn na. u tɛ se ka lamaga.

24 A dusukun barika ka bon i ko kabakurun. ɔwɔ, a ka gɛlɛn i n’a fɔ duguma mansin kabakurun dɔ.

25 Ni a y'a yɛrɛ kunun, fangatigiw bɛ siran.

26 Min b'a da a kan, o ka npan tɛ se ka minɛ: tama ni nɛgɛbere ani habergeon.

27 A bɛ nɛgɛ jate i n'a fɔ bɔgɔ, ka nɛgɛ jate i n'a fɔ yiri tolilen.

28 Tile tɛ se k'a boli.

29 Darɛw jate bɛ kɛ jirisunw ye : a bɛ ŋɛɲɛ kɛ tama yɛrɛyɛrɛli fɛ.

30 Kabakurun nɛrɛmugumaw bɛ a kɔrɔ, a bɛ fɛn nɔgɔlenw labɔ bɔgɔ la.

31 A bɛ ji dunba tobi i ko daga, a bɛ kɔgɔji kɛ i n'a fɔ tuluma daga.

32 A bɛ sira dabɔ a nɔfɛ. mɔgɔ bɛna miiri ko juguya ye hoary ye.

33 A bɔɲɔgɔnko tɛ dugukolo kan, siran tɛ min na.

34 A bɛ fɛn kɔrɔtalenw bɛɛ filɛ, a ye masakɛ ye kuncɛbaya denw bɛɛ kun na .

Bibulu ka ɲɛfɔli minnu kɛra sagaw kan, o dun bɛ cogo di? Bibulu falen bɛ ntalenw na minnu bɛ tuganinw, waraba dusukasilenw, sa namaratɔw, sagaw ani bakɔrɔnw jira, olu bɛɛ ye baganw ye minnu bɛ sɔrɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw la bi. Mun na sa, min kofɔlen bɛ siɲɛ caman Layidu Kɔrɔ ni Layidu Kura kɔnɔ, ani sɛbɛn kɔrɔw kɔnɔ, o bɛna kɛ danfara ye? Ni Jenɛse (1:21) b’a fɔ cogo min na Ala ye kɔgɔji baganbaw da, kɔgɔji kɔnɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw (a laseginlen don) (Jen 1:21 Ala ye balema belebelebaw da, ani fɛn ɲɛnama bɛɛ min bɛ lamaga, ji ye minnu labɔ kosɛbɛ, u kɔfɛ ɲuman, ani kɔnɔnin wuluwulu bɛɛ a suguya kɔfɛ: wa Ala y’a ye ko a ka ɲi.) , kan fɔlɔ bɛ baara kɛ ni o daɲɛ kelen ye “tannin”, o min bɛ bɛn sa ma Bibulu yɔrɔ wɛrɛw la. Misali la, nin tɛmɛsira ninnu bɛ kuma saw kan:

- (Job 30:29) Ne ye saw balimakɛ ye , ani wuluw taamaɲɔgɔn ye.

- (Zab 44:19) Hali ni i ye an kari saw nɔ na , ka an datugu ni saya dulonnen ye.

- (Esa 35:7) Dugukolo jalen na kɛ jidaga ye, minnɔgɔ bɛ kɛ jibolisiraw ye: saw sigiyɔrɔ la , u kelen-kelen bɛɛ dalen bɛ yɔrɔ min na , bin na kɛ bin ye ni binw ni jirisunw ye.

- (Esa 43:20) Kungo waraba na ne bonya, saw ni wuluw , katuguni ne bɛ ji di kungo kɔnɔ, ka ba di kungo kɔnɔ, ka min di ne ka mɔgɔw ma, ne ka mɔgɔ sugandilenw.

- (Jer 14:6) Kungo faliw jɔlen tora sanfɛyɔrɔw la, u ye fiɲɛ fiyɛ i ko saw ; u ɲɛw dɛsɛra, katuguni bin tun tɛ yen.

- (Jer 49:33) Hazor na kɛ saw sigiyɔrɔ ye , ka kɛ yɔrɔ lakolon ye badaa, mɔgɔ si tɛna to yen, mɔgɔ denkɛ si tɛna sigi a kɔnɔ.

- (Mise 1:8) O de kosɔn ne na kasi ka kule, ne na taa fini bɔlen ni farilankolon ye: ne na kasi kɛ i ko saw , ka kasi i ko wuluw.

- (Mal 1:3) Ne ye Esawu kɔniya, ka a ka kuluw n'a ka ciyɛn tiɲɛ kungo kɔnɔ saw ye .

- (Zab 104:26) kurunw bɛ taa yen : o leviyatan bɛ yen, i ye min kɛ ka tulon kɛ a kɔnɔ.

- (Job 7:12) Yala ne ye kɔgɔji ye, walima balema , ko i ye kɔlɔsili kɛ ne kan wa? (a labɛncogo kura: kɔgɔji kɔnɔ waraba, heburukan na tannin, o kɔrɔ ye sa)

- (Job 26:12,13) A bɛ kɔgɔji tila n’a ka fanga ye, a ka faamuyali fɛ, a bɛ kuncɛbaw gosi.

13 A ni de y'a to a ye sankolow masiri. a bolo ye sa kɔrɔtalen in dilan.

- (Zab 74:13,14) I ye kɔgɔji tila i fanga fɛ tiɲɛ na : i ye saw kunkolo kari ji la.

14 Aw ye leviyatan kunkolow tigɛtigɛ ka a di kungokolon kɔnɔ mɔgɔw ka dumuni ye.

- (Zab 91:13) I na senna-tɛgɛrɛ kɛ waraba ni wuluwulu kan : i na waraba denmisɛn ni sanu sennatan .

- (Esa 30:6) Saheli baganw ka doni : ka don gɛlɛya ni tɔɔrɔ jamana kɔnɔ, waraba denmisɛn ni cɛkɔrɔba, sa ni sa tasumaman bɛ bɔ yɔrɔ min na , u bɛna u ka nafolo ta denmisɛnninw kamankunw kan faliw, ani u ka nafolo ɲɔgɔmɛ kuluw kan, ka di jama ma min tɛna nafa sɔrɔ u la.

- (De 32:32,33) Katuguni u ka rezɛnsun bɛ bɔ Sodɔmu rezɛnsun na, ani Gomɔri forow la, u ka rezɛnsunw ye rezɛn ye, u ka rezɛnsunw ka di.

33 U ka diwɛn ye saw baga ye , ani wuluw ka baga jugu ye.

- (Neh 2:13) Ne bɔra su fɛ kɔdingɛ da la, hali sa kɔlɔn ɲɛfɛ , ka taa nɔgɔ da la, ka Jerusalɛm kogow lajɛ, minnu tiɲɛna, ani a daaw tiɲɛna ni tasuma ye.

- (Esayi 51:9) I kunu, i ka kunun, i ka fanga don i la, e Matigi bolo; kununni , i n' a fɔ fɔlɔfɔlɔ , mɔgɔw bɔnsɔnw na . Yala e tɛ Rahab tigɛ ka sa jogin wa?

- (Esayi 27:1) O don na, Matigi n'a ka npan jugumanba ni a ka npan barikamaba na sa leviyatan ɲangi , hali sa kɔrɔlen leviatan ; Sa min bɛ kɔgɔji la, a na o faga.»

- (Jer 51:34) Babilonɛ masakɛ Nebukadnezar ye ne dun, a ye ne sɔgɔ, a ye ne kɛ minɛn lankolon ye, a ye ne munumunu i ko sa , a ye a kɔnɔ fa ne ka dumuni nɔgɔlenw na, a ye ne fili ne bɔra.

Layidu kɔrɔ ka Apokrifa ni sagaw . Layidu Kɔrɔ ka Apokrifa dun? U fana na, sa in kofɔlen damadɔ bɛ yen, minnu tun bɛ ye i n’a fɔ bagan lakikaw, sanni ka kɛ danfɛn nsiirinw ye. Sirach ka kitabu sɛbɛnbaga y’a sɛbɛn cogo min na a ka fisa a ma ka ɲɛnamaya kɛ ni waraba ni sa ye, ka tɛmɛ a muso jugu fɛ. Fɛn minnu farala Ɛsitɛri ka kitabu kan, olu bɛ Maridose (Bibulu kɔnɔ Maridose) ka sugo kofɔ, tuma min na a ye sa belebele fila ye. Daniɛl fana tun bɛ sa belebeleba dɔ ɲɛkɔrɔ, Babilonɛkaw tun bɛ min bato. O b’a Jira cogo min na n’a sɔrɔla o bagan ninnu bonyalen dòn fo ka Se u hakɛ cayalenba ma kosɛbɛ.

- (Sirach 25:16) A tun ka fisa ne ma ka sigi ni waraba ni sa ye, ka tɛmɛn ka so mara ni muso jugu ye .

- (Salomon ka hakilitigiya 16:10) Nka i denkɛw ma se sɔrɔ sa bagajiw ɲinw yɛrɛ kan , katuguni i ka makari tun bɛ u fɛ tuma bɛɛ, ka u kɛnɛya.

- (Sirach 43:25) Katuguni kabako ni kabako kɛwalew bɛ kɛ o kɔnɔ, bagan suguya bɛɛ ni balema suguya bɛɛ dabɔra.

- (A faralenw Ɛsitɛri 1:1,4,5,6 kan) Maridose, Yahutu min tun bɛ Bɛnzamɛn kabila la, o minɛna jɔnya la, ka fara Juda masakɛ Joyakini kan, tuma min na Babilonɛ masakɛ Nebukadnezar ye Jerusalɛm minɛ. Maridose tun ye Yayiri denkɛ ye, Kisi ni Simei bɔnsɔn dɔ.

4 A ye siko kɛ ko mankanba ni ɲagami donna, sanpɛrɛnkanba ani dugukolo yɛrɛyɛrɛ, ni ɲagami juguba ye dugukolo kan.

5 O kɔ, sa belebeleba fila bɔra kɛnɛ kan, u labɛnnen don ka ɲɔgɔn kɛlɛ .

6 U ye mankanba bɔ , siyaw bɛɛ y'u labɛn ka kɛlɛ kɛ Ala ka mɔgɔ tilennenw ka siya fɛ.

- (Daniɛl, Bɛl ani Dragon 1:23-30 faralenw) Wa o yɔrɔ kelen na, sa belebeleba dɔ tun bɛ yen , Babilonɛkaw tun bɛ min bato.

24 Masakɛ y'a fɔ Daniɛl ye ko: «I b'a fɛ fana k'a fɔ ko nin ye nɛgɛ ye wa?» a filɛ, a ɲɛnama don, a bɛ dumuni kɛ ka minni kɛ ; i tɛ se k'a fɔ ko a tɛ ala ɲɛnama ye.

25 Daniɛl y'a fɔ masakɛ ye ko: «Ne na Matigi ne ka Ala bato, katuguni ale de ye Ala ɲɛnama ye.»

26 Nka masakɛ, i ka sira di ne ma, ne na nin sa in faga ni npan ni bere tɛ.» Masakɛ ko: «Ne bɛ sira di i ma.»

27 Daniyɛli ye bɔgɔ ni tulu ni kunsigi ta ka u tobi ka u kɛ kurukuruw ye batoli.

28 Babilonɛkaw y'o mɛn tuma min na, u dimina kosɛbɛ, u ye jɛkafɔ kɛ masakɛ kama k'a fɔ ko: «Masakɛ kɛra Yahutu ye, a ye Bɛli halaki, a ye sa faga ka sarakalasebagaw faga.»

29 U sera masakɛ ma k'a fɔ a ye ko: «Daniɛl lase an ma, n'o tɛ, an na i ni i ka so halaki.»

30 Masakɛ y'a ye ko u ye a digidigi kosɛbɛ, ka Daniɛl di u ma.

REFERENCES:

1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen : The missing ring, p. 100,101

3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution

5. George McCready Price: New Geology, quote from AM Rehnwinkel's book Flood, pp. 267, 278

6. Kimmo Pälikkö : Background 2, Behind the Scenes of Development Theory, p. 927.

7. Kimmo Pälikkö : Background 2, Behind the Scenes of Development Theory, p. 194

8. Pekka Reinikainen : Forgotten Genesis, p. 173, 184

9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen : The missing ring, p. 81

11. Toivo Seljavaara : Were the flood and Noah's ark possible, p. 28

12. Uuras Saarnivaara : Can the Bible be trusted, p. 175-177

13. Scott M. Huse : The Collapse of Evolution, p. 24

14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010,

news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html

15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains:

Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002

; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf

16. Pekka Reinikainen : Darwin or a smart plan?, p. 88

17. Pekka Reinikainen : The riddle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 111

18. Pekka Reinikainen : The riddle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 114,115

19. https://creation.com/redirect.php?https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ

20. Matti Leisola : In the wonderland of evolutionary belief, p.146

21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated

22. Pentti Eskola : The changing country, p. 114

23. Carl Wieland : Stones and Bones, p. 11

24. Pekka Reinikainen : Forgotten Genesis, p. 179, 224

25. Wiljam Aittala : The message of the Universe, p. 198

26. Kalle Taipale : Restless Earth, p. 78

27. Mikko Tuuliranta : School biology spreads disinformation, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132

28. Francis Hitching : Mysterious events (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

29. Pentti Eskola : A changing country, p. 366

30. Quote from the book: Pekka Reinikainen: The Riddle of Dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 47

31. Scott M. Huse : The Collapse of Evolution, p. 25

32. Pekka Reinikainen : The puzzle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 90

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