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Yaushe dinosaur suka rayu?
Koyi dalilin da yasa dinosaur suka rayu a baya-bayan nan, a lokaci guda da mutane. Miliyoyin shekaru suna da sauƙin yin tambayoyi bisa ga shaidar
Imani na kowa shine Dinosaurs sun mulki duniya sama da shekaru miliyan 100 har sai da suka mutu shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce. An ci gaba da jaddada wannan batu ta hanyar adabi da shirye-shirye na juyin halitta, don haka ra'ayin dinosaur da ke rayuwa a duniya miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce ya kasance da karfi a cikin zukatan mutane. Ba a yi la'akari da cewa wadannan manya-manyan ( Girman yana da dangi. A yau blue whales sun kai ninki biyu fiye da na dinosaur mafi girma)dabbobi sun rayu a kwanan baya kuma a lokaci guda da mutane. Bisa ga ka'idar juyin halitta, ana zaton cewa dinosaur sun rayu a zamanin Jurassic da Cretaceous, dabbobin zamanin Cambrian ma a baya, kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bayyana a duniya a karshe. Ma'anar juyin halitta na waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke bayyana a wannan duniyar a lokuta daban-daban yana da ƙarfi a cikin zukatan mutane har suka yi imanin cewa yana wakiltar kimiyya kuma gaskiya ne, ko da yake yana yiwuwa a sami hujjoji da yawa a kan wannan ra'ayi. Na gaba, za mu bincika wannan batu dalla-dalla. Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa ba a daɗe da bayyana dinosaur a duniya ba. Za mu duba wadannan shaidu na gaba.
Burbushin Dinosaur a bita . Shaida cewa dinosaurs sun rayu a duniya shine burbushin su. Dangane da su, yana yiwuwa a san kusan girman da bayyanar dinosaurs da kuma cewa su dabbobi ne na gaske. Babu wani dalili na shakkar tarihinsu. Haɗin kai na dinosaur, duk da haka, wani abu ne daban. Ko da yake bisa ga ginshiƙi na lokacin yanayin ƙasa da aka zana a karni na 19, dinosaur ya bace shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce, ba za a iya yin irin wannan ƙarshe ba bisa ga ainihin burbushin halittu. Kasusuwan burbushin ba su da alamomi game da shekarunsu da lokacin da suka bace. A maimakon haka, kyakkyawan yanayin burbushin yana nuna cewa al'amarin dubbai ne, ba miliyoyin shekaru ba. Yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai kamar haka:
Ba ko da yaushe ba a lalata ƙasusuwa . An gano burbushin burbushin halittu daga dinosaur, amma kuma kasusuwan da ba su da tushe. Mutane da yawa suna da ra'ayin cewa duk burbushin dinosaur sun lalace kuma saboda haka tsoho ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, suna tunanin petrification yana ɗaukar miliyoyin shekaru. Koyaya, petrification na iya zama tsari mai sauri. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, yana yiwuwa a samar da itacen da aka lalata a cikin 'yan kwanaki. A cikin yanayin da ya dace, kamar a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu ɗimbin ma'adinai masu zafi, ƙasusuwa kuma na iya haɓaka cikin makonni biyu. Waɗannan hanyoyin ba sa buƙatar miliyoyin shekaru. Don haka an gano kasusuwan dinosaur da ba su da ƙarfi. Wasu burbushin dinosaur na iya samun yawancin kashinsu na asali ya barsu kuma suna iya jin warin ruɓe. Masanin burbushin halittu wanda ya yi imani da ka'idar juyin halitta ya bayyana game da wani babban wurin gano burbushin halittu na dinosaur cewa "dukkan kasusuwan da ke cikin Hell Creek suna wari." Ta yaya kashi zai yi wari bayan dubban miliyoyin shekaru? Littafin kimiyya ya faɗi yadda C. Barreto da ƙungiyarsa suka yi nazarin ƙasusuwan matasa dinosaur (Kimiyya, 262: 2020-2023), waɗanda ba a lalata su ba. Kasusuwa da aka kiyasta sun kai shekaru miliyan 72-84 suna da rabo iri ɗaya na calcium zuwa abun ciki na phosphorus da ƙasusuwan yau. Buga na asali yana bayyana cikakkun bayanan ƙananan ƙasusuwan da aka kiyaye su. An kuma sami ƙananan ƙasusuwan da suka lalace a yankunan arewa kamar Alberta da Alaska a Kanada. The Journal of Paleontology (1987, Vol. 61, No 1, Shafi 198-200) ya ruwaito irin wannan binciken:
An sami wani misali mafi ban sha'awa a arewacin gabar tekun Alaska, inda dubban kasusuwa kusan ba su da wata matsala. Kasusuwan suna kama da tsohuwar kasusuwan saniya. Masu binciken ba su bayar da rahoton gano su ba tsawon shekaru ashirin saboda sun ɗauka cewa su bison- ne, ba kasusuwan dinosaur ba.
Tambaya mai kyau ita ce ta yaya za a kiyaye kasusuwan shekaru goma na miliyoyin shekaru? A lokacin dinosaur, yanayin yana da dumi, don haka aikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zai lalata ƙasusuwa. Gaskiyar cewa ƙasusuwan ba su da ƙarfi, an kiyaye su da kyau kuma suna kama da sabon ƙasusuwa yana nuna gajere maimakon dogon lokaci.
Nama mai laushi . Kamar yadda aka fada, burbushin halittu ba su da alamun shekarun su. Babu wanda zai iya cewa da tabbaci a wane mataki ne kwayoyin halittar da aka gano yayin da burbushin halittu suka rayu a doron kasa. Ba za a iya fitar da wannan kai tsaye daga burbushin halittu ba. Idan ya zo ga burbushin dinosaur, duk da haka, abin lura ne cewa da yawa daga cikin burbushin an adana su da kyau. Misali, Yle uutiset ya ruwaito a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2007: "An sami tsokoki da fata na Dinosaur a Amurka." Wannan labari ba irinsa kadai ba ne, amma irin wannan labari da lura yana da yawa. A cewar wani rahoto na bincike, an keɓe kyawu masu laushi daga kusan kowane kashi na dinosaur na biyu daga lokacin Jurassic (shekaru 145.5 - 199.6 miliyan juyin halitta da suka wuce) (1). Burbushin dinosaur da aka adana da kyau hakika babban abin mamaki ne idan sun kasance daga sama da shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata. Kyakkyawan misali shine burbushin burbushin dinosaur kusan cikakke da aka samu a cikin ma'adinan dutse na Pietraroia a Kudancin Italiya, wanda bisa ga ka'idar juyin halitta an yi la'akari da shekaru miliyan 110, amma wanda hanta-, hanji-, tsoka da kyallen jikin guringuntsi suka kasance har yanzu. Bugu da kari, daki-daki mai ban mamaki a cikin binciken shine hanjin da aka kiyaye, inda har yanzu ana iya ganin nama na tsoka. A cewar masu binciken, hanjin ya yi kama da wanda aka yanke! ( BISHIYA, Agusta 1998, Juzu'i na 13, Na 8, shafi na 303-304) Wani misali kuma shi ne burbushin pterosaurs (sune manya-manyan kadangaru) da aka samu a Arripe, Brazil, wadanda ba a taba yin su ba. Masanin burbushin halittu na Jami'ar London Stafford House ya bayyana game da waɗannan burbushin halittu (Gano 2/1994):
Da a ce wannan halitta ta mutu wata shida da suka wuce, aka binne ta aka tona, da ta kasance kamar haka. Yana da cikakken cikakke a kowace hanya.
Don haka, an samo nama mai laushi da aka adana da kyau daga dinosaur. Abubuwan da aka gano sun yi kama da abin da aka yi na mammoths, waɗanda ake tunanin sun mutu a cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan da suka gabata. Tambaya mai kyau ita ce, ta yaya za a iya siffanta burbushin dinosaur sau da yawa fiye da burbushin halittu, idan duka biyun suna da kyau a kiyaye su? Babu wani dalili na wannan fiye da jadawalin lokaci na geological, wanda aka gano yana da rikici da abin da za a iya gani a yanayi sau da yawa. Zai zama lokaci don barin wannan jadawalin lokaci. Yana yiwuwa sosai dinosaur da mammoths sun rayu a duniya a lokaci guda.
An samo sunadaran kamar albumin, collagen da osteocalcin a cikin ragowar dinosaur. Har ila yau, an samo sunadaran elastin da laminin masu rauni sosai [Schweitzer, M. da 6 wasu, Halittar Biomolecular da jerin abubuwan gina jiki na Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Kimiyya 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Abin da ya sa wadannan binciken ke da matsala shi ne, ba a ko da yaushe ake samun wadannan sinadarai ko da a cikin burbushin dabbobi na zamani. Alal misali, a cikin samfurin kashi ɗaya na mammoth, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai shekaru 13,000, duk abin da ke cikin collagen ya riga ya ɓace (Science, 1978, 200, 1275).. Koyaya, an ware collagen daga burbushin dinosaur. A cewar mujallar kwararrun Biochemist, ba za a iya adana collagen ko da shekaru miliyan uku a madaidaicin zafin jiki na sifili Celsius (2) . Gaskiyar cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan suna faruwa akai-akai yana nuna cewa burbushin dinosaur sun kasance aƙalla ƴan shekaru dubu. Ƙayyadaddun shekarun dangane da jadawalin lokacin yanayin ƙasa bai dace da binciken da ake yi ba.
A daya hannun, an san cewa biomolecules ba za a iya kiyaye fiye da 100,000 shekaru (Bada, J et al. 1999. Kiyaye key biomolecules a cikin burbushin rikodin: halin yanzu ilmi da kuma nan gaba kalubale. Falsafa Ma'amaloli na Royal Society B: Ilimin Halittu. 354, [1379]). Wannan shine sakamakon bincike na kimiyyar ƙwazo. Collagen, wanda shine biomolecule na nama na dabba, watau nau'in furotin na yau da kullun, ana iya ware shi daga burbushin halittu. An sani game da sunadaran da ake tambaya cewa yana rushewa da sauri a cikin kasusuwa, kuma kawai ana iya ganin ragowarsa bayan shekaru 30,000, sai dai a cikin yanayi na musamman da bushe. Yankin Hell Creek tabbas zai sami ruwan sama daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Saboda haka, kada a sami collagen a cikin kashi "miliyan 68" da aka binne a cikin ƙasa. (3)
Idan abubuwan lura game da sunadaran da ke ware daga kasusuwan dinosaur, irin su albumin, collagen da osteocalcin, da kuma DNA daidai ne, kuma ba mu da wani dalili na shakkar kulawar masu binciken, bisa ga waɗannan binciken, dole ne a sake sabunta ƙasusuwan zuwa kwanan wata. ba fiye da shekaru 40,000-50,000 ba, saboda matsakaicin yiwuwar adana abubuwan abubuwan da ake tambaya a cikin yanayi ba za a iya wuce su ba. (4)
Kwayoyin jini . Wani abu mai ban mamaki shine gano ƙwayoyin jini a cikin ragowar dinosaur. An gano ƙwayoyin jini masu ƙyalli kuma an gano cewa haemoglobin ya kasance a cikinsu ma. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman binciken ƙwayoyin jini an riga an yi shi a cikin 1990s ta Mary Schweitzer. An yi wasu binciken makamancin haka tun daga lokacin. Tambaya mai kyau ita ce ta yaya za a iya adana ƙwayoyin jini na miliyoyin shekaru ko kuma sun samo asali ne na kwanan nan? Abubuwan bincike da yawa na wannan nau'in suna kiran jadawalin lokacin yanayin ƙasa da miliyoyin shekaru cikin tambaya. Dangane da kyakkyawan yanayin burbushin, babu wasu dalilai da suka dace don yin imani da miliyoyin shekaru.
Lokacin da Mary Schweitzer ke da shekaru biyar, ta sanar da cewa za ta zama mai binciken dinosaur. Burinta ya zama gaskiya, kuma tana da shekaru 38, ta sami damar yin nazarin kwarangwal na Tyrannosaurus Rex kusan cikakke, wanda aka samu a Montana a cikin 1998 (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19). , shafi na 2376-2377). An kiyasta shekarun kwarangwal a "shekaru miliyan 80." An gano kusan kashi 90% na kasusuwan, kuma har yanzu suna nan. Schweitzer ta kware a binciken nama kuma tana kiran kanta masanin burbushin halittu. Ta zabi kasusuwan cinyoyinsu da kasusuwan abin da aka samo, ta yanke shawarar duba kasusuwan kashi. Schweitzer ya lura cewa ba a yi burbushin kasusuwan kasusuwan ba kuma an kiyaye shi sosai. Kashin ya kasance gaba daya kwayoyin halitta kuma an kiyaye shi sosai. Schweitzer yayi nazarinsa tare da na'urar gani da ido kuma ya lura da sifofi masu ban sha'awa. Sun kasance ƙanana da madauwari kuma suna da tsakiya, kamar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin jini. Amma ya kamata kwayoyin jini sun bace daga kasusuwan dinosaur shekaru da suka wuce.Schweitzer ya ce "Fata na ta samu gori, kamar ina kallon wani kashi na zamani." "Tabbas ba zan iya gaskanta abin da nake gani ba kuma na ce wa ma'aikacin dakin gwaje-gwaje: 'Wadannan kasusuwa sun kasance shekaru miliyan 65, ta yaya kwayoyin jini za su rayu tsawon haka?'" (Kimiyya, Yuli 1993, Vol. 261 , shafi na 160-163). Abin da ke da mahimmanci tare da wannan binciken shine cewa ba dukkanin kasusuwan sun kasance gaba daya ba. Gayle Callis, kwararre mai bincike kan kasusuwa, ya nuna samfuran kashi a wani taron kimiyya inda kwatsam likitan ya gansu. Likitan ya ce, "Shin kun san cewa akwai kwayoyin jini a cikin wannan kashi?" Wannan ya haifar da ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa. Mary Schweitzer ta nuna samfurin ga Jack Horner, sanannen mai binciken dinosaur."To kina tunanin akwai kwayoyin jini a ciki?" , wanda Schweitzer ya amsa, "A'a, ban yi ba." "To, kawai gwada kuma tabbatar da cewa su ba kwayoyin jini bane," Horner ya amsa (EARTH, 1997, Yuni: 55-57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). ruwa da iskar oxygen ba su iya shafar su ba. (5)
Radiocarbon . Hanya mafi mahimmanci da ake amfani da ita don auna shekarun kwayoyin halitta ita ce hanyar radiocarbon. A cikin wannan hanyar, rabin rayuwar aikin rediyocarbon (C-14) shine shekaru 5730, don haka bai kamata a sami wani bar bayan kimanin shekaru 100,000 ba. Duk da haka, gaskiyar ita ce, an sake samun radiocarbon a cikin "daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru" ajiya, rijiyoyin mai, kwayoyin Cambrian, ma'adinan kwal, har ma da lu'u-lu'u. Lokacin da aikin rabin rayuwar radiocarbon ya kasance 'yan millennia ne kawai, wannan bazai yuwu ba idan samfuran sun kasance daga miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata. Yiwuwar kawai shine lokacin mutuwar kwayoyin halitta ya kusa kusa da yanzu, watau dubbai, ba miliyoyin shekaru ba. Matsalar iri ɗaya ita ce tare da dinosaur. Gabaɗaya, dinosaur ba a ma yi kwanan watan radiocarbon ba, saboda an yi la'akari da burbushin dinosaur sun tsufa don saduwa da radiocarbon. Duk da haka, an yi ƴan ma'auni kuma abin mamaki shine cewa har yanzu radiocarbon ya kasance. Wannan, kamar abubuwan da suka faru a baya, yana nuna cewa ba za a iya zama miliyoyin shekaru ba tun lokacin da waɗannan halittu suka bace. Maganar da ke gaba tana ba da ƙarin bayani game da matsalar. Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Jamus ta ba da rahoto game da ragowar radiyo na dinosaur da aka samu a wurare daban-daban:
Kasusuwan da ake zaton sun tsufa sosai ba yawanci carbon-14 ba ne saboda bai kamata su sami ragowar radiocarbon ba. Rabin rayuwar carbon na rediyoaktif gajere ne wanda kusan duk ya lalace cikin ƙasa da shekaru 100,000. A cikin watan Agustan 2012, ƙungiyar masu bincike na Jamus sun ba da rahoto a taron masana kimiyyar lissafi sakamakon ma'aunin carbon-14 da aka yi akan yawancin samfuran ƙasusuwan dinosaur burbushin halittu. Bisa ga sakamakon, samfurorin kashi sun kasance 22,000-39,000 shekaru! Akalla a lokacin rubutawa, ana samun gabatarwa akan YouTube. (6) Ta yaya aka samu sakamakon? Biyu daga cikin shugabannin, waɗanda ba su iya karɓar ma'auni ba, sun goge bayanan da aka gabatar daga gidan yanar gizon taron ba tare da ambaton su ga masana kimiyya ba. Ana samun sakamakon a https://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Al'amarin ya nuna yadda tsarin dabi'a ke tasiri. Yana da kusan ba zai yiwu ba a sami sakamakon da ya saba wa wanda aka buga a cikin al'ummar kimiyya wanda dabi'a ta mamaye. Zai fi yiwuwa cewa zabibi ya tashi. (7)
DNA . Ɗaya daga cikin alamun cewa ragowar dinosaur ba zai iya kasancewa daga miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce ba shine gano DNA a cikinsu. An ware DNA daga misali Game da Tyrannosaurus Rex kayan kashi (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) da ƙwai dinosaur a China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Abin da ya sa binciken DNA ya yi wahala ga ka'idar juyin halitta shine cewa ko da daga tsofaffin mummies ko mammoths da aka yi nazari, ba a iya samun samfuran DNA koyaushe saboda wannan abu ya lalace. Misali mai kyau shine lokacin da Svante Pääbo yayi nazarin samfuran nama na mummies 23 a cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Berlin a Uppsala. Ya iya ware DNA daga mummy ɗaya kawai, yana nuna cewa wannan abu ba zai daɗe ba (Nature 314: 644-645). Kasancewar DNA har yanzu tana cikin dinosaur ya nuna cewa burbushin ba zai iya kasancewa daga miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata ba. Abin da ya kara daurewa shi ne, bayan shekaru 10,000 kada a bar DNA kwata-kwata (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Hakazalika, a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan daga 2012, an ƙididdige cewa rabin rayuwar DNA shekaru 521 ne kawai. Wannan ya nuna cewa za a iya watsi da ra'ayin kasusuwan kasusuwan miliyoyin shekaru. A cikin labarin da ke da alaƙa (yle.fi> Uutiset> Tiede, 13.10.2012) an ce:
An samo iyaka na ƙarshe na adana DNA - mafarkai na cloning dinosaur sun ƙare
Dinosaurs sun zama batattu shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce. DNA ba ya rayuwa kusan tsawon lokaci, har ma a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, bisa ga wani bincike na baya-bayan nan… Enzymes da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna fara rushe DNA na sel daidai bayan mutuwar dabba. Duk da haka, babban dalilin hakan ana tsammanin shine abin da ruwa ya haifar. Domin akwai ruwan karkashin kasa kusan ko'ina, DNA ya kamata, a ka'idar, rubewa a daidai gwargwado. Don tantance wannan, duk da haka, kafin wannan kwanan wata ba mu sami damar samun isassun adadin burbushin da har yanzu DNA ya rage ba. Masana kimiyar Danish da Ostireliya a yanzu sun warware wannan sirrin, yayin da suka karbi shinbones 158 na katon tsuntsun Moa a dakin gwaje-gwajensu, kuma har yanzu kasusuwan na da sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikinsu. Kasusuwan suna da shekaru 600 - 8000 kuma sun samo asali kusan daga yanki ɗaya, don haka sun tsufa a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali.
Ba ma amber ba zai iya ba da ƙarin lokaci na DNA
Ta hanyar kwatanta shekarun samfuran da kuma raguwar adadin DNA, masana kimiyya sun iya ƙididdige rabin rayuwar shekaru 521. Wannan yana nufin cewa bayan shekaru 521 rabin mahaɗin nucleotide a cikin DNA sun rabu. Bayan wasu shekaru 521 wannan kuma ya faru da rabin ragowar gidajen abinci da sauransu. Masu bincike sun lura cewa ko da kashi ya huta a cikin yanayin zafi mai kyau, duk haɗin gwiwa zai rabu ba a baya ba bayan shekaru miliyan 68. Ko da bayan shekaru miliyan daya da rabi, DNA ya zama wanda ba za a iya karantawa ba: akwai ƙananan bayanai da suka rage, saboda dukkanin sassa masu mahimmanci sun tafi.
Idan har yanzu DNA tana wanzuwa a cikin dinosaur kuma an auna rabin rayuwar wannan abu a cikin ɗaruruwan shekaru kawai, yakamata a yanke shawara daga wannan. Ko dai ma'aunin DNA ba abin dogaro ba ne, ko kuma ra'ayoyin game da dinosaur da suka rayu dubun-dubatar shekaru da suka wuce ba gaskiya ba ne. Tabbas zaɓi na ƙarshe gaskiya ne, domin sauran ma'aunai kuma suna nufin gajerun lokuta, ba ga miliyoyin shekaru ba. Wannan kimiyya ce da ta ginu a kan ma'auni, kuma idan aka ki shi gaba daya, muna batar da kanmu.
LALATA DA DINOSAUR . Lokacin da ya zo ga halakar dinosaur, sau da yawa ana tunanin ya faru miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, a ƙarshen lokacin Cretaceous. An yi imanin cewa ammonawa, belemnites da sauran nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi su ma sun shiga cikin halakar jama'a iri ɗaya. Ya kamata halakar ta shafe babban ɓangaren dabbobi na zamanin Cretaceous. Babban abin da ya haifar da lalata yawanci ana la'akari da shi azaman meteorite ne, wanda zai tada babban girgijen ƙura. Da kura ta rufe hasken rana na dogon lokaci, lokacin da tsire-tsire za su mutu kuma dabbobin da suke cin tsiron su ma sun yi yunwa. Koyaya, ka'idar meteorite da jinkirin ka'idodin canjin yanayi suna da matsala guda ɗaya: ba sa bayanin gano burbushin cikin duwatsu da tsaunuka. Ana samun burbushin Dinosaur daga sassa daban-daban na duniya a cikin manyan duwatsu, wanda ke da ban mamaki. Yana da ban mamaki, domin babu wata babbar dabba - watakila tsawon mita 20 - da za ta iya shiga cikin dutse mai wuya. Shi ma lokaci bai taimaka ba, domin idan ka jira miliyoyin shekaru ana binne dabba a cikin kasa kuma ta zama burbushin halittu, za ta rube da kyau kafin lokacin ko kuma wasu dabbobi su cinye ta. A gaskiya ma, duk lokacin da muka ci karo da dinosaur da sauran burbushin halittu, tabbas an binne su cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin laka. Ba za a iya haifar burbushin halittu ta wata hanya ba:
A bayyane yake cewa idan aka samu samuwar ajiya a cikin tafiyar hawainiya, babu wani burbushin da zai iya kiyayewa, tunda ba za a binne su a cikin laka ba kafin acid na ruwa ya rube, ko kuma kafin a lalata su ya farfashe su. gutsuttsura yayin da suke gogewa da bugun gindin teku mara zurfi. Ana iya rufe su ne kawai a cikin ruwa a cikin haɗari, inda aka binne su ba zato ba tsammani. ( Geochronology ko Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
Ƙarshen ita ce waɗannan dinosaur da aka samu a duk faɗin duniya dole ne a binne su da sauri ta hanyar laka. Laka mai laushi ya zo kewaye da su da farko sannan ya taurare kamar siminti. Ta haka ne kawai za a iya bayyana asalin dinosaur, mammoths da sauran burbushin dabbobi. A cikin Tufana, hakan na iya faruwa. Muna kallon bayanin, wanda ya ba da ra'ayi daidai game da wannan. Ya nuna ana samun Dinosaur a cikin duwatsu masu kauri, wanda ke nuna cewa lallai an rufe su da laka mai laushi. Laka ta yi tauri a kusa da su. Sai kawai a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, amma ba a cikin yanayin al'ada na al'ada ba, zamu iya tsammanin wani abu makamancin haka zai faru (labarin kuma yana nufin yadda eddies na ruwa zai iya tara ƙasusuwan dinosaur). An ƙara ƙarfin hali a cikin rubutun bayan haka don ƙara bayyanawa:
Ya je jejin Dakota ta Kudu, inda akwai katangar dutse masu launin ja, rawaya da lemu masu haske da duwatsu. A cikin ƴan kwanaki sai ya tarar da wasu ƙasusuwa a bangon dutsen , waɗanda ya yi kiyasin irin wanda ya sa a samo. Lokacin da ya haƙa dutsen kewaye da ƙasusuwan , ya gano cewa ƙasusuwan suna cikin tsari na tsarin dabba. Ba su kasance cikin tudu ba kamar ƙasusuwan dinosaur sau da yawa. Yawancin irin wannan tulin kamar guguwar ruwa ce ta yi. Yanzu waɗannan ƙasusuwan suna cikin dutsen yashi shuɗi, wanda yake da wuyar gaske . Dole ne a cire dutsen yashi tare da grader kuma a cire shi ta hanyar fashewa. Brown da 'yan wasansa sun yi rami kusan mita bakwai da rabi don fitar da ƙasusuwan. Cire kwarangwal babba ɗaya ya ɗauke su damina biyu. Ba su cire ƙasusuwan dutsen ba. Sun yi jigilar duwatsun ta dogo zuwa gidan kayan tarihi, inda masanan suka iya tsinke kayan dutsen tare da kafa kwarangwal. Wannan azzalumi kadangaru yanzu yana tsaye a dakin baje kolin kayan tarihi. (shafi na 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler da Harold G. Coffin)
KARIN SHAIDA A TUSHEN . Don haka gaskiyar ita ce, ana samun ragowar dinosaur a cikin duwatsu masu kauri, wanda da wuya a cire su. Yiwuwar yadda suka shiga cikin wannan hali shi ne, laka mai laushi ta yi sauri a kusa da su sannan ta zama dutse. A wani yanayi kamar Rigyawa, wataƙila hakan ya faru. Duk da haka, an ambaci manyan dabbobi irin wannan a tarihin ɗan adam ko da bayan tufana, don haka ba duka ba su mutu a lokacin ba. Wasu shaidun Tufana fa? Anan zamu haskaka kadan daga cikinsu. Abin da ke cikin ginshiƙi na lokacin da aka bayyana miliyoyin shekaru, ko wataƙila masifu da yawa, duka na iya haifar da bala'i guda ɗaya: Tufana. Zai iya bayyana lalatar dinosaurs da kuma sauran abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙasa. Hujja ɗaya mai ƙarfi ta Ambaliyar ita ce misali cewa ruwan ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin duniya, kamar yadda zantuttuka masu zuwa suka nuna. Farkon sharhin ya fito ne daga wani littafi na James Hutton, uban ilimin geology, na fiye da shekaru 200 da suka wuce:
Dole ne mu gama da cewa duk yadudduka na ƙasa (...) sun kasance ta hanyar yashi da tsakuwa waɗanda suka taru a kan tekun teku, harsashi crustacean da ƙwayar murjani, ƙasa da yumbu. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth l, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: A nahiyoyi, duwatsun ruwa na ruwa sun fi kowa yawa kuma sun yadu fiye da sauran duwatsun da aka haɗa. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sauƙaƙan gaskiyar da ke buƙatar bayani, kasancewa a zuciyar duk abin da ke da alaƙa da ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ɗan adam don fahimtar canjin yanayin ƙasa na zamanin da. (8)
Wani abin da ke nuni da Ambaliyar ita ce ma’adanin kwal a duniya, wanda aka san cewa ruwa ya karkata. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar burbushin ruwa da kifaye na nuna cewa ajiyar kuɗi ba zai iya zama sakamakon jinkirin peating a cikin wani yanayi na musamman ba. Maimakon haka, mafi kyawun bayani shi ne cewa ruwa ya kai tsire-tsire zuwa wuraren da aka samar da gawayi. Ruwa ya tumɓuke tsire-tsire da itatuwa, ya tattara su cikin manyan tuddai, ya kawo namomin teku a cikin ciyawar ƙasa. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin babban bala’i, kamar Rigyawa da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.
Lokacin da aka binne dazuzzuka a cikin sludge saboda wasu dalilai, an ƙirƙiri ma'aunin kwal. Al'adun injin mu na yanzu sun dogara ne da wani bangare akan waɗannan ma'auni. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, shafi 91)
A ƙarƙashin da kuma sama da ma'adinan ma'adinan ma'adinai akwai, kamar yadda aka ce, nau'i na dutse na yumbu na yau da kullum, kuma daga tsarin su za mu iya ganin cewa an cire su daga ruwa. (9)
Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa an samar da gawayin ma'adinai da sauri lokacin da aka lalata manyan dazuzzuka, sannan aka binne da sauri. Akwai manyan ginshiƙan lignite a cikin Yallourn, Victoria (Ostiraliya) waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin kututturan itacen pine - bishiyoyin da ba sa girma a halin yanzu a kan ƙasa mara kyau. Tsare-tsare, kauri mai kauri wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 50% na tsaftataccen pollen kuma waɗanda aka baje a kan wani babban yanki sun tabbatar da cewa ruwa ne ya samar da lignite. (10)
Ana koyar da shi a makarantu cewa a hankali ana samar da carbon daga peat, kodayake ba a iya ganin hakan yana faruwa ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da girman filayen kwal, nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban, da kuma kututtuka masu nau'i-nau'i madaidaici, ya nuna cewa ma'adinan gawayi ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ciyayi masu yawan gaske, a lokacin da ruwa ya mamaye sosai. Hakanan ana samun hanyoyin da kwayoyin halittun ruwa suka sassaka a cikin wadannan burbushin halittu masu carbonized. Har ila yau, an gano burbushin dabbobin ruwa a cikin ma'adinan kwal ("bayanin kula game da faruwar Dabbobin Ruwa a cikin Kwallon Kwallon Lancashire", Mujallar Geological, 118: 307,1981) . , wanda ya rayu a cikin teku, kuma ana iya samun shi a cikin ma'adinan kwal.(Weir, J., “Nazarin Kwanan nan na Shells na Ma’aunin Carbon”, Ci gaban Kimiyya, 38:445, 1950). (11)
Farfesa Price ya gabatar da lokuta inda 50- zuwa 100 ma'adinan ma'adinai ya zama saman juna kuma a tsakanin su akwai yadudduka ciki har da burbushin teku. Yana ganin wannan shedar tana da ƙarfi da gamsarwa ta yadda bai taɓa ƙoƙarin bayyana waɗannan hujjoji ba bisa dalilai na ka'idar uniformity na Lyell. (12)
Alamu ta uku na Ambaliyar ita ce kasancewar burbushin ruwa a cikin manyan tsaunuka kamar Himalayas, Alps da Andes. Ga wasu misalai daga nasu litattafan masana kimiyya da masu ilimin geologist:
Yayin da yake tafiya a kan Beagle Darwin da kansa ya sami burbushin tekun teku daga sama a kan tsaunin Andean. Ya nuna cewa, abin da yake yanzu dutse ya kasance ƙarƙashin ruwa. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Me ya sa juyin halitta gaskiya ne], shafi na 127)
Akwai dalilin da ya kamata a yi la'akari da ainihin yanayin duwatsu a cikin jeri na tsaunuka. An fi ganin shi a cikin Alps, a cikin Alps Alps na arewa, wanda ake kira yankin Helvetian. Limestone shine babban kayan dutse. Idan muka kalli dutsen nan a kan tudu masu gangare ko kuma a saman dutse - idan muna da kuzarin hawa can - za mu sami burbushin dabbobi, burbushin dabbobi, a cikinsa. Sau da yawa suna lalacewa sosai amma yana yiwuwa a sami guntuwar da za a iya ganewa. Duk waɗannan burbushin harsashi ne na lemun tsami ko kwarangwal na halittun teku. A cikin su akwai ammonawa masu zaren karkace, musamman ma da yawa harsashi biyu. (…) Mai karatu na iya yin mamaki a wannan lokacin me ake nufi da cewa tsaunin tsaunuka na dauke da laka mai yawa, wadanda kuma za a iya samun su matsuguni a kasan teku. (shafi na 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai na Jami'ar Japan da ke Kyushu ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana bincike kan wadannan burbushin ruwa a tsaunukan Himalayan. Shi da ƙungiyarsa sun jera dukan akwatin kifaye daga lokacin Mesozoic. Ana samun furannin furanni masu rauni, dangi ga urchins na teku na yanzu da kifin taurari, a cikin ganuwar dutse fiye da kilomita uku sama da matakin teku. Ammonawa, belemnites, murjani da plankton ana samun su azaman burbushin duwatsu a cikin duwatsun duwatsu (…) A tsayin kilomita biyu, masana kimiyyar kasa sun gano wata alama da tekun kanta ya bari. Dutsen dutsensa mai kaman igiyar ruwa ya yi daidai da siffofin da suka rage a cikin yashi daga raƙuman ruwa maras nauyi. Ko daga saman Everest, ana samun ɗigon dutse mai launin rawaya, waɗanda suka tashi a ƙarƙashin ruwa daga ragowar dabbobin ruwa marasa adadi. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", shafi na 55)
Alamu na hudu na Ambaliyar ita ce labaran ambaliya, wanda bisa wasu alkaluma, kusan 500 daga cikinsu. Za a iya ɗaukar yanayin duniya na waɗannan labarun a matsayin mafi kyawun shaida ga wannan taron:
Kimanin al'adu 500 - ciki har da 'yan asalin Girka, Sin, Peru da Arewacin Amirka - an san su a duniya inda tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi ke bayyana wani labari mai ban sha'awa na babban ambaliya wanda ya canza tarihin kabilar. A cikin labarai da yawa, mutane kaɗan ne kawai suka tsira daga rigyawar, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin labarin Nuhu. Yawancin al’ummai sun ɗauki rigyawar a matsayin alloli ne suka jawo shi, saboda wani dalili ko wani dalili, sun gundura da irin ’yan Adam. Wataƙila mutanen sun lalace, kamar a zamanin Nuhu da kuma tatsuniyar ƙabilar Hopi na Amurka ta Arewacin Amirka, ko wataƙila akwai mutane da yawa da hayaniya, kamar a cikin almara na Gilgamesh. (13)
Idan Ambaliyar da ke faɗin duniya ba ta kasance da gaske ba, da wasu al’ummai sun yi bayanin cewa aman wuta mai ban tsoro, manyan guguwar dusar ƙanƙara, fari (...) sun halaka mugayen kakanninsu. Don haka kasancewar labarin Tufana yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun shaida na gaskiyarsa. Za mu iya watsi da kowane ɗayan waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a matsayin tatsuniyoyi na ɗaiɗaikun mutum kuma muna tunanin hasashe ne kawai, amma tare, ta fuskar duniya, kusan ba za a iya jayayya ba. (Duniya)
Dinosaurs da dabbobi masu shayarwa . Lokacin da muka karanta littattafan ilmin halitta da adabin juyin halitta, mun ci karo da ra'ayin yadda duk rayuwa ta samo asali daga tantanin halitta mai sauƙi zuwa sifofin yanzu. Juyin halitta ya haɗa da cewa kifi ya zama kwadi, kwaɗi zuwa dabbobi masu rarrafe kuma dinosaur su zama dabbobi masu shayarwa. Duk da haka, wani muhimmin abin lura shi ne cewa an samo kasusuwan dinosaur a cikin kasusuwa masu kama da doki, saniya da kasusuwan tumaki (Anderson, A., Tourism ya zama wanda aka azabtar da tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus na iya mutuwa a hankali bayan duk, 1984). , New Scientist, 104, 9.), Don haka dole ne dinosaurs da dabbobi masu shayarwa sun rayu a lokaci guda. Magana mai zuwa tana nufin iri ɗaya. Ya bayyana yadda Carl Werner ya yanke shawarar gwada ka'idar Darwin a aikace. Ya yi bincike na shekaru 14 kuma ya dauki dubban hotuna. Nazarin ya nuna cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye sun rayu da yawa kuma a lokaci guda kamar dinosaur:
Ba tare da wani takamaiman sani ba game da burbushin halittu masu rai, likitan Ba'amurke Carl Werner ya yanke shawarar sanya ka'idar Darwin karkashin gwaji mai amfani… Ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi na shekaru 14 kan burbushin zamanin dinosaur.Werner ya san kansa da ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen burbushin halittu kuma ya ziyarci gidajen tarihi na tarihi guda 60 a duniya, inda ya ɗauki hotuna 60,000. Ya mayar da hankali ne kawai ga burbushin da aka tono daga maɓalli ɗaya, inda za a iya samun burbushin dinosaur (Triassic -, Jurassic - da Cretaceous shekaru 250-65 da suka wuce). Daga nan sai ya kwatanta dubunnan tsoffin kasusuwan kasusuwan da ya samu a gidajen tarihi kuma ya gani a cikin adabi da nau’in halittu na yanzu kuma ya yi hira da masana da dama a fannin nazarin burbushin halittu da sauran kwararru. Sakamakonsa shine cewa gidajen tarihi da wallafe-wallafen tushen ilmin burbushin halittu sun nuna burbushin kowane rukuni na nau'in da ke wanzuwa a halin yanzu … An gaya mana cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fara haɓaka sannu a hankali a lokacin “zamanin farko” na Dinosaur, cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko “ƙananan halittu ne masu kame-kame da ke zaune a ɓoye kuma suna motsi cikin dare kawai don tsoron dinosaur.” A cikin ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen, duk da haka, Werner ya gano rahotanni na squirrels, opossums, beavers, primates da platypuses waɗanda aka haƙa daga dinosaur strata. Ya kuma yi nuni da wani aiki da aka buga a shekara ta 2004, wanda a cewarsa an sami halittu masu shayarwa guda 432 a cikin Triassic -, Jurassic - da Cretaceous strata, kuma kusan ɗari daga cikinsu kwarangwal ne. A cikin faifan bidiyo na Werner mai kula da gidan kayan tarihi na Utah, Dokta Donald Burge, ya yi bayani: “Mun sami burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa a kusan dukkanin tononin dinosaur mu. Muna da ton goma na yumbu na bentonite dauke da burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma muna kan aiwatar da ba da su ga sauran masu bincike. Ba don ba za mu same su da muhimmanci ba, amma don rayuwa gajeru ce, kuma ni ban ƙware a kan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba: Na kware a kan dabbobi masu rarrafe da na dinosaurs”. Masanin burbushin halittu Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) ya bayyana a cikin hirar bidiyo ta Werner a watan Mayu, 2004: “Kalmar 'zamanin dinosaur' kuskure ne. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun zama ƙungiya mai mahimmanci waɗanda suka kasance tare da dinosaur kuma sun tsira". (Wadannan maganganun sun fito daga littafin: Werner C. Rayayyun Fossils, shafi na 172 – 173). (14)
Dangane da binciken burbushin halittu, kalmar zamanin dinosaur ruɗi ne. Na yau da kullum dabbobi masu shayarwa sun rayu a lokaci guda da dinosaur, watau akalla nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 432. Menene game da tsuntsayen da ake tunanin sun samo asali ne daga dinosaur? An kuma same su a cikin nau'i ɗaya tare da dinosaur. Waɗannan nau'ikan iri ɗaya ne kamar na yau: aku, penguin, mujiya gaggafa, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet...Dr Werner ya bayyana cewa "Gidajen tarihi ba sa nuna waɗannan burbushin tsuntsaye na zamani. , ko zana su a cikin hotuna masu nuna yanayin dinosaur. Ba daidai ba ne. Ainihin, duk lokacin da aka nuna T. Rex ko Triceratops a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, ya kamata a nuna ducks, loons, flamingos, ko wasu daga cikin waɗannan tsuntsayen zamani waɗanda aka samo a cikin nau'i ɗaya tare da dinosaur. Amma hakan baya faruwa. Ban taba ganin agwagwa tare da dinosaur ba a gidan kayan tarihi na tarihin halitta, ko? Mujiya? Aku?”
Dinosaurs da mutane . A cikin ka'idar juyin halitta, ana ganin ba zai yiwu ba cewa mutum ya rayu a duniya tun farkon dinosaur. Ba a yarda da shi ba, duk da cewa an san cewa wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bayyana a lokaci guda da dinosaur, kuma duk da cewa wasu binciken ma sun nuna cewa ya kamata mutane sun bayyana a gaban dinosaur (kasuwa da burbushin dan adam a cikin ma'adinan kwal da dai sauransu). Duk da haka, akwai wasu bayyanannun shaida cewa dinosaurs da mutane sun rayu a lokaci guda. Misali bayanin dodanni kamar haka ne. A da, mutane suna magana game da dodanni, amma ba game da dinosaur ba, sunan wanda Richard Owen ya ƙirƙira shi ne kawai a cikin karni na 19.
Labari s. Ɗaya daga cikin shaidun da ke nuna cewa dinosaur sun rayu a baya-bayan nan shine labarai da yawa da kwatancin manyan dodanni da masu tashi. Tsofaffin waɗannan kwatancen sun kasance, mafi gaskiyar su. Waɗannan kwatancin, waɗanda ƙila su dogara ne akan tsoffin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ana iya samun su a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, don haka ana ambaton su misali cikin Turanci, Irish, Danish, Norwegian, German, Greek, Roman, Masari da adabin Babila. Kalmomi masu zuwa suna magana game da yawaitar sifofin dodo.
Dodanni a cikin tatsuniyoyi suna da ban mamaki, kamar dabbobi na gaske waɗanda suka rayu a baya. Suna kama da manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe (dinosaurs) waɗanda suka yi mulkin ƙasar tun kafin a ce mutum ya bayyana. Dodanni gabaɗaya an ɗauke su a matsayin mummuna da ɓarna. Kowace al'umma ta yi nuni da su a cikin tatsuniyoyinsu. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)
Tun farkon tarihin da aka rubuta, dodanni sun bayyana a ko'ina: a farkon tarihin Assuriya da Babila game da ci gaban wayewa, a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na Tsohon Alkawari, a cikin tsoffin matani na Sin da Japan, a cikin tatsuniyar Girka, Roma. da Kiristoci na farko, a cikin misalan tsohuwar Amurka, a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Afirka da Indiya. Yana da wuya a sami al'ummar da ba ta haɗa da dodanni a cikin tarihinta na almara ba…Aristotle, Pliny da sauran marubuta na zamanin gargajiya sun yi iƙirarin cewa labarun dodanni sun dogara ne akan gaskiya ba hasashe ba. (15)
Masanin ilimin kasa Finnish Pentti Eskola ya riga ya gaya wa shekarun da suka gabata a cikin littafinsa Muuttuva maa yadda hotunan dodanni suke kama da dinosaur:
Daban-daban nau'o'in dabbobi masu kama da lizard suna kama da abin ban dariya a gare mu saboda yawancinsu suna kama da - ta hanya mai nisa da sau da yawa kamar caricature - dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamani suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, yawancin dinosaur sun sha bamban da tsarin rayuwa na zamani wanda ana iya samun kwatance mafi kusa a cikin hotunan dodanni a cikin almara. Abin ban mamaki, marubutan tatsuniyoyi a dabi'ance ba su yi nazarin abubuwan da suka faru ba ko ma sun san su. (16)
Kyakkyawan misali na yadda dinosaur na iya zama dodanni shine kalandar Lunar na kasar Sin da horoscope, wanda aka sani yana da shekaru aru-aru. Don haka lokacin da zodiac na kasar Sin ya dogara da alamun dabba 12 da ke maimaita a cikin shekaru 12, akwai dabbobi 12 da ke cikin ciki. 11 daga cikinsu sun saba ko da a zamanin yau: bera, sa, damisa, kurege, maciji, doki, tumaki, biri, zakara, kare da alade.Maimakon haka, dabba ta 12 ita ce dodo, wadda ba ta wanzu a yau. Tambaya mai kyau ita ce, idan dabbobin 11 sun kasance dabbobi na gaske, me ya sa dodon zai zama abin ban mamaki da tatsuniyoyi? Shin bai fi dacewa a ɗauka cewa ta taɓa rayuwa lokaci ɗaya da mutane ba, amma ta zama batattu kamar sauran dabbobi marasa adadi? Yana da kyau a sake tunawa cewa kalmar dinosaur kawai aka ƙirƙira a ƙarni na 19 Richard Owen. Kafin wannan, ana amfani da sunan dragon tsawon ƙarni:
Bugu da kari, ana iya ambaton abubuwan lura kamar haka:
Abin sha'awa, a cikin wani haikali mai shekaru 800 a cikin daji na Cambodia, an gano wani sassaka mai kama da stegosaurus. Wani nau'in dinosaur ne. (Daga Ta Prohm Temple. Maier, C., Fantastic Halittu na Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 Fabrairu 2006.)
• A kasar Sin, bayyani da labaru game da dodanni suna da yawa; an san dubunnan su. Suna ba da labarin yadda dodanni suke yin ƙwai, yadda wasunsu suke da fikafikai da kuma yadda ma'aunai ke rufe su. Wani labari na kasar Sin ya ba da labarin wani mutum mai suna Yu wanda ya ci karo da dodanni a lokacin da yake zubar da wani fadama. Wannan ya faru ne bayan babban ambaliyar ruwa ta duniya. A kasar Sin, an yi amfani da kasusuwa na dinosaur shekaru aru-aru a matsayin magungunan gargajiya da kuma kayan kwalliya don konewa. Sunan kasar Sin don dinosaur (kong dogon) yana nufin "kasusuwan dragon" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs da aka sake gano shafi na 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). An kuma ce Sinawa sun yi amfani da dodanni a matsayin dabbobi da kuma faretin sarakuna (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Farawa 4, 1990, shafi na 23-26.)
• Masarawa sun kwatanta Apophis dragon a matsayin abokin gaba na Sarki Re. Hakazalika, kwatancin dodanni suna yawo a cikin adabin Babila. An ce sanannen Gilgamesh ya kashe dodon, wata katuwar halitta mai kama da rarrafe, a cikin dajin al'ul. ( Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Mujalladi na 10, shafi na 359)
• An ce Apollo na Girka ya kashe dodon Python a mashigin Delfin. Mafi shahara daga cikin tsoffin masu kashe dodon Girka da na Romawa shine mutum mai suna Perseus.
• Labarin da aka rubuta cikin sigar waƙa daga 500-600 AD. ya ba da labarin wani jajirtaccen mutum mai suna Beowulf, wanda aka dora wa alhakin share matsugunan kasar Denmark daga dodanni na tashi da na ruwa. Aikin jaruntakarsa shine kashe dodo na Grendel. An ce wannan dabbar tana da manya-manyan gabobin baya da kanana na gaba, tana iya jure bugun takobi, kuma ta dan fi dan Adam girma. Ya matsa a tsaye da sauri.
• Marubucin Romawa Lucanus kuma ya yi magana game da dodanni. Ya ja-goranci kalmominsa ga wani macijin Habasha: “Kai dodon gwal mai sheki, kana sa iska ta yi sama, kana kashe manyan bijimai.
• An adana bayyani na macizai masu tashi a Larabawa ta Girkanci Herodotos (kimanin 484-425 BC). Ya yi daidai da bayanin wasu pterosaurs. (Rein, E., Littafin III-VI na Herodotos , shafi na 58 da Littafin VII-IX , shafi na 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny ya ambata (Tarihin Halitta) a ƙarni na farko BC yadda macijin yake “yaƙi da giwa akai-akai, kuma ita kanta tana da girma sosai har ya nannade giwar a cikin folds ɗinsa ya nannade shi a cikin kwakwarsa.”
• Wani tsohon kundin sani Tarihi Animalium ya ambaci cewa har yanzu akwai “doragon” a cikin 1500s, amma sun ragu sosai kuma suna da wuya.
• Wani tarihin Turanci na 1405 yana nufin dodon: "Kusa da garin Bures, a kusa da Sudbury, kwanan nan an ga wani dodon da ya yi mummunar barna a cikin karkara. Yana da girma mai girma, tare da kullun. saman kansa, haƙoranta kamar zato ne, wutsiya kuma dogayensa ne, bayan ya yanka makiyayin garke, ya cinye tumaki da yawa a bakinsa. (Cooper, B., Bayan Ruwan Tsufana-Tarihin farko bayan Ruwan Tufana na Turai ya samo asali ne daga Nuhu, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, shafi 130-161)
• A karni na 16, masanin kimiya dan kasar Italiya Ulysses Aldrovanus ya kwatanta wani karamin dodon daidai a daya daga cikin littattafansa. Edward Topsell ya rubuta a ƙarshen 1608: "Akwai nau'ikan dodanni da yawa. An raba nau’ukan daban-daban a wani bangare na kasarsu, wani bangare kuma girmansu, wani bangare kuma a kan alamomin banbance su”.
Alamun dodanniya sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin sojojin soji da yawa. An yi amfani da shi misali sarakunan Romawa na Gabas da sarakunan Ingila (Uther Pendragon, mahaifin Sarki Arthur, Richard I a lokacin yakin 1191 da Henry III a lokacin yakin da ya yi da Welsh a 1245) da kuma a kasar Sin, dragon ya kasance alamar kasa rigar makamai na gidan sarauta.
• Dinosaur da dodanni wani yanki ne na tarihin al'ummomi da yawa. Baya ga kasar Sin, wannan ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin kasashen Kudancin Amurka.
• Johannes Damascene, na ƙarshe na Ubannin Cocin Girka, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 676 AD, ya kwatanta dodanni (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) ta hanya mai zuwa:
Roman Dio Cassius (155-236 AD), wanda ya rubuta tarihin Daular Romawa da Jamhuriya, ya kwatanta fadan da aka yi na karamin ofishin Roman Regulus a Carthage. An kashe dodon a cikin yaƙin. An yi fata ne kuma aka aika fata zuwa Majalisar Dattawa. Bisa ga umarnin Majalisar Dattawa, an auna fata kuma tsawonta ya kai ƙafa 120 (kimanin mita 37). An ajiye fata a cikin haikali a kan tuddai na Roma har zuwa shekara ta 133 BC, lokacin da ta ɓace yayin da Celts suka mamaye Roma. (Plinius, Natural History . Littafi na 8, Babi na 14. Plinius da kansa ya ce ya ga ganimar da ake magana a kai a Roma). (17) • Zane-zane. Hakanan an adana zane-zane, zane-zane da mutum-mutumi na dodanni, waɗanda kusan iri ɗaya ne a cikin cikakkun bayanai na zahiri a duk faɗin duniya. Ana samun su a kusan dukkanin al'adu da addinai, kamar yadda labarai game da su suka zama ruwan dare. An yi rikodin Hotunan dodanni a cikin misali garkuwar soja (Sutton Hoo) da kayan ado bangon coci (misali SS Mary da Hardulph, Ingila). Ban da bijimai da zakuna, an kwatanta dodanni a Ƙofar Ishtar na tsohon birnin Babila. Silinda na Silinda na farko na Mesopotamian yana nuna dodanni suna ɗaure juna da wutsiyoyi kusan idan dai wuyansu (Moortgat, A., The art of d Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, shafi. 1,9,10 da Plate A.) . Ana iya ganin ƙarin hotuna masu jigo na dragon-dinosaur, misali akan www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Abin sha'awa, akwai zane-zane na waɗannan dabbobi ko da a kan bangon kogo da kwalaye. An yi waɗannan binciken aƙalla a Arizona da yankin tsohuwar Rhodesia (Wysong. RL, Rigimar Halittar Juyin Halitta, shafi 378,380). Misali, a Arizona a shekarar 1924, lokacin da ake duba wani katangar dutse mai tsayi, an gano cewa an sassaka hotuna na dabbobi daban-daban a cikin dutsen, misali na giwaye da barewa, amma kuma bayyanannen hoton dinosaur (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva) . rengas, 1957, shafi na 91). Mutanen Indiyawan Mayan suma sun adana wani sassaka na taimako tare da tsuntsu mai kama da Archeopteryx, watau tsuntsun kadangaru (18) . Bisa ga ra'ayin juyin halitta, yakamata ya rayu a lokaci guda da dinosaur. An kuma adana shedar wasu kadangaru masu tashi, wadanda tsawon fuka-fukinsu zai iya kai mita ashirin, wadanda kuma ake kyautata zaton sun mutu a shekaru dubun da suka gabata. Bayanin da ke gaba yana nufin su da kuma yadda ake kwatanta dabba mai tashi kamar Pterosaur akan tukwane:
Mafi girma daga cikin kadangaru masu tashi shine pterosaur wanda tsawon fikafikansa na iya zama sama da mita 17. (…) A cikin Mujallar namun daji NA BBC (3/1995, Mujalladi 13), Richard Greenwell yayi hasashe game da wanzuwar pterosaur a yau. Ya yi ƙaulin mai binciken A. Hyatt Verrill, wanda ya samo wasu tukwane na ƙasar Peru. Tasoshin yumbu suna nuna pterosaur mai kama da pterodactyl. Verrill ya yi hasashen cewa masu fasaha sun yi amfani da burbushin halittu a matsayin abin koyi kuma ya rubuta:
Shekaru aru-aru, ingantattun kwatanci har ma da zane-zane na burbushin pterodactyl an wuce su daga wannan tsara zuwa wani, kamar yadda kakannin mutanen Cocle suka rayu a cikin wata ƙasa inda akwai ragowar pterosaurs masu kyau.
Har ila yau, Indiyawan Arewacin Amirka sun saba da thunderbird, wanda aka aro sunansa don mota. (19)
A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki , Behemoths da Leviathan da aka ambata a cikin littafin Ayuba kamar suna nufin dinosaur ne. An ce game da behemoth cewa wutsiyarsa kamar itacen al'ul ce, cewa jijiyar cinyoyinsa suna ɗaure sosai, ƙasusuwa kuma kamar sandunan ƙarfe ne. Wadannan kwatancin sun dace da wasu dinosaur, kamar sauropods, wanda zai iya girma zuwa fiye da mita 20 a tsayi. Haka nan, wurin da Behemoth yake a cikin ɓoyayyen reshen, da fens ya dace da dinosaur, domin da yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune a kusa da rairayin bakin teku. Game da wutsiya mai kama da itacen al'ul da Behemoth ke motsawa, yana da ban sha'awa cewa babu wata babbar dabba da aka sani a yau tana da irin wannan wutsiya. Wutsiyar Dinosaur mai tsiro na iya tsawon mita 10-15 kuma tana da nauyin ton 1-2, kuma ba a san irin waɗannan dabbobi a zamanin yau ba. Wasu fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki sun fassara Behemoth a matsayin hippopotamus (kuma Leviathan a matsayin kada), amma kwatancin wutsiya mai kama da itacen al’ul bai dace da hippopotamus ba a kowace hanya. Za a iya samun sharhi ɗaya mai ban sha'awa game da wannan batu daga babban masanin kimiyyar burbushin halittu Stephen Jay Gould, wanda ya kasance maras imani na Markisanci. Ya bayyana cewa lokacin da littafin Ayuba ya yi maganar Behemoth, dabba ɗaya da ta dace da wannan kwatancin ita ce dinosaur (Pandans Tumme, shafi na 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). A matsayinsa na masanin juyin halitta, ya gaskata cewa marubucin littafin Ayuba tabbas ya sami iliminsa daga burbushin halittu. Duk da haka, wannan ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin littattafai a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a fili yana magana akan dabba mai rai (Ayuba 40:15: Ga shi yanzu behemoth, wanda na yi tare da ku…).
- (Ayuba 40:15-23) Dubi yanzu behemoth , wanda na yi tare da ku; yana cin ciyawa kamar sa. 16 Ga shi, ƙarfinsa yana cikin kugunsa, Ƙarfinsa kuma yana cikin cibiyar cikinsa. 17 Yakan motsa wutsiyarsa kamar itacen al'ul , An ɗaure jijiyoyin cinyoyinsa . 18 Ƙasusuwansa suna da ƙarfi kamar tagulla . Ƙasusuwansa kamar sandunan ƙarfe ne. 19 Shi ne shugaban hanyoyin Allah, Shi ne wanda ya halicce shi, Yakan sa takobi ya kusance shi. 20 Hakika duwatsu suna fitar da shi abinci, Inda namomin jeji suke wasa. 21 Yakan kwanta a ƙarƙashin inuwar itatuwa, A cikin maƙaryata na ciyayi, da kagara . 22 Itatuwan inuwa sun rufe shi da inuwarsu. Bishiyoyin rafin sun kewaye shi. 23 Ga shi, yakan sha kogi , bai yi gaggawa ba, Ya amince zai iya jawo Urdun zuwa bakinsa.
Leviathan wata halitta ce mai ban sha'awa da aka ambata a cikin Littafin Ayuba. Wannan halitta ance shi ne sarkin dabbobi kuma an kwatanta yadda harshen wuta ke fita daga bakinsa. (Abin da ake kira ƙwanƙwasa bama-bamai wanda zai iya watsa zafi - 100 digiri Celsius - iskar gas kai tsaye a kan maharin, kuma an san shi a cikin masarautar dabbobi). Mai yiyuwa ne labarai da yawa game da dodanni da za su iya hura wuta daga bakunansu sun samo asali ne daga wannan. Wasu fassarorin Littafi Mai Tsarki sun fassara Leviathan a matsayin kada, amma wane ne ya ga kada da ya sa ka ruguje da ganinsa, kuma wa zai ɗauki ƙarfe kamar bambaro, tagulla kuma kamar ruɓaɓɓen itace, kuma wane ne sarkin dukan dabbobi masu daraja? Bisa ga dukkan alamu, ita ma dabba ce da ba ta wanzu, amma an san ta a zamanin Ayuba. Littafin Ayuba yana cewa:
- (Ayuba 41:1,2,9,13-34) Za ka iya zana Leviathan da ƙugiya? Ko harshensa da igiya wadda kuka saukar? 2 Za a iya sanya ƙugiya a hancinsa? Ko kuwa ya ɗaure muƙamuƙinsa da ƙaya? 9 Ga shi, begensa a banza ne . 13 Wa zai iya gano fuskar rigarsa? Ko kuwa wa zai iya zuwa masa da sarƙoƙinsa biyu? 14 Wa zai iya buɗe ƙofofin fuskarsa? hakoransa suna da ban tsoro a kewaye . 15 Ma'auninsa abin alfaharinsa ne, Rufewa kamar da hatimi . 16 Wani yana kusa da juna, don kada iska ta shiga tsakaninsu. 17 Suna manne da juna, Suna manne da juna, Ba za a iya raba su ba. 18 Ta wurin buƙatunsa haske yana haskakawa, idanunsa kuma suna kama da fatar ido na safiya. 19 Daga cikin bakinsa fitilu masu ci suna fitowa, tartsatsin wuta kuma suna tsalle . 20 Hayaƙi yana fitowa daga cikin hancinsa, Kamar tukwane mai zafi, ko tukwane. 21 Numfashinsa yana hura garwashi, harshen wuta kuma yana fitowa daga bakinsa . 22 A cikin wuyansa ƙarfi yana da ƙarfi, Baƙin ciki kuma yakan juyar da shi farin ciki. 23 Ƙanƙarar namansa sun haɗa wuri guda, Sun kafe cikin kansu. ba za a iya motsa su ba. 24 Zuciyarsa tana da ƙarfi kamar dutse. i, mai wuya kamar guntun dutsen niƙa. 25 Sa'ad da ya ta da kansa, maɗaukaki sukan ji tsoro, Suna tsarkake kansu saboda karya. 26 Takobin wanda yake kwance a kansa ba zai iya riƙewa ba, Ko da mashi, da zarya, ko almara. 27 Yakan ɗauki baƙin ƙarfe kamar bambaro, Tagulla kuma kamar ruɓaɓɓen itace. 28 Kibiya ba za ta iya sa shi gudu ba, Dutsen majajjawa yakan juyar da shi tuntuɓe. 29 An lasafta darts kamar ciyawa, Yakan yi dariya saboda girgizar mashi. 30 Ƙarƙashin duwatsu masu kaifi suna ƙarƙashinsa, Yana shimfiɗa abubuwa masu kaifi a kan laka. 31 Yakan sa zurfin ruwa ya tafasa kamar tukunya, Yakan mai da teku kamar tukunyar man shafawa. 32 Ya sa hanya ta haskaka bayansa. mutum zai yi tunanin zurfin ya zama hoary. 33 A duniya babu irinsa, Wanda aka halitta ba tare da tsoro ba. 34 Yakan duba dukan al'amura masu girma, Shi sarki ne bisa dukan 'ya'yan masu girmankai .
Me game da kwatancin Littafi Mai Tsarki na dodanni? Littafi Mai Tsarki ya cika da kwatanci da ke kwatanta kurciyoyi, mugayen kerkeci, macizai masu wayo, tumaki, da awaki, waɗanda dukansu dabbobi ne da ake samu a cikin yanayi a yau. Me ya sa dragon, wanda aka ambata sau da yawa a cikin Tsohon Alkawari da Sabon Alkawari, da kuma a cikin tsoffin adabi, zai zama banda? Lokacin da Farawa (1:21) ya ba da labarin yadda Allah ya halicci manyan dabbobin teku, dodanni na ruwa ( wanda aka sabunta). iri, da kowane tsuntsu masu fuka-fuki bisa ga irinsa: Allah kuwa ya ga yana da kyau.) , harshen asali ya yi amfani da kalmar nan “tannin”, wadda ta yi daidai da dragon a wani wuri a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. ayoyi masu zuwa, alal misali, suna nufin dodanni:
- (Ayuba 30:29) Ni ɗan'uwan dodanni ne , abokin mujiya kuma.
- (Zab 44:19) Ko da yake ka karya mu a wurin dodanni , Ka lulluɓe mu da inuwar mutuwa.
- (Isha 35:7) Busasshiyar ƙasa za ta zama tafki, ƙasa mai kishirwa kuma za ta zama maɓuɓɓugar ruwa: a cikin mazaunin dodanni , inda kowannensu ya kwanta, za ya zama ciyawa mai rarrafe.
- (Isha 43:20) Namomin jeji za su girmama ni, Dodanni da mujiya: Gama na ba da ruwa a jeji, da koguna a cikin hamada, Domin in shayar da jama'ata, zaɓaɓɓu na.
- (Irm 14:6) Jakunan jeji kuma suka tsaya a kan tuddai, sun shake iska kamar dodanni ; Idonsu sun yi kasa, domin babu ciyawa.
- (Irm 49:33) Hazor za ta zama wurin zama ga dodanni , kufai har abada abadin: Ba wanda zai zauna a ciki, ko ɗan mutum ya zauna a ciki.
- (Mikah 1:8) Saboda haka zan yi kuka, in yi kuka, zan tafi tsirara da tsira: Zan yi kuka kamar dodanni , da makoki kamar na mujiya.
(Mal 1: 3) Kuma na ƙi Isuwa, Na sa duwãtsunsa da gādonsa kufai ga dodanni na jeji.
- (Zab 104:26) Jiragen ruwa suna tafiya, akwai Leviathan, wanda ka sa ya yi wasa a ciki.
- (Ayuba 7:12) Ni teku ne, ko kuma kifi , da ka sa mai tsaro a kaina? ( sigar da aka sake fasalin: dodo na teku, a cikin Ibrananci tannin, wanda ke nufin dragon)
- (Ayuba 26:12, 13) Yana raba teku da ikonsa, Ta wurin fahimtarsa kuma yakan bugi masu girmankai. 13 Ta wurin ruhunsa ya ƙawata sammai. Hannunsa ya sifanta macijin maciji.
- (Zab 74:13,14) Ka raba teku da ƙarfinka, Ka karya kawunan dodanni a cikin ruwaye. 14 Kun gutsuttsura kawunan Lewitan , Ka ba shi abinci ga mutanen da suke cikin jeji.
- (Zab 91:13) Za ku tattake zaki da dawa: Za ku tattake zaki da macizai .
- (Isha 30:6) Nauyin namomin kudu: cikin ƙasar wahala da wahala, daga ina zaki fito da yaro da tsoho, da maciji da maciji mai tashi, za su ɗauki dukiyarsu a kafaɗun samari . Jakuna, da dukiyarsu a kan gungun raƙuma, ga mutanen da ba za su amfane su ba.
- (K. Sha 32:32, 33) Gama kurangar inabinsu na kurangar inabin Saduma ne, Daga cikin gonakin Gwamrata: inabinsu inabin gall ne, gungunsu kuma da ɗaci ne. 33 Ruwan inabinsu dafin dodanni ne , Da mugun dafin macizai.
- (Neh 2:13) Da dare na fita ta Ƙofar Kwari, da gaban rijiyar macijiya , da tashar juji, na duba garun Urushalima, da aka rurrushe, Ƙofofinta sun ƙare. da wuta.
- (Ishaya 51:9) Ka farka, ka farka, ka sa ƙarfi, ya hannun Ubangiji; A farka, kamar yadda a cikin zamanin dā, A cikin tsararraki na dā. Ashe, ba kai ne ka yanke Rahab, ka raunata macijin ba?
- (Ishaya 27:1) A wannan rana Ubangiji zai hukunta Leviathan, macijin maciji mai-zafi, da takuba mai ƙarfi; Zai kashe macijin da yake cikin teku.
- (Irm 51:34) Nebukadnezzar, Sarkin Babila ya cinye ni, ya murƙushe ni, ya maishe ni kufai, ya cinye ni kamar macizai , Ya cika cikinsa da abinci na, Ya jefar da ni. ni fita.
Afokirifa na Tsohon Alkawari da dodanni . Menene game da Afokirifa na Tsohon Alkawari? Su ma, sun ƙunshi ambaton dodon da yawa, waɗanda ake gani a matsayin dabbobi na gaske, maimakon halittun almara. Marubucin Littafin Sirach ya rubuta yadda zai gwammace ya zauna da zaki da dodon, fiye da muguwar matarsa. Ƙari ga littafin Esther ya faɗi game da mafarkin Mordekai (Mordekai na Littafi Mai Tsarki), sa’ad da ya ga manyan dodanni biyu. Daniyel kuma ya fuskanci wani ƙaton dragon, wanda Babila ke bauta wa. Wannan yana nuna yadda kila waɗannan dabbobin sun yi girma zuwa adadi mai yawa.
- (Sirach 25:16) Gara in zauna da zaki da macizai, da in zauna da muguwar mace .
- (Hikimar Sulemanu 16:10) Amma ’ya’yanka ba haƙoran dafin dodanni ba su ci nasara ba: gama ƙaunarka ta kasance gare su har abada, ta kuwa warkar da su.
- (Sirach 43:25) Domin a cikinta akwai ayyuka masu ban mamaki da banmamaki, halitta iri iri na dabba da kifin kifi iri-iri.
- (Kari ga Esther 1:1,4,5,6) An kai Mordekai Bayahude da ke kabilar Biliyaminu, tare da Sarki Jehoiakin na Yahuda, sa’ad da Nebukadnezzar na Babila ya ci Urushalima. Mordekai ɗan Yayir, daga zuriyar Kish da Shimai. 4 Ya yi mafarki, an yi babbar hayaniya, da ruɗe, da babbar tsawa, da girgizar ƙasa, da hargitsi mai ban tsoro a duniya. 5 Sai manyan dodanni biyu suka bayyana, suna shirin yaƙi da juna . 6 Suka yi hayaniya mai ban tsoro , dukan al'ummai kuwa suka shirya don su yi yaƙi da mutanen adalai na Allah.
- (Ƙari ga Daniel, Bel da Dragon 1: 23-30) Kuma a cikin wannan wuri akwai wani babban macijin , wanda mutanen Babila suke bauta wa. 24 Sai sarki ya ce wa Daniyel, “Za ka kuma ce wannan na tagulla ne? ga shi yana raye, yana ci yana sha ; Ba za ka iya cewa shi ba abin bautãwa ba ne, saboda haka ku bauta masa. 25 Daniyel ya ce wa sarki, “Zan bauta wa Ubangiji Allahna, gama shi ne Allah mai rai. 26 Amma ka bar ni, ya sarki, in kashe wannan macijin ba tare da takobi ko sanda ba. Sarki ya ce, na ba ka izini. 27 Daniyel kuwa ya ɗauki farar farar, da mai, da gashi, ya niƙasu wuri ɗaya, ya yi dunƙule da su, ya sa a bakin macijin, sai macijin ya fashe. ibada. 28 Da mutanen Babila suka ji haka, sai suka husata ƙwarai, suka ƙulla wa sarki maƙarƙashiya, suna cewa, “Sarki ya zama Bayahude, ya hallaka Bel, ya kashe macijin, ya kashe firistoci. 29 Sai suka zo wurin sarki, suka ce, “Ka cece mu Daniyel, in ba haka ba, mu hallaka kai da gidanka. 30 Sa'ad da sarki ya ga sun manne shi ƙwarai, yana takurawa, sai ya ba da Daniyel a gare su.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. https://creation.com/redirect.php?https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ 20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Miliyoyin shekaru / dinosaurs / juyin
halittar mutum? |
