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This is a machine translation made by Google Translate and has not been checked. There may be errors in the text. On the right, there are more links to translations made by Google Translate. In addition, you can read other articles in your own language when you go to my English website (Jari's writings), select an article there and transfer its web address to Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/?sl=en&tl=fi&op=websites).
Gusenga ibigirwamana muri Islamu no muri Maka
Soma uburyo hari ibisigisigi byinshi byo gusenga ibigirwamana mbere yubuyisilamu muri Islamu ya none. Benshi muribo bahujwe nurugendo rwo kujya i Maka
Waba uri Umuyisilamu, warangije urugendo rwo kujya i Maka cyangwa atekereza kubikora? Niba uri umuntu nkuyu, iyi ngingo ni iyanyu. Iyi ngingo ivuga ibyiciro byambere bya Islamu, nuburyo bifitanye isano no gusenga ibigirwamana. Ni ikintu Abayisilamu benshi bafite imitima itaryarya bashobora guhakana, bakavuga ko muri Islamu nta gusenga ibigirwamana. Ariko, birashimishije ko Inkingi ya gatanu yubuyisilamu, ingendo i Maka, ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi bijyanye no gusenga ibigirwamana. Nibijyanye nibintu byari bisanzwe biranga idini rya kera ryabarabu mbere yigihe cya Islamu na Muhamadi. Barazwe nkabo muri Islamu ya none. Niba utemera ibi, ugomba gusoma imirongo ikurikira. Urimo usenga Imana imwe gusa cyangwa mubyukuri uri umushyigikiye kandi ukurikira ibigirwamana bya kera mugihe ukora urugendo rutagatifu i Maka? Guhuza hamwe no gusenga ibigirwamana byashize hamwe nogukora ingendo zubu zirimo, kurugero, ibintu bigaragara kurutonde.
• Ahantu ho gusengera ni Maka • Kuzenguruka urusengero inshuro nyinshi • Gusomana cyangwa gukora ku ibuye ry'umukara • Abasenga imana z'amahanga i Maka biyitaga Hanifs • Gutamba amatungo • Kugenda kuri Mt Arafat • Gusura imisozi ya Safa na Marwa
Aho urugendo rugana ni Maka . Maka kuba ahantu ho gutemberera biva mubikorwa byabanje. Uyu mugenzo ntabwo wavutse binyuze kuri Muhammad, ariko abasenga ibigirwamana nabarabu nabo bari bafite akamenyero ko gukora ingendo mumujyi umwe kuntara yabarabu. Bitabiriye ibirori byo gusenga ku rusengero rwa Kaaba no gusenga ibigirwamana 360 mu rusengero. Icyo ingendo zubu zihuriraho, mubindi, ni uko ikintu cyo gutembera kwabo cyari kimwe, bitwaga hanif kandi nabo bakoze hafi ibice bimwe byurugendo nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe. Ibikorwa bigezweho bijyanye na Maka birasa neza nibya kera. Iterambere nk'iryo mu bihe byashize ryarakomeje kugeza igihe Muhamadi, we ubwe wari warinze ahera mu gihe hakiri ibigirwamana 360, yahisemo gufunga umujyi abantu bose uretse abayoboke b'idini rya Islamu. Byabaye mu mwaka wa 630, ariko na nyuma yibi, Muhammad yagumanye idini rya kera n’imigenzo yo gusenga ibigirwamana - imirimo ikiriho kugeza na nubu. Sahih Bukhari, icyegeranyo cya Hadithi, yemeza uburyo imigenzo ya Islamu ivuga ku gusenga ibigirwamana mu rusengero rwa Kaaba. Hariho ibigirwamana 360 byasengwaga:
Mbere yigihe cya Muhamadi, gusenga ibigirwamana byimiryango yabarabu byari byibanze ku rusengero rumeze nka cube rwa Kaaba i Maka. Imigenzo gakondo ya Islamu yemeza ko imana 360 zasengwaga i Maka: “Abdullah bin Masud yaravuze ati: 'Igihe Intumwa yageraga i Maka, hari ibigirwamana 360 bikikije Kaaba'” (Sahih Bukhari) (1)
Kuzenguruka urusengero rwa Kaaba. Isano ya mbere hamwe no gusenga ibigirwamana bishaje ni urugendo rwo kujya i Maka. Ingingo ya kabiri isa ni ukuzenguruka urusengero rwa Kaaba. Muri iki gihe, Abayisilamu bazengurutse Kaaba inshuro zirindwi, ibyo nabyo byari bimwe mu byo gusenga ibigirwamana ndetse no gutembera: ndetse no muri icyo gihe abantu bazengurukaga urusengero, barubaha kandi basoma ibuye ry'umukara ku ruhande rumwe. Ibi nibintu bisa nurugendo rwubu i Maka. Rero, wowe, ukora ibyo bikorwa byurugendo, ukurikiza imyitwarire yabasenga ibigirwamana byashize, bimuwe nkubuyisilamu bwa none. Byongeye kandi, andi mateka asobanura uburyo abantu ahandi bazengurutse izindi nsengero n'amabuye, nk'urusengero rwa Kaaba. Ibi byavuzwe byibuze, nabanyamateka b'Abagereki. Amagambo akurikira yerekana uburyo umuco umwe wari usanzwe mu gusenga ibigirwamana.
Abantu b'Abakurayishi bafashe nk'imana yabo imana yitwa Hubal, wari uhagaze ku nkombe y'iriba imbere y'urusengero rwa Kaaba. Basengaga kandi Isaf na Na'ila iruhande rwa Zamzam, aho batambiye ... Abarabu bareze, usibye Kaaba, taghuts cyangwa insengero bubahaga. Izi zari insengero bubahaga nka Kaaba kandi bafite abarinzi babo ndetse nabarezi. Abarabu babahaye amaturo nkuko babigiriye Kaaba barazenguruka nkuko babizengurutse Kaaba. Bishe kandi inyamaswa zegereye aha hantu. (2)
Gusomana ibuye ry'umukara. Ihuriro rimwe hagati yahoze asenga ibigirwamana n’urugendo rutagatifu i Maka ni ugusomana no gukorakora ku ibuye ry'umukara mu rusengero rwa Kaaba. Ikindi kandi abarabu mugihe cyakera basomaga iri buye bakarisenga nkimana kera cyane mbere yiminsi ya Muhamadi. Ibuye ry'umukara nicyo kintu cyubahwa cyane mu rusengero rwa kera kandi cyibanze ku gusenga imana nyinshi. Abadivini kandi barayisengaga hamwe nandi mabuye kera cyane mbere yigihe cya Islamu na Muhammad. Biteye amatsiko rero kuba abayisilamu muriyi minsi basoma ibuye ryakoreshwaga mu gusenga ibigirwamana. Nigute ushobora gukora gutya nkumuyisilamu niba ibuye ryirabura ryari ikintu nyamukuru cyo gusenga ibigirwamana? Kuki ukomeza imigenzo ya kera yo gusenga ibigirwamana?
Mbere ya Islamu, abarabu basengaga imana nyinshi, kandi idini ryabo rishobora kuba ryarasa n'imyizerere y'ibihugu by'Abasemite ba mbere. . (…) Usibye imana zikunze gusengwa, buri bwoko busa nkaho bufite ubumana bwabwo. Birashoboka ko imana ya Maka yari imana itazwi cyane (ukwezi) imana Hubal wasengaga mu rusengero rwa Kaaba mbere y’ivuka rya Islamu. Usibye imana nyirizina, hasengwaga amabuye yera, amasoko, n'ibiti. Kuramya amabuye byari bisanzwe cyane kubadivini mbere yubuyisilamu, nabwo amasoko yubugereki yabivuze. Amabuye ashobora kuba yarakozwe muburyo busanzwe cyangwa yerekanwe neza. Abadivu basengaga amabuye akomeye n'amabuye bitwaje. Ibuye ry'umukara rya Kaaba naryo ryasengwaga mu gihe cyabanjirije Ubuyisilamu. (3)
Urusengero rwa Kaaba n'ibuye ryirabura rero ni igice cy'ingenzi mu bikorwa by'idini rya kisilamu. Bigaragarira kandi ku kuba Abayisilamu basenga bareba Maka. Ibi bifitanye isano no kwizera ko ibuye ry'umukara rishobora gukora nk'umuhuza w'amasengesho? Niba ibi byafashwe, cyangwa niba icyerekezo cyamasengesho gifite akamaro, biganisha kubyerekeranye na Maka hamwe nibuye ryirabura nkibintu byo gusenga ibigirwamana. Cyangwa sibyo? Ibi kandi bitandukanye n'amasengesho asanzwe ya gikristo, aho dushobora kubwira Imana gusa ibibazo byacu (Fil 4: 6: Witondere ubusa; ariko muri buri kintu cyose usenga no kwinginga hamwe na Thanksgiving reka ibyo wamenyesheje Imana.). Ntacyo bitwaye icyerekezo cyamasengesho. Kuki noneho abayisilamu bemera gusomana ibuye ryirabura nibindi bikorwa bisa no gusenga ibigirwamana? Ibi biragoye kubyumva. Amagambo akurikira avuga byinshi kuriyi ngingo. Imigenzo gakondo ya Islamu ivuga ko imihango yose iriho ubu nko gutembera i Maka, Ramazani, kuzenguruka Kaaba, gusoma ibuye ry'umukara, kwiruka hagati ya Saf na Marwa, gutera amabuye Satani no kunywa ku isoko ya Zamzam bikomoka ku bapagani:
Nyuma yo kuzenguruka Kaaba inshuro zirindwi, abasenga bihutira kujya ku bishushanyo bishushanya Satani hanze ya Maka maze babatera amabuye. Kuri uyu muhango kandi wajyanaga cyane no kwiruka inshuro zirindwi hagati yimisozi Safa na Marw. Bari hafi y'umusigiti mukuru wa Maka. Intera iri hagati yimisozi ni metero magana ane. Korowani yerekana ko uyu muhango wo kwiruka watangiye gukurikizwa mbere ya Islamu. Igihe Abayisilamu babazaga mu buryo butangaje Muhamadi impamvu bagomba gukurikiza uwo muco wa gipagani, yakiriye igisubizo cya Allah:
Dore! Safa na Marwa biri mubimenyetso bya Allah. Niba rero abasuye Inyumba (Kaaba) muri Season cyangwa mubindi bihe, bagomba kuzenguruka, ntabwo ari icyaha muri bo. (Suura 2: 158)
Abantu benshi rero bateraniye i Maka gusenga imana zashyizwe imbere cyangwa hafi yinyubako yari yuzuyeho umwenda wirabura. Buri bwoko cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye wageze mu mujyi yemerewe guhitamo imana bakunda cyane i Kaaba. Izi ngendo zatangaga umusaruro mwiza ku bwoko bw'Abakurayishi, nk'abagize umuryango munini i Maka, bakita kandi bakagenzura urusengero (…) Habayeho kwibazwaho byinshi ku mpamvu Muhammad yasize iyo migenzo ya gipagani muri Islamu. Impamvu imwe ishobora kuba ari uko yabasize ngo babeho kugirango bashimishe ubwoko bwAbakurayishi, kubera ko iyo mihango itigeze ibangamira Islam cyangwa ngo ihakane Allah. Igihe abaturage b'Abakurayishi na bo bahindukiriye Abayisilamu nyuma yo kwigarurira Maka, bo, nk'abarezi ba Kaaba, babonaga amafaranga menshi buri mwaka ku basuraga ingendo bageze i Maka. Kumenya inkomoko ya gipagani yimigenzo yubu irashobora kuba ukuri guteye isoni kubashaka guhakana ubuhamya bwatanzwe namateka. (4)
Ibuye ryirabura no guhuza gusenga ukwezi . Twabonye haruguru ko gusomana ibuye ryirabura nindi migenzo ya none yo gutembera kwa kisilamu byagaragaye mu gusenga ibigirwamana mbere ya Muhammad. Muhammad yemeye iyo migenzo ya gipagani mu rwego rwo gusenga idini rya kisilamu. Ihuza rimwe na kahise naryo ni ikimenyetso cyukwezi. Abantu bo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati basengaga ukwezi, izuba, n'inyenyeri. Umuhoro w'ukwezi wabonetse ku bicaniro ibihumbi, ibikoresho by'ibumba, inzabya, impumyi, impeta, n'ibindi bihangano. Bivuga ubwinshi bwo gusenga ukwezi. Abasenga ibigirwamana i Maka na bo bizeraga ko ibuye ry'umukara ryataye mu kirere n'imana y'ukwezi Hubal (reba amagambo yavuzwe mbere!). Icyakora, iki gitekerezo cyaje guhindurwa na Muhammad ubwe, kubera ko yizeraga ko ibuye ryoherejwe na marayika Gaburiyeli wo muri paradizo kandi ko ibuye ryari ryera ariko rihinduka umukara kubera ibyaha by'abantu. Muhamadi yari afite ukuri cyangwa ni meteorite isanzwe yaguye kwisi? Ntibishoboka kubyemeza ubu. Amagambo akurikira arakomeza ku ngingo imwe, aribyo gusenga ibuye ry'umukara, ndetse n'uburyo iryo buye ryatekerezaga ko ryaturutse ku kwezi, kandi ko imana y'ukwezi Hubal yayimanuye mu kirere. Ku gisenge cy’imisigiti yiki gihe, umuhoro wukwezi uracyakoreshwa, wibutsa gusenga ibigirwamana byashize; nko gusomana ibuye ry'umukara n'ubundi buryo bwo gutembera.
Bitandukanye n'Abaperesi - bigishijwe na Zoroastrian - basengaga izuba nk'ahantu h'ikirenga kandi bahuza ibyiza n'umucyo n'umuriro, naho ibibi n'umwijima, abarabu bo muri iyo minsi basengaga Ukwezi. Ku Buperesi wabaga mu gihugu cy'imisozi miremire, ubushyuhe buturuka ku zuba bushobora kuba bwakiriwe neza ariko ku Mwarabu wo mu bibaya byo mu butayu, izuba ryica kandi Ukwezi kuzana ikime n'umwijima nyuma y'ubushyuhe bukabije n'umucyo utangaje. Dukurikije umugani w'abanyamahanga, abantu bemezaga ko Hobal, Imana y'ukwezi yajugunye ibuye ry'umukara wa meteorite ya Kaaba mu Ijuru. Yafatwaga nk'uwera mbere ya Islamu, kandi yasengwaga nabagenzi nabagenzi bizeraga ko Ukwezi nabwo ari imana. (5)
Nyamara andi magambo ku ngingo imwe. Irerekana uburyo idini nyamukuru yabaturage bo muburasirazuba bwo hagati yari ifitanye isano no gusenga ukwezi, izuba n'inyenyeri. Iyo ukwezi gutambutse kurubu hejuru yinzu yimisigiti myinshi, iba yerekeza kubigirwamana byashize:
Al-Hadis (Igitabo cya 4, Igice cya 42, No 47) gikubiyemo amagambo atangaje ya Muhamadi: “Abu Razin al-Uqaili yaravuze ati: Nabajije nti: Yewe ntumwa ya Allah: Ese abantu bose ku munsi w'izuka babona Umwami wabo kumugaragaro? Ifishi? Arabasubiza ati 'yego.' Nabajije: Ni ikihe kimenyetso cyibi mubyo yaremye? Bati: Oh Abu Razin. Ntabwo buri wese muri mwe abona ukwezi mu mucyo wuzuye ukwezi kwambaye ubusa. ” Uyu murongo utanga ibimenyetso byerekana ko ukwezi kwari ikimenyetso cya Allah. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko:
• Allah yari ikigirwamana cy'Abarabu mu binyejana byinshi. “Ni Umwami wawe na ba sogokuruza (Surat 44: 8). Imana y'Abarabu n'abakurambere babo ntabwo yari Imana ya Aburahamu, Isaka na Yakobo, YHVH Yahwe, ahubwo yari Allah • Ukwezi kwari ikimenyetso cya Allah. • Allah yitwaga Imana y'ukwezi.
(…) Intiti z’amadini y’iburengerazuba zemeranya na Bibiliya ko idini nyamukuru y’abantu bo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati yari ifitanye isano no gusenga ukwezi, izuba, n'inyenyeri. Ibihumbi n'ibicaniro, ibikoresho by'ibumba, inzabya, impumyi, impeta, n'ibindi bihangano byabonetse n'intiti za kera bifite umuhoro w'ukwezi. Ivuga gusenga ukwezi kwinshi. Ibyanditswe mu bisate by'ibumba biboneka mu bucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo birimo ibisobanuro by'abahohotewe bahawe ukwezi. Umuntu arashobora kubaza igituma umuhoro wukwezi uhagaze hejuru yinzu yimisigiti. Birumvikana ko ikimenyetso cyImana cyashyizwe hejuru yinzu nkuko abakristo bashyira umusaraba mumatorero yabo nkikimenyetso cyagakiza kakozwe na Kristo. Kubera ko gusenga ukwezi byari bimenyerewe mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, abarabu na bo basengaga ukwezi. Urusengero, Kaaba, narwo rwubatswe ku Mana Ukwezi. Ryari rifite ikintu cyihariye cyo gusenga, ibuye ry'umukara ryaguye ku Kwezi, Muhamadi yasomye mu gihe cyo kwigarurira Maka. (6)
Iyerekwa rya Muhammadi ryimana eshatu . Ibyavuzwe haruguru byaganiriweho kubyerekeye gusenga ibigirwamana i Maka no gutembera kwaho. Byagaragaye uburyo gusomana amabuye yumukara, kuzenguruka kwa Kaaba, nubundi buryo bwo gusenga ibigirwamana byakorewe i Maka byari bisanzwe ndetse na mbere yubuyisilamu. Muhammad yabemereye nkabo mubuyisilamu bwa none. Kubwibyo, uburyo bumwe bwo gusenga ibigirwamana buracyakorwa. Nkumuyisilamu, nibyiza ko wibaza, urimo kwishora muburyo bumwe bwo gusenga ibigirwamana mugihe cyo gutembera i Maka nkuko abasenga ibigirwamana ba kera babikoraga ibinyejana bishize? Noneho twimukira kukindi kibazo kijyanye na Muhammadi no gusenga ibigirwamana. Byerekeranye nibyo bita kuva mumirongo ya satani, ni ukuvuga igice cya Korowani 53: 19,20. Tuzabishakisha ubutaha. Dukurikije imigenzo, iyi mirongo isobanura imana eshatu zasengwaga n’abarabu (Allat, al-Uzza, na Manat), mu ntangiriro harimo igitabo cyerekanaga izo mana nk’abunzi runaka. Mu yandi magambo, iyi mirongo Muhamadi yakiriye yashishikarije abantu guhindukirira imana z'amahanga. Kubera iyi mirongo, abatuye i Maka bari biteguye kwatura ko Muhamadi yari Intumwa. Bizera ko bari muburyo bukurikira. Igice cyasibwe cyashyizwe mu majwi:
Wabonye Allat na al-Uzza na Manat, uwa gatatu? " Ibi ni ibiremwa bihebuje kandi kwinginga kwabo birashobora kwiringirwa."
Ikintu kigaragara kuri ibi nuko atari igihangano cyabantu bo hanze, ahubwo kivugwa nabayisilamu bo hambere. Aya masoko yo hambere hamwe nabanditsi babo ntibigeze bahakana umwanya wa Muhamadi nkumuhanuzi. Yavuzweho n’abayisilamu bubaha Imana nka Ibin Ishag, Ibin Sa'd, na Tabari, ndetse n’umwanditsi waje kwandika ibisobanuro bya Qor'an Zamakhshari (1047-1143). Biragoye cyane kwizera ko bari kuvuga iby'urubanza iyo batabona ko ari ukuri. Ikintu kimwe cyasobanuwe mumagambo akurikira, yerekeza kubitekerezo na imamu kuri Qor'an. Irerekana uburyo iki gice muri Qor'ani cyahinduwe kuko Muhammad yahise abona ihishurwa rishya kubinyuranye. Irerekana kandi uburyo Qor'ani ishingiye rwose ku guhishurwa n'amagambo yakiriwe na Muhamadi. Ikigaragara,
Imamu El- Syouty asobanura Sura 17:74 ya Korowani mu bisobanuro yatanze mu buryo bukurikira: "Dukurikije Muhammadi, mwene Kaab , umuvandimwe wa Karz , umuhanuzi Muhammad yasomye Sura 53 kugeza ageze kuri iki gice, agira ati: 'Wigeze ubona Allat na Al-Uzza (imana z'amahanga) ...' Muri iki gice, satani ubwe yatumye Muhamadi avuga ko Abayisilamu bashobora gusenga izo mana z'abanyamahanga kandi babasaba kwinginga. Kandi rero bivuye mu magambo ya Muhammadi , a umurongo wongeyeho kuri Korowani. Intumwa Muhamadi yarababajwe cyane n'amagambo ye, kugeza igihe Imana yamuteye inkunga nshya, "Kandi nkuko bisanzwe, igihe twohereje intumwa cyangwa umuhanuzi, Satani yashyize ibyifuzo byabo hamwe nabo, ariko Imana irabihanagura, iki Satani yabivanze, hanyuma yemeza ikimenyetso cye. Imana irabizi, ifite ubwenge. ” (Sura 22:52.) Kubera iyi sura 17: 73-74 hagira hati: "Kandi rwose bari bagambiriye kuguhindura ibyo twaguhishuriye, ko uzaduhimbira bitari ibyo, hanyuma rwose bakakujyana a nshuti. Kandi iyo bitaba ibyo twaba tumaze kugushiraho, rwose wari kuba hafi yo kubaganaho gato; " (7)
Amagambo akurikira avuga ingingo imwe, imirongo ya satani. Irerekana ko iki kibazo atari igihimbano cy’abantu bo hanze, ahubwo kivugwa n’amasoko ya Islamu yo hambere ndetse n’uburyo Muhamadi yari afite ubushake bwo kwemera gusenga ibigirwamana. Abanditsi ntibahakanye agaciro ka Muhamadi nk'umuhanuzi:
Urubanza rw'imirongo ya satani mubusanzwe rwabaye impamvu ikomeye yo gutera isoni abayisilamu mu binyejana byinshi. Mubyukuri, biratwikiriye ibyo Muhamadi avuga ko ari umuhanuzi. Niba Satani yarigeze ashyira amagambo mumunwa wa Muhamadi akamutera gutekereza ko ari ubutumwa bwa Allah, none ninde wavuga ko Satani atakoresheje Muhamadi nk'umuvugizi we no mubindi bihe? … Biragoye kubyumva, uburyo n'impamvu inkuru nk'iyi yaba yarahimbwe, ndetse nuburyo n'impamvu abayisilamu bitanze nka Ibin Ishag , Ibin Sa'd na Tabari, ndetse n'umwanditsi wanditse nyuma yo gutangaza Koran, Zamakhsari (1047-1143) - uwo biragoye cyane kwizera ko yari kubivuga aramutse atizeye inkomoko - yatekereje ko ari ukuri. Hano, kimwe no mubindi bice, ibimenyetso byinkomoko ya kisilamu yo hambere birakomeye. Tekereza ibyabaye birashobora gusobanurwa murundi mucyo, abifuza ko bashobora gukora urugero rwimirongo ya satani bakavaho, ntibashobora guhakana ko ibyo bintu byubuzima bwa Muhammadi atari ibihimbano byabanzi be, ariko amakuru kuri bo yaturutse mubantu. , wemera rwose Muhamadi kuba umuhanuzi wa Allah. (8)
Ni uwuhe mwanzuro twavuga haruguru? Turashobora kubona ko Muhamadi yari umuntu ufite inenge. Yunamye imbere y'abantu ubwo yemeraga imirongo ishigikira gusenga ibigirwamana bitatu kandi ko bashobora kwitabaza. Islamu ubwayo inkomoko yambere yerekeza kubikorwa bya Muhammadi, ntabwo rero ari igihangano cyabantu babi. Muhammad kandi yari inyuma y’uko imigenzo ya kera yo gusenga ibigirwamana, yari imaze ibinyejana byinshi ikorerwa i Maka, yimuriwe mu buryo busa n’ubuyisilamu. Ibi byari bikubiyemo ibintu byavuzwe haruguru, nko gukora urugendo rutagatifu i Maka, abantu bazenguruka urusengero, gusomana cyangwa gukora ku ibuye ry'umukara, gutamba ibitambo, kugenda ku musozi wa Arafat, no gusura imisozi ya Safa na Marwa. Muhammad yemeje ibyo bikorwa byose bya kera byo gusenga ibigirwamana.
References:
1. Martti Ahvenainen: Islam Raamatun valossa, p. 20 2. Ibn Hisham: Profeetta Muhammadin elämäkerta, p. 19 3. Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila: Johdatus Koraaniin, p. 28 4. Martti Ahvenainen: Islam Raamatun valossa, p. 23,24 5. Anthony Nutting: The Arabs, pp. 17,18 6. Martti Ahvenainen: Islam Raamatun valossa, pp. 244,2427. Ismaelin lapset, p. 14 8. Robert Spencer: Totuus Muhammadista (The Truth About Muhammad: Founder of the World’s Most Intolerant Religion) p. 92,93
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Amamiliyoni yimyaka / dinosaurs /
ubwihindurize bwabantu? |
