Mafi yawan bayanin dabi'a na farkon duniya shine cewa an haife ta ta hanyar Babban Bang daga fanko, watau sararin da babu komai. Kafin haka babu lokaci, sarari da kuzari. An kwatanta wannan fitowar da kyau da sunayen littattafai irin su Tyhjästä syntynyt (An haife shi daga wofi) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) ko A Universe from Nothing (Lawrence M. Krauss). Maganar da ke tafe kuma tana nufin abu guda:

Tun farko babu komai. Wannan yana da matukar wuyar fahimta... Kafin Babban Bang, babu ko sarari. An halicci sarari da lokaci da kuzari da kwayoyin halitta a cikin wannan fashewar. Babu wani abu "a wajen" sararin samaniya da zai fashe. Lokacin da aka haife ta kuma ta fara faɗaɗawa mai girma, sararin samaniya yana ɗauke da komai, gami da dukan sarari. (Jim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Asalin rayuwa, shafi na 9-11)

Hakazalika, Wikipedia ya bayyana Babban Bang. A cewarsa, a farkon akwai wuri mai zafi da yawa har sai da babban bang ya faru kuma duniya ta fara fadada:

Bisa ga ka'idar, sararin samaniya ya tashi ne daga yanayi mai zafi da zafi kimanin shekaru biliyan 13.8 da suka wuce a cikin abin da ake kira Big Bang kuma yana ci gaba da fadada tun daga lokacin.

Amma shin Babban Bang da haihuwar jikunan sama da kansu gaskiya ne? A cikin wannan al'amari, yana da kyau a kula da waɗannan abubuwan:

Wanda babu shi ba zai iya samun wani kaddarori kuma babu abin da zai iya tasowa daga gare ta . Ana iya samun sabani na farko a cikin maganganun da suka gabata. A daya bangaren kuma, an ce komai ya faro ne daga komai, a daya bangaren kuma, an ce yanayin farko yana da zafi da yawa.

    Duk da haka, idan babu wani abu a farkon, irin wannan jihar ba zai iya samun dukiyoyi ba. Aƙalla ba zai iya zama zafi da yawa saboda babu shi. Rashin wanzuwar ba zai iya samun wasu kadarori ko dai kawai saboda babu shi.

    A daya bangaren kuma, idan muka yi tunanin cewa babu shi ya canza kansa zuwa yanayi mai yawa da zafi, ko kuma duniyar da muke ciki daga gare ta aka haife shi, wannan kuma abu ne da ba zai taba yiwuwa ba. Ba shi yiwuwa a lissafin lissafi saboda ba zai yiwu a ɗauki wani abu daga komai ba. Idan sifili ya raba ta kowace lamba, sakamakon koyaushe sifili ne. David Berlinski, ya dauki matsaya kan batun: 

"Ba shi da ma'ana a yi jayayya cewa wani abu ya wanzu daga kome ba, lokacin da duk wani masanin lissafi ya fahimci wannan a matsayin cikakken shirme. " .1998)

Idan babu kuzari, babu abin da zai iya fashewa . Wata magana da ta gabata ta bayyana cewa babu kuzari a farkon, haka kuma babu wani abu.

    Akwai wani sabani a nan, domin ka'idar farko ta thermodynamics ta ce, "ba za a iya halitta ko lalata makamashi ba, sai dai a canza shi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani."

     Ma'ana, idan babu makamashi daidai a farkon, daga ina makamashi ya fito domin shi kadai ba zai iya tashi ba? A gefe guda kuma, rashin ƙarfi yana hana duk wani fashewa. Fashewar ba zata taba faruwa ba.

Idan yanayin farko ya yi yawa sosai, ba zai iya fashewa ba . Maganar da ta gabata ta yi ishara da ra’ayin cewa komai ya taso ne daga yanayi mai tsananin yawa da zafi, yanayin da dukkan al’amuran duniya suka cika cikin wani dan karamin fili. An kwatanta shi da nau'i-nau'i, kamar baƙar fata.

    A nan ma, akwai sabani. Domin idan aka yi bayanin ramukan baƙar fata, an ce suna da yawa ta yadda babu wani abu daga cikinsu da zai iya tserewa, babu haske, hasken lantarki, ko wani abu. Wato ana ganin dabi'a tana da karfi na asali guda hudu: nauyi, karfin lantarki, da karfi da rauni na nukiliya. Ana daukar nauyin nauyi a matsayin mafi rauni daga cikinsu, amma idan akwai isasshen taro, sauran dakarun ba za su iya yin komai game da shi ba. An yi imani da wannan lamarin da baƙar fata.

     Menene za a iya kammala daga wannan? Idan an yi la'akari da ramukan baƙar fata na gaske, kuma babu abin da zai iya tserewa saboda yawan jama'a, ta yaya mutum zai iya tabbatar da fashewa daga yanayin farko da ake tsammani, wanda ya kamata ya kasance mai zurfi fiye da ramukan baki? Wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba suna cin karo da kansu.                                                         

Fashewa baya haifar da tsari . Fashewar da kanta fa, da zai iya faruwa duk da komai? Shin fashewar zai haifar da wani abu banda halaka? Wannan wani abu ne da zaku iya gwadawa. Idan an sanya cajin fashewa misali. a cikin wani m sarari, ba a halitta kome daga gare ta. Yanke ƙwallon ƙwallon ne kaɗai ke bazuwa a cikin radius na wasu mita, amma babu wani abu da ke faruwa. Duk da haka, dukan sararin samaniya yana cikin tsari mai kyau tare da kyawawan taurari, taurari, taurari, watanni, da kuma rayuwa. Irin wannan hadaddun tsarin aiki da aiki ba a haifar da kowane fashewa ba, amma kawai yana haifar da lalacewa da lalacewa.

Duk daga ƙaramin sarari ? Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ana ɗauka a cikin ka'idar Big Bang cewa an haife komai daga ƙaramin sarari mara iyaka. Kamata ya yi ya zama miliyoyin taurari, biliyoyin taurari, amma kuma rana, taurari, duwatsu da halittu kamar giwaye, masu tunani, tsuntsaye masu rarrafe, kyawawan furanni, manyan bishiyoyi, malam buɗe ido, kifi da tekun da ke kewaye da su, masu ɗanɗano mai daɗi. ayaba da strawberries, da sauransu. Duk waɗannan yakamata sun fito ne daga sararin da bai fi guntu ba. Wannan shi ne abin da aka ɗauka a cikin wannan daidaitaccen ka'idar.

     Ana iya kwatanta wannan al’amari da wanda yake riƙe da akwatin ashana a hannunsa, sa’an nan ya yi iƙirarin, “Idan kuka ga akwatin ashana a hannuna, za ku gaskata cewa daga ciki za a fito da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin taurari, rana mai zafi, da rayayyun halittu. kamar karnuka, tsuntsaye, giwaye, bishiyoyi, kifi da tekun da ke kewaye da su, strawberries masu kyau da furanni masu kyau? Haka ne, ya kamata ku yi imani da cewa gaskiya nake faɗi, kuma duk waɗannan manyan abubuwan za su iya fitowa daga wannan akwatin wasan!”

     Yaya za ku ji idan wani ya yi muku hujjar da ta gabata? Za ku dauke shi dan bakon abu? Koyaya, ka'idar Big Bang iri ɗaya ce. Yana ɗauka cewa duk ya fara a cikin sarari ko da ƙarami fiye da akwatin ashana. Ina tsammanin muna aiki da hikima idan ba mu yi imani da duk waɗannan ka'idodin da masana kimiyya masu yarda da Allah suka gabatar ba, amma mun tsaya kan aikin Allah na halitta, wanda a fili yake mafi kyawun bayani game da samuwar jikunan sama da rayuwa.

    Masana ilmin taurari da yawa kuma sun soki ka'idar babban bang. Suna ganin ya saba wa kimiyya ta hakika:

Sabbin bayanai sun bambanta sosai da hasashen ka'idar don lalata Big Bang-cosmology (Fred Hoyle, The Big Bang in Astronomy, 92 New Scientist 521, 522-23 / 1981)

A matsayina na tsohon masanin ilmin sararin samaniya, ina ganin bayanan lura na yanzu suna soke ka'idoji game da farkon sararin samaniya, da kuma yawancin ka'idoji game da farkon tsarin hasken rana. (H. Bondi, Wasika, 87 Sabon Masanin Kimiyya 611/1980)

An sami ɗan tattaunawa kaɗan game da ko babban hasashe ko a'a daidai ne... yawancin abubuwan lura da suka yi karo da shi ana bayyana su ta hanyar zato marasa tushe da yawa ko kuma an yi watsi da su. (nobelist H. Alfven, Cosmic Plasma 125/1981)

Masanin kimiyyar lissafi Eric Lerner: "Big Bang labari ne mai ban sha'awa kawai, wanda aka kiyaye shi saboda wani dalili " (Eric Lerner: Maɗaukakin Karyata Ka'idar Mahimmanci na Asalin Duniya, Babban Bang Bai taɓa faruwa ba, NY: Littattafan Times, 1991).

"Ka'idar Big Bang ta dogara da yawan zato da ba a tabbatar da su ba - abubuwan da ba mu taɓa gani ba. Haɓaka hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, abubuwa masu duhu da makamashi mai duhu sune mafi sanannun waɗannan. Idan ba tare da su ba, za a sami rashin jituwa tsakanin abubuwan da masana ilmin taurari suka yi da kuma hasashen ka'idar fashewa ta farko." (Eric Lerner da wasu masana kimiyya 33 daga kasashe 10 daban-daban, Bucking the Big Bang, New Scientist 182(2448):20, 2004; www.cosmologystatement.org , an samu 1 Afrilu 2014.)

Gas baya tarawa cikin jikunan sama . Zato shine cewa a wani lokaci bayan Big Bang, an halicci hydrogen da helium, daga cikinsu akwai taurari da taurari.

     Koyaya, anan kuma an keta dokokin kimiyyar lissafi. A cikin sarari kyauta, iskar gas ba ta takurawa, sai dai kawai ya zurfafa cikin sararin samaniya, yana rarrabawa daidai gwargwado. Wannan ita ce ainihin koyarwa a cikin littattafan makaranta. Ko kuma idan ka yi ƙoƙarin danne gas ɗin, zafinsa ya tashi, kuma hauhawar yanayin zafi yana sa iskar ta sake faɗaɗawa. Yana hana haihuwar jikunan sama.

    Fred Hoyle, wanda ya soki babban ka'idar bang kuma bai yarda da ita ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa: "Faɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta ba zai iya yin karo da komai ba kuma bayan isassun haɓaka duk ayyukan sun ƙare" ( The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983). .

     Sharhi masu zuwa sun kara nuna cewa masana kimiyya ba su da amsoshi ga asalin taurari da taurari. Ko da yake wasu shahararrun littattafai ko shirye-shiryen talabijin sun yi bayani akai-akai cewa waɗannan jikuna na sama an haife su da kansu, babu tabbacin hakan. Ana fuskantar irin waɗannan matsalolin ne lokacin da mutum ya nemi bayani na dabi'a kawai game da samuwar jikunan sama, amma ya ƙi aikin halittar Allah, wanda shaida ke nuni da cewa: 

Ba na so in yi da'awar cewa da gaske mun fahimci tsarin da ya haifar da taurari. Ka'idar haihuwar taurari na ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ba a warware su ba a cikin ilimin taurari kuma har yanzu muna da nisa daga ainihin mafita ko da a yau. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / Minti uku na Farko, shafi 88)

Littattafai suna cike da labarun da ke jin dadi, amma gaskiyar rashin tausayi shine cewa ba mu sani ba, yadda aka haifi taurari. (L. John, Cosmology Yanzu 85, 92 / 1976)

Babbar matsala, duk da haka, ita ce ta yaya komai ya kasance? Ta yaya iskar gas ɗin da aka haifuwar taurari ta fara tarawa don fara tsarin haihuwar taurari da kuma babban zagayowar sararin samaniya? (…) Don haka, dole ne mu nemo hanyoyin jiki waɗanda ke haifar da tauri a cikin abin da ke kama da sararin samaniya. Wannan da alama abu ne mai sauƙi amma a zahiri yana haifar da matsaloli na yanayi mai zurfi. (Malcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / The Origins of Our Universe, shafi na 93)

Abin kunya ne a ce babu wanda ya bayyana yadda su (galaxies) suka faru... Yawancin masana taurari da masana sararin samaniya sun yarda a fili cewa babu gamsasshiyar ka'idar yadda ake samar da taurari. A wasu kalmomi, ba a bayyana wani siffa ta tsakiya ta sararin samaniya ba. (WR Corliss: Kasidar Astronomical Anomalies, Stars, Galaxies, Cosmos, shafi na 184, Projectbook Project, 1987)

Abin ban tsoro a nan shi ne, idan babu ɗayanmu da ya san cewa taurari suna wanzuwa, binciken farko zai ba da dalilai masu gamsarwa game da dalilin da yasa ba za a taɓa haihuwar taurari ba. " (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Mutuwa ta Black Hole: Da Sauran Cosmic Quandaries, shafi na 187, WW Norton & Kamfanin, 2007)

Abraham Loeb: "Gaskiya ita ce, ba mu fahimci samuwar taurari a kan wani muhimmin matakin ba." (An kawo daga labarin Marcus Chown Bari a sami haske , Sabon Masanin Kimiyya 157(2120):26-30, 7 Fabrairu 1998)

Me game da haihuwar tsarin hasken rana, watau rana, taurari da watanni? An yi zaton an haife su ne daga gajimare na iskar gas guda ɗaya, amma al'amari ne na zato. Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa rana, duniyoyi da watanni suna da mafari - in ba haka ba da ƙarfinsu na ciki ya ƙare da lokaci - amma dole ne su yi tunani yayin neman dalilin haihuwarsu. Sa’ad da suka yi musun aikin halitta na Allah, an tilasta musu su nemi wani bayani na dabi’a game da haihuwar waɗannan jikuna na sama.

    Duk da haka, sun haɗu da matattu a cikinsa, saboda abubuwan da ke cikin taurari, watanni da rana sun bambanta da juna. Ta yaya suka samo asali daga gajimaren iskar gas guda ɗaya, idan sun bambanta gaba ɗaya a cikin abun da ke ciki? Misali, wasu duniyoyin sun kunshi abubuwa masu haske, wasu kuma suna da abubuwa masu nauyi.

    Yawancin masana kimiyya sun kasance masu gaskiya don yarda cewa ka'idodin dabi'a na yanzu na asalin tsarin hasken rana suna da matsala. A ƙasa akwai wasu ra'ayoyinsu. Waɗannan kalaman sun nuna yadda yake da wuya a bayyana tushen dukan duniya marar rai da kanta ba tare da Allah ba. Babu kyawawan dalilai na sake rubuta tarihi a wannan yanki. Yana da ma'ana fiye da yin imani da aikin halittar Allah.

Na farko, mun lura cewa al'amarin da ya keɓe daga Sun, ba shi da ikon samar da irin waɗannan taurarin da muka sani. Abubuwan da ke tattare da al'amarin zai zama ba daidai ba. Wani abin da ya bambanta shi ne cewa Rana ta al'ada ce [a matsayin jikin sama], amma ƙasa baƙon abu ce. Gas din dake tsakanin taurari, da mafi yawan taurari, ya kunshi kwayoyin halitta iri daya da Rana, amma ba kasa ba. Dole ne a fahimci cewa kallon daga yanayin sararin samaniya - ɗakin, inda kake zaune a yanzu, an yi shi ne daga kayan da ba daidai ba. Kai ne mai wuyar fahimta, mai tada hankalin mawaƙin sararin samaniya. (Fred C. Hoyle, Mujallar Harper, Afrilu 1951)

Har ma a zamanin yau, lokacin da ilmin taurari ya sami ci gaba mai yawa, yawancin ra'ayoyin game da asalin tsarin hasken rana ba su da gamsarwa. Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su yarda ba game da cikakkun bayanai. Babu wata ka'idar da aka saba yarda da ita a gani. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , shafi na 57 / Asalin Rayuwa)

Duk ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar game da asalin tsarin hasken rana suna da rashin daidaituwa. Ƙarshe, a halin yanzu, yana da alama cewa tsarin hasken rana ba zai iya wanzuwa ba. (H. Jeffreys, Duniya: Asalinsa, Tarihi da Tsarin Tsarin Jiki , bugu na 6 ^, Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, 1976, shafi na 387)

Ta yaya kuke tabbatar da haihuwar rai da kanta?

A sama, kawai duniyar da ba ta kwayoyin halitta da asalinta aka tattauna ba. An bayyana cewa, masana kimiyya da basu yarda da Allah ba ba za su iya tabbatar da nasu tunanin game da asalin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya ba. Ka'idodinsu sun saba wa dokokin zahiri da kuma abubuwan lura a aikace.

    Daga nan yana da kyau don matsawa zuwa duniyar halitta, watau mu'amala da duniya mai rai. Sau da yawa ana gaya mana cewa rayuwa ta tashi da kanta shekaru biliyan 3-4 da suka wuce a cikin wani tafki mai dumi ko teku.

    Bugu da ƙari, duk da haka, akwai matsala tare da wannan ra'ayin: babu wanda ya taba shaida tushen rayuwa. Ba wanda ya taɓa ganinta, don haka matsala ɗaya ce da ta ka'idodin dabi'a na baya. Mutane na iya samun hoton cewa an warware matsalar haihuwar rayuwa, amma babu wani tabbataccen tushe na wannan hoton: Wannan tunanin fata ne, kuma ba abin dubawa ba bisa ga kimiyya.

    Tunanin haihuwar rayuwa ba tare da bata lokaci ba shima yana da matsala ta fuskar kimiyya. Abin lura a aikace shi ne cewa an haifi rai ne kawai daga rayuwa, kuma ba a sami ko ɗaya daga cikin wannan doka ba . Tantanin halitta mai rai ne kawai zai iya samar da kayan gini da suka dace don ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙwayoyin halitta. Don haka, lokacin da aka gabatar da cewa rayuwa ta tashi da kanta, ana jayayya da kimiyya na gaske da kuma abubuwan lura masu amfani.

    Masana kimiyya da yawa sun yarda da girman wannan matsala. Ba su da mafita ga asalin rayuwa. Sun yarda cewa rayuwa a duniya tana da mafari, amma sun daɗe a kan batun domin ba su yarda da aikin da Allah ya yi ba. Ga wasu tsokaci kan batun: 

Ina tsammanin dole ne mu ci gaba kuma mu yarda cewa kawai bayanin da ake yarda da shi shine halitta. Na san masana kimiyya sun yi watsi da wannan ra'ayin, kuma a gaskiya ni, amma kada mu ƙi shi don kawai ba ma son shi idan shaidar gwaji ta goyi bayansa. (H. Lipson, "Masanin Physicist Ya Kalli Juyin Halitta", Bulletin Physics, 31, 1980)

Masana kimiyya ba su da wata shaida a kan ra'ayin cewa rayuwa ta kasance sakamakon halitta. (Robert Jastrow: The Enchanted Loom, Mind in the Universe, 1981)

Sama da shekaru 30 na gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a fannin sinadarai da juyin halittar kwayoyin halitta sun nuna girman matsalar da ke da alaka da farkon rayuwa maimakon maganinta. A yau, ainihin ka'idoji da gwaje-gwaje masu dacewa kawai ana tattauna su kuma an yi la'akari da su zuwa ƙarshen matattu, ko kuma an yarda da jahilci (Klaus Dose, Nazarin Kimiyyar Interdisciplinary 13, 1988)

A kokarin hada abin da muka sani game da zurfafan tarihin rayuwa a doron kasa, asalin rayuwa, da matakan samuwarta wadanda suka kai ga ilimin halitta da ya bayyana a kusa da mu, dole ne mu yarda cewa an lullube shi a cikin duhu. Ba mu san yadda rayuwa ta fara a wannan duniyar ba. Ba mu san ainihin lokacin da ya fara ba, kuma ba mu san a wane yanayi ba. (Andy Knoll, Farfesa na Jami'ar Harvard) (1)

Magana mai zuwa kuma tana da alaƙa da batun. Ya yi magana game da Stanley Miller wanda aka yi hira da shi a ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Ya shahara wajen gwaje-gwajensa masu alaka da asalin rayuwa, wadanda aka sha gabatar da su a shafuffukan makaranta da littattafan kimiyya, amma wadannan gwaje-gwajen ba su da wata alaka da asalin rayuwa. J. Morgan ya ba da labarin wata hira da Miller yayi watsi da duk shawarwarin asalin rayuwa da kanta a matsayin shirme ko sinadarai na takarda. Wannan rukunin sinadarai na takarda kuma ya haɗa da gwaje-gwajen da Miller da kansa ya gudanar shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, waɗanda hotunansu suka ƙawata littattafan makaranta:

Ya kasance m game da duk shawarwari game da asalin rayuwa, la'akari da su "maganin banza" ko "kemistry takarda". Ya kasance mai raini game da wasu hasashe wanda lokacin da na tambayi ra'ayinsa game da su, sai kawai ya girgiza kansa, ya yi nishi sosai kuma ya yi murmushi - kamar ƙoƙarin ƙin hauka na bil'adama. Ya yarda cewa masana kimiyya ba za su taɓa sanin ainihin lokacin da kuma yadda rayuwa ta fara ba. "Muna ƙoƙarin tattauna wani al'amari na tarihi wanda ya bambanta da kimiyyar al'ada", in ji shi. (2)

Ko da yake babu wani masanin kimiyya wanda bai yarda da Allah ba da ya san wani abu game da asalin rayuwa, har yanzu sun yarda cewa ta fara kusan. shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata. Ana tsammanin cewa ya fara ne daga "kwayoyin halitta mai sauƙi", wanda, duk da haka, yana da wuya a tabbatar da daidai, domin ko da kwayoyin halitta na yau suna da yawa kuma suna dauke da bayanai masu yawa.

    A kowane hali, idan muka tsaya kan ka'idar juyin halitta da miliyoyin shekaru, wasu matsaloli masu tsanani suna tasowa waɗanda suke da wuya a yi watsi da su.

     Ɗayan babbar matsala ita ce fashewar Cambrian. Yana nufin cewa duk nau'ikan tsarin dabba, ko manyan ƙungiyoyi, gami da vertebrates, sun bayyana a cikin yanayin Cambrian kawai "a cikin shekaru miliyan 10" (shekaru miliyan 540-530 bisa ma'aunin juyin halitta) gaba ɗaya sun ƙare kuma ba tare da pre-forms a cikin ƙasa ba. Misali, trilobite tare da hadaddun idanunsa da sauran sifofin rayuwa an gano su cikakke. Stephen Jay Gould ya bayyana wannan gagarumin lamari. Ya bayyana cewa a cikin ƴan shekaru miliyan duk manyan ƙungiyoyin daular dabbobi sun bayyana:

Masana burbushin halittu sun dade da saninsu, kuma sun yi mamakin cewa dukkan manyan rukunonin daular dabbobi sun bayyana cikin sauri cikin kankanin lokaci a lokacin zamanin Cambrian...dukkan rayuwa, gami da kakannin dabbobi, sun kasance masu rukunai guda biyar cikin kashi shida. tarihin yanzu, har zuwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 550 da suka wuce wani fashewar juyin halitta ya haifar da dukkanin manyan kungiyoyin daular dabbobi kawai a cikin 'yan shekaru miliyan ... (3)

Me ke sa fashewar Cambrian matsala? Akwai muhimman dalilai guda uku na hakan:

1. Matsala ta farko ita ce, babu mafi sauƙaƙan abubuwan da ke ƙasa da yadudduka na Cambrian. Ko da trilobites tare da hadaddun idanu, kamar sauran kwayoyin halitta, ba zato ba tsammani sun bayyana a shirye, hadaddun, ci gaba kuma ba tare da kakanni ba a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi. Wannan baƙon abu ne domin an yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta samo asali ne a cikin sigar tantanin halitta mai sauƙi shekaru biliyan 3.5 kafin zamanin Cambrian. Me yasa babu ko da tsaka-tsaki guda ɗaya a cikin shekaru biliyan 3.5 ? Wannan sabani ne bayyananne, wanda ya karyata ka'idar juyin halitta. Abubuwan da aka gano sun goyi bayan samfurin halitta a fili wanda nau'in nau'in halitta ya kasance shirye-shirye, hadaddun da bambanta daga farkon. Masana burbushin halittu da yawa sun yarda cewa fashewar Cambrian bai dace da tsarin juyin halitta ba.

Idan juyin halitta daga sauki zuwa hadaddun gaskiya ne, to ya kamata a samu kakannin wadannan halittun Cambrian, cikkaken halittu; amma ba a same su ba, kuma masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa akwai ɗan damar samun su. Bisa ga gaskiya kawai, bisa ga abin da aka samu a cikin ƙasa, ka'idar cewa manyan rukunonin halittu sun samo asali ne daga wani abu na halitta kwatsam. (Harold G. Coffin, “Evolution or Creation?” Liberty, Satumba-Oktoba 1975, shafi na 12)

Masanan halittu wani lokaci suna warware ko yin watsi da bayyanar rayuwar dabba kwatsam ta yanayin zamanin Cambrian da mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da su. Duk da haka, binciken burbushin halittu na baya-bayan nan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa wannan matsala ta haifuwar kwayoyin halitta ba zato ba tsammani yana da wuya kowa ya yi watsi da shi ... (Scientific American, Agusta 1964, shafi 34-36).

Gaskiyar ta kasance, kamar yadda kowane masanin ilimin wasan kwaikwayo ya san, cewa yawancin nau'ikan halitta, da kusan duk sabbin ƙungiyoyi sun bayyana a cikin matakin tarihi, da kuma sanannun jerin abubuwan ƙaura waɗanda ke bin juna cikakkiyar wahala kar a nuna hanyarsu ta tashi. (George Gaylord Simpson: Manyan Siffofin Juyin Halitta, 1953, shafi 360)

2. Wata matsala mai kama da wacce ta gabata ita ce bayan zamanin Cambrian, watau a cikin shekaru miliyan 500 (bisa ga ma'aunin juyin halitta), ko dai babu wani sabon rukunin dabbobi da ya bayyana.. A cewar ka'idar Darwin, komai ya faro ne daga tantanin halitta guda, kuma sabbin manyan rukunonin dabbobi ya kamata su bayyana a koda yaushe, amma alkibla akasin haka. Yanzu akwai ƙarancin jinsuna fiye da da; suna bacewa a kowane lokaci kuma ba za a iya dawo dasu ba. Idan tsarin juyin halitta yayi daidai, yakamata juyin halitta ya tafi sabanin alkibla, amma hakan bai faru ba. Itacen juyin halitta yana juyewa kuma ya saba wa abin da ya kamata a sa ran bisa ka'idar Darwin. Abubuwan da suka dace sun fi dacewa da samfurin halitta, inda akwai rikitarwa da yalwar jinsuna a farkon.

    Nassosi masu zuwa sun kara nuna wannan matsala, watau yadda a cikin shekaru miliyan 500 (bisa ga ma'aunin juyin halitta) bayan fashewar Cambrian, babu wani sabon rukunin dabbobi da suka bayyana, kamar yadda ba su bayyana a zamanin kafin Cambrian ba (3.5). shekaru biliyan).

Stephen J. Gould: Masana burbushin halittu sun dade da saninsu, kuma sun yi mamakin cewa dukkan manyan rukunonin daular dabbobi sun bayyana cikin sauri cikin kankanin lokaci a lokacin zamanin Cambrian... duk rayuwa, ciki har da kakannin dabbobi, sun kasance masu haifuwa guda daya. na kashi biyar cikin shida na tarihin yanzu, har zuwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 550 da suka wuce wani fashewar juyin halitta ya haifar da dukkanin manyan kungiyoyin daular dabbobi kawai a cikin 'yan shekaru miliyan ...

    Fashewar Cambrian wani muhimmin lamari ne a tarihin rayuwar dabbobi masu yawa. Yayin da muka kara nazarin labarin, za mu ƙara sha'awar shaidar keɓantacce da tasiri mai mahimmanci a tarihin rayuwa na gaba. Asalin tsarin halittar jikin mutum da aka haifa a wancan lokacin sun mamaye rayuwa tun daga lokacin ba tare da kari ba. (4)

Bambance-bambancen da aka samu a lokacin Cambrian ya haifar da batutuwa biyu da ba a warware su ba. Na farko, waɗanne hanyoyin juyin halitta ne suka haifar da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsarin halittar jiki (nau'i) na manyan rukunin kwayoyin halitta? Na biyu, me ya sa iyakan halittar jiki tsakanin ababen more rayuwa suka kasance dawwama cikin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata? (Erwin D. Valentine J (2013) Fashewar Cambriad: Gina Rayuwar Dabbobi, Roberts da Masu Buga Kamfani, 416 p.)

Ko da wane irin sauye-sauyen juyin halitta ya faru bayan wannan, a cikin kowane iri-iri, ainihin lamari ne kawai na bambancin sifofin da aka kafa a fashewar Cambrian. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Alternative zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. zool. Mus. Inst. 89, Erg.bd.1, 9-20 / 1992, shafi na 19)

3. Matsala ta uku, idan muka tsaya ga ma'aunin juyin halitta da jadawalinsa, shine abin da ake kira fashewar Cambrian an yi imanin ya faru ne kawai "a cikin shekaru miliyan 10 ". To, menene abin mamaki game da wannan? Duk da haka, babban abin mamaki ne a mahangar ka'idar juyin halitta, domin shekaru miliyan 10 lokaci ne mai ban mamaki a ma'aunin juyin halitta, watau kusan kusan. 1/400 na duk lokacin da aka yi imani da cewa rayuwa ta wanzu a duniya (kimanin shekaru biliyan 4). Don haka abin da ke daure kai shi ne, duk nau'ikan tsarin dabbobi da manyan kungiyoyi sun bayyana cikin kankanin lokaci, amma babu zuriyar wadannan dabbobi kafin wannan, kuma babu wani sabon salo da ya bayyana tun daga lokacin. Wannan bai dace da tsarin juyin halitta ba. Yana da cikakken akasin abin da kuke tsammani.

     To ta yaya za a iya bayyana wannan al'amari ta fuskar halitta? A fahimtata ita ce fashewar Cambrian tana nufin halitta, watau yadda aka halicci komai nan take. Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin cewa an halicci wasu halittu, kamar dabbobin ƙasa da tsuntsaye, daga baya. Ba haka ba, amma duk dabbobi da shuke-shuke an halicce su ne a lokaci guda kuma sun rayu a lokaci guda a duniya, amma a cikin sassa daban-daban na muhalli (teku, fadama, ƙasa, yankunan tsaunuka ...). Har a yau, mutane da dabbobi masu shayarwa na duniya ba su zama a wuri ɗaya da dabbobin teku ba. In ba haka ba za su nutse nan da nan. Hakazalika, dabbobin teku, waɗanda ake kira wakilan zamanin Cambrian ana da'awar sun kasance, ba za su iya rayuwa a duniya ba kamar yadda dabbobi masu shayarwa da mutane suke yi. Za su mutu da wuri.

Ta yaya kuke tabbatar da miliyoyin shekaru gaskiya

Muhimmin abu mai mahimmanci a ka'idar juyin halitta shine zato na miliyoyin shekaru. Ba su tabbatar da ka'idar juyin halitta gaskiya ba, amma masanan suna daukar miliyoyin shekaru a matsayin mafi kyawun shaida na amincin ka'idar juyin halitta. Suna tunanin cewa, idan aka ba da isasshen lokaci, duk abin da zai yiwu: haihuwar rayuwa da gadon duk nau'in halin yanzu daga tantanin halitta na farko. Don haka a cikin tatsuniya idan yarinya ta sumbaci kwado sai ya zama basarake. Duk da haka, idan kun ba da isasshen lokaci, watau shekaru miliyan 300, wannan abu ya zama kimiyya, domin a lokacin masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa kwadi ya zama mutum. Wannan shine yadda masanan suke ba da lokaci na dabi'a na allahntaka, kamar yadda yake.

    Amma yaya abin yake? Muna duban wurare guda biyu masu alaƙa da batun: ma'auni da aka yi da duwatsu da adadin samuwar ajiya. Wadannan abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci don ganowa a wannan yanki.

1. Ma'auni da aka yi da duwatsu. Masanan sunyi tunanin cewa daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hujjojin da ke goyon bayan miliyoyin shekaru shine ma'aunin da aka yi akan duwatsun rediyo. Bisa ga duwatsu, an kammala cewa duniya tana da shekaru biliyoyin shekaru.

    Shin duwatsu sun tabbatar da cewa Duniya tana da biliyoyin shekaru? Ba su shaida. Waɗannan duwatsun ba su da tarihin shekarunsu; Matsalolinsu ne kawai za a iya aunawa kuma daga gare ta an fitar da natijar na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, akwai da yawa wasanin gwada ilimi game da aunawa radioactivity na duwatsu, wanda za mu haskaka kadan daga cikinsu. Ana iya auna yawan adadin duwatsun daidai, amma yana da shakka a danganta su da shekarun duwatsu.

Hankali a sassa daban-daban na duwatsu . Wani muhimmin abin la'akari shi ne cewa ana iya samun sakamako daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na duwatsun rediyoaktif, watau ma'auni daban-daban, wanda kuma yana nufin shekaru daban-daban. Misali, an sami sakamako daban-daban daga sanannen Allende meteorite, masu shekaru tsakanin miliyan 4480 zuwa shekaru miliyan 10400. A cikin ƙaramin yanki, yanki ɗaya na iya samun ƙima daban-daban. Misalin kuma yana nuna yadda ma'aunin aikin rediyo ke girgiza. Ta yaya wani ɓangare na dutse ɗaya zai girmi biliyoyin shekaru fiye da ɗayan? Kowa ya fahimci cewa ba za a iya amincewa da irin wannan ƙarshe ba. Babu tabbas a danganta yawan duwatsun da shekarun su.

Tsofaffi na sabbin duwatsu . Idan ya zo ga hanyoyin da suka danganci aikin rediyo, ana iya gwada su a aikace. Wannan shi ne ainihin lamarin idan masana kimiyya sun san ainihin lokacin crystallization na dutse. Idan sun san ainihin lokacin crystallization na dutse, ma'aunin aikin rediyo ya kamata ya goyi bayan wannan bayanin.

    Yaya ma'aunin aikin rediyo ya yi nasara a wannan gwajin? Ba kyau sosai. Akwai misalai da yawa na yadda aka auna shekarun miliyoyin, har da biliyoyin shekaru daga sabbin duwatsu. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan duwatsun ba lallai bane ya sami alaƙa da ainihin shekarun su. Suna da abubuwan 'ya'ya ban da abubuwan uwa daga farkon, wanda ke sa ma'aunin ya zama abin dogaro. Ga wasu misalai:

Misali daya shine ma'aunin da aka yi bayan fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na St. Helens - wannan dutsen mai aman wuta a jihar Washington, Amurka, ya barke a shekarar 1980. An dauki dutse daya daga wannan fashewa zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na hukuma don tantance shekarunsa. Menene shekarun dutsen? Ya kasance shekaru miliyan 2.8! Wannan yana nuna yadda ƙayyadaddun shekarun ya kasance ba daidai ba. Samfurin ya riga ya sami 'ya'ya abubuwa, don haka yana yiwuwa ga sauran duwatsu. Abubuwan da aka tattara ba dole ba ne su nuna ainihin shekarun duwatsun.

• Wani misali kuma shi ne duwatsu masu banƙyama (Mount Ngauruhoe a New Zealand) waɗanda aka sani sun yi kristal daga lawa shekaru 25-50 kacal da suka wuce sakamakon fashewar aman wuta. Don haka a bayansa akwai abin lura da shaidun gani da ido.

      An aika da samfurori na waɗannan duwatsun don saduwa da ɗaya daga cikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen da ake girmamawa na kasuwanci (Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Menene sakamakon? A cikin hanyar potassium-argon, shekarun samfuran sun bambanta tsakanin 270,000 zuwa shekaru miliyan 3.5, kodayake an san duwatsun sun yi crystallized daga lava kawai shekaru 25-50 da suka wuce. Isochron jagoran gubar ya ba da shekaru biliyan 3.9, rubidium-strontium isochron shekaru miliyan 133, da samarium-neodymium isochron shekaru miliyan 197. Misalin yana nuna rashin dogaron hanyoyin rediyo da kuma yadda duwatsu zasu iya ƙunsar abubuwan 'ya'ya tun daga farko.

• Idan ya zo ga binciken da ya shafi ɗan adam, yawancin su sun dogara ne akan hanyar potassium-argon. Yana nufin cewa an yanke shawarar shekarun potassium-argon akan dutsen da ke kusa da burbushin, sannan kuma an tantance shekarun burbushin dan adam daga gare shi.

    Koyaya, misalin da ke gaba yana nuna yadda wannan hanyar ba ta da tabbas. Samfurin dutse na farko ya ba da sakamakon bai wuce shekaru miliyan 220 ba. Don haka lokacin da aka gano burbushin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda ake ganin sun tsufa ta amfani da wannan hanyar, yakamata a yi tambaya game da waɗannan shekarun. Misalin da ya gabata ya kuma nuna yadda tantance shekarun sabbin duwatsu na iya yin kuskure miliyoyin shekaru yayin amfani da wannan hanyar.

A ka'idar, ana iya amfani da hanyar potassium-argon don kwanan wata ga ƙananan duwatsu, amma ba ma wannan hanyar ba za a iya amfani da su don saduwa da burbushin da kansu. Tsohon "Mutumin 1470" da Richard Leakey ya gano an ƙaddara ya kasance shekaru miliyan 2.6 ta wannan hanya. Farfesa ET Hall, wanda ya ƙayyade shekarun, ya bayyana cewa binciken farko na samfurin dutse ya ba da sakamakon da ba zai yiwu ba na shekaru miliyan 220. An ƙi wannan sakamakon, saboda bai dace da ka'idar juyin halitta ba, don haka an bincika wani samfurin. Sakamakon bincike na biyu ya kasance "mai dacewa" shekaru miliyan 2.6. Shekarun da aka yi amfani da su don samfurori iri ɗaya daga baya sun bambanta tsakanin shekaru 290,000 zuwa 19,500,000. Saboda haka, hanyar potassium-argon ba ze zama abin dogaro ba musamman, haka ma yadda masu binciken juyin halitta ke fassara sakamakon. (5)

Lokacin da hanyoyin suka ci karo da juna . Kamar yadda aka fada, ana iya gwada ma'aunin da aka ɗauka daga duwatsu. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni na wannan shine ma'auni da aka yi da sababbin duwatsu, watau ma'auni wanda aka san ainihin lokacin crystallization na duwatsu. Duk da haka, misalan da suka gabata sun nuna cewa waɗannan hanyoyin ba su ci wannan gwajin sosai ba. Sabbin duwatsu ko kuma sabbin duwatsu sun ba da shekaru miliyoyin, har ma da biliyoyin shekaru, don haka hanyoyin ba su da kuskure.

    Wani abin farawa don gwada ma'aunin da aka yi daga duwatsu shine a kwatanta su da sauran hanyoyin, musamman hanyar radiocarbon. Akwai misalan masu ban sha'awa na wannan, waɗanda na gaba suna da kyau. Ya ba da labarin wata bishiyar da aka yi kwanan watan radiocarbon shekaru dubbai ne kawai, amma dutsen da ke kewaye da shi an rubuta shi ya kai shekaru miliyan 250. Duk da haka, itacen yana cikin dutsen, don haka dole ne ya kasance kafin dutsen ya yi crystallized. Dole ne itacen ya girmi dutsen da aka yi masa crystallized a kusa da shi. Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu? Yiwuwar kawai shine hanyoyin rediyo, musamman ma'aunin da aka yi daga duwatsu, an yi kuskure sosai. Babu wani zaɓi:

Mun buga cikakkun rahotannin da bishiyar da aka samu a cikin dutsen yashi na ''shekaru miliyan 250'' ko kuma a cikin wani dutse mai aman wuta "dubun miliyoyin shekaru" ya sami shekaru dubbai ne kawai a cikin kayyade shekarun radiocarbon. A lokacin da... Masanan ilimin kasa suka dauki samfurin dutsen mai aman wuta, wanda aka san cewa ya taso ne daga dutsen mai aman wuta a zamanin tarihi, kuma ya tura su zuwa manyan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na tantance shekarun radiometric, "ƙaddamarwar shekaru" kusan ba ta daɗe tana ba da sakamakon miliyoyin shekaru. Wannan yana nuna da ƙarfi cewa zato da ke ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun shekarun ba daidai ba ne. (6)

Wani misali ya ci gaba akan wannan batu. Yana ba da labarin bishiyar da aka binne a cikin rafi na lava. Itacen da basalt da ke kewaye da shi sun sami shekaru daban-daban:

A Ostiraliya, an binne bishiyar da aka gano a cikin Basalt na Tertiary a fili a cikin magudanar ruwa da basalt ɗin ya yi, saboda an kone ta ta hanyar tuntuɓar lava. Itacen ya kasance "kwanakin kwanan wata" ta hanyar bincike na radiocarbon don zama kimanin shekaru 45,000, amma basalt ya "kwana" ta hanyar potassium-argon zuwa shekaru miliyan 45. (7)

2. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga - jinkiri ko sauri? Ɗaya daga cikin zato a baya bayan miliyoyin shekaru shine cewa yadudduka na duniya sun taru a saman juna a cikin tsarin da suka wuce miliyoyin shekaru. Charles Lyell ne ya kawo wannan ra'ayin a karni na 19. Misali, Darwin ya dogara ga tsarin tunani da Lyell ya gabatar. Don haka, a cikin littafinsa On the Origin of Species, ya rubuta yadda tunanin Lyell ya shafe shi (shafi na 422): “Duk wanda bai yarda da tsawon kwanakin da suka wuce ba bayan ya karanta kyakkyawan aikin Sir Charles Lyell mai suna ‘Principles of Geology’ – wanda Tabbas masana tarihi na gaba za su gane cewa shi ne ya kawo sauyi a fagen ilimin kimiyyar halitta – zai yi kyau ya ajiye wannan littafi nawa a gefe guda”.

    Amma sun kafa tsarin a hankali? Lokacin da Charles Lyell ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa strata sakamakon tafiyar hawainiya ne, abubuwa da yawa sun yi magana akan wannan. Ga ‘yan misalai

Burbushin mutane da kaya . Wani abu mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa an samo burbushin ɗan adam da kayayyaki har ma a cikin duwatsu da kuma carbon strata (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, shafi 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Gaskiya ko Fallacy 1981 / Barnes, FA, Shari'ar Kasusuwa a Dutse, Desert/Fabrairu, 1975, shafi na 36-39). Hakazalika, an samu kayayyakin mutane irinsu madatsun ruwa a cikin matsugunan da aka ware da gawayi. A cikin littafinsa Time Upside Down (1981), Erich A. von Frange ya lissafa ƙarin abubuwan da aka samu a cikin kwal. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ɗan ƙaramin kube na ƙarfe, guduma ƙarfe, kayan ƙarfe, ƙusa, jirgin ruwa mai siffar kararrawa, kararrawa, kashin yaro, kwanyar mutum, ƙwanƙolin ɗan adam guda biyu, ƙafar ɗan adam burbushin halittu.

   Menene ma'anar wannan? Ya nuna cewa ginshiƙan da ake ɗauka a matsayin daɗaɗɗen, a haƙiƙa, ƴan shekaru dubu ne kawai kuma ba za su iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo suna samuwa ba. Tunanin Lyell game da tarin ɗimbin ɗabi'a a kan juna sama da miliyoyin shekaru ba zai iya tabbata ba. Yana da kyau a yi imani cewa yawancin waɗannan ɓangarorin, waɗanda aka yi la’akari da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru, sun samo asali ne a cikin bala’i kamar Ambaliyar ruwa cikin sauri kuma ’yan shekaru dubu da suka wuce. Masanan da kansu ba su yarda cewa mutane sun rayu shekaru goma ko ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce ba.

Babu zaizayar kasa . Lokacin kallon Grand Canyon da sauran manyan wuraren halitta, alal misali, zaku iya ganin madaidaicin saman juna. Amma lokacin da aka sami sabani da yawa a cikin Grand Canyon da sauran wurare, ana iya ganin zaizayar ƙasa tsakanin waɗannan matakan?

    Amsar a bayyane take: a'a. Ba a samun zaizayar ƙasa a cikin Grand Canyon ko wani wuri dabam. Akasin haka, ya bayyana cewa sassan suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya da juna kuma sun yi sama da juna ba tare da hutu ba. Ya kamata musaya na yadudduka su kasance masu jakunkuna da rashin daidaituwa a ko'ina idan da zaizayar kasa ta shafe su na dogon lokaci, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. Alal misali, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ɗaya kaɗai zai iya yin zurfin rami a cikin saman wuraren ajiya, ba ma ma maganar miliyoyin shekaru da ya shafi zaizayar ƙasa ba.

    Mafi kyawun bayani don samar da adibas shine cewa sun samo asali a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kawai 'yan kwanaki ko makonni a mafi yawan. Miliyoyin shekaru ba za su iya zama gaskiya ba. Ko a zamanin yau, an lura cewa, alal misali, dutsen yashi mai kauri mai kauri zai iya samuwa a cikin mintuna 30 zuwa 60. Karin bayani kan batun a cikin magana mai zuwa:

   (…) Amma menene muka samu maimakon haka?

    "Matsalar waɗannan ɓangarorin da ke haifar da dadewa na yanayin ƙasa shine rashin yashewar abin da ake tsammani a waɗannan gibin. A cikin miliyoyin shekaru da aka buga don waɗannan gibin, kuna tsammanin zazzagewar da ba ta dace ba, kuma gibin bai kamata ya zama daidai ba.

  (…) Dr Roth yayi karin bayani kamar haka:

    'Bambanci mai ban sha'awa tsakanin shimfidar shimfidar shimfidar wuri, musamman ma saman saman saman da yawa na paraconforities, idan aka kwatanta da ɓataccen yanayin yanayin yanayin yankin na yanzu, yana kwatanta matsalar da waɗannan gibin ke haifarwa na tsawon shekaru. Idan miliyoyin shekaru da yawa sun faru a zahiri, me yasa saman saman saman ba sa sabawa ka'ida kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu na yankin? Ya yi kama da miliyoyin shekaru da aka ba da shawara don ginshiƙin ƙasa ba su taɓa faruwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, idan lokacin yanayin ƙasa ya ɓace a cikin yanki ɗaya, to ya ɓace a duk duniya.' (8)

Strata da sauri ya kafa a zamanin yau . Lokacin da aka yi tunanin cewa ɓangarorin sun samo asali ne a hankali a cikin miliyoyin shekaru bisa ga koyarwar Charles Lyell, akwai wasu 'yan kallo masu amfani a kan shi, inda aka samar da sassan da sauri. Misali, dangane da fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na St. Helena a shekara ta 1980, an samu jerin gwano mai kauri sama da mita dari, kuma a cikin 'yan makonni kadan. Ba a ɗauki miliyoyin shekaru ba, amma a cikin ƴan kwanaki sai ɗimbin yawa suka taru a kan juna. Wani abin al'ajabi kuma shi ne, daga baya an yi wani rafi a wannan yanki, sai ruwa ya fara kwarara a cikinsa. Ko da wannan tsari bai ɗauki miliyoyin shekaru ba, kamar yadda masana juyin halitta za su ɗauka, amma komai ya faru a cikin ƴan makonni. Ya kamata a ɗauka cewa, alal misali, Grand Canyon da wasu manyan sifofi na halitta da yawa sun samo asali a cikin saurin tafiyar matakai iri ɗaya.

    Tsibirin Surtsey wani lamari ne makamancin haka. An haifi wannan tsibirin ne sakamakon fashewar wani dutse mai aman wuta a karkashin ruwa a shekara ta 1963. A watan Janairun 2006, mujallar New Scientist ta ba da labarin yadda kwazazzabo, kwazazzabai da sauran siffofi suka bayyana a wannan tsibirin cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Bai ɗauki miliyoyin ko ma dubban shekaru ba:

Rawayoyi, kwazazzabai da sauran nau'o'in kasa, wadanda yawanci ke daukar dubun dubatar ko miliyoyin shekaru, sun ba wa masu binciken ilimin kasa mamaki domin an yi su cikin kasa da shekaru goma. (9)

Dogayen gangar jikin bishiyar, burbushin dinosaur da sauran burbushin halittun da ke cikin matsugunin, wata hujja ce a kan wannan ra’ayi na cewa an kafa ma’auni a hankali kuma sama da shekaru miliyoyi. An gano burbushin gangar jikin bishiya daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, wadanda suka ratsa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani tsohon hoton mahakar ma'adanin kwal na Saint-Etienne a Faransa ya nuna yadda kututturan bishiyu guda biyar ke ratsa kowane nau'i kusan goma ko fiye. Hakazalika, an gano wani kututturen bishiya mai tsayin mita 24 a kusa da Edinburgh, wadda ta ratsa fiye da yadudduka goma, kuma komai na nuni da cewa an kai gawar da sauri zuwa wurinsa. Bisa ga ra'ayin juyin halitta, tsarin ya kamata ya zama miliyoyin shekaru, amma duk da komai, kututturen bishiyar suna fadada ta cikin waɗannan "miliyoyin shekaru" tsofaffin ɓangarorin.

    Misalin da ke gaba yana nuna yadda matsala ke damun mannewa jinkirin daidaitawa sama da miliyoyin shekaru. Dole ne a binne bishiyoyi da sauri, in ba haka ba burbushin su ba zai iya wanzuwa a yau ba. Hakanan ya shafi sauran burbushin da aka samu a cikin ƙasa:

Wanda ya koyar da tsantsar ɗabi'ar Lyell, Derek Ager, farfesa a fannin ilimin geology a Kwalejin Jami'ar Swansea, ya bayyana wasu kututtukan burbushin halittu masu yawa a cikin littafinsa tare da misalai. “Da a ce an kiyasta kauri na ma’aunin ma’aunin kwal na Biritaniya ya kai mita 1000, kuma da ta samu ne a cikin shekaru kusan miliyan 10, to da an dauki shekaru 100,000 a binne bishiyar mai tsayin mita 10, idan aka yi la’akari da hakan. Wannan zai zama abin dariya, a madadin haka, idan aka binne bishiyar mai tsayin mita 10 a cikin shekaru 10, wannan yana nufin kilomita 1000 a cikin shekaru miliyan ko kuma kilomita 10 000 a cikin shekaru miliyan 10. m, kuma ba za mu iya kauce wa zuwa ga ƙarshe cewa stratification ya faru da sauri a wasu lokuta ... (10).

To, menene saurin fitowar burbushin gangar jikin bishiyar da sauran burbushin ke nufi? Mafi kyawun bayani shine bala'i kwatsam, wanda ke bayanin duka saurin fitowar ajiya da kuma burbushin da ke cikinsu. Wannan na iya faruwa, alal misali, a cikin Tufana. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa masana kimiyya da yawa sun fara yarda da bala'o'i a baya, kuma sun daina ɗauka cewa duk abin da ya faru a kullum a cikin miliyoyin shekaru. Shaidar ta fi goyan bayan bala'o'i fiye da tafiyar hawainiya. Stephen Jay Gould, sanannen masanin burbushin halittu wanda bai yarda da Allah ba ya yi nuni ga binciken Lyell:

Charles Lyell lauya ne ta hanyar sana'a… [kuma ya] bi hanyar dabara guda biyu don kafa ra'ayinsa na bai daya a matsayin kawai ilimin kasa na gaskiya. Na farko, ya kafa mannequin bambaro domin ya lalata shi… A zahiri, masu goyon bayan bala'i sun fi Lyell fuskantar gwaji sosai. Lalle ne, abubuwan da ke ƙasa suna da alama suna buƙatar bala'o'i: duwatsun sun wargaje kuma sun karkace; An shafe dukkan kwayoyin halitta. Don yin watsi da wannan bayyanar ta zahiri, Lyell ya maye gurbin shaidar da tunaninsa. Na biyu, uniformity na Lyell shine jumble na da'awar…

 ... Lyell ba tsantsar jarumin gaskiya da aikin fage ba ne, amma da gangan ne mai yada ka'ida mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa wacce ta kunno kai cikin tsayayyen yanayin zagayowar lokaci. Da basirar magana, ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita ka'idarsa da hankali da ikhlasi. (11)

Kamar yadda aka fada, mafi kusantar haihuwar mafi yawan matsuguni shine bala'i kamar Ambaliyar ruwa. Abin da ke cikin ginshiƙi na ƙasa da miliyoyin shekaru ya bayyana, ko kuma wataƙila masifu da yawa, duka na iya haifar da bala'i ɗaya kuma iri ɗaya: Tufana. Yana iya bayyana lalatar dinosaurs, wanzuwar burbushin halittu da sauran abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙasa.

    Alal misali, ana samun dinosaur a cikin duwatsu masu wuya, kuma yana iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin a cire burbushin halittu daga dutsen. Amma ta yaya suka shiga cikin duwatsu masu wuya? Bayanin da ya dace kawai shine laka mai laushi ya hau kansu sannan ya taurare. Irin wannan ba a ko'ina yake faruwa a yau, amma a cikin bala'i irin na ambaliya, da zai yiwu. Abin lura shi ne cewa an samu tsoffin litattafai kusan 500 a duniya, bisa ga ambaliya a doron kasa.

     Dalilai masu kyau na danganta bala’in musamman ga Ambaliyar su ne kasancewar ruwan ruwan ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin duniya, kamar yadda ayoyi na gaba suka nuna. Farkon sharhin ya fito ne daga wani littafi na James Hutton, uban ilimin geology, na fiye da shekaru 200 da suka wuce:

Dole ne mu gama da cewa duk yadudduka na ƙasa (...) sun kasance ta hanyar yashi da tsakuwa waɗanda suka taru a kan tekun teku, harsashi crustacean da ƙwayar murjani, ƙasa da yumbu. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth l, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: A nahiyoyi, duwatsun ruwa na ruwa sun fi kowa yawa kuma sun yadu fiye da sauran duwatsun da aka haɗa. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sauƙaƙan gaskiyar da ke buƙatar bayani, kasancewa a zuciyar duk abin da ke da alaƙa da ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ɗan adam don fahimtar canjin yanayin ƙasa na zamanin da. (JS Shelton: Geology kwatanta)

Wani abin da ke nuni da ambaliya shi ne kasancewar burbushin ruwa a cikin manyan tsaunuka kamar Himalayas da Alps da Andes. Ga wasu misalai daga nasu litattafan masana kimiyya da masu ilimin geologist:

Yayin da yake tafiya a kan Beagle Darwin da kansa ya sami burbushin tekun teku daga sama a kan tsaunin Andean. Ya nuna cewa, abin da yake yanzu dutse ya taɓa ƙarƙashin ruwa. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Me ya sa juyin halitta gaskiya ne], shafi na 127)

Akwai dalilin da ya kamata a yi la'akari da ainihin yanayin duwatsu a cikin jeri na tsaunuka. An fi ganin shi a cikin Alps, a cikin Alps Alps na arewa, wanda ake kira yankin Helvetian. Limestone shine babban kayan dutse. Idan muka kalli dutsen nan a kan tudu masu gangare ko kuma a saman dutse - idan muna da kuzarin hawa can - za mu sami burbushin dabbobi, burbushin dabbobi, a cikinsa. Sau da yawa suna lalacewa sosai amma yana yiwuwa a sami guntuwar da za a iya ganewa. Duk waɗancan burbushin harsashi ne na lemun tsami ko kwarangwal na halittun teku. A cikin su akwai ammonawa masu zaren karkace, musamman ma da yawa harsashi biyu. (…) Mai karatu na iya yin mamaki a wannan lokacin me ake nufi da cewa tsaunin tsaunuka na dauke da laka mai yawa, wadanda kuma za a iya samun su matsuguni a kasan teku. (shafi na 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

Harutaka Sakai na Jami'ar Japan da ke Kyushu ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana bincike kan wadannan burbushin ruwa a tsaunukan Himalayan. Shi da ƙungiyarsa sun jera dukan akwatin kifaye daga lokacin Mesozoic. Ana samun furannin furanni masu rauni, dangi ga urchins na teku na yanzu da kifin taurari, a cikin ganuwar dutse fiye da kilomita uku sama da matakin teku. Ammonawa, belemnites, murjani da plankton ana samun su azaman burbushin duwatsu a cikin duwatsun duwatsu (…)

   A tsayin kilomita biyu, masana kimiyyar kasa sun gano wata alama da tekun kanta ya bari. Dutsen dutsensa mai kaman igiyar ruwa ya yi daidai da siffofin da suka rage a cikin yashi daga raƙuman ruwa maras nauyi. Ko daga saman Everest, ana samun ɗigon dutse mai launin rawaya, waɗanda suka tashi a ƙarƙashin ruwa daga ragowar dabbobin ruwa marasa adadi. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", shafi na 55)

Ta yaya kuke tabbatar da wanzuwar rayuwa a Duniya tsawon miliyoyin shekaru?

An ɗaga abubuwa biyu a sama waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da tsawon miliyoyin shekaru: ma'auni na duwatsun rediyo da ƙimar ƙima. An gano cewa babu ɗayansu da ya tabbatar da tsawon lokacin gaskiya. Matsalar ma'auni da aka yi akan duwatsu shine cewa gaba ɗaya sabbin duwatsun sun riga sun ƙunshi abubuwan 'ya'ya kuma don haka sun zama tsofaffi. Haka zalika ba a yi nuni da miliyoyin shekaru domin kayayyakin mutane, hatta gawarwakin dan Adam, an same su a cikin matsugunan da ake ganin sun dade, kuma saboda a yau akwai sheda da ke nuna saurin taru a saman juna. Miliyoyin shekaru suna da sauƙin tambaya bisa ga waɗannan gaskiyar.

    Kuma bayyanar rayuwa a duniya fa? An gaya mana akai-akai a cikin shirye-shiryen yanayi, littattafan makaranta da sauran wurare cewa rayuwa mai rikitarwa ta wanzu a duniya tsawon daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru. Shin wannan ra'ayi ya cancanci aminta da shi? A cikin wannan al'amari, ya kamata ku kula da abubuwa masu zuwa:

Babu wanda zai iya sanin shekarun burbushin halittu . Da farko, dole ne a mai da hankali ga burbushin halittu. Su ne kawai ragowar rayuwar da ta gabata, kuma ba mu da wani abu da ke samuwa.

     Amma shin za a iya sanin ainihin shekarun su daga burbushin? Shin zai yiwu a san cewa wani burbushin ya girmi ko ƙarami fiye da wani? Amsar a bayyane take: ba shi yiwuwa a gano wannan. Idan an tono kowane burbushin halittu daga ƙasa, misali ƙasusuwan dinosaur ko burbushin trilobite, babu wani tarihin shekarunsa da lokacin da yake raye a duniya. Ba za mu iya gano irin wannan bayanin daga gare ta ba. Duk wanda ya ɗauki burbushin halittu zai iya lura da wannan. (Haka ya shafi misali zanen kogo. Wasu masu bincike na iya ɗauka cewa sun kai dubun-dubatar shekaru, amma su da kansu ba su nuna irin waɗannan alamun ba. Wataƙila sun kasance ƴan shekaru dubu kaɗan kawai.)

    Duk da komai, ainihin zato a ka'idar juyin halitta shine ana iya sanin waɗannan shekarun. Kodayake burbushin da kansu ba sa faɗa ko nuna wani bayani, yawancin masanan suna da'awar sanin lokacin da suka rayu (abin da ake kira index fossil table). Suna tsammanin suna da takamaiman bayani game da ainihin matakan ammonites, trilobites, dinosaurs, mammals, da sauran halittu masu rai a duniya, kodayake ba zai yuwu a fitar da wani abu makamancin haka daga burbushin halittu da wuraren zama ba.

Babu wani mutum a duniyar nan da ya san isashen duwatsu da burbushin halittu da zai iya tabbatar da ta kowace hanya cewa wani nau'in burbushin halittu da gaske ya girme ko kasa da wani nau'in. A wasu kalmomi, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa trilobite daga zamanin Cambrian ya girmi dinosaur daga lokacin Cretaceous ko kuma dabbar dabba daga lokacin Tertiary. Geology wani abu ne face ainihin kimiyya. (12)

Lokacin da aka tono burbushin halittu daga ƙasa, wannan matsalar ta shafi burbushin halittu na mammoth da dinosaur. Ta yaya faruwarsu dabam-dabam a duniya za ta tabbata idan burbushin halittun biyu suna da kyau kuma suna kusa da saman duniya, kamar yadda ake yawan samun su? Ta yaya wani zai yi iƙirarin cewa burbushin dinosaur ya girmi mammoth ko burbushin ɗan adam shekaru miliyan 65 idan duka suna cikin yanayi mai kyau daidai? Amsar ita ce babu wanda ke da irin wannan bayanin. Duk wanda ya yi iƙirarin ba haka ba, ya tafi gefen hasashe.

     Don haka me yasa masana kimiyya wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba suka yi imani da cewa burbushin dinosaur ya girmi burbushin halittu akalla shekaru miliyan 65? Babban dalilin hakan shi ne tsarin jadawalin yanayin kasa, wanda aka shirya a karni na 19, watau tun kafin a kirkiro hanyar radiocarbon ko wasu hanyoyin rediyo, misali. An kayyade shekarun burbushin ne bisa wannan jadawali na lokaci, domin ana kyautata zaton cewa ka'idar Darwin daidai ce kuma kungiyoyin jinsuna daban-daban sun bayyana a duniya a lokuta daban-daban. Don haka an yi imani da cewa rayuwa ta fara ne a cikin teku, ta yadda da farko akwai wani tantanin halitta mai sauƙi, sai dabbobi masu ruwa da ruwa suka bayyana, daga baya kuma kifi, sai kwaɗi da ke zaune a bakin ruwa, sai dabbobi masu rarrafe, daga ƙarshe kuma tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. An yi imanin juyin halitta ya ci gaba a cikin wannan tsari, kuma an zana taswirar lokacin yanayin ƙasa a cikin karni na 19 don wannan dalili, wanda har yau yana ƙayyade fassarar zamanin burbushin da masana kimiyya masu yarda da Allah suka yi. Ba su da wani dalili na shekarun burbushin.

   Taswirar lokacin yanayin kasa don haka ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin juyin halitta a hankali, wanda shine babban sharadi na ka'idar juyin halitta. Matsalar, duk da haka, ita ce, ba a taɓa ganin juyin halitta a hankali ba a cikin burbushin da zai tabbatar da teburin yanayin daidai. Har ma da sanannen wanda bai yarda da Allah ba Richard Dawkins ya yarda da haka a cikin littafinsa Sokea Kelloseppä (s. 240,241, The Blind Watchmaker): “ Tun daga Darwin, masanan sun san cewa burbushin da aka tsara bisa tsarin zamani ba jerin kanana bane, da kyar. m canje-canje. Haka nan, sanannen masanin burbushin halittu Stephen Jay Gould ya ce: "Ba na so ta kowace hanya in raina yuwuwar iyawar ra'ayin juyin halitta a hankali. Ina so kawai in lura cewa ba a taɓa ganin shi a cikin duwatsu ba. (13).

   Menene za a iya kammala daga abin da ke sama? Idan ba a sami ci gaba a hankali ba, ƙididdige shekarun ginshiƙi na ginshiƙi na yanayin ƙasa da kuma tunanin cewa ƙungiyoyin jinsuna daban-daban sun bayyana a duniya a lokuta daban-daban ana iya yin tambaya. Babu wani tushe na irin wannan ra'ayi. Maimakon haka, yana da kyau a ɗauka cewa dukkanin rukunonin jinsunan da suka gabata sun kasance a duniya a lokaci guda, amma a cikin sassa daban-daban na muhalli, saboda wasu daga cikinsu dabbobi ne na ruwa, wasu na ƙasa, wasu kuma a tsakanin. Bugu da kari, wasu nau'ikan kamar dinosuurs da dinosaurs, waɗanda aka yi la'akari da burbushin halittu, sun kare. Babu wani dalili da za a yi imani da cewa wasu nau'ikan sun tsufa ko ƙanana fiye da wasu. Ba za a iya yin irin wannan ƙarshe ba bisa tushen burbushin halittu.

    Rayayyun burbushin halittu - kwayoyin da yakamata su mutu miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, amma an same su har yanzu suna raye - suma shaida ne cewa miliyoyin shekaru ba za a amince da su ba. Haƙiƙa akwai ɗaruruwan irin wannan burbushin. Masanin kimiyyar Jamus Dr Joachim Scheven's gidan kayan gargajiya yana da misalan sama da 500 na irin wannan burbushin halittu masu rai. Misali daya kuma shine coelacanth, wanda aka yi imanin ya mutu shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce, watau a lokaci guda da dinosaur. Duk da haka, an sami wannan kifi a raye a zamanin yau, to a ina yake boye shekaru miliyan 65? Wani, kuma mafi kusantar, zaɓi shine cewa ba a taɓa samun miliyoyin shekaru ba.

Me yasa dinosaurs basu rayu miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce ba ? Sakunan da suka gabata sun yi nuni da cewa ba zai yiwu a san ainihin shekarun burbushin ba. Haka kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da cewa burbushin trilobites, dinosaur ko mammoths, alal misali, sun bambanta da shekaru. Babu wata shaida ta kimiyya game da hakan, amma waɗannan nau'ikan ƙila sun rayu a lokaci ɗaya a duniya, amma a cikin ɗakunan muhalli daban-daban, kamar su ma yanzu akwai wuraren ruwa, marsh, tuddai da tsaunuka tare da dabbobinsu da tsirrai.

    Yaya game da rayuwa a duniya na miliyoyin shekaru, kamar yadda aka maimaita mana a cikin shirye-shiryen yanayi ko wasu tushe? An fi dacewa da wannan batu ta hanyar hanyar radiocarbon saboda yana iya auna shekarun samfurori na kwayoyin halitta. Sauran ma'auni ta hanyoyin rediyo yawanci ana yin su ne daga duwatsu, amma ana iya amfani da hanyar radiocarbon don yin ma'auni kai tsaye daga burbushin halittu. Rabin rabin rayuwar wannan abu shine shekaru 5730, don haka bai kamata ya faru kwata-kwata bayan shekaru 100,000 ba.

    Menene game da dinosaurs? Babban muhawara a wannan yanki shine game da dinosaur. Kamar suna sha'awar mutane, kuma da su an gwada su don tabbatar da miliyoyin shekaru a duniya. Su masu bishara ne na masana juyin halitta waɗanda suke kawowa idan ya cancanta idan ya zo ga miliyoyin shekaru.

   Amma, amma. Kamar yadda aka gani, ƙayyadaddun shekarun dinosaur ya dogara ne akan ginshiƙi na lokacin yanayin ƙasa da aka haɗa a cikin 1800s, wanda aka gano ba daidai ba sau da yawa. Babu wata shaidar kimiyya da ta nuna cewa dinosaur sun girmi, alal misali, mammoths da sauran dabbobin da ba a sani ba. Anan ga wasu 'yan kallo masu sauƙi waɗanda ke nuna cewa dinosaur ba su ƙare ba shekaru miliyoyi da suka gabata kuma yawancin nau'ikan zamani sun rayu a lokaci guda da su.

• Nau'in zamani sun rayu a lokaci guda da dinosaur. Masana ilimin juyin halitta suna magana akai-akai game da zamanin Dinosaurs saboda, bisa ga ka'idar juyin halitta, sun yi imanin cewa rukuni daban-daban na dabbobi sun bayyana a duniya a lokuta daban-daban. Suna tunanin, alal misali, tsuntsaye sun fito ne daga dinosaur, don haka dinosaur dole ne su bayyana a duniya a gaban tsuntsaye. Hakanan, suna ɗauka cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko ba su bayyana a duniya ba har sai ƙarshen zamanin dinosaur.

    Duk da haka, kalmar zamanin dinosaur yaudara ce domin daga dinosaur strata an samo daidai nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na zamani: kunkuru, kada, sarki boa, squirrel, beaver, badger, bushiya, shark, bakin ruwa, kyankyasai, kudan zuma, mussel. murjani, alligator, caiman, tsuntsayen zamani, dabbobi masu shayarwa. Alal misali, an yi imani da cewa tsuntsaye sun fito ne daga dinosaur, amma an samo tsuntsaye iri ɗaya a cikin dinosaur kamar yadda suke a yau: parrots, ducks, drakes, loons, flamingos, owls, penguins, shorebirds, albatrosses, cormorants, da avocets. A shekara ta 2000, an yi rijistar fiye da ɗari daban-daban burbushin tsuntsu na zamani daga Cretaceous strata. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano, an gaya musu misali a cikin littafin Carl Werner "Rayuwa Burbushin Halitta". Shekaru 14, ya yi bincike a kan burbushin halittu tun daga lokacin dinosaur, ya saba da wallafe-wallafen ƙwararrun burbushin halittu. ya kuma ziyarci gidajen tarihi 60 na kimiyyar halitta a duniya, inda ya dauki hotuna kusan 60,000. Dr Werner ya ce:"Gidajen tarihi ba sa nuna waɗannan burbushin tsuntsaye na zamani, ko kuma zana su a cikin hotuna da ke nuna yanayin dinosaur. Ba daidai ba ne. Ainihin, duk lokacin da aka nuna T. Rex ko Triceratops a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, ducks, loons, flamingos, ko wasu. daga cikin wadannan tsuntsayen zamani da aka samu a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in dinosaur kuma ya kamata a nuna su, amma hakan bai faru ba. aku?”

   Menene za a iya tsinkaya daga abin da ke sama? Tsuntsaye sun rayu a lokaci guda da dinosaur, kuma babu wani dalili da za a yi imani da cewa daga shi zai zama dubban miliyoyin shekaru.

    Game da dabbobi masu shayarwa fa? A cewar wasu ƙididdiga, an gano aƙalla nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 432 da suke rayuwa tare da dinosaur ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, da Luo, ZX, Mammals daga zamanin Dinosaurs: Asalin, Juyin Halitta da Tsarin, Columbia. Jami'ar Press, NY, 2004) . Hakazalika, an samo kasusuwan dinosaur a cikin kasusuwa masu kama da doki, saniya, da kasusuwan tumaki (Anderson, A., Yawon shakatawa ya zama wanda aka azabtar da tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus na iya mutuwa a hankali bayan duk, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9) , don haka dinosaurs da dabbobi masu shayarwa dole ne sun rayu a lokaci guda.

   Bugu da ari, a cikin wata hira ta bidiyo da Carl Werner, mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Utah, Dokta Donald Burge, ya bayyana cewa: " Mun sami burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa a kusan dukkanin abubuwan da muke tono dinosaur. Muna da ton goma na yumbu na bentonite dauke da burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma muna kan aiwatar da ba da su ga sauran masu bincike. Ba don ba za mu same su da muhimmanci ba, amma don rayuwa gajeru ce, kuma ni ban ƙware a kan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba: Na kware a kan dabbobi masu rarrafe da na dinosaurs”. Waɗannan nau'ikan abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi sun rayu a lokaci ɗaya a kowane lokaci, amma a cikin sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wasu nau'in, kamar dinosaur, sun bace. Ko a yau, jinsunan suna mutuwa.

• Nama mai laushi yana nufin gajerun lokaci . A baya an bayyana cewa soyayyar Dinosaur ya dogara ne akan ginshiƙi na zamanin ƙarni na 19 wanda aka yi imanin dinosaur ya bace shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata.

   Har ila yau burbushin Dinosaur na iya jin warin ruɓe. Jack Horner, masanin kimiyya wanda ya yi imani da ka'idar juyin halitta, ya bayyana game da wani babban wurin gano burbushin dinosaur cewa "dukkan kasusuwan da ke cikin Hell Creek suna wari." Ta yaya kashi zai wari bayan dubun miliyoyin shekaru? Da a ce sun tsufa, tabbas duk kamshin ya bar su a yanzu.

    Menene yakamata masu bincike suyi? Zai fi kyau a yi watsi da jadawalin lokacin yanayin ƙasa da aka zana a ƙarni na 19 kuma a mai da hankali kai tsaye kan burbushin halittu. Idan har yanzu akwai laushin kyallen takarda, sunadarai, DNA da radiocarbon da suka rage a cikinsu, ba zai iya zama tambaya na miliyoyin shekaru ba. Kasancewar waɗannan abubuwa a cikin burbushin halittu yana nuna ɗan gajeren lokaci. Waɗannan ma'auni ne masu kyau don ƙididdige shekarun burbushin halittu.

• Bayanin dodanni. Mutane da yawa suna da'awar cewa mutum bai rayu a lokaci guda da dinosaur ba. Koyaya, akwai nassoshi da yawa game da dodanni a al'adar ɗan adam. Wani mutumin Darwin, Richard Owen, ya ƙirƙira sunan dinosaur a 1841, amma game da dodanni an ba da labarin shekaru aru-aru. Ga wasu sharhi kan wannan batu:

Dodanni a cikin tatsuniyoyi suna da ban mamaki, kamar dabbobi na gaske waɗanda suka rayu a baya. Suna kama da manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe (dinosaurs) waɗanda suka yi mulkin ƙasar tun kafin a ce mutum ya bayyana. Dodanni gabaɗaya an ɗauke su a matsayin mummuna da ɓarna. Kowace al'umma ta yi nuni da su a cikin tatsuniyoyinsu. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)

Tun farkon tarihin da aka rubuta, dodanni sun bayyana a ko'ina: a farkon tarihin Assuriya da Babila game da ci gaban wayewa, a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na Tsohon Alkawari, a cikin tsoffin matani na Sin da Japan, a cikin tatsuniyar Girka, Roma. da Kiristoci na farko, a cikin misalan tsohuwar Amurka, a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Afirka da Indiya. Yana da wuya a sami al'ummar da ba ta haɗa da dodanni a cikin tarihinta na almara ba…Aristotle, Pliny da sauran marubuta na zamanin gargajiya sun yi iƙirarin cewa labarun dodanni sun dogara ne akan gaskiya ba hasashe ba. (14)

Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kuma ambaci sunan dragon sau da yawa (misali Ayuba 30:29: Ni ɗan'uwan dodanni ne, abokin mujiya). Dangane da wannan, ana iya samun sharhi mai ban sha'awa game da wannan batu daga masanin kimiyya wanda bai yarda da Allah ba Stephen Jay Gould. Ya lura cewa lokacin da littafin Ayuba yayi magana game da Behemoth, dabba ɗaya da wannan kwatancin ya dace da ita ita ce dinosaur ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). A matsayinsa na masanin juyin halitta, ya gaskata cewa marubucin littafin Ayuba tabbas ya sami iliminsa na burbushin da aka gano. Duk da haka, wannan ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin littattafai a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a fili yana magana akan dabba mai rai (Ayuba 40:15 Ga shi yanzu behemoth, wanda na yi tare da ku, yana cin ciyawa kamar sa…).

   Dodanni kuma suna bayyana a cikin fasaha (www.dinoglyphs.fi). An yi rikodin hotunan dodanni, alal misali, akan garkuwar yaƙi (Sutton Hoo) da kayan ado na bango na majami'u (misali SS Mary da Hardulph, Ingila). A ƙofar Ishtar da ke birnin Babila na dā, ban da bijimai da zakuna, an kwatanta dodanni. A farkon hatimin Silinda na Mesofotamiya, dodanni da wutsiyoyi kusan idan wuyansu sun bayyana (Moortgat, A., The art of d Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, shafi. 1,9,10 da Plate A.). Littafin Vance Nelson Dire Dragonsya ba da ƙarin misalai. Abin mamaki game da wannan littafi shi ne cewa ya ƙunshi tsofaffin zane-zane game da dodanni/dinosaur, da kuma zane-zane da masana juyin halitta na zamani da kansu suka zana bisa kasusuwan dinosaur. Masu karatu da kansu na iya kwatanta kamancen tsoffin ayyukan fasaha, da kuma zane-zanen da aka zana akan kasusuwa. Kamancinsu a bayyane yake.

   Me game da zodiac na kasar Sin? Kyakkyawan misali na yadda dinosaur zai iya zama dodanni shine wannan horoscope, wanda aka sani yana da shekaru aru-aru. Don haka lokacin da zodiac na kasar Sin ya dogara da alamun dabba 12 da ke maimaita a cikin shekaru 12, akwai dabbobi 12 da ke cikin ciki. 11 daga cikinsu sun saba ko da a zamanin yau: bera, sa, damisa, kurege, maciji, doki, tumaki, biri, zakara, kare da alade.. Maimakon haka, dabba ta 12 ita ce dodo, wadda ba ta wanzu a yau. Tambaya mai kyau ita ce, idan dabbobin 11 sun kasance dabbobi na gaske, me ya sa dodon zai zama abin ban mamaki da tatsuniyoyi? Shin bai fi dacewa a ɗauka cewa ta taɓa rayuwa a lokaci ɗaya da mutane ba, amma ta ɓace kamar sauran dabbobi? Yana da kyau a sake tunawa cewa kalmar dinosaur kawai aka ƙirƙira a ƙarni na 19 Richard Owen. Kafin wannan, an yi amfani da sunan dragon tsawon ƙarni. 

Ta yaya kuke tabbatar da ka'idar juyin halitta?

Ka'idar juyin halitta gaba daya kishiyar aikin halittar Allah ne. Wannan ka'idar, da Darwin ya gabatar, ta dauka cewa duk ta fara ne da wata karamar kwayar halitta, wadda ta samo asali tsawon shekaru miliyoyi zuwa wasu siffofi masu sarkakiya.

   Amma shin ka'idar Darwin gaskiya ce? Ana iya gwada ta ta hanyar shaida mai amfani. Ga wasu mahimman bayanai.

1. Haihuwar rayuwa da kanta ba a tabbatar ba . Kafin rayuwa ta wanzu, dole ne ta wanzu. Amma ga matsalar farko ta ka'idar Darwin. Dukkan ka'idar ba ta da tushe, tun da rayuwa ba za ta iya tashi da kanta ba, kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata a baya. Rayuwa ce kawai za ta iya haifar da rayuwa, kuma ba a sami togiya ga wannan doka ba. Ana samun wannan matsalar idan mutum ya bi tsarin bayanin zindiqai daga farko har ƙarshe. 

2. Radiocarbon yana karyata tunanin dogon lokaci . Wata matsala kuma ita ce, sinadarin radiocarbon yana cikin burbushin burbushin halittu da kuma kwal na kowane zamani, wadanda aka yi la’akari da su shekaru miliyoyi (Lowe, DC, Matsalolin da ke tattare da amfani da gawayi a matsayin tushen abin da ya kai 14C kyauta, Radiocarbon 31 (2): 117 -120, 1989). Kasancewar radiocarbon yana nufin dubban shekaru ne kawai, ma'ana babu sauran lokaci don ci gaban da aka ɗauka. Wannan babbar matsala ce ga ka'idar Darwin domin masanan sunyi imani da wajibcin miliyoyin shekaru.

3. Fashewar Cambrian ta karyata juyin halitta . Tun da farko an bayyana yadda abin da ake kira fashewar Cambrian ya karyata bishiyar juyin halitta (zaton cewa kwayar halitta mai sauki ta zama sabon salon rayuwa). Ko wannan bishiyar ta juye. Bayanan burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa tun daga farko, an shiga cikin hadaddun abubuwa da wadatar jinsuna. Wannan ya dace da samfurin halitta.

4. Babu Semi-cigaba gabobi da gabobi . Idan ka'idar juyin halitta ta kasance gaskiya ne, yakamata a sami miliyoyin sabbin gabobin hankali, hannaye, ƙafafu, ko wasu farkon sassan jiki a yanayi. Maimakon haka, waɗannan sassan jikin suna shirye kuma suna aiki. Hatta Richard Dawkins, wani sanannen wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya yarda cewa kowane nau’in halitta da kowace gabo a cikin kowane nau’in da aka yi nazari ya zuwa yanzu yana da kyau a kan abin da yake yi. Irin wannan kallo ya yi daidai da ka'idar juyin halitta, amma da kyau cikin tsarin halitta:

Hakikanin gaba dangane da abubuwan lura shi ne cewa kowane nau'in da kowane sashin jiki a cikin jinsin da har yanzu an bincika yana da kyau a abin da yake. Fuka-fukan tsuntsaye, ƙudan zuma da jemagu suna da kyau don tashi. Ido na da kyau a gani. Ganyen suna da kyau a photosynthesis. Muna rayuwa ne a duniya, inda muke kewaye da mu da kila nau'in nau'in miliyan goma, wanda duk da kansa yana nuna kyakyawan ra'ayi na zahirin zane. Kowane nau'in jinsin ya dace da salon rayuwarsa na musamman. (15)

A cikin sharhin da ya gabata, Dawkins a kaikaice ya yarda da wanzuwar zane mai hankali, duk da cewa da gangan ya musanta hakan. Duk da haka, shaidun sun nuna a fili cewa akwai zane mai hankali. Tambayar da ta dace ita ce; Yana aiki? Wato, idan komai yana aiki, lamari ne na tsarin aiki da ƙira mai hankali, kuma tsarin ba zai iya tasowa da kansa ba.

    Abin mamaki idan akwai mutum-mutumin dan wasan kwallon kafa Jari Litmanen a Lahti, alal misali, duk wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba sun yarda da zane mai hankali a bayansa. Ba su yi imani cewa wannan mutum-mutumin an haife shi da kansu ba, amma sun yi imani da ƙira mai hankali a cikin tsarin haihuwarsa. Duk da haka, sun hana ƙira mai hankali a cikin halittu masu rai waɗanda suka fi rikitarwa sau da yawa kuma suna iya motsawa, ninka, ci, fada cikin soyayya, da jin wasu motsin rai. Wannan ba dalili bane mai ma'ana.

5. Kasusuwa sun karyata juyin halitta . An riga an nuna cewa babu wani ci gaba a hankali a cikin burbushin halittu. Stephen Jay Gould, da sauransu, ya ce: “Ba na so ta kowace hanya in raina yuwuwar ra’ayin juyin halitta a hankali. Ina so kawai in lura cewa ba a taɓa ganin shi a cikin duwatsu ba. (16). Hakazalika, wasu manyan masana burbushin halittu da dama sun yarda cewa juyin halitta a hankali ba ya bayyana a cikin burbushin halittu, ko da yake shi ne ainihin jigo na ka'idar Darwin. Ba za a iya kiran gardamar cewa tarihin burbushin bai cika ba. Ba haka ba ne, domin aƙalla an haƙa burbushin halittu miliyan ɗari daga ƙasa. Idan babu ci gaba a hankali ko matsakaici a cikin wannan kayan, kuma ba a cikin kayan da aka bari a ƙasa. Sharhi masu zuwa suna nuna yadda matsakaicin fom ɗin ke ɓacewa:

Yana da ban mamaki cewa gibin da ke cikin kayan burbushin ya daidaita ta wata hanya: burbushin halittu sun ɓace daga duk mahimman wurare. (Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe , 1982, shafi na 19)

Komai nisa a baya a cikin jerin burbushin dabbobin da suka rigaya sun rayu a duniya, ba za mu iya samun ko da alamar dabbobin da za su zama tsaka-tsaki tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi da phyla ... Manyan kungiyoyi. na daular dabba ba sa haduwa cikin juna. Sun kasance kuma sun kasance tun farkon ... Babu wata dabba da ba za a iya saita ta a cikin phylum nata ba ko kuma an sami wani babban rukuni daga farkon nau'in dutse mai ma'ana ... Wannan cikakkiyar rashin tsaka-tsakin siffofi tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi. na dabbobi za a iya fassara ta hanya ɗaya kawai... Idan muna shirye mu ɗauki gaskiyar kamar yadda suke, dole ne mu yi imani cewa ba a taɓa samun irin wannan tsaka-tsaki ba; a takaice dai wadannan manyan kungiyoyi suna da alaka iri daya da juna tun daga farko.(Austin H. Clark, The New Evolution, shafi na 189)

Menene za a iya tsinkaya daga abin da ke sama? Ya kamata mu yi watsi da ka’idar Darwin bisa kasusuwan kasusuwa, kamar yadda Darwin da kansa ya fada bisa ga bayanan burbushin da aka samu a lokacin: “Wadanda suka yi imani da cewa labarin kasa ya cika ko kadan, tabbas za su yi watsi da ka’idara” (17) . ).

6. Zaɓin yanayi da kiwo ba sa haifar da sabon abu . A cikin littafinsa On the Origin of Species, Darwin ya kawo ra'ayin cewa zabin yanayi yana bayan juyin halitta. Ya ba da misali da zabin da mutum ya yi, watau kiwo, da yadda za a iya yin tasiri ga bayyanar dabbobi ta hanyarsa.

    Koyaya, matsalar zaɓin yanayi da zaɓin ɗan adam shine ba sa ƙirƙirar sabon abu. Suna zaɓar daga abin da ya riga ya kasance, wato, tsohon . Wasu halaye za a iya ƙarfafa su kuma su tsira, amma ba rayuwa kawai ke haifar da sabon bayani ba. Halittar da ke wanzuwa ba za ta iya canzawa zuwa wata ba.

   Hakazalika, bambance-bambance yana faruwa, amma kawai a cikin wasu iyakoki. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda dabbobi da tsire-tsire an riga an tsara su tare da yiwuwar gyare-gyare da kiwo. Misali, kiwo na iya shafar tsawon kafafun kare ko girmansa da tsarin tsirrai, amma a wani lokaci za ku gamu da iyaka kuma ba za ku wuce haka ba. Babu sabon nau'in da ke fitowa kuma babu alamun sabbin bayanai.

Masu shayarwa sukan gano cewa bayan wasu tsararraki na tacewa, an kai matuƙar iyaka: ci gaba fiye da wannan batu ba zai yiwu ba, kuma ba a ƙirƙiri wani sabon nau'in ba. (…) Saboda haka, gwaje-gwajen kiwo sun soke ka'idar juyin halitta maimakon goyan bayanta. (A Kira, 3.7.1972, shafi 8,9)

Wata matsala kuma ita ce rashin talauci. Yayin da ake yin gyare-gyare da daidaitawa, wasu daga cikin arziƙin gadon gado waɗanda kakanni na farko suka yi sun ɓace. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta sun ƙware, alal misali saboda kiwo ko bambance-bambancen yanki, kaɗan ne akwai damar samun bambanci a nan gaba. Jirgin kasan juyin halitta yana tafiya ta hanyar da ba daidai ba yayin da yake ɗaukar lokaci. Abubuwan gado na gado sun talauce, amma babu wani sabon nau'in asali da ke fitowa.

7. Maye gurbi baya samar da sabbin bayanai da sabbin nau'ikan gabobin . Dangane da juyin halitta, masanan sunyi gaskiya cewa hakan yana faruwa. Batun abin da ake nufi da juyin halitta. Idan tambaya ce ta sabani na yau da kullun da daidaitawa, masanan sun yi daidai cewa an lura da shi. Akwai kyawawan misalan hakan a cikin nasu adabin masanan. Madadin haka, ka'idar tantanin halitta na farko-zuwa ɗan adam ra'ayi ne da ba a tabbatar da shi ba wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a yanayin zamani ko burbushin halittu.

    Duk da komai, masanan suna ƙoƙarin nemo hanyar da za ta bayyana ci gaba daga tantanin halitta mai sauƙi zuwa hadaddun siffofi. Sun yi amfani da maye gurbi don taimakawa da wannan.

    Duk da haka, maye gurbi yana haifar da akasin haka ta fuskar ci gaba. Suna lalacewa, watau ɗaukar ci gaba zuwa ƙasa. Idan za su ci gaba da ci gaba, masu bincike dole ne su nuna dubunnan misalan misalan haɓaka bayanai da haɓaka haɓaka, amma hakan bai yiwu ba. Canje-canje na faruwa - fuka-fuki da gaɓoɓin nakasassu, asarar launin launi ... - amma ba a sami cikakkun misalan ƙarin bayani ba. A gefe guda, an gano ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen maye gurbi cewa an halicci mutants da farko waɗanda suka wanzu a baya. Irin wannan maye gurbi ana maimaita akai-akai a cikin gwaje-gwaje.

   Tabbas, gaskiya ne cewa wasu maye gurbi na iya zama da amfani a, alal misali, yanayi mai guba ko muhalli mai yawan maganin rigakafi, amma idan yanayi ya dawo daidai, mutanen da ke da maye gurbin yawanci ba sa rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada. Misali ɗaya shine sickle cell anemia. Mutanen da ke da wannan maye gurbi na iya yin kyau a wuraren zazzabin cizon sauro, amma cuta ce mai tsanani a wurin da ba na cizon sauro ba. Idan wannan maye gurbi ya gaji daga iyaye biyu, cutar tana mutuwa. Haka nan, kifayen da suka rasa idanunsu ta hanyar maye gurbi na iya rayuwa a cikin kogo masu duhu amma ba cikin yanayi na yau da kullun ba. Ko berayen da suka yi hasarar fikafikansu ta hanyar maye gurbi suna iya tafiyar da su a tsibiran da ke da iska domin ba sa tashi cikin teku da sauƙi, amma a wasu wurare suna cikin matsala.

    Masu bincike da yawa da suka saba da yankin kuma sun musanta cewa maye gurbi zai haifar da manyan canje-canje ko haifar da sababbi. An nuna wannan ta misali shekaru da yawa na gwaje-gwajen maye gurbi tare da kwari da ayaba. Ga wasu tsokaci daga masu bincike kan batun:

Ko da yake an yi nazarin dubban maye gurbi a zamaninmu, ba mu sami wani tabbataccen shari'ar da maye gurbi zai canza dabba zuwa wani abu mai rikitarwa, ya haifar da sabon tsari, ko ma ya haifar da zurfi, sabon daidaitawa. (RD Clark, Darwin: Kafin da Bayan , shafi na 131)

Maye gurbi da muka sani – waɗanda ake tunanin sune ke da alhakin halittar duniya mai rai – gabaɗaya ko dai asarar gaba ce, ɓacewa (asarar launin launi, asarar abin da ke ciki), ko sake fasalin gaɓar da ke wanzuwa. Ko ta yaya ba su haifar da wani sabon abu na gaske ko na mutum cikin tsarin halitta ba, duk wani abu da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin tushen sabuwar gaba ko farkon sabon aiki. (Jean Rostand, The Orion Littafin Juyin Halitta , 1961, shafi na 79)

Dole ne a fahimci cewa masana kimiyya suna da hanyar sadarwa mai saurin amsawa kuma mai faɗi don gano ƙarin maye gurbi. Yawancin masu ilimin halitta suna buɗe musu idanu. - - Duk da haka, ban gamsu da cewa akwai ko da misali guda ɗaya bayyananne na maye gurbin da babu shakka zai haifar da bayanai. (Sanford, J., Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome, Ivan Press, New York, shafi na 17).

Ƙarshen ita ce, maye gurbi ba zai iya zama injin juyin halitta ba, ko zaɓin yanayi ba, domin kuma ba zai haifar da sabbin bayanai da sabbin hadaddun tsarin da ake buƙata daga “daga tantanin halitta na farko zuwa mutum” –ka’idar. Duk bayanin da ke cikin wallafe-wallafen juyin halitta misalai ne masu kyau, amma kawai misalan bambance-bambance da daidaitawa kamar juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta, bambancin girman girman tsuntsu, jurewar kwari ga maganin kwari, canje-canjen girman kifin da ke haifar da kifin kifaye, launuka masu duhu da haske na barkono barkono da canje-canje. saboda shingen yanki. Duk waɗannan misalai ne na yadda yawan jama'a ke amsa canje-canje a muhalli, amma nau'ikan asali suna kasancewa iri ɗaya koyaushe kuma ba sa canzawa zuwa wasu. Bacteria sun kasance a matsayin kwayoyin cuta, karnuka a matsayin karnuka, kuliyoyi a matsayin kuliyoyi, da dai sauransu. Gyara yana faruwa,

   Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin littafinsa akan asalin nau'ikan nau'ikan , Darwin kuma bai gabatar da kowane misalan canje-canjen jinsuna ba, amma kawai misalai na bambance-bambance da daidaitawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin asali. Misalai ne masu kyau, amma ba ƙari ba. Ba su tabbatar da "daga primordial cell zuwa mutum" - ka'idar gaskiya. Darwin da kansa ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika cewa: “A gaskiya na gaji da gaya wa mutane cewa ba na da’awar cewa ina da wata hujja kai tsaye da ke nuna cewa jinsin ya canza zuwa wani nau’in jinsin kuma na yi imani da wannan ra’ayi daidai ne saboda ana iya haɗa abubuwa da yawa da kuma bayyana su. bisa gare shi” (18). Hakazalika, magana mai zuwa ta bayyana cewa a cikin littafin Darwin Kan Asalin Species babu ainihin misalan canje-canjen nau'in:

"Abin mamaki ne cewa littafin da ya shahara wajen bayyana asalin jinsin halittu bai bayyana shi ta kowace hanya ba." (Christopher Booker, Mawallafin Times yana nufin Darwin's magnum opus, A Asalin Species) (19)

Ta yaya kuke tabbatar da saukowar mutum daga halittu masu kama da biri?

Tushen jigon juyin halitta shine cewa duk nau'in halitta na yanzu suna da nau'in tushe iri ɗaya: kwayar halitta mai sauƙi. Haka mutumin zamani yake. Masana juyin halitta sun koyar da cewa mun fito daga kwayar halitta ta farko, wacce ta fara samo asali zuwa nau'ikan rayuwar ruwa kuma, a matsayin mataki na karshe, kafin mutum ya zama kakannin birai na zamani. Haka masanan suka yi imani, ko da yake ba a iya ganin juyin halitta a hankali a cikin burbushin halittu.

     Amma shin fahimtar masanan akan asalin ɗan adam gaskiya ne? Za mu haskaka dalilai guda biyu masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke nuna akasin haka:

Ragowar mutumin zamani a cikin tsofaffin yadudduka sun ƙaryata juyin halitta . Dalili na farko mai sauki ne kuma shi ne, an samu bayyanannun ragowar mutane na zamani a cikin aƙalla tsoho ko tsofaffi kamar ragowar kakanninsu, har ta yadda gawar ɗan adam na zamani ya kasance a cikin tsofaffin ɓangarori fiye da yadda ake zaton kakanninsu. Har ma an sami raguwar ragowa da kayan mutanen zamani a cikin ma'aunin kwal da aka yi la'akari da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru.

    Menene ma'anar wannan? Yana nufin cewa mutum na zamani ya bayyana aƙalla lokaci guda a duniya ko ma kafin kakanninsa. Ba zai yiwu ba ta wata hanya domin zuriyar ba za su taɓa rayuwa a gaban kakanninsu ba. Anan akwai sabani a fili wanda ya karyata bayanin juyin halitta na asalin mutum.

   Kalmomi masu zuwa suna ba ku ƙarin bayani game da wannan. Shahararrun masana kimiyya sun yarda da yadda aka sake samun ragowar na mutanen zamani a zamanin da, amma an ƙi su domin sun kasance na zamani sosai. An samu irin wadannan abubuwa da dama:

LBS Leakey: "Ba ni da shakka cewa ragowar ɗan adam na waɗannan al'adun [Acheul da Chelles], an same su sau da yawa (...) amma ko dai ba a gano su ba ko kuma an ƙi su saboda su ne Homo sapiens nau'in, don haka ba za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin tsofaffi ba." (20)

RS Lull: … Irin wannan ragowar kwarangwal sun sake bayyana akai-akai. (…) Kowanne daga cikinsu, ko da yake ya cika sauran buƙatun tsufa - ana binne shi a cikin tsofaffin yadudduka, bayyanar ragowar dabbobi a cikinsu da ƙimar burbushin halittu iri ɗaya, da sauransu - ba su isa ba don biyan buƙatun ilimin ɗan adam na zahiri, saboda babu daya daga cikinsu da yake da wata siffa ta jikin da Indiyawan Amurka ba za su samu a zamanin nan ba.” (21)

Marvin L. Lubenow ya rubuta a kan wannan batu a cikin littafinsa Myytti apinaihmisistä (Kasusuwa na Content) . A cikin wannan littafi, ya taƙaita shekarun masanan ga kasusuwan da suka samo . Duk abubuwan da aka samu da aka ruwaito a cikin adabin juyin halitta an haɗa su.

    Irin wannan matsala ta taso a cikin waɗannan shekarun masana juyin halitta: ana samun burbushin halittu a cikin sassan duniya da suka gauraya kuma ba tare da wani tsari na juyin halitta da aka tsara ba. Ba a samun su a cikin tsari da juyin halitta ya buƙata. Abubuwan da aka gano ba su nuna cewa ɗan adam ya fito daga kakannin kakanni masu sauƙi kamar biri ba.

    A cikin littafinsa, Lubenow ya ce:

   (…) A ƙarshe, “ranar burbushin halittu” na kwas ɗinmu ya zo. Daliban sun ba da rahoton nasu ga abokan karatunsu kuma sun kafa burbushin su a kan wani tsari wanda ya biyo bayan shekaru da rabe-raben da masanan suka bayar. Yayin da gutsuttsuran a hankali suka fara shiga, ɗalibai sun ƙara fahimtar cewa burbushin ba makawa ba su tabbatar da juyin halittar ɗan adam ba.

   Idan juyin halittar mutum ya kasance gaskiya ne, za a sanya burbushin a kan wani lokaci daga biri na Kudu, ta hanyar wani nau'i na Homo habilis , Homo erectus da Homo sapiens na farko , kuma daga karshe zuwa Homo sapiens na zamani.(wato mu, masu girma da kyau). Madadin haka, za a sanya burbushin nan da can ba tare da wani takamaiman tsari na juyin halitta ba. Duk da cewa daliban sun yi amfani da soyayya da rabe-rabe na masanan da kansu, ya bayyana a gare su cewa burbushin halittu yana kawar da juyin halittar mutum. Duk wani silsilar lacca ko lacca da na yi ba zai yi ban sha'awa ba kamar yadda karatun da dalibai suka yi da kansu. Babu wani abu da zan iya faɗi da zai yi tasiri sosai a kan ɗalibai kamar gaskiyar tsiraici game da kasusuwan burbushin ɗan adam kanta. (22)

A cikin burbushin halittu kawai rukuni biyu: talakawa birai da na zamani mutane . Kamar yadda aka bayyana, tushen tushen ka'idar juyin halitta shine cewa mutum ya fito ne daga halittu masu kama da birai, ta yadda a tarihin tarihi da yawa mutane sukan zo duniya. Wannan ra'ayi shi ne zato na Darwin da mutanen zamaninsa, ko da yake an sami ɗanɗano kaɗan daga waɗanda ake zaton kakannin ɗan adam ne a ƙarni na 19. Darwin da abokansa sun kasance a cikin imani da tsammanin cewa daga baya za a same su a cikin ƙasa.

   Imani iri ɗaya ya yi rinjaye a cikin neman burbushin ɗan adam a yau. Domin mutane suna da bangaskiya ga ka'idar juyin halitta, suna neman wadanda ake zaton kakannin mutum ne. Bangaskiya tana rinjayar duk abin da suke yi. Ko kuma idan ba su da bangaskiya ga juyin halittar ɗan adam daga kakanni irin na biri, kwarin gwiwarsu ba zai isa a bincika ba.

    Menene binciken ya bayyana? Ba sa yiwa magoya bayan ka'idar juyin halitta dadi. Ba su yarda da duk wani bincike ba, haka ma, za a iya lura da wani bayyanannen siffa a cikin binciken: a ƙarshe, ƙungiyoyi biyu ne kawai: a fili masu kama da biri da kuma mutane na yau da kullun. Wannan rabe-rabe yana tafiya ne ta yadda birai na kudu (Australopithecus) suke, kamar yadda sunan yake nufi, birai na gama-gari, kamar Ardi, wanda girman kwakwalwarsa bai kai na kudanci ba. (Homo Habilis aji ne da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama cakudewar kungiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin siffofinsa sun nuna cewa ya ma fi birai na kudu). Maimakon haka, Homo Erectus da mutumin Neanderthal, waɗanda suke kama da juna, mutane ne na kowa.

    Me yasa irin wannan rabo zuwa kashi biyu kawai? Masana kimiya da dama da kansu sun yarda cewa birai na kudanci ba za su iya zama kakannin mutane ba, amma biri ne na yau da kullun, wani nau'in da ba a sani ba. An cimma wannan matsaya saboda jikinsu yana da kama da gwaggwon biri kuma girman kwakwalwa ya kai kashi uku kacal na kwakwalwar dan Adam. Ga wasu sharhi guda biyu:

Lokacin kwatanta kwanyar mutum da anthropoid, kwanyar Australopithecus a fili ya fi kama da kwanyar anthropoid. Da'awar in ba haka ba zai zama daidai da tabbatar da cewa baki fari ne. (23)

Abubuwan da muka gano sun bar shakka cewa (…) Australopithecus bai yi kama da Homo sapiens ba ; maimakon haka, ya yi kama da guenons na zamani da anthropoids. (24)

Me game da Homo erectus da mutumin Neanderthal, waɗanda suke kamanceceniya da juna kuma girman kwakwalwarsu da yanayinsu gaba ɗaya sun yi kama da mutanen zamani? An sami isasshiyar shaida na mutuntakar duka biyun a yau. Homo erectus ya sami damar shiga kewayawa tare da kera kayan aiki wanda masanin juyin halitta Dokta Alan Thorne ya bayyana tun a shekarar 1993 cewa: "Su ba Homo erectus ba ne (wato kada a kira su da wannan sunan) mutane ne." (Austiraliya, 19 ga Agusta 1993). Hakazalika, masana kimiyya na wannan zamani sun ƙara karkata ga ra'ayin cewa mutumin Neanderthal zai iya ɗaukar mutum na gaske. Baya ga tsarin jiki, dalilan sune binciken al'adu da yawa da sabbin nazarin DNA.(Donald Johnson / James Shreeve: Lucy's Child, shafi na 49).

   Daga cikin masu binciken da suka ba da shawarar hada Homo erectus da Neandertal a cikin ajin Homo sapiens akwai misali Milford Wolpoff. Abin da ya sa wannan magana ta masanin burbushin halittu ta yi mahimmanci shi ne, an ce ya fi kowa ganin asalin burbushin halittu na hominides. Hakazalika, Bernard Wood, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin jagora a kan ilimin juyin halitta, da M. Collard sun bayyana cewa yawancin masu kisan gilla sun kasance kusan gaba ɗaya kamar mutum ko kusan gaba ɗaya na kudanci (Kimiyya 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999).

    Menene za a iya tsinkaya daga abin da ke sama? Ba shi da ma'ana a yi magana game da birai, domin a zahiri an sami mutane da birai kawai. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu ne kawai, kamar yadda manyan masu bincike a wannan yanki suka bayyana.

   A wani ɓangare kuma, idan ya zo ga bayyanar mutum a duniya, babu tabbataccen dalilin da zai sa mutum ya bayyana a duniya kafin abin da Littafi Mai Tsarki ya nuna, wato, kusan shekaru 6,000 da suka shige. Me yasa haka? Dalili kuwa shi ne babu tabbatacciyar shaida na tsawon lokaci. Tarihin da aka sani ya samo asali ne kawai shekaru 4000-5000, lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani kuma a lokaci guda abubuwa kamar rubuce-rubuce, gine-gine, birane, noma, al'adu, hadadden lissafi, tukwane, yin kayan aiki da sauran abubuwan da ake ganin halayen mutum sun bayyana. Yawancin masanan suna son yin magana game da zamanin kafin tarihi da na tarihi, amma babu wata shaida mai kyau da ta nuna cewa zamanin da ya wanzu, misali, shekaru 10,000 zuwa 20,000 da suka wuce, domin gine-gine da abubuwan da aka ambata a sama ba su da tabbas tun daga lokacin.

   Bugu da ƙari, yana da ban mamaki sosai cewa mutum ya samo asali shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, amma al'adunsa sun barke ba zato ba tsammani a duniya 'yan shekaru dubu da suka wuce. Mafi kyawun bayani shi ne cewa mutum ya wanzu na ƴan millennia ne kawai, sabili da haka gine-gine, birane, ƙwarewar harshe, da al'adu sun fito ne kawai a lokacin, kamar yadda littafin Farawa ya nuna. 

Kada ku tsaya a wajen mulkin Allah!

A ƙarshe, mai karatu mai kyau! Allah ya ƙaunace ku kuma yana son ku zuwa mulkinsa na har abada. Ko da ka kasance mai izgili da maƙiyin Allah, Allah ya yi maka kyakkyawan tsari. Ka fahimci ayoyi na gaba da suke magana game da ƙaunar Allah ga mutane. Suna faɗin yadda Yesu ya zo cikin duniya domin kowa ya sami rai madawwami da gafarar zunubai. Kowane mutum a duniya na iya fuskantar wannan:

- (Yohanna 3:16) Gama Allah ya yi ƙaunar duniya har ya ba da makaɗaicin Ɗansa, domin dukan wanda ya gaskata da shi kada ya lalace, amma ya sami rai na har abada.

- (1 Yohanna 4:10) Ƙauna ta ke, ba mu muka ƙaunaci Allah ba, amma shi ya ƙaunace mu, ya aiko Ɗansa ya zama fansar zunubanmu.

Amma mutum yana samun alaƙa da Allah da kuma gafarar zunubai kai tsaye? A'a, dole ne mutum ya koma ga Allah yana furta zunubansa. Mutane da yawa suna da bangaskiya kawai da suke riƙe da gaskiyar dukan abin da aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma ba su taɓa ɗaukar wannan matakin da suka juya ga Allah suka ba da dukan rayuwarsu ga Allah ba.

    Misali mai kyau na tuba shi ne koyarwar Yesu game da ɗa mubazzari. Wannan yaron ya rayu cikin zunubi mai zurfi, amma sai ya koma ga mahaifinsa ya furta zunubansa. Mahaifinsa ya gafarta masa.

(Luka 15:11-20) Ya ce, “Wani mutum yana da ’ya’ya maza biyu.

12 Sai ƙaramin daga cikinsu ya ce wa ubansa, “Baba, ka ba ni rabon kayan da ya same ni. Kuma ya raba musu rai.

13 Kuma ba kwanaki da yawa bayan da ƙaramin ɗan ya tattara duka , kuma ya ɗauki tafiyarsa zuwa cikin wata ƙasa mai nisa , kuma a can ya ɓata dukiyarsa tare da riotous rai .

14 Da ya kashe duka, sai aka yi yunwa mai tsanani a ƙasar. Shi kuwa ya fara rarrashi.

15 Sai ya tafi ya haɗa kansa da wani ɗan ƙasar. Ya aike shi cikin gonakinsa domin ya yi kiwon alade.

16 Da ma ya ƙoshi cikinsa da husks da aladu suke ci, ba wanda ya ba shi.

17 Da ya zo a ransa, sai ya ce, “Ma’aikatan ubana nawa ne suke da abinci da yawa, ni kuwa yunwa na kashe ni.

18 Zan tashi in tafi wurin mahaifina, in ce masa, Uba, na yi zunubi da sama, kuma a gabanka .

19 Ban kuma isa a ce da ni ɗanka ba.

20 Sai ya tashi ya tafi wurin mahaifinsa. Amma sa'ad da yake da nisa tukuna, mahaifinsa ya gan shi, ya ji tausayinsa , ya ruga, ya fāɗi a wuyansa, ya sumbace shi.

Lokacin da mutum ya juyo ga Allah, ya kamata kuma ya yi maraba da Yesu a matsayin Ubangijin rayuwarsa. Domin ta wurin Yesu ne kawai mutum zai iya kusanci Allah kuma ya sami gafarar zunubai kamar yadda ayoyi na gaba suka nuna. Saboda haka, kira Yesu ya zama Ubangijin rayuwar ku, kuma za ku sami gafarar zunubai da rai na har abada:

- (Yohanna 14:6) Yesu ya ce masa, Ni ne hanya, ni ne gaskiya, ni ne rai: ba mai-zuwa wurin Uban sai ta wurina.

- (Yohanna 5:40) Ba kuwa za ku zo wurina ba, domin ku sami rai .

- (Ayyukan Manzanni 10:43) Shi ma dukan annabawa suna shaida , cewa ta wurin sunansa duk wanda ya gaskata da shi za ya sami gafarar zunubai .

- (Ayyukan Manzanni 13:38, 39) 38 Saboda haka ku sani, ’yan’uwa, cewa ta wurin mutumin nan ake yi muku wa’azin gafarar zunubai .

39 Kuma ta gare shi ne dukan waɗanda suka ba da gaskiya aka barata daga kowane abu, wanda ba za a iya kuɓutar da ku daga cikin Shari'ar Musa.

Idan kun yi maraba da Yesu a cikin rayuwar ku, kuka ba da gaskiya, wato, dogara ga batun ceto, a gare shi (Ayyukan Manzanni 16:31) “Suka kuma ce, Ku gaskata da Ubangiji Yesu Kiristi, za ku sami ceto, gidan ku."), kuna iya yin addu'a, alal misali, kamar haka: 

Addu'ar ceto : Ubangiji Yesu, na juyo gare ka. Na shaida cewa na yi maka zunubi, ban yi rayuwa bisa ga nufinka ba. Duk da haka, ina so in rabu da zunubaina, in bi ka da dukan zuciyata. Na kuma gaskanta cewa an gafarta mini zunubaina ta wurin kafaran ka kuma na sami rai madawwami ta wurinka. Na gode maka domin ceton da ka ba ni. Amin.

REFERENCES:

1. Andy Knoll (2004) PBS Nova interview, 3. May 2004,  sit. Antony Flew & Roy Varghese (2007) There is A God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne

2. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

3. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

4. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

5. Sylvia Baker: Kehitysoppi ja Raamatun arvovalta, p. 104,105

6. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 34

7. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia luomisesta (The Creation Answers Book, Don Batten, David Catchpoole, Jonathan Sarfati, Carl Wieland), p. 84

8. Jonathan Sarfati: Puuttuvat vuosimiljoonat, Luominen-magazine, number 7, p. 29,30,

https://creation.com/ariel-roth-interview-flat-gaps

9. Pearce, F., The Fire-eater’s island, New Scientist 189 (2536):

11.  Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

12. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278

13. (The Panda’s Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183)

14. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

15. Richard Dawkins: Jumalharha (The God Delusion), p. 153

16. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

17. Charles Darwin: Lajien synty (The origin of species), p. 457

18. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

19. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19

20. L.B.S. Leakey: "Adam's Ancestors", p. 230

21. R.S. Lull: The Antiquity of Man”, The Evolution of Earth and Man, p. 156

22. Marvin L. Lubenow: Myytti apinaihmisestä (Bones of Contention), p. 20-22

23. Journal of the royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, tammikuu 1966, p. 93 – citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?", p. 93,94.

24. Solly Zuckerman: Beyond the ivory tower, 1970, p. 90 - citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?". p. 94.