Ibisobanuro bisanzwe bya naturiste kubitangira isanzure ni uko yavutse binyuze muri Big Bang kuva kubusa, ni ukuvuga umwanya utariho. Mbere yabyo, nta mwanya, umwanya n'imbaraga. Iki kibazo cyasobanuwe neza nizina ryibitabo nka Tyhjästä syntynyt (Yavutse ku busa) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) cyangwa Isanzure ryubusa (Lawrence M. Krauss). Amagambo akurikira nayo yerekeza ku kintu kimwe:

Mu ntangiriro nta kintu na kimwe cyari gifite. Ibi biragoye cyane kubyumva ... Mbere ya Big Bang, nta mwanya wubusa. Umwanya, umwanya n'imbaraga nibintu byaremwe muri uku guturika. Ntakintu "hanze" isanzure yaturika. Iyo yavutse igatangira kwaguka kwinshi, isanzure yarimo ibintu byose, harimo nubusa. (Jim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Inkomoko y'ubuzima, pp. 9-11)

Muri ubwo buryo, Wikipedia isobanura Big Bang. Nkuko bivugwa, mu ntangiriro hari umwanya ushyushye kandi wuzuye kugeza Big Bang ibaye kandi isanzure ryatangiye kwaguka:

Dukurikije iyo nyigisho, isanzure ryavutse mu bihe byinshi kandi bishyushye hashize imyaka igera kuri miliyari 13.8 mu cyiswe Big Bang kandi cyagiye cyaguka kuva icyo gihe.

Ariko Big Bang no kuvuka kwimibiri yo mwijuru ubwabo nukuri? Muri iki kibazo, birakwiye ko twita ku ngingo zikurikira:

Ibitabaho ntibishobora kugira imitungo iyo ari yo yose kandi nta kintu na kimwe gishobora kuvamo . Kwivuguruza kwambere murashobora kubisanga mumirongo ibanza. Ku ruhande rumwe, bivugwa ko ibintu byose byatangiriye kubusa, kurundi ruhande, bivugwa ko leta yambere yari ishyushye cyane kandi yuzuye.

    Ariko, niba ntakintu cyari gitangiye, leta nkiyi ntishobora kugira imitungo iyo ari yo yose. Nibura ntishobora gushyuha kandi yuzuye kuko itabaho. Kutabaho ntibishobora kugira indi mitungo haba gusa kuberako itabaho.

    Ku rundi ruhande, niba twibwira ko ibitabaho byahinduye imiterere yuzuye kandi ishyushye yo kubaho, cyangwa ko isanzure y'ubu yavutse kuri yo, ibyo nabyo ntibishoboka. Ntibishoboka mubiharuro kuko ntibishoboka gufata ikintu cyose mubusa. Niba zeru igabanijwe numubare uwo ariwo wose, ibisubizo buri gihe ni zeru. David Berlinski, yafashe icyemezo kuri iyi ngingo: 

"Ntabwo ari impaka kuvuga ko ikintu kibaho nta kintu na kimwe, mu gihe imibare iyo ari yo yose y'imibare yumvise ko ibyo ari ubuswa rwose" (Ron Rosenbaum: "Ese Big Bang ni impimbano gusa? David Berlinski ahamagarira abantu bose." Indorerezi ya New York 7.7 .1998)

Niba nta mbaraga zabayeho, ntakintu gishobora guturika . Amagambo yavuzwe mbere yavugaga ko mu ntangiriro nta mbaraga zigeze, ndetse nta bikoresho.

    Hano hari irindi kwivuguruza, kubera ko itegeko rya mbere rusange rya termodinamike rigira riti: "Ingufu ntizishobora kuremwa cyangwa gusenywa, gusa zahinduwe ziva muburyo bumwe zijya mu bundi."

     Muyandi magambo, niba nta mbaraga zabayeho mugitangiriro, ingufu zavuye he kuko ubwazo idashobora kuvuka? Ku rundi ruhande, kubura ingufu birinda guturika. Igisasu nticyashoboraga kubaho.

Niba leta yambere yari yuzuye cyane, ntishobora guturika . Amagambo yavuzwe mbere yerekezaga ku gitekerezo kivuga ko ibintu byose byaturutse ku bucucike bukabije kandi bushyushye, aho ibintu byose byo mu isanzure byapakiwe mu mwanya muto cyane. Yagereranijwe nubumwe, nkibyobo byirabura.

    Hano, na none, hariho kwivuguruza. Kuberako iyo umwobo wumukara usobanuwe, bivugwa ko ari mwinshi kuburyo ntakintu na kimwe gishobora guhunga, nta mucyo, imirasire ya electronique, cyangwa ikindi kintu cyose. Ni ukuvuga, ibidukikije bifatwa nkimbaraga enye zingenzi: uburemere, ingufu za electronique, nimbaraga zikomeye za kirimbuzi. Imbaraga rukuruzi zifatwa nkintege nke muri zo, ariko niba hari misa ihagije, izindi mbaraga ntacyo zishobora kubikoraho. Ibi bemeza ko aribyo byobo byirabura.

     Ni iki gishobora kuvamo iki? Niba umwobo wumukara ufatwa nkukuri, kandi ntakintu na kimwe gishobora guhunga kubera ubwinshi, nigute umuntu ashobora kwemeza icyarimwe iturika ryaturutse kubintu byavuzwe mbere, byakagombye no kuba byuzuye kuruta ibyobo byirabura? Abahakanamana barivuguruza.                                                         

Igisasu nticyerekana gahunda . Tuvuge iki ku guturika ubwako, niba kwarabaye nubwo ibintu byose? Igisasu kizatera ikindi usibye kurimbuka? Iki nikintu ushobora kugerageza. Niba amafaranga aturika ashyizwe eg. imbere murwego rukomeye, ntakintu na kimwe cyaremewe kuva muri cyo. Gusa ibice byumupira byakwirakwijwe muri radiyo ya metero zimwe, ariko ntakindi kibaho. Nyamara, isanzure ryose rimeze neza hamwe na galaktike nziza, inyenyeri, imibumbe, ukwezi, kimwe nubuzima. Sisitemu igoye kandi ikora ntabwo yatewe no guturika kwose, ahubwo itera kurimbuka no kwangirika.

Byose biva kumwanya muto ? Nkuko byavuzwe, hafatwa mubitekerezo bya Big Bang ko ibintu byose byavutse mumwanya muto utagira akagero. Byari bikwiye kuba amamiriyoni yinjeje, miriyari yinyenyeri, ariko nanone izuba, imibumbe, urutare nibinyabuzima nkinzovu, abantu batekereza, inyoni zivuga, indabyo nziza, ibiti binini, ikinyugunyugu, amafi ninyanja ibakikije, biraryoshye ibitoki na strawberry, nibindi. Ibi byose byari bikwiye kuva mumwanya muto ugereranije na pinhead. Ibi nibyo byafashwe muri iyi nyigisho isanzwe.

     Iki kibazo cyagereranywa numuntu ufashe agasanduku k'umukino mu ntoki hanyuma akavuga ati: "Iyo ubonye agasanduku k'imikino mu ntoki zanjye, urashobora kwizera ko imbere hazavamo miliyoni amagana yinyenyeri, izuba rishyushye, ibiremwa bifite ubuzima nkibi nk'imbwa, inyoni, inzovu, ibiti, amafi n'inyanja ibakikije, ibyatsi byiza n'indabyo nziza? Nibyo, ugomba kwizera gusa ko mvuga ukuri, kandi ko ibyo bintu byose bikomeye bishobora guturuka kuriyi sanduku! ”

     Wakumva umeze ute umuntu akugiriye impaka zabanjirije iyi? Wabona ko adasanzwe? Ariko, igitekerezo cya Big Bang nacyo kidasanzwe. Bifata ko byose byatangiriye mumwanya ndetse muto kuruta agasanduku k'imikino. Nibwira ko dukora neza niba tutemera izi nyigisho zose zatanzwe nabahanga mu bya siyansi batemera Imana, ariko tugakomera ku murimo w'Imana wo kurema, ibyo bikaba aribyo bisobanuro byiza byerekana ko hariho imibiri yo mwijuru n'ubuzima.

    Abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere nabo banenze igitekerezo kinini. Babona ko bitandukanye na siyansi nyayo:

Amakuru mashya aratandukanye bihagije nubuhanuzi bwo gusenya Big Bang-cosmology (Fred Hoyle, Big Bang muri Astronomie, 92 Umuhanga mushya 521, 522-23 / 1981)

Nkumuntu ushaje wikirere, ndabona amakuru yo kwitegereza akuraho ibitekerezo byerekeranye nintangiriro yisi, ndetse nibitekerezo byinshi bijyanye nintangiriro yizuba. (H. Bondi, Ibaruwa, 87 Umuhanga mushya 611/1980)

Habayeho ibiganiro bike cyane byerekana niba hypothesis nini cyangwa niba atari byo ... ibyinshi mubibona bivuguruzanya bisobanurwa mubitekerezo byinshi bidafite ishingiro cyangwa birengagijwe. (umunyacyubahiro H. Alfven, Clasmic Plasma 125/1981)

Umuhanga mu bya fiziki Eric Lerner: "Big Bang ni inkuru ishimishije gusa, ikomezwa ku mpamvu runaka " (Eric Lerner: Kwamagana gutangaje igitekerezo cya Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe, Big Bang Ntibyigeze bibaho, NY: Times Books, 1991).

“Igitekerezo cya Big Bang giterwa n'umubare ugenda wiyongera w'ibitekerezo bitaremezwa - ibintu tutigeze tubona. Inflation, ibintu byijimye nimbaraga zijimye nibyo bizwi cyane muribi. Bitabaye ibyo, hashobora kubaho kwivuguruza gukabije hagati y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahanga mu bumenyi bw’inyenyeri n’ubuhanuzi bw’igitekerezo cya mbere giturika. ” (Eric Lerner n'abandi bahanga 33 baturutse mu bihugu 10 bitandukanye, Bucking Big Bang, Umuhanga mushya 182 (2448): 20, 2004 ;

Gazi ntiyegeranya mumibiri yo mwijuru . Ibitekerezo ni uko mugihe runaka nyuma ya Big Bang, hydrogène na helium byaremewe, aho injeje ninyenyeri byegeranye.

     Ariko, hano na none amategeko ya fiziki yarenze. Mu mwanya wubusa, gaze ntizigera yegerana, ahubwo ikwirakwira cyane mu kirere, ikwirakwiza neza. Ngiyo nyigisho yibanze mubitabo byishuri. Cyangwa niba ugerageje guhagarika gaze, ubushyuhe bwayo burazamuka, kandi izamuka ryubushyuhe ritera gaze kongera kwaguka. Irinda ivuka ryimibiri yo mwijuru.

    Fred Hoyle, wanenze inyigisho nini kandi ntiyayizera, yagize ati: "Kwagura ibintu ntibishobora guhura n'ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose kandi nyuma yo kwaguka bihagije ibikorwa byose birarangiye" (The Intelligent Universe: New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983) .

     Ibitekerezo bikurikira birerekana kandi ko abahanga badafite ibisubizo byinkomoko yinyenyeri ninyenyeri. Nubwo ibitabo bimwe na bimwe bizwi cyane kuri televiziyo bisobanura inshuro nyinshi ko iyi mibiri yo mwijuru yavutse yonyine, nta kimenyetso kibigaragaza. Ibibazo nkibi bihura nabyo iyo umuntu ashakishije gusa ibisobanuro bya kamere byerekana ko hariho imibiri yo mwijuru, ariko akanga umurimo Imana yaremye, ibimenyetso byerekana neza: 

Sinshaka kuvuga ko twumva rwose inzira yaremye galaxy. Igitekerezo kijyanye no kuvuka kwa galaxy nikimwe mubibazo bikomeye bitarakemuka muri astrofizike kandi turacyasa nkaho tutari kure y igisubizo nyacyo nubu. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / Iminota itatu yambere, p. 88)

Ibitabo byuzuyemo inkuru zumva ko zishyize mu gaciro, ariko ukuri kubabaje nuko tutazi, uko galaxy yavutse. (L. John, Cosmology Noneho 85, 92/1976)

Ikibazo gikomeye, ariko, ni gute ibintu byose byabayeho? Nigute gazi yavukiyemo galaxy yabanje kwegeranya kugirango itangire kuvuka kwinyenyeri nizunguruka nini nini? (…) Kubwibyo, tugomba gushakisha uburyo bwumubiri buzana ibintu byegeranye mubintu byose byisi. Ibi bisa nkibyoroshye ariko nkukuri mubyukuri biganisha kubibazo byimiterere yimbitse. (Malcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / Inkomoko y'Isanzure ryacu, p. 93)

Ahubwo biteye isoni kuba ntamuntu wasobanuye uko (galaxy) zaje ... Benshi mu bumenyi bw’inyenyeri n’abahanga mu by'ikirere bemera ku mugaragaro ko nta gitekerezo gishimishije cyerekana uko injeje ziba. Muyandi magambo, ikintu nyamukuru kiranga isanzure ntigisobanuwe. .

Ikintu giteye ubwoba hano ni uko niba nta n'umwe muri twe wari uzi mbere yuko inyenyeri zibaho, ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwatanga impamvu nyinshi zemeza impamvu inyenyeri zidashobora kuvuka. ” .

Abraham Loeb: “Ukuri ni uko tutumva imiterere y'inyenyeri ku rwego rw'ibanze.” (Byakuwe mu ngingo ya Marcus Chown Reka habeho umucyo , Umuhanga mushya 157 (2120): 26-30, 7 Gashyantare 1998)

Tuvuge iki ku ivuka ry'izuba, ni ukuvuga izuba, imibumbe n'ukwezi? Byafashwe ko bavutse ku gicu kimwe cya gaze, ariko ni ikibazo cyo gukeka. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bemeza ko izuba, imibumbe n'ukwezi bifite intangiriro - bitabaye ibyo imbaraga zabo zo munda zaba zarashize igihe - ariko bagomba kwitabaza igihe bashaka impamvu yababyaye. Iyo bahakanye umurimo w'Imana wo kurema, bahatirwa gushakisha aho kugirango basobanure ibintu bisanzwe byerekana ivuka ryiyi mibiri yo mwijuru.

    Ariko, zihura nimpera zapfuye muri zo, kubera ko imiterere yimibumbe, ukwezi nizuba bitandukanye rwose. Nigute byaturutse ku gicu kimwe cya gaze, niba bitandukanye cyane mubigize? Kurugero, imibumbe imwe igizwe nibintu byoroheje, mugihe ibindi bifite ibintu biremereye.

    Abahanga benshi babaye inyangamugayo bihagije kugirango bemere ko inyigisho za kamere zisanzwe zinkomoko yizuba ryikibazo. Hano hari bimwe mubitekerezo byabo. Ibi bitekerezo byerekana uburyo biteye kwibaza inkomoko yisi yose idafite ubuzima yonyine idafite Imana. Nta mpamvu zifatika zo kwandika amateka muri kano karere. Birumvikana cyane kwizera umurimo Imana yaremye.

Ubwa mbere, tubona ko ikibazo gitandukanije n'izuba ryacu, kidashobora na gato gukora imibumbe nk'iyi tuzwi. Ibigize ikibazo byaba ari bibi rwose. Ikindi kintu gitandukanye nuko izuba risanzwe [nkumubiri wo mwijuru], ariko isi iratangaje. Gazi iri hagati yinyenyeri, hamwe ninyenyeri nyinshi, igizwe nibintu bimwe nizuba, ariko ntabwo ari isi. Tugomba kumva ko urebye ukurikije isanzure ry'ikirere - icyumba, aho wicaye ubungubu, gikozwe mubikoresho bitari byo. Wowe ni gake, uwahimbye isanzure ry'ikirere. (Fred C. Hoyle, Ikinyamakuru Harper, Mata 1951)

No muri iki gihe, iyo astrofizike yateye imbere cyane, inyigisho nyinshi zerekeye inkomoko yizuba ryizuba ntizishimishije. Abahanga baracyemeranya amakuru arambuye. Nta gitekerezo gikunze kwemerwa imbere. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , p. 57 / Inkomoko y'ubuzima)

Byose byatanzwe hypotheses kubyerekeye inkomoko yimirasire yizuba bifite aho bihurira bikomeye. Umwanzuro, kuri ubu, urasa nkaho izuba ridashobora kubaho. (H. Jeffreys, Isi: Inkomoko yayo, Amateka n'Itegeko Nshinga ry'umubiri , integuro ^ya 6 , Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Cambridge, 1976, p. 387)

Nigute ushobora gutsindishiriza ivuka ryubuzima wenyine?

Hejuru, gusa isi itari ibinyabuzima ninkomoko yabyo byaganiriweho. Byavuzwe ko abahanga mu batemera Imana badashobora gutsindishiriza inyigisho zabo bwite ku nkomoko y’isanzure n’imibumbe yo mu kirere. Ibitekerezo byabo binyuranyije n'amategeko yumubiri no kwitegereza bifatika.

    Kuva hano nibyiza kwimukira mwisi kama, ni ukuvuga guhangana nisi nzima. Kenshi tubwirwa ko ubuzima bwavutse ubwabwo hashize imyaka miriyari 3-4 mucyuzi gishyushye cyangwa inyanja.

    Na none ariko, hariho ikibazo cyiki gitekerezo: ntamuntu numwe wigeze abona inkomoko yubuzima. Ntamuntu wabibonye, ​​nikibazo rero kimwe nibitekerezo byabanjirije kamere. Abantu barashobora kugira ishusho yerekana ko ikibazo cyamavuko yubuzima cyakemutse, ariko ntampamvu ifatika yiyi shusho: Ibi nibitekerezo byifuzwa, ntabwo ari indorerezi ishingiye kubumenyi.

    Igitekerezo cyo kuvuka k'ubuzima ubwacyo nacyo giteye ikibazo muburyo bwa siyansi. Indorerezi ifatika ni uko ubuzima bwavutse mubuzima gusa, kandi nta numwe numwe usibye iri tegeko ryabonetse . Gusa selile nzima irashobora gukora ibikoresho byubaka bikwiranye no gukora selile nshya. Rero, iyo herekanywe ko ubuzima bwavutse ubwabwo, buvuguruzanya na siyansi nyayo no kwitegereza bifatika.

    Abahanga benshi bemeje uburemere bwiki kibazo. Ntabwo bafite igisubizo cyinkomoko yubuzima. Bemera ko ubuzima bwo ku isi bwagize intangiriro, ariko ntibakemuwe kuri iki kibazo kuko batemera umurimo w'Imana wo kurema. Dore ibitekerezo bimwe kuriyi ngingo: 

Ndatekereza ko tugomba kujya kure kandi tukemera ko ibisobanuro byonyine byemewe ari kurema. Nzi ko iki gitekerezo cyahawe akato naba fiziki, kandi mubyukuri nanjye, ariko ntitugomba kubyanga kubera gusa ko tutabikunda niba ibimenyetso byubushakashatsi bishyigikiye. (H. Lipson, "Umuhanga mu bya fiziki ureba ubwihindurize", Itangazo rya fiziki, 31, 1980)

Abahanga nta bimenyetso bifatika barwanya igitekerezo kivuga ko ubuzima bwabaye nkibisubizo byibyaremwe. (Robert Jastrow: Imyenda ishimishije, Ubwenge mu Isi, 1981)

Imyaka irenga 30 yubushakashatsi mubijyanye nubwihindurize bwa chimique na molekile byagaragaje ubunini bwikibazo kijyanye nintangiriro yubuzima aho kugikemura. Uyu munsi, mubyukuri haribiganiro gusa nubushakashatsi bufite akamaro kandi biganisha ku iherezo ryapfuye, cyangwa ubujiji buremewe (Klaus Dose, Interdisciplinary Science Review 13, 1988)

Mu kugerageza guhuriza hamwe ibyo tuzi ku mateka yimbitse yubuzima ku mubumbe wisi, inkomoko yubuzima, nintambwe yo kubaho kwayo byatumye ibinyabuzima bigaragara hafi yacu, tugomba kwemera ko bitwikiriye umwijima. Ntabwo tuzi uko ubuzima bwatangiye kuri iyi si. Ntabwo tuzi neza igihe byatangiriye, kandi ntituzi mubihe bimeze. (Andy Knoll, Umwarimu wa kaminuza ya Harvard) (1)

Amagambo akurikira nayo afitanye isano ninsanganyamatsiko. Ivuga ibya Stanley Miller wabajijwe kugeza ubuzima bwe. Yabaye ikirangirire kubera ubushakashatsi bwe bujyanye n'inkomoko y'ubuzima, bwagiye butangwa kenshi ku mpapuro z'ibitabo by'ishuri n'ibitabo bya siyansi, ariko ubu bushakashatsi ntaho buhuriye n'inkomoko y'ubuzima. J. Morgan yavuze ikiganiro Miller yanze ibitekerezo byose byerekana inkomoko yubuzima ubwabyo nkubusa cyangwa chimie yimpapuro. Iri tsinda rya chimie yimpapuro naryo ryarimo ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Miller ubwe mbere yimyaka mirongo, amashusho yabashushanyijeho ibitabo byishuri:

Ntiyitaye ku bitekerezo byose bijyanye n'inkomoko y'ubuzima, abifata nk '“ubuswa” cyangwa “chimie impapuro”. Yasuzuguye ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe ku buryo namubajije icyo abitekerezaho, yazunguye umutwe gusa, asuhuza umutima cyane kandi aratontoma - nko kugerageza kwanga ubusazi bw'abantu. Yiyemereye ko abahanga bashobora kutazigera bamenya neza igihe n'ubuzima bwatangiye. Ati: "Turagerageza kuganira ku mateka atandukanye cyane na siyansi isanzwe". (2)

Nubwo nta muhanga mu byahakanamana uzi ikintu na kimwe kijyanye n'inkomoko y'ubuzima, baracyizera ko cyatangiye hafi. Miriyari 4 ishize. Bikekwa ko byatangiriye kuri "selile primaire primaire", ariko, biragoye kwerekana ukuri, kuko na selile yiki gihe iragoye cyane kandi irimo amakuru menshi.

    Ibyo ari byo byose, niba dukomereje ku nyigisho y'ubwihindurize n'imyaka miriyoni, ibindi bibazo bikomeye bivuka bigoye kwirengagiza.

     Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye nicyo bita guturika kwa Cambrian. Bisobanura ko ubwoko bwimiterere yinyamanswa, cyangwa amatsinda yingenzi, harimo n’inyamaswa z’inyamabere, byagaragaye mu bice bya Kamboje gusa "mu myaka miliyoni 10" (imyaka miliyoni 540-530 ukurikije igipimo cy’ubwihindurize) byarangiye burundu kandi bitabanje kubaho mu butaka. Kurugero, trilobite namaso yayo igoye hamwe nubundi buryo bwubuzima byagaragaye ko bitunganye. Stephen Jay Gould asobanura iki kintu kidasanzwe. Avuga ko mu myaka miriyoni mike amatsinda yose yingenzi yubwami bwinyamanswa yagaragaye:

Abahanga mu bya paleontologue barabimenye kuva kera, kandi bibaza ko amatsinda yose yingenzi yubwami bwinyamanswa yagaragaye byihuse mugihe gito mugihe cya Kamboje ... ubuzima bwose, harimo nabakurambere b'inyamaswa, bwakomeje kuba ingirabuzimafatizo imwe kuri bitanu na gatandatu bya amateka ya none, kugeza mu myaka miriyoni 550 ishize hashize iturika ryihindagurika ryabyaye amatsinda yose yingenzi yubwami bwinyamaswa mu myaka miriyoni mike… (3)

Niki gituma iturika rya Kamboje ritera ikibazo? Hariho impamvu eshatu zingenzi zibitera:

1. Ikibazo cya mbere nuko nta prursors yoroshye iri munsi ya Cambrian. Ndetse na trilobite n'amaso yabo aruhije, kimwe nibindi binyabuzima, bitunguranye bigaragara ko byiteguye, bigoye, byateye imbere byuzuye kandi nta basekuruza bari murwego rwo hasi. Ibi biratangaje kuko ubuzima bemeza ko bwatangiye muburyo bwakagari koroheje imyaka miriyari 3,5 mbere yigihe cya Kamboje. Ni ukubera iki nta buryo bumwe bwo hagati mugihe cya miliyari 3,5 ? Ibi bivuguruzanya bigaragara, bivuguruza inyigisho y'ubwihindurize. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bishyigikira neza uburyo bwo kurema aho amoko yari yiteguye, akomeye kandi atandukanye kuva mbere. Abashakashatsi benshi ba paleontologue bemeje ko iturika rya Kamboje ridahuye neza n’ubwihindurize.

Niba ubwihindurize buva mubintu byoroheje bugahinduka nukuri, noneho abakurambere b'ibi binyabuzima, byateye imbere byuzuye bigomba kuboneka; ariko ntibabonetse, kandi abahanga bemeza ko hari amahirwe make yo kubabona. Ukurikije ukuri kwonyine, gushingiye kubiboneka mubyukuri kwisi, inyigisho ivuga ko amatsinda nyamukuru yibinyabuzima byaturutse mugihe gitunguranye cyaremwe birashoboka cyane. (Harold G. Coffin, “Ubwihindurize cyangwa Kurema?” Liberty, Nzeri-Ukwakira 1975, p. 12)

Abahanga mu binyabuzima rimwe na rimwe batesha agaciro cyangwa bakirengagiza isura itunguranye yubuzima bwinyamaswa ziranga ibihe bya Kamboje hamwe nibigize akamaro. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwa paleontologiya buherutse gutuma abantu bumva ko iki kibazo cyo kubyara gitunguranye cy’ibinyabuzima bigenda bigora abantu bose kwirengagiza ... (Scientific American, Kanama 1964, p. 34-36)

Ukuri kuracyariho, nkuko buri paleontologue abizi, ko amoko menshi, genera nimiryango hamwe nitsinda rishya hafi ya yose iruta urwego rwamoko bigaragara gitunguranye mubisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima, hamwe nuruhererekane ruzwi cyane, buhoro buhoro rwinzibacyuho rukurikirana rwose nta nkomyi. ntugaragaze inzira yabo. (George Gaylord Simpson: Ibintu by'ingenzi byaranze ubwihindurize, 1953, p. 360)

2. Ikindi kibazo gisa nicyabanjirije ni uko nyuma yigihe cya Kamboje, ni ukuvuga mu myaka miriyoni 500 (ukurikije igipimo cy’ubwihindurize), nta matsinda mashya y’inyamaswa yagaragaye na yo. Ukurikije inyigisho ya Darwin, ibintu byose byatangiriye ku kagari kamwe, kandi amatsinda mashya y’inyamaswa agomba kugaragara igihe cyose, ariko icyerekezo kinyuranye. Ubu hariho amoko make ugereranije na mbere; bagiye kuzimangana igihe cyose kandi ntibashobora gusubirana. Niba icyitegererezo cyubwihindurize cyari gikwiye, ubwihindurize bugomba kujya muburyo bunyuranye, ariko ntibibaho. Igiti cyubwihindurize kiri hejuru kandi kinyuranye nibigomba gutegurwa ukurikije inyigisho ya Darwin. Ibintu bifatika bihuye neza nicyitegererezo cyo kurema, aho mu ntangiriro habayeho ubwinshi nubwinshi bwamoko.

    Amagambo akurikira akomeje kwerekana iki kibazo, ni ukuvuga uburyo mu myaka miriyoni 500 (ukurikije igipimo cy’ubwihindurize) nyuma y’iturika rya Kamboje, nta matsinda mashya y’inyamaswa yagaragaye, nk'uko atigeze agaragara mu gihe cyabanjirije Kamboje (3.5) miliyari).

Stephen J. Gould: Abahanga mu bya paleontologue barabimenye kuva kera, kandi bibaza ko amatsinda yose yingenzi yubwami bwinyamanswa yagaragaye vuba mugihe gito mugihe cya Kamboje ... ubuzima bwose, harimo nabakurambere b'inyamaswa, bwakomeje kuba ingirabuzimafatizo imwe. kuri bitanu-bitandatu byamateka yubu, kugeza mumyaka miriyoni 550 ishize hashize iturika ryihindagurika ryabyaye amatsinda yose yingenzi yubwami bwinyamaswa mumyaka miriyoni mike…

    Igisasu cya Cambrian nikintu cyingenzi mumateka yubuzima bwinyamaswa nyinshi. Uko twiga igice, niko turushaho gutangazwa nibimenyetso byihariye kandi bigira uruhare rukomeye mumateka yubuzima bwanyuma. Imiterere yibanze ya anatomique yavutse muricyo gihe yiganjemo ubuzima kuva icyo gihe nta yongeyeho. (4)

Ibinyuranyo byagaragaye mugihe cya Kamboje bitera ibibazo bibiri bidakemutse. Ubwa mbere, ni ubuhe buryo bwihindagurika bwateje itandukaniro riri hagati ya morphologie (form) yitsinda nyamukuru ryibinyabuzima? Icya kabiri, ni ukubera iki imipaka ya morfologiya hagati yibikorwa remezo yagumye ihagaze neza mumyaka miriyoni 500 ishize? .

Impinduka zose z’ubwihindurize zabayeho nyuma yibi, mu buryo butandukanye, ahanini byari ikibazo cyo gutandukanya inzego z’ibanze zashizweho mu iturika rya Kamboje. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Ubundi zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst.

3. Ikibazo cya gatatu, niba dukomeje ku gipimo cy’ubwihindurize na gahunda yacyo, ni uko icyitwa guturika kwa Kamboje gikekwa ko cyabaye "mu myaka miliyoni 10 ". Nibyiza, ni iki gitangaje cyane kuri ibi? Nyamara, ni urujijo nyarwo duhereye ku nyigisho y'ubwihindurize, kubera ko imyaka miliyoni 10 ari igihe gito kidasanzwe ku gipimo cy'ubwihindurize, ni ukuvuga hafi. 1/400 mubihe byose bizera ko ubuzima bwabayeho kwisi (hafi miliyari 4). Igitangaje rero nuko ubwoko bwimiterere yinyamanswa hamwe nitsinda rikomeye byagaragaye mugihe gito, ariko ntababyara ayo matungo mbere yabyo, kandi nta buryo bushya bwagaragaye kuva. Ibi ntabwo bihuye nicyitegererezo cyubwihindurize. Biratandukanye rwose nibyo wakwitega.

     Nigute noneho iki kibazo gishobora gusobanurwa duhereye kubiremwa? Ndabyumva nuko guturika kwa Kamboje bivuga ibyaremwe, nukuvuga uko ibintu byose byaremwe ako kanya. Ariko, ibyo ntibisobanura ko ibindi binyabuzima, nk'inyamaswa zo ku butaka n'inyoni, byaremwe nyuma cyane. Ntabwo aribyo, ariko inyamaswa n'ibimera byose byaremwe icyarimwe kandi byanabayeho mugihe kimwe kwisi, ariko mubice bitandukanye byibidukikije (inyanja, igishanga, ubutaka, imisozi miremire ...). No muri iki gihe, abantu n’inyamabere zo ku isi ntibatuye ahantu hamwe n’inyamaswa zo mu nyanja. Bitabaye ibyo, bahita barohama. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, inyamaswa zo mu nyanja, zitwa ko zihagarariye igihe cya Kamboje zivugwa ko zabayeho, ntizashoboraga kubaho ku isi nk'uko inyamaswa z’inyamabere zo ku isi n'abantu. Bapfa vuba.

Nigute ushobora kwerekana imyaka miriyoni yukuri

Ikintu cyingenzi cyibanze mu nyigisho y'ubwihindurize ni ugutekereza imyaka miriyoni. Ntibagaragaza ko inyigisho y'ubwihindurize ari ukuri, ariko abemera ubwihindurize bafata imyaka miriyoni nk'ikimenyetso cyiza cyerekana ko inyigisho y'ubwihindurize ari iyo kwizerwa. Batekereza ko, ukurikije umwanya uhagije, byose birashoboka: kuvuka kwubuzima nu murage wibinyabuzima byose bigezweho kuva selile yambere. Mugani rero, iyo umukobwa asomye igikeri, aba igikomangoma. Ariko, niba wemera umwanya uhagije, ni ukuvuga imyaka miriyoni 300, ikintu kimwe gihinduka siyanse, kuko muricyo gihe abahanga bemeza ko igikeri cyahindutse umuntu. Nuburyo abihinduramatwara batanga umwanya ibintu ndengakamere, nkuko byari bimeze.

    Ariko bimeze bite? Turareba ibice bibiri bifitanye isano ninsanganyamatsiko: ibipimo bikozwe mu bitare nigipimo cyo kubitsa. Ibi nibintu byingenzi ugomba kumenya muriki gice.

1. Ibipimo bikozwe mu mabuye. Abaharanira ubwihindurize batekereza ko kimwe mu bimenyetso bifatika bishyigikira imyaka miriyoni ari ibipimo bikozwe ku rutare rukora radiyo. Hashingiwe ku rutare, hanzuwe ko isi imaze imyaka miriyari.

    Urutare rwerekana ko Isi imaze imyaka miriyari? Ntabwo batanga ubuhamya. Aya mabuye ntabwo yanditse imyaka yabo; gusa ibitekerezo byabo birashobora gupimwa kandi bivuye muriyo imyanzuro yafashwe igihe kirekire. Ariko, hariho ibisubizo byinshi mugupima radioactivite yamabuye, muribyo tuzagaragaza bike. Ubwinshi bwamabuye burashobora gupimwa neza, ariko haribazwa kubihuza nimyaka yamabuye.

Kwibanda mubice bitandukanye byurutare . Ikintu kimwe cyingenzi cyatekerezwaho nuko ibisubizo bitandukanye bishobora kuboneka mubice bitandukanye byamabuye ya radio, ni ukuvuga ibitekerezo bitandukanye, bisobanura kandi imyaka itandukanye. Kurugero, ibisubizo byinshi bitandukanye byabonetse kuri meteorite izwi cyane ya Allende, imyaka iri hagati ya miliyoni 4480 na miliyoni 10400. Mu gace gato cyane, igice kimwe rero gishobora kugira ibitekerezo bitandukanye. Urugero rwerekana kandi uburyo ibipimo bya radioactivite bihungabana. Nigute igice kimwe cyurutare rumwe gishobora kuba imyaka miriyari kurenza ikindi gice? Abantu bose bumva ko umwanzuro nk'uwo udashobora kwizerwa. Ntabwo gushidikanya guhuza ubunini bwamabuye n'imyaka yabo.

Imyaka ishaje yamabuye mashya . Iyo bigeze kuburyo bushingiye kuri radioactivite, birashobora kugeragezwa mubikorwa. Nukuri mubyukuri niba abahanga bazi igihe nyacyo cyo gutondeka ibuye. Niba bazi igihe nyacyo cyo gutegera ibuye, ibipimo bya radioactivite bigomba gushyigikira aya makuru.

    Nigute ibipimo bya radioactivite byagenze muri iki kizamini? Ntabwo ari byiza cyane. Hariho ingero nyinshi zukuntu imyaka miriyoni, ndetse na miliyari yimyaka yapimwe kubutare bushya. Ibi birerekana ko kwibumbira hamwe kwamabuye bitagomba kugira aho bihuriye nimyaka yabo. Bafite ibintu byumukobwa byiyongera kubintu bya nyina kuva mbere, ibyo bigatuma ibipimo bitizerwa. Dore ingero zimwe:

• Urugero rumwe ni ibipimo byakozwe nyuma y’iruka ry’ikirunga cya Mutagatifu Helens - iki kirunga cyo muri leta ya Washington, muri Amerika, cyaturikiye mu 1980. Ibuye rimwe ryaturutse kuri iri ruswa ryajyanywe muri laboratoire yemewe kugira ngo rumenye imyaka yaryo. Ibuye ryari imyaka ingahe? Hari imyaka miliyoni 2.8! Ibi birerekana uburyo kugena imyaka byari bibi. Icyitegererezo cyari kimaze kugira ibintu byumukobwa, kubwibyo birashoboka kubandi mabuye. Kwibandaho ntabwo byanze bikunze byerekana imyaka nyayo yamabuye.

• Urundi rugero ni urutare rwaka (Umusozi wa Ngauruhoe muri Nouvelle-Zélande) wari uzwiho kuba warashize muri lava mu myaka 25-50 ishize gusa biturutse ku kirunga. Inyuma yacyo rero hari ibyo kwitegereza ababyiboneye.

      Ingero z'urutare zoherejwe gukundana na laboratoire yubahwa cyane yubucuruzi (Laboratoire ya Geochron, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Ibisubizo ni ibihe? Muburyo bwa potasiyumu-argon, imyaka yintangarugero yari itandukanye hagati yimyaka 270.000 na miriyoni 3,5, nubwo amabuye yari azwiho kuba yatoboye kuva lava mumyaka 25-50 ishize. Isrochron iyoboye-yayoboye yatanze imyaka miriyari 3.9, rubidium-strontium isochron imyaka miriyoni 133, na samarium-neodymium isochron yimyaka miliyoni 197. Urugero rwerekana kutizerana kwuburyo bwa radio nuburyo amabuye ashobora kuba arimo ibintu byumukobwa kuva yatangira.

• Ku bijyanye n'ubuvumbuzi bujyanye n'abantu, ibyinshi muri byo bishingiye ku buryo bwa potasiyumu-argon. Bisobanura ko igenamigambi rya potasiyumu-argon ryakozwe ku ibuye hafi y’ibimera, kandi imyaka y’ibinyabuzima byabantu nayo yagenwe kuva.

    Nyamara, urugero rukurikira rwerekana uburyo ubu buryo butizewe. Icyitegererezo cyambere cyibuye cyatanze ibisubizo bitarenze imyaka miliyoni 220. Iyo rero ibisigazwa byinshi byabantu bifatwa nkibishaje byagaragaye hakoreshejwe ubu buryo, iyi myaka igomba kwibazwa. Urugero rwabanje kandi rwerekanye uburyo kugena imyaka yamabuye mashya bishobora kugenda nabi miriyoni miriyoni mugihe ukoresheje ubu buryo.

Mubyigisho, uburyo bwa potasiyumu-argon burashobora gukoreshwa mugukundana amabuye akiri mato, ariko ntanubwo buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mugukundana n’ibinyabuzima ubwabyo. “Umuntu 1470” wa kera yavumbuwe na Richard Leakey yariyemeje kuba afite imyaka miliyoni 2.6 nubu buryo. Porofeseri ET Hall, wagennye imyaka, yavuze ko isesengura rya mbere ry’icyitegererezo cy’amabuye ryatanze ibisubizo bidashoboka by’imyaka miliyoni 220. Igisubizo cyaranze, kubera ko kidahuye n’igitekerezo cy’ubwihindurize, bityo hasesengurwa urundi rugero. Ibisubizo by'isesengura rya kabiri byari "bikwiye" imyaka miliyoni 2.6. Imyaka yatanzwe kuburugero rwibisubizo bimwe nyuma yaje gutandukana hagati yimyaka 290.000 na 19.500.000. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwa potasiyumu-argon ntabwo busa nkaho bwizewe, kandi ntanubwo uburyo abashakashatsi mubwihindurize basobanura ibisubizo. (5)

Iyo uburyo buvuguruzanya . Nkuko byavuzwe, ibipimo byakuwe mu mabuye birashobora kugeragezwa. Ikintu kimwe cyo gutangiriraho kuri ibi ni ibipimo bikozwe mu mabuye mashya, ni ukuvuga ibipimo aho umwanya nyawo wo gutegera amabuye uzwi. Nyamara, ingero zabanjirije iyi zerekanye ko ubu buryo butatsinze neza iki kizamini. Urutare rushya cyangwa rwiza rwose rwatanze imyaka ya miriyoni, ndetse na miliyari yimyaka, ubwo buryo rero buribeshya.

    Indi ngingo yo gutangiriraho gupima ibipimo bikozwe mu bitare ni ukugereranya nubundi buryo, cyane cyane uburyo bwa radiocarubone. Hariho ingero zishimishije zibi, muribi bikurikira nibyiza. Ivuga igiti cyabaye radiocarubone kimaze imyaka ibihumbi gusa, ariko ibuye rikikikije ryanditsweho imyaka igera kuri miliyoni 250. Ariko, inkwi zari imbere yibuye, zigomba rero kuba zarabayeho mbere yuko ibuye ritobora. Igiti kigomba kuba kinini kuruta ibuye ryegereye impande zose. Nigute ibi bishoboka? Gusa ibishoboka nuko uburyo bwa radioactivite, cyane cyane ibipimo bikozwe mumabuye, byaribeshye cyane. Nta bundi buryo:

Twasohoye raporo zirambuye aho igiti cyabonetse mumabuye yumucanga "imyaka miriyoni 250" cyangwa mu rutare rwikirunga "imyaka miriyoni mirongo" yakiriye imyaka ibihumbi gusa muguhitamo imyaka ya radiocarubone. Iyo ... Abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya bafashe ingero z'urutare rw'ibirunga, bizwi ko rwaturutse mu kirunga mu bihe by'amateka, bakabohereza muri laboratoire zizwi cyane zo kugena imyaka ya radiometrike, "kugena imyaka" hafi ya byose bitanga ibisubizo by'imyaka miriyoni. Ibi birerekana neza ko ibitekerezo bishingiye ku kugena imyaka atari byo. (6)

Urundi rugero rurakomeza ku ngingo imwe. Ivuga igiti cyashyinguwe mu mugezi wa lava. Igiti na basalt hafi yacyo byakiriye imyaka itandukanye:

Muri Ositaraliya, igiti kiboneka muri Tertiary basalt cyashyinguwe mu mugezi wa lava wakozwe na basalt, kubera ko cyari cyatwitswe no guhura na lava yaka umuriro. Inkwi "zanditswe" nisesengura rya radiocarubone zifite imyaka igera ku 45.000, ariko basalt "yanditswe" nuburyo bwa potasiyumu-argon kugeza kumyaka miliyoni 45. (7)

2. Igipimo cyo gutondekanya - gahoro cyangwa byihuse? Ikintu kimwe cyatekerejweho inyuma yimyaka miriyoni nuko ibice byisi byegeranije hejuru yundi mubikorwa bimara imyaka miriyoni. Iki gitekerezo cyazanywe na Charles Lyell mu kinyejana cya 19. Kurugero, Darwin yashingiye ku cyitegererezo cyibitekerezo cyatanzwe na Lyell. Ni yo mpamvu, mu gitabo cye kivuga ku nkomoko y'ibinyabuzima, yanditse uko ibitekerezo bya Lyell byamugizeho ingaruka (urup. 422): "Umuntu wese utemera uburebure butagira akagero bw'ibihe byashize nyuma yo gusoma igitabo cyiza cya Sir Charles Lyell 'Amahame ya geologiya' - aricyo abahanga mu by'amateka b'ejo hazaza ntazabura kumenya ko yazanye impinduramatwara mu bumenyi bwa kamere - byaba byiza ahagaritse iki gitabo cyanjye icyarimwe ".

    Ariko ibyiciro byashizweho buhoro? Igihe Charles Lyell yashyize ahagaragara igitekerezo cy'uko ibice ari ibisubizo bitinze, ibintu byinshi bivuguruza ibi. Dore ingero nke

Ibisigazwa byabantu nibicuruzwa . Ikintu gishimishije kubona ni uko ibisigazwa by’abantu n’ibicuruzwa byabonetse ndetse no mu bitare no mu byiciro bya karubone (Glashouver, WJJ, So standstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, p. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Ukuri cyangwa kwibeshya. ? Ibitabo byigenga, 1981 / Barnes, FA, Urubanza rw'amagufwa mu Kibuye, Ubutayu / Gashyantare, 1975, p. 36-39). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibintu byabantu nkingomero byabonetse mubyiciro byamakara. Mu gitabo cye cyitwa Time Upside Down (1981), Erich A. von Frange yanditse ibintu byinshi biboneka mu makara. Harimo cube ntoya yicyuma, inyundo yicyuma, igikoresho cyicyuma, umusumari, icyuma kimeze nkinzogera, inzogera, urwasaya rwumwana, igihanga cyumuntu, imitsi ibiri yabantu, ikirenge cyabantu cyataye umutwe.

   Ibi bivuze iki? Irerekana ko ibyiciro bifatwa nkibya kera, mubyukuri, imyaka ibihumbi bike gusa kandi ntibishobora gufata igihe kirekire kugirango bibeho. Igitekerezo cya Lyell cyo gukusanya ibice hejuru yundi hejuru yimyaka miriyoni ntishobora kuba ukuri. Birakwiye ko twizera ko ibyinshi muribi byiciro bifatwa nkimyaka miriyoni amagana, byashizweho mubyago nkUmwuzure ku buryo bwihuse kandi hashize imyaka ibihumbi bike gusa. Abaharanira ubwihindurize ubwabo ntibemera ko abantu babayeho mu myaka miriyoni icumi cyangwa amagana.

Nta isuri . Iyo urebye kuri Grand Canyon nizindi mbuga nini karemano, kurugero, urashobora kubona ibice hejuru yundi. Ariko iyo hari byinshi byuzuzanya muri Grand Canyon nahandi, isuri iragaragara hagati yibi byiciro?

    Igisubizo kirasobanutse: oya. Isuri ntabwo iboneka muri Grand Canyon cyangwa ahandi. Ibinyuranye, bigaragara ko ibyiciro bifitanye isano imwe kandi ko byakozwe hejuru yabandi nta kiruhuko. Ihuriro ryibice bigomba kuba byinshi kandi ntibisanzwe ahantu hose niba isuri yarabagizeho ingaruka mugihe kirekire, ariko siko bimeze. Kurugero, imvura imwe yonyine irashobora gukora ibinure byimbitse hejuru yububiko, tutibagiwe nimyaka miriyoni yatewe nisuri.

    Ibisobanuro byiza kubyerekeranye no kubitsa ni uko byashizweho mugihe gito, iminsi mike cyangwa ibyumweru bike cyane. Imyaka miriyoni ntishobora kuba impamo. Ndetse no muri iki gihe, byagaragaye ko, nk'urugero, uburebure bwa metero imwe y'ubutare bushobora gukora mu minota 30 kugeza kuri 60. Ibindi kuriyi ngingo mumagambo akurikira:

   (…) Ariko se ni iki dusanga aho?

    'Ikibazo iki cyuho kibangikanye cyane cyane gitera imyaka ndende ya geologiya ni ukubura isuri yumukinnyi uteganijwe kuri ibyo byuho. Mumyaka miriyoni yimyaka yashizwe kuri ibyo byuho, wakwitega ko hagaragaye isuri idasanzwe, kandi icyuho ntigikwiye na gato.

  (…) Dr Roth asobanura byinshi nka:

    'Itandukaniro ritangaje riri hagati yuburyo buboneye bwibice, cyane cyane hejuru yabatwikiriye ibice byinshi bya paraconforité, ugereranije nubutaka bwangiritse cyane budasanzwe bwimiterere yubuso bwakarere, birerekana ikibazo ibyo byuho bitera mugihe kirekire cya geologiya. Niba imyaka miriyoni nyinshi yarabaye koko, kuki hejuru yabatarengeje urugero badakurikiza amategeko nkuko bigenda kuri topografiya y'akarere? Irasa na miriyoni yimyaka yatanzwe kubitekerezo bya geologiya ntabwo byigeze bibaho. Byongeye kandi, niba igihe cya geologiya kibuze ahantu hamwe, noneho kibura ku isi yose. ' (8)

Inzego zashizweho vuba muri iki gihe . Iyo bimaze gutekerezwa ko ibice byashizweho buhoro buhoro mumyaka miriyoni ukurikije inyigisho za Charles Lyell, hariho ubushakashatsi buke bufatika kubirwanya, aho ibyiciro byashizweho vuba. Kurugero, kubijyanye no kuruka kwikirunga cya Mutagatifu Helena mu 1980, urukurikirane rwibice byuzuzanya bifite uburebure bwa metero zirenga ijana, kandi mubyumweru bike gusa. Ntabwo byatwaye imyaka miriyoni, ariko muminsi mike ibyiciro byegeranijwe hejuru yundi. Icyagaragaye kandi ni uko nyuma yaje gushingwa kanyoni mu gace kamwe, maze amazi atangira kuyaturamo. Ndetse iyi nzira ntabwo yatwaye imyaka miriyoni, nkuko abahanga mu bwihindurize babitekereza, ariko ibintu byose byabaye mu byumweru bike. Tugomba gutekereza ko, nkurugero, Grand Canyon nizindi miterere nini nini yaturutse muburyo bwihuse.

    Ikirwa cya Surtsey ni urundi rubanza rusa. Iki kirwa cyavutse biturutse ku kirunga cy’ibirunga cyo mu mazi mu 1963. Muri Mutarama 2006, ikinyamakuru New Scientist cyatangaje uburyo kanyoni, imigezi n’ubundi butaka byagaragaye kuri iki kirwa mu gihe kitarenze imyaka icumi. Ntabwo byatwaye miriyoni cyangwa imyaka ibihumbi:

Kanyoni, ikibaya nubundi buryo bwubutaka, ubusanzwe bifata imyaka ibihumbi icumi cyangwa miriyoni kugirango bibeho, byatangaje abashakashatsi ba geologiya kuko byakozwe mugihe kitarenze imyaka icumi. (9)

Ibiti birebire by'ibiti, ibisigazwa bya dinosaur hamwe n’ibindi bisigazwa biri mu byiciro ni kimwe mu bimenyetso birwanya icyo gitekerezo cy'uko ibice byakozwe buhoro buhoro kandi mu myaka miriyoni. Ibiti by'ibiti by'ibiti byavumbuwe mu bice bitandukanye by'isi, bigera mu nzego zitandukanye. Ifoto ishaje yikirombe cyamakara ya Saint-Etienne mubufaransa yerekana uburyo ibiti bitanu bitoshye byinjira muri buri gice kigera ku icumi cyangwa kirenga. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, habonetse igiti gifite uburebure bwa metero 24 z'uburebure hafi ya Edinburgh, cyanyuze mu byiciro birenga icumi, kandi ibintu byose byerekana ko igiti cyahise kijyanwa mu mwanya wacyo. Ukurikije ubwihindurize, ibyiciro bigomba kuba bimaze imyaka miriyoni, ariko nubwo bimeze bityo, ibiti by'ibiti bigenda byiyongera muri iyi "myaka miriyoni".

    Urugero rukurikira rwerekana uburyo ari ikibazo gukomera ku gutinda buhoro mu myaka miriyoni. Ibiti bigomba kuba byashyinguwe vuba, bitabaye ibyo imyanda yabyo ntishobora kubaho uyu munsi. Ni nako bigenda no ku bindi bisigazwa biboneka mu butaka:

Derek ager, umwarimu wigisha ibijyanye na geologiya muri kaminuza ya Swansea, yize ibijyanye n’ibiti by’ibinyabuzima byinshi mu gitabo cye akoresheje ingero. "Niba umubyimba wose w’amakara y’amakara y’Ubwongereza ubarirwa kuri metero 1000, kandi ko wari kuba mu myaka igera kuri miliyoni 10, noneho gushyingura igiti gifite uburebure bwa metero 10 byari gutwara imyaka 100.000, ukeka ko ibyiciro byabaye ku gipimo gihoraho. Ibyo byaba bisekeje. Ubundi, niba igiti gifite uburebure bwa metero 10 cyari cyarashyinguwe mu myaka 10, ibi bivuze kilometero 1000 mumyaka miriyoni cyangwa kilometero 10 000 mumyaka miriyoni 10. Ibi ni kimwe bisekeje, kandi ntidushobora kwirinda kugera ku mwanzuro w'uko ibyiciro byabayeho vuba cyane rimwe na rimwe ... (10)

Noneho, ni ubuhe buryo bwihuse bwibiti byimyanda yibiti hamwe nibindi bisigazwa bivuga? Ibisobanuro byiza nibiza bitunguranye, bisobanura byombi kugaragara byihuse kubitsa hamwe nibisigazwa byabyo. Ibi birashobora kubaho, kurugero, mumwuzure. Birashimishije kubona abahanga benshi batangiye kwakira ibiza kera, kandi ntibagifata nkukuri ko ibintu byose byabaye kumuvuduko uhoraho mumyaka miriyoni. Ibimenyetso birashigikira ibiza kuruta inzira zitinda. Stephen Jay Gould, uzwi cyane ko utemera Imana paleontologue yerekana ubushakashatsi bwa Lyell:

Charles Lyell yari umunyamategeko mu mwuga… [kandi] yakoresheje uburyo bubiri bw'amayeri kugira ngo agaragaze ibitekerezo bye nk'ubumenyi bwa geologiya yonyine. Ubwa mbere, yashyizeho mannequin y'ibyatsi kugirango ayisenye… Mubyukuri, abashyigikiye ibiza bari berekejwe mubigeragezo kuruta Lyell. Mubyukuri, ibintu bya geologiya bisa nkibisaba ibiza: urutare rwacitsemo ibice kandi rugoramye; ibinyabuzima byose byahanaguwe. Kwirengagiza uku kwigaragaza bisanzwe, Lyell yasimbuye ibimenyetso nibitekerezo bye. Icya kabiri, uburinganire bwa Lyell ni uguhuza ibirego…

 ... Lyell ntabwo yari intwari yukuri yukuri nimirimo yo mu murima, ahubwo yakwirakwizaga nkana inyigisho zishimishije kandi zidasanzwe zometse kumiterere yigihe cyigihe. Nubuhanga bwe bwo kuvuga, yagerageje kugereranya ibitekerezo bye no gushyira mu gaciro n'umurava. (11)

Nkuko byavuzwe, ubundi buryo bushoboka bwo kuvuka mubyiciro byinshi ni ibiza nkUmwuzure. Niki mubishushanyo mbonera bya geologiya bisobanurwa nimyaka miriyoni, cyangwa wenda ibiza byinshi, byose bishobora guterwa nicyago kimwe: Umwuzure. Irashobora gusobanura irimbuka rya dinosaur, kubaho kw'ibimera hamwe nibindi bintu byinshi bigaragara mu butaka.

    Kurugero, dinosaurs ikunze kuboneka mumabuye akomeye, kandi birashobora gufata imyaka kugirango ikuremo ibisigazwa bimwe mubutare. Ariko nigute binjiye mumabuye akomeye? Gusa ibisobanuro byumvikana nuko ibyondo byoroshye byageze hejuru yabyo hanyuma bigakomera. Ibintu nkibi ntibibaho ahantu hose uyumunsi, ariko mugihe cyibiza nkumwuzure, byashobokaga. Birashimishije kubona inyandiko zigera kuri 500 zabonetse ku isi hose, ukurikije ko ku isi habaye Umwuzure.

     Impamvu zifatika zerekana ko ibiza biterwa n’Umwuzure nabwo ni uko imyanda yo mu nyanja ikunze kugaragara ku isi yose, nkuko amagambo akurikira abigaragaza. Iya mbere mu bitekerezo yavuye mu gitabo cyanditswe na James Hutton, se wa geologiya, kuva mu myaka irenga 200 ishize:

Tugomba gufata umwanzuro ko ibice byose byisi (...) byakozwe numusenyi na kaburimbo byegeranije hejuru yinyanja, ibishishwa bya crustacean nibintu bya korali, ubutaka nibumba. (J. Hutton, Igitekerezo cy'isi l, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Ku mugabane, amabuye yo mu nyanja yo mu nyanja arasanzwe cyane kandi arakwirakwira kurusha andi mabuye yose yimitsi hamwe. Iki nikimwe mubintu byoroshye bisaba ibisobanuro, kuba intandaro yibintu byose bijyanye nimbaraga zumuntu zikomeje gusobanukirwa nuburinganire bwimiterere yimiterere ya geologiya. (JS Shelton: Ubumenyi bwa geologiya bwerekanwe)

Ikindi kigaragaza Umwuzure ni ukubera ibisigazwa by’inyanja mu misozi miremire nka Himalaya, Alpes na Andes. Dore ingero zimwe ziva mubitabo 'abahanga na geologiya':

Igihe yagendaga kuri Beagle Darwin ubwe yasanze inyanja y’ibinyabuzima yaturutse hejuru cyane ku misozi ya Andean. Irerekana ko, icyahoze ari umusozi cyahoze munsi yamazi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio kuri totta [Impamvu ubwihindurize ari ukuri], p. 127)

Hariho impamvu yo kureba neza imiterere yumwimerere yigitare mumisozi. Biboneka neza muri Alpes, mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru, bita zone ya Helvetian. Limestone nigikoresho nyamukuru cyibuye. Iyo turebye urutare hano ahantu hahanamye cyangwa hejuru yumusozi - niba dufite imbaraga zo kuzamuka hariya - amaherezo tuzasangamo ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa byavumbuwe, ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa, muri byo. Akenshi byangiritse cyane ariko birashoboka kubona ibice byamenyekanye. Ibyo bisigazwa byose ni ibishishwa by'indimu cyangwa skeleti y'ibiremwa byo mu nyanja. Muri byo harimo ammonite-izengurutswe na ammonite, na cyane cyane clam-ebyiri zuzuye. (…) Umusomyi ashobora kwibaza muri iki gihe icyo bivuze ko imisozi miremire ifata imyanda myinshi, ishobora no kuboneka mu nsi yinyanja. (urup. 236.237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

Harutaka Sakai wo muri kaminuza y’Ubuyapani i Kyushu amaze imyaka myinshi akora ubushakashatsi kuri ibyo bisigazwa by’amazi yo mu misozi ya Himalaya. We hamwe nitsinda rye bashyize ahagaragara aquarium yose kuva mugihe cya Mesozoic. Indabyo zo mu nyanja zoroshye, abavandimwe b'inyanja zo muri iki gihe hamwe n'inyenyeri zo mu nyanja, ziboneka mu rukuta rw'amabuye hejuru ya kilometero zirenga eshatu hejuru y'inyanja. Abamoni, belemnite, korali na plankton usanga ari ibisigarira mu bitare by'imisozi (…)

   Ku butumburuke bwa kilometero ebyiri, abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya babonye ibimenyetso byasizwe n'inyanja ubwayo. Ubuso bwacyo bumeze nkurutare ruhuye nuburyo buguma mu mucanga kuva kumuraba wamazi make. Ndetse no hejuru ya Everest, haboneka imirongo y'umuhondo ya hekeste, yavutse munsi y'amazi ava mu bisigazwa by'inyamaswa zitabarika zo mu nyanja. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", p. 55)

Nigute ushobora gutsindishiriza kubaho kwubuzima kwisi kwisi miriyoni?

Ibintu bibiri byazamuwe hejuru bikoreshwa mukugaragaza ibihe byimyaka miriyoni: gupima amabuye ya radio akora nigipimo cya stratifike. Byagaragaye ko nta n'umwe muri bo wagaragaje ko igihe kirekire ari ukuri. Ikibazo cyibipimo bikozwe kumabuye nuko amabuye mashya rwose asanzwe arimo ibintu byumukobwa bityo agasaza. Ntabwo kandi ibyiciro bivuga imyaka miriyoni kuko ibicuruzwa byabantu, ndetse n’ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima by’abantu, byabonetse mu nzego zafatwaga nkizakera, kandi kubera ko muri iki gihe hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko kwirundanya byihuse hejuru y’undi. Amamiliyoni yimyaka biroroshye kubaza ukurikije ibi bintu.

    Tuvuge iki ku isura y'ubuzima ku isi? Tubwirwa inshuro nyinshi muri gahunda y'ibidukikije, ibitabo by'ishuri n'ahandi ko ubuzima bugoye bwabayeho ku isi mu myaka miriyoni amagana. Iki gitekerezo gikwiye kwizerwa? Muri iki kibazo, ugomba kwitondera ingingo zikurikira:

Ntawe ushobora kumenya imyaka y’ibimera . Icya mbere, hagomba kwitabwaho ibisigazwa by’ibimera. Nibisigisigi byonyine byubuzima bwashize, kandi nta bindi bikoresho dufite.

     Ariko birashoboka kumenya uhereye kumyanda yabo imyaka yabo nyayo? Birashoboka kumenya ko ikindi gisigazwa cyakuze cyane cyangwa gito kurenza ikindi? Igisubizo kirasobanutse: ntibishoboka kubimenya. Niba hari ibisigazwa by'ibimera byacukuwe mu butaka, urugero igufwa rya dinosaur cyangwa ibisigazwa bya trilobite, nta nyandiko yerekana imyaka yacyo n'igihe yabayeho ku isi. Ntidushobora kumenya amakuru nkaya. Umuntu wese ufashe ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima ashobora kubibona. .

    Nubwo byose, igitekerezo cyibanze mubitekerezo byubwihindurize nuko iyi myaka ishobora kumenyekana. Nubwo ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima ubwabyo bitavuga cyangwa ngo bigaragaze amakuru ayo ari yo yose, abahanga mu bwihindurize bavuga ko bazi igihe babaga (ibyo bita imbonerahamwe y’ibimera). Batekereza ko bafite amakuru asobanutse kubyerekeye ibyiciro nyabyo bya ammonite, trilobite, dinosaurs, inyamaswa z’inyamabere, n’ibindi binyabuzima ku isi, nubwo bidashoboka guhitamo ikintu nk'icyo kiva mu myanda ndetse n’aho batuye.

Nta muntu n'umwe ku isi uzi bihagije ku bitare n'ibimera kugira ngo abashe kwerekana mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose ko ubwoko bw'ibinyabuzima busanzwe bukuze cyangwa buto kuruta ubundi bwoko. Muyandi magambo, ntamuntu numwe washobora kwerekana rwose ko trilobite yo mugihe cya Cambriya iruta dinosaur yo mugihe cya Cretaceous cyangwa inyamabere kuva mugihe cya Tertiary. Ubumenyi bwa geologiya nibintu byose usibye siyanse nyayo. (12)

Iyo imyanda yacukuwe mu butaka, ikibazo kimwe kireba na mammoth na dinosaur. Nigute ibintu byabo bitandukanye bibaho kwisi bifite ishingiro niba ibisigazwa byombi byombi bimeze neza kandi byegereye isi, nkuko bikunze kuboneka? Nigute umuntu yavuga ko ibisigazwa bya dinosaur bimaze imyaka miriyoni 65 kurenza mamont cyangwa ibisigazwa byabantu niba byombi bimeze neza? Igisubizo nuko ntamuntu ufite amakuru nkaya. Umuntu wese usaba ukundi yagiye kuruhande rwibitekerezo.

     None se kuki abahanga mu batemera Imana bemeza ko ibisigazwa bya dinosaur byibuze imyaka miriyoni 65 kurenza ibisigazwa by’inyamanswa? Impamvu nyamukuru yabyo ni imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya, yateguwe mu kinyejana cya 19, ni ukuvuga mbere cyane yuko uburyo bwa radiocarubone cyangwa ubundi buryo bwa radioactivite bwari buvumbuwe, urugero. Imyaka y’ibimera bigenwa hashingiwe kuri iyi mbonerahamwe, kubera ko hafatwa ko igitekerezo cya Darwin ari cyo kandi ko amoko atandukanye y’ibinyabuzima yagaragaye ku isi mu bihe bitandukanye. Ubuzima rero buvugwa ko bwatangiriye mu nyanja, kuburyo ubanza habaye selile yoroheje yambere, hanyuma inyamaswa zo mu nyanja zigaragara, hanyuma amafi, hanyuma ibikeri biba ku nkombe y’amazi, hanyuma ibikururuka hasi amaherezo inyoni n’inyamabere. Ubwihindurize bemeza ko bwateye imbere muri uru rutonde, imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya yateguwe mu kinyejana cya 19 kubwiyi ntego, kugeza na nubu igena ibisobanuro byigihe cyibimera byakozwe nabahanga mubatemera Imana. Ntayindi mpamvu bafite yo gusobanura imyaka yimyanda.

   Imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya rero ishingiye ku gitekerezo cyubwihindurize buhoro buhoro, nicyo kintu cyibanze cyibanze ku nyigisho y'ubwihindurize. Ikibazo ariko, nuko nta bwihindurize buhoro buhoro bwigeze bugaragara mu myanda y’ibinyabuzima byerekana ko imiterere ya geologiya ari yo. Ndetse n'umuntu utemera ko Imana ibaho, Richard Dawkins yemeye ikintu kimwe mu gitabo cye Sokea Kelloseppä (ku. impinduka zigaragara. ” Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uzwi cyane ko umuhakanamana wa paleontologue witwa Stephen Jay Gould yagize ati: “Sinshaka mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose gupfobya ubushobozi bushoboka bwo kureba buhoro buhoro. Ndashaka kuvuga gusa ko itigeze 'igaragara' mu rutare. ” (13).

   Ni uwuhe mwanzuro twavuga haruguru? Niba nta terambere ryagiye riba, igereranya ryimyaka yerekana imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya no gutekereza ko amatsinda atandukanye yibinyabuzima yagaragaye kwisi mubihe bitandukanye arashobora kwibazwa. Nta shingiro ryicyo gitekerezo. Ahubwo, birakwiriye rwose gutekereza ko amatsinda yose yabanjirije amoko yabanje kuba ku isi icyarimwe, ariko mu bice bitandukanye by’ibidukikije, kubera ko amwe muri yo yabaye inyamaswa zo mu nyanja, abandi ni inyamaswa zo ku butaka, n’abandi hagati yabo. Byongeye kandi, amoko amwe nka dinosaurs na trilobite, byombi bikaba byafashwe nk'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima, byarazimye. Ntampamvu yo kwizera ko amoko amwe ashaje cyangwa akiri muto kurenza ayandi. Nta mwanzuro nk'uwo ushobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku myanda.

    Ibinyabuzima bizima - ibinyabuzima byagombye kuba byarapfuye mu myaka miriyoni ishize, ariko bikaboneka bikiri bizima muri iki gihe - nabyo ni gihamya ko imyaka miriyoni itagomba kwizerwa. Hano mubyukuri hari amagana. Inzu ndangamurage y’umudage Dr Joachim Scheven ifite ingero zirenga 500 z’ubu bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima. Urugero rumwe narwo ni coelacanth, yatekerezaga ko yapfuye hashize imyaka miriyoni 65, ni ukuvuga icyarimwe na dinosaurs. Nyamara, aya mafi yabonetse ari muzima muri iki gihe, none se hashize imyaka miliyoni 65 yihishe he? Ubundi, kandi birashoboka cyane, amahitamo nuko nta myaka miriyoni yigeze ibaho.

Kuki dinosaurs itabayeho miriyoni ishize ? Ibika byabanjirije iki byerekanaga ko bidashoboka kumenya imyaka nyayo y’ibimera. Ntibishobora kandi kwemezwa ko ibisigazwa bya trilobite, dinosaurs cyangwa mamont, urugero, bitandukanye mumyaka. Nta bimenyetso bya siyansi bibyemeza, ariko ubwo bwoko bushobora kuba bwarigeze kubaho ku isi, ariko mu bice bitandukanye by’ibidukikije, nko muri iki gihe hari n’inyanja, ibishanga, imisozi miremire hamwe n’imisozi hamwe n’inyamaswa n’ibimera.

    Tuvuge iki ku buzima bwo ku isi imyaka miriyoni, nkuko tubibwirwa kenshi muri gahunda y'ibidukikije cyangwa ahandi? Iki kibazo cyegerejwe neza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa radiocarubone kuko gishobora gupima imyaka yintangarugero. Ibindi bipimo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa radio busanzwe bikozwe mubutare, ariko uburyo bwa radiocarubone burashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ibipimo biturutse kumyanda. Igice cya kabiri cyubuzima bwibi bintu ni imyaka 5730, ntabwo rero bigomba kubaho na gato nyuma yimyaka 100.000.

    Bite se kuri dinosaurs? Impaka nini muri kano karere zerekeye dinosaurs. Basa nkaho bashimisha abantu, kandi nabo bagerageje gutsindishiriza imyaka miriyoni kwisi. Ni abavugabutumwa b'ihindagurika bazana igihe bibaye ngombwa iyo bigeze mu myaka miriyoni.

   Ariko, ariko. Nkuko byavuzwe, kugena imyaka ya dinosaurs ishingiye ku mbonerahamwe ya geologiya yakozwe mu myaka ya 1800, byagaragaye ko atari yo inshuro nyinshi. Nta bimenyetso bya siyansi byerekana ko dinosaur ikuze kuruta, urugero, inyamanswa n’andi matungo yazimye. Hano haribintu bike byoroheje byerekana ko dinosaurs itazimye mumyaka miriyoni ishize kandi ko amoko menshi ya kijyambere yabayeho mugihe kimwe nayo.

• Ubwoko bwa kijyambere bwabayeho mugihe kimwe na dinosaur. Abahanga mu by'ubwihindurize bahora bavuga ibihe bya dinosaur kuko, bakurikije inyigisho y'ubwihindurize, bemeza ko amatsinda atandukanye y'inyamaswa yagaragaye ku isi mu bihe bitandukanye. Batekereza, nk'urugero, inyoni zaturutse muri dinosaur, bityo dinosaur zigomba kuba zaragaragaye ku isi mbere yinyoni. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, bakeka ko inyamaswa z’inyamabere za mbere zitigeze zigaragara ku isi kugeza igihe cya dinosaur kirangiye.

    Nyamara, ijambo ibihe bya dinosaur rirayobya kuko kuva mubyiciro bya dinosaur byabonetse ubwoko bumwe nkubw'iki gihe: inyenzi, ingona, king boa, inkongoro, inzuki, inzoka, inzoka, inyanja, inyanja y'amazi, isake, inzuki, mussel, korali, alligator, caiman, inyoni zigezweho, inyamaswa z’inyamabere. Kurugero, inyoni zizera ko zikomoka kuri dinosaur, ariko inyoni zimwe zabonetse mubice bya dinosaur nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe: udusimba, inkongoro, drake, loons, flamingos, ibinyoni, pingwin, inyoni zo ku nkombe, albatroses, cormorants, na avoka. Kugeza mu 2000, ibisigazwa birenga ijana bitandukanye by’inyoni zigezweho byari bimaze kwandikwa kuva muri Cretaceous. Muri ibyo byavumbuwe, babwiwe urugero mu gitabo cya Carl Werner “Living Fossils”. Amaze imyaka 14, akora ubushakashatsi ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima kuva mu gihe cya dinosaur, amenyera ibitabo by’umwuga bya paleontologiya, anasura ingoro ndangamurage 60 z'ubumenyi kamere ku isi, afata amafoto agera ku 60.000. Dr Werner yagize ati:. muri izo nyoni zindi zigezweho zabonetse mubice bimwe na dinosaurs nazo zigomba kwerekanwa. Ariko ibyo ntibibaho. Sinigeze mbona inkongoro ifite dinosaur mungoro ndangamurage yamateka karemano, ufite? Igiceri? A agasimba? ”

   Ni iki gishobora kuvanwa hejuru? Inyoni zabayeho rwose mugihe kimwe na dinosaurs, kandi ntampamvu yokwemera ko kuva muriyo hazaba imyaka miriyoni mirongo.

    Bite ho ku nyamaswa z’inyamabere? Dukurikije ibigereranyo bimwe, byibuze amoko y’inyamabere 432 yabonetse kubana na dinosaur ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, na Luo, ZX, inyamaswa z’inyamabere kuva mu gihe cya Dinosaurs: Inkomoko, Ubwihindurize n’imiterere, Columbiya Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza, NY, 2004) . Mu buryo nk'ubwo, amagufwa ya dinosaur yabonetse mu magufwa asa n'ifarashi, inka, n'amagufa y'intama (Anderson, A., Ubukerarugendo bugwa muri tyrannosaurus, Kamere, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus ishobora kuba yarapfuye bucece nyuma ya byose, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9.) , bityo dinosaurs ninyamabere bigomba kuba byarigeze kubaho icyarimwe.

   Byongeye kandi, mu kiganiro kuri videwo na Carl Werner, umuyobozi ushinzwe ingoro ndangamurage ya Utah, Dr. Donald Burge, yabisobanuye agira ati: “ Twasanze ibisigazwa by’inyamabere mu bucukuzi bwa dinosaur hafi ya bwose. Dufite toni icumi z'ibumba rya bentonite ririmo ibisigazwa by'inyamabere, kandi turi muburyo bwo kubiha abandi bashakashatsi. Ntabwo ari ukubera ko tutari kubona ko ari ngombwa, ariko kubera ko ubuzima ari bugufi, kandi ntabwo ndi inzobere mu nyamaswa z’inyamabere: Ninzobere mu bikururanda na dinosaur ”. Ubu bwoko bwo kureba bwerekana ko amoko yo mu matsinda yose y’inyamaswa yabayeho icyarimwe igihe cyose, ariko mu bice bitandukanye by’ibidukikije. Bumwe mu bwoko, nka dinosaurs, burazimye. No muri iki gihe, amoko arapfa.

• Uturemangingo tworoheje bivuga igihe gito . Mbere byavuzwe ko gukundana kwa dinosaur bishingiye cyane cyane ku mbonerahamwe y’ibihe bya geologiya yo mu kinyejana cya 19 aho bivugwa ko dinosaurs yazimye mu myaka miriyoni 65 ishize.

   Ibisigazwa bya Dinosaur birashobora kandi kunuka kubora. Umuhanga mu bya siyansi witwa Jack Horner wemera inyigisho y'ubwihindurize, yavuze ku kibanza kinini cyavumbuwe n’ibinyabuzima bya dinosaur ko "amagufwa yose yo muri Hell Creek anuka." Nigute amagufwa ashobora kunuka nyuma yimyaka miriyoni mirongo? Iyaba bari bashaje, rwose impumuro yose yaba yarabasize kugeza ubu.

    Abashakashatsi bakwiye gukora iki? Byaba byiza turetse imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya yashushanijwe mu kinyejana cya 19 tukibanda cyane ku myanda. Niba hakiri uturemangingo tworoshye, proteyine, ADN na radiocarubone muri byo, ntibishobora kuba ikibazo cyimyaka miriyoni. Kubaho kwibi bintu mubimera byerekana igihe gito. Nibipimo byiza byo kugereranya imyaka yimyanda.

• Ibisobanuro by'ikiyoka. Benshi bavuga ko umuntu atabayeho mugihe kimwe na dinosaurs. Ariko, haribintu byinshi byerekeranye na dragon mumigenzo yabantu. Izina dinosaur ryahimbwe n’igihe cya Darwin, Richard Owen, mu 1841, ariko ibyerekeye ibiyoka byavuzwe mu binyejana byinshi. Dore ibitekerezo bimwe kuriyi ngingo:

Ibiyoka mu migani, biratangaje bihagije, kimwe ninyamaswa nyazo zabayeho kera. Basa n'ibikururuka binini (dinosaurs) byategekaga igihugu kera cyane ko umuntu atagaragara. Ibiyoka byafatwaga nkibibi kandi byangiza. Buri gihugu cyabavuzeho mu migani yabo. ( Igitabo cyitwa World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)

Kuva amateka yatangira kwandikwa, ibiyoka byagaragaye ahantu hose: mu nkuru za mbere za Ashuri na Babiloni zivuga ku iterambere ry’imico, mu mateka y'Abayahudi yo mu Isezerano rya Kera, mu nyandiko za kera z'Ubushinwa n'Ubuyapani, mu migani y'Abagereki, Roma n'abakristu ba mbere, mu mvugo ngereranyo ya Amerika ya kera, mu migani ya Afurika n'Ubuhinde. Biragoye kubona societe itashyizemo ibiyoka mu mateka yayo ya mugani… Aristote, Pliny n'abandi banditsi bo mu bihe bya kera bavuze ko inkuru z'ikiyoka zishingiye ku kuri kandi ko atari ibitekerezo. (14)

Bibiliya ivuga kandi izina ry'ikiyoka inshuro nyinshi (urugero: Yobu 30: 29: Ndi umuvandimwe w'ikiyoka, kandi ndi inshuti y'ibisiga). Ni muri urwo rwego, ibisobanuro bishimishije kuri iyo ngingo murashobora kubisanga mu bahanga batemera Imana witwa Stephen Jay Gould. Yavuze ko iyo igitabo cya Yobu kivuga kuri Behemoti, inyamaswa yonyine iyi nsobanuro ihuye na dinosaur ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Nk’ubwihindurize, yizeraga ko uwanditse igitabo cya Yobu agomba kuba yarabonye ubumenyi bwe ku bisigazwa byavumbuwe. Ariko, iki kimwe mubitabo bya kera cyane muri Bibiliya bivuga neza inyamaswa nzima (Yobu 40:15 Dore noneho behemoti, nayikoranye nawe; arya ibyatsi nk'inka…).

   Ibiyoka nabyo bigaragara mubuhanzi (www.dinoglyphs.fi). Amashusho yikiyoka yaranditswe, kurugero, ku nkinzo zintambara (Sutton Hoo) n imitako yinkuta zamatorero (urugero SS Mary na Hardulph, mubwongereza). Ku irembo rya Ishtar mu mujyi wa kera wa Babiloni, hiyongereyeho ibimasa n'intare. Mu ntangiriro za kashe ya silinderi ya Mesopotamiya, ibiyoka bifite umurizo hafi igihe cyose ijosi rigaragara (Moortgat, A., Ubuhanzi bwa Mesopotamiya ya kera, Itangazamakuru rya Phaidon, London 1969, p. 1,9,10 na Plate A.). Igitabo cyitwa Dire Dragons cya Vance Nelsonivuga izindi ngero. Ikintu gitangaje muri iki gitabo ni uko kirimo ibihangano bishaje byerekeranye na dragon / dinosaurs, hamwe n'ibishushanyo byashushanijwe n'abahinduzi b'iki gihe ubwabo bishingiye ku magufwa ya dinosaur. Abasomyi ubwabo barashobora kugereranya guhuza ibikorwa byubuhanzi bishaje, kimwe nigishushanyo cyakozwe hashingiwe kumagufwa. Ibyo bahuriyeho biragaragara.

   Bite se kuri zodiac yo mu Bushinwa? Urugero rwiza rwuburyo dinosaurs ishobora kuba yarabaye dragon ni iyi horoscope, izwiho kuba imaze ibinyejana byinshi. Iyo rero zodiac yo mu Bushinwa ishingiye ku bimenyetso 12 by'inyamaswa bisubiramo mu myaka 12, hari inyamaswa 12 zirimo. 11 muri bo bamenyereye no muri iki gihe: imbeba, impfizi, ingwe, urukwavu, inzoka, ifarashi, intama, inkende, isake, imbwa n'ingurube. Ahubwo, inyamaswa ya 12 ni ikiyoka, kitabaho muri iki gihe. Ikibazo cyiza nuko niba inyamanswa 11 zabaye inyamanswa nyazo, kuki ikiyoka cyaba kidasanzwe kandi nikiremwa cy imigani? Ntabwo bihuje n'ubwenge gutekereza ko yigeze kubaho mugihe kimwe n'abantu, ariko ikaba yarazimye nkizindi nyamaswa nyinshi? Nibyiza kongera kwibuka ko ijambo dinosaur ryahimbwe gusa mu kinyejana cya 19 na Richard Owen. Mbere yibyo, izina ikiyoka ryakoreshwaga mu binyejana byinshi. 

Nigute ushobora gutsindishiriza inyigisho y'ubwihindurize?

Inyigisho y'ubwihindurize ihabanye rwose n'umurimo Imana yaremye. Iyi nyigisho, yashyizwe ahagaragara na Darwin, itekereza ko byose byatangiranye ningirabuzimafatizo ntoya, hanyuma ihinduka nyuma yimyaka miriyoni ihinduka muburyo bugoye.

   Ariko se igitekerezo cya Darwin ni ukuri? Irashobora kugeragezwa hakoreshejwe ibimenyetso bifatika. Hano hari ingingo z'ingenzi.

1. Ivuka ryubuzima ubwaryo ntabwo ryagaragaye . Mbere yuko ubuzima bushobora guhinduka, bugomba kubaho. Ariko dore ikibazo cya mbere cyigitekerezo cya Darwin. Igitekerezo cyose ntikibura ishingiro, kubera ko ubuzima budashobora kubaho ubwonyine, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru. Gusa ubuzima bushobora kuzana ubuzima, kandi ntanumwe wabonetse kuri iri tegeko. Iki kibazo gihura nacyo iyo umuntu yubahirije uburyo bwo kutemera Imana kubisobanuro kuva itangira kugeza irangiye. 

2. Radiocarubone ihakana ibitekerezo byigihe kirekire . Ikindi kibazo nuko radiocarubone iboneka mumyuka yamakara namakara yibihe byose, byafashwe nkimyaka miriyoni (Lowe, DC, Ibibazo bifitanye isano no gukoresha amakara nkisoko yibikoresho byubusa 14C, Radiocarubone 31 (2): 117 -120, 1989). Kubaho kwa radiocarubone bivuga gusa imyaka ibihumbi, bivuze ko nta gihe gisigaye kugirango iterambere rifatwe. Iki nikibazo gikomeye kubitekerezo bya Darwin kuko abemera ubwihindurize bemera ko imyaka miriyoni ikenewe.

3. Iturika rya Kamboje ryamagana ubwihindurize . Mbere byavuzwe uburyo icyiswe iturika rya Kamboje ryamagana igiti cyubwihindurize (kwibwira ko ingirabuzimafatizo yoroshye yahindutse ubuzima bushya). Cyangwa iki giti kiri hejuru. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byerekana ko kuva mu ntangiriro, ibintu bigoye ndetse n'ubukire bw'amoko byabigizemo uruhare. Ibi bihuye nicyitegererezo cyo kurema.

4. Nta byumviro byateye imbere . Niba inyigisho y'ubwihindurize yari impamo, hagomba kubaho amamiriyoni yimyumvire mishya, amaboko, ibirenge, cyangwa izindi ntangiriro z ibice byumubiri muri kamere. Ahubwo, ibi bice byumubiri biriteguye kandi birakora. Ndetse na Richard Dawkins, umuhakanamana uzwi cyane, yemera ko buri bwoko na buri rugingo muri buri bwoko bwakozweho ubushakashatsi kugeza ubu ari byiza mubyo bukora. Indorerezi nkiyi ihuye neza nigitekerezo cyubwihindurize, ariko ihuye nicyitegererezo cyibyaremwe:

Ukuri gushingiye ku kwitegereza ni uko buri bwoko na buri rugingo ruri mu bwoko bumaze gusuzumwa ari byiza mubyo rukora. Amababa yinyoni, inzuki n'ibibabi nibyiza kuguruka. Amaso ni meza kubona. Amababi ni meza kuri fotosintezeza. Tuba ku mubumbe, aho tuzengurutswe wenda miriyoni icumi zamoko, zose zigenga zigaragaza kwibeshya gukomeye kugaragara. Ubwoko bwose buhuye neza nubuzima bwihariye. (15)

Mu gitekerezo cye cyabanjirije iki, Dawkins yemera mu buryo butaziguye ko hariho igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubwenge, nubwo abihakana nkana. Ariko, ibimenyetso byerekana neza ko hariho igishushanyo mbonera. Ikibazo kijyanye ni; Cyakora? Nukuvuga ko, niba ibintu byose bikora, nikibazo cyimiterere yimikorere nigishushanyo cyubwenge, kandi imiterere ntishobora kuba yonyine.

    Ntabwo bitangaje kuba iyo i Lahti hari igishusho cyumupira wamaguru Jari Litmanen, abahakanamana bose bemera igishushanyo mbonera cyihishe inyuma. Ntabwo bizera ko iki gishushanyo bavutse ubwabo, ariko bizera igishushanyo mbonera muburyo bwo kuvuka. Ariko, barabuza gushushanya ubwenge mubinyabuzima bifite inshuro nyinshi bigoye kandi bishobora kugenda, kugwira, kurya, gukundana, no kumva andi marangamutima. Ibi ntabwo ari ibitekerezo byumvikana.

5. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bivuguruza ubwihindurize . Bimaze kugaragara ko nta terambere rigenda ryiyongera mu myanda. Mu bandi, Stephen Jay Gould yagize ati: “Sinshaka na gato gupfobya ubushobozi bushoboka bwo kubona ubwihindurize buhoro buhoro. Ndashaka kuvuga gusa ko itigeze 'igaragara' mu rutare. ” (16). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abandi bantu benshi bayobora paleontologue bemeje ko ubwihindurize buhoro buhoro butagaragara mu binyabuzima, nubwo ari ishingiro ry’imyumvire ya Darwin. Impaka zerekana ko ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bituzuye ntibishobora kongera kwifashishwa. Ntabwo bikiri ibyo, kuko byibuze hacukuwe byibuze miliyoni ijana. Niba nta terambere gahoro gahoro cyangwa intera iri hagati yibi bikoresho, ntanubwo biri mubikoresho bisigaye hasi. Ibitekerezo bikurikira bikurikira byerekana uburyo impapuro zo hagati zabuze:

Ntabwo bitangaje kuba icyuho cyibintu byavumbuwe gihuza muburyo runaka: ibisigazwa byabuze ahantu h'ingenzi. (Francis Hitching, Ijosi rya Giraffe , 1982, p. 19)

Nubwo twaba tugeze he mubihe byashize tujya murukurikirane rwibimera byinyamanswa zabayeho mbere kwisi, ntidushobora kubona nimbonerahamwe yimiterere yinyamanswa zaba intera hagati yimirwi minini na phyla ... Amatsinda akomeye y'ubwami bw'inyamaswa ntizihuze. Bameze kandi bameze kuva mbere ... Ntanubwo inyamaswa idashobora gushyirwaho muri phylum yayo cyangwa itsinda rinini ryabonetse kuva mubwoko bwa mbere bwibuye ... Uku kubura uburyo butandukanye hagati yitsinda rinini. yinyamaswa zishobora gusobanurwa muburyo bumwe gusa ... Niba dushaka gufata ukuri uko kameze, tugomba kwizera ko hatigeze habaho uburyo bwo hagati; muyandi magambo, ayo matsinda akomeye yagize isano imwe hagati yayo kuva mbere.(Austin H. Clark, Ubwihindurize bushya, p. 189)

Ni iki gishobora kuvanwa hejuru? Tugomba kwanga igitekerezo cya Darwin dushingiye ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima, nk'uko Darwin ubwe yabivuze ashingiye ku makuru y’ibinyabuzima yabonetse muri kiriya gihe: “ Abizera ko inkuru ya geologiya ari byinshi cyangwa bike byuzuye, byanze bikunze banze igitekerezo cyanjye” (17 ).

6. Guhitamo bisanzwe no korora ntacyo bihindura . Mu gitabo Darwin yanditse ku nkomoko y'ibinyabuzima, yazanye igitekerezo cy'uko guhitamo kamere biri inyuma y'ubwihindurize. Yakoresheje nk'urugero guhitamo umuntu, ni ukuvuga ubworozi, nuburyo bishoboka guhindura isura yinyamaswa binyuze muri yo.

    Ariko, ikibazo cyo gutoranya bisanzwe no gutoranya abantu nuko badakora ikintu gishya. Bahitamo gusa kubiriho, ni ukuvuga ibya kera . Imico imwe n'imwe irashobora gushimangirwa no kubaho, ariko ntabwo kubaho gusa bitanga amakuru mashya. Ikinyabuzima kibaho ntigishobora guhinduka mubindi.

   Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gutandukana bibaho, ariko mugihe runaka. Ibi birashoboka kuko inyamaswa n'ibimera byateguwe mbere yo guhinduka no korora. Kurugero, ubworozi bushobora kugira ingaruka kuburebure bwamaguru yimbwa cyangwa ingano nuburinganire bwibimera, ariko mugihe runaka uzahura numupaka nturenze ibyo. Nta bwoko bushya bugaragara kandi nta kimenyetso cyamakuru mashya.

Aborozi bakunze kumenya ko nyuma yibisekuru bike byo gutunganya, bigerwaho ntarengwa: gutera imbere kurenza iyi ngingo ntibishoboka, kandi ntamoko mashya yaremye. (…) Kubwibyo, ibizamini byororoka bihagarika inyigisho y'ubwihindurize aho kuyishyigikira. (Hamagara, 3.7.1972, p. 8,9)

Ikindi kibazo ni ubukene bwa geneti. Mugihe guhindura no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere bibaho, bimwe mu murage ukungahaye ku moko abakurambere ba mbere bari barazimiye. Uko ibinyabuzima byinshi byihariye, urugero kubera ubworozi cyangwa itandukaniro ry’imiterere, ntihaboneka umwanya wo guhinduka mugihe kizaza. Gari ya moshi y'ubwihindurize ijya mu cyerekezo kibi igihe kinini bifata. Umurage w'irondakoko urakennye, ariko nta bwoko bushya bw'ibanze bugaragara.

7. Guhinduka ntabwo bitanga amakuru mashya nubwoko bushya bwingingo s. Naho ubwihindurize, abemera ubwihindurize bavuga ko bibaho. Gusa ni ikibazo cyicyo bivuze ubwihindurize. Niba ari ikibazo cyo gutandukana bisanzwe no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, abemera ubwihindurize ni byo rwose ko byubahirizwa. Hariho ingero nziza zibyo mubitabo byabihinduramatwara. Ahubwo, ingirabuzimafatizo yibanze -ku-muntu-ni igitekerezo kidafite gihamya kitigeze kigaragara muri kamere ya none cyangwa ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima.

    Nubwo ibintu byose, abemera ubwihindurize bagerageza gushaka uburyo bwasobanura iterambere kuva selile yoroheje yibanze kugeza kumiterere. Bakoresheje mutation kugirango bafashe nibi.

    Ariko, ihinduka riyobora muburyo bunyuranye mubijyanye niterambere. Zangirika, ni ukuvuga gufata iterambere hepfo. Niba bashaka gutera imbere imbere, abashakashatsi bagomba kwerekana ingero ibihumbi nibihumbi byamakuru yongerera amakuru ihinduka ryiterambere, ariko ibi ntibyashoboka. Impinduka zibaho - amababa n'amaguru byahinduwe, gutakaza pigment ... - ariko nta ngero zisobanutse zo kwiyongera kwamakuru byagaragaye. Ku rundi ruhande, byagaragaye binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwa mutation ko mutant yaremewe mbere na mbere ibaho mbere. Ihinduka nkiryo risubirwamo kenshi mubigeragezo.

   Birumvikana ko ari ukuri ko ihinduka ry’imihindagurikire rishobora kuba ingirakamaro, urugero, ibidukikije byangiza cyangwa ibidukikije bifite antibiyotike nyinshi, ariko iyo ibintu bisubiye mu buryo busanzwe, abantu bafite ihinduka ry’imiterere ntibashobora kubaho mu bihe bisanzwe. Urugero rumwe ni umuhoro wo kubura amaraso. Abantu bafite iyi mutation barashobora gukora neza mubice bya malariya, ariko ni indwara ikomeye mugace kitari malariya. Niba iyi mutation yarazwe n'ababyeyi bombi, indwara irica. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, amafi atakaza amaso binyuze muri mutation arashobora kubaho mu buvumo bwijimye ariko ntibibe mubihe bisanzwe. Cyangwa inyenzi zabuze amababa binyuze muri mutation zirashobora gucunga ku birwa byumuyaga kuko bitaguruka mu nyanja byoroshye, ariko ahandi bafite ibibazo.

    Abashakashatsi benshi bamenyereye kariya gace nabo bahakana ko ihinduka ryazana impinduka nini cyangwa kurema ibishya. Ibi byerekanwe na eg imyaka mirongo igerageza rya mutation hamwe nisazi yigitoki na bagiteri. Dore ibitekerezo bimwe nabashakashatsi kuriyi ngingo:

Nubwo ibihumbi n’ibihumbi byahinduwe byasuzumwe mu gihe cyacu, ntitwigeze dusanga mu buryo bweruye aho ihinduka ry’imiterere ryaba ryarahinduye inyamaswa rikaba ingorabahizi, rikabyara imiterere mishya, cyangwa rikaba ryarateje imihindagurikire yimbitse. (RD Clark, Darwin: Mbere na Nyuma , p. 131)

Imihindagurikire tuzi - itekereza ko ari yo ifite uruhare mu kurema isi nzima - muri rusange ni ugutakaza urugingo, kubura (gutakaza pigment, gutakaza umugereka), cyangwa kugabanuka k'urugingo ruriho. Ntakintu na kimwe barema ikintu gishya cyangwa umuntu kugiti cye kuri sisitemu ngenga, ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gufatwa nkishingiro ryingingo nshya cyangwa nkintangiriro yumurimo mushya. (Jean Rostand, Igitabo cya Orion cyubwihindurize , 1961, p. 79)

Tugomba kumva ko abahanga bafite urusobe rwitondewe kandi runini rwo kumenya amakuru yiyongera. Abahanga mu bya genetike benshi bahanze amaso. - - Ariko, ntabwo nzi neza ko hari nurugero rumwe rugaragara rwa mutation yaba yarashizeho amakuru nta gushidikanya. (Sanford, J., Entropique ya Geneti n'Amayobera ya Genome, Itangazamakuru rya Ivan, New York, p. 17).

Umwanzuro nuko ihinduka ryimiterere ridashobora kuba moteri yubwihindurize, ntanubwo guhitamo bisanzwe, kuko ntanubwo birema amakuru mashya nuburyo bushya busabwa na "kuva muri selile yambere kugeza kubantu" -igitekerezo. Ibisobanuro byose mubitabo byabayeho biturutse ku bwihindurize ni ingero nziza, ariko gusa ingero zo gutandukana no kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere nko kurwanya bagiteri, ubunini bw'inyoni zitandukanye, kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko, ihinduka ry’imikurire y’amafi biterwa no kuroba cyane, amabara yijimye kandi yoroheje y’inyenzi zanduye kandi zihinduka kubera inzitizi za geografiya. Izi zose ni ingero zukuntu abaturage bitabira impinduka z’ibidukikije, ariko ubwoko bwibanze bukomeza kuba bumwe igihe cyose kandi ntibuhinduka mubindi. Indwara ya bagiteri ikomeza kuba nka bagiteri, imbwa nk'imbwa, injangwe nk'injangwe, n'ibindi. Guhindura bibaho,

   Twibuke ko mu gitabo cye kivuga ku nkomoko y’ibinyabuzima , Darwin na we atigeze atanga ingero zose z’imihindagurikire y’ibinyabuzima, ahubwo ni ingero gusa zo gutandukana no guhuza n'imiterere mu matsinda y'ibanze. Ni ingero nziza, ariko ntakindi. Ntabwo bagaragaza "kuva selile yambere kugeza kubantu" -ukuri kwukuri. Mu ibaruwa ya Darwin ubwe yagize ati: “Mu byukuri ndarambiwe kubwira abantu ko ntavuga ko mfite ibimenyetso simusiga byerekana ko ubwoko bwahindutse mu bundi bwoko kandi ko nizera ko iki gitekerezo gikwiye ahanini kubera ko ibintu byinshi bishobora guhurizwa hamwe no gusobanurwa bishingiye kuri yo ” (18). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, amagambo akurikira avuga ko mu gitabo cya Darwin Ku nkomoko y'ibinyabuzima nta ngero zifatika z'imihindagurikire y'ibinyabuzima:

"Biratangaje kubona igitabo cyamenyekanye cyane mu gusobanura inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima kitabisobanura mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose." (Christopher Booker, Umwanditsi w'ikinyamakuru yerekeza kuri magnum opus ya Darwin, Ku nkomoko y'ibinyabuzima) (19)

Nigute ushobora gutsindishiriza kumanuka kwabantu mubiremwa bimeze nkinguge?

Ikintu cyibanze cyubwihindurize ni uko amoko yose agezweho afite imiterere imwe: ingirabuzimafatizo yoroshye. Ni nako bigenda kubantu ba kijyambere. Abemera ubwihindurize bigisha ko twavuye mu kagari kamwe kambere, kahindutse bwa mbere muburyo bwubuzima bwo mu nyanja kandi, nkintambwe yanyuma, imbere yumuntu mubisekuruza byabantu bigezweho. Uku nuburyo abemera ubwihindurize bemera, nubwo nta bwihindurize buhoro buhoro bushobora kugaragara mu myanda.

     Ariko se ubwihindurize bwumva inkomoko yabantu nukuri? Tuzagaragaza impamvu ebyiri zingenzi zerekana ibinyuranye:

Ibisigisigi byumuntu ugezweho mubyiciro bishaje bihakana ubwihindurize . Impamvu ya mbere iroroshye kandi ni uko ibisigisigi bisobanutse byabantu bigezweho byabonetse byibuze mubyiciro bishaje cyangwa bishaje nkibisigisigi byabasekuruza babo, ndetse kuburyo ibisigazwa byabantu bigezweho biboneka mubice byakera kuruta uko bakekwa. Ibisigisigi bisobanutse nibintu byabantu bigezweho byanabonetse mubice byamakara bifatwa nkimyaka miriyoni amagana.

    Ibi bivuze iki? Bisobanura ko umuntu wiki gihe yagaragaye byibuze icyarimwe icyarimwe kwisi cyangwa mbere yabakekwaho kuba abakurambere. Ntibishoboka na gato kuko urubyaro ntirushobora kubaho mbere ya basekuruza. Hano haravuguruzanya bigaragara kwamagana ibisobanuro byabayeho biturutse ku bwihindurize.

   Amagambo akurikira arakubwira byinshi kuriyi ngingo. Abahanga bazwi cyane baremera uburyo bigaragara ko ibisigisigi byabantu bigezweho byabonetse inshuro nyinshi mubice bya kera, ariko byaranze kubera ko bigezweho cyane mubyiza. Ibintu byinshi bisa nkibi byakozwe:

LBS Leakey: “Sinshidikanya ko ibisigazwa by'abantu biri muri iyo mico [Acheul na Chelles], byabonetse inshuro nyinshi (...) ariko ntibigeze bamenyekana nkabo cyangwa barabyanze kuko bari Uwiteka Ubwoko bwa Homo sapiens , bityo ntibashobora gufatwa nk'ibishaje. ” (20)

RS Lull: … Ibisigarira nkibi bya skelet byagaragaye inshuro nyinshi. () kubera ko nta n'umwe muri bo ufite ibimenyetso biranga umubiri Abahinde b'Abanyamerika bataba bafite muri iki gihe. ” (21)

Marvin L. Lubenow yanditse ku ngingo imwe mu gitabo cye Myytti apinaihmisistä (Amagufwa yo Kuvuga) . Muri iki gitabo, yavuze mu ncamake ibyiciro by’ubwihindurize ukurikije imyaka y’ibinyabuzima babonye . Ibisubizo byose byavuzwe mubitabo byabayeho biturutse ku bwihindurize birimo.

    Ikibazo kimwe kivuka muriki gihe cyo gutondekanya abihinduramatwara: ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima biboneka mu nzego z’isi zivanze kandi nta tegeko ryateganijwe ryabayeho. Ntibaboneka murutonde rusabwa nubwihindurize. Ibyavumbuwe ntabwo byerekana abantu baturuka mubisekuru byoroshye byinguge.

    Mu gitabo cye, Lubenow agira ati:

   (…) Amaherezo, "Umunsi wibimera" amasomo yacu yaje. Abanyeshuri basangiye raporo nabanyeshuri bigana kandi bashyira ibisigazwa byabo kuri gahunda ikurikira imyaka nibyiciro byatanzwe nabahindagurika. Uko ibice byagiye bisimburana buhoro buhoro, abanyeshuri basobanukiwe neza ko ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bitagaragaza byanze bikunze ubwihindurize bw’umuntu.

   Niba ubwihindurize bwabantu bwabaye impamo, ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byashyirwa ku murongo uva ku nguge y’amajyepfo, binyuze mu buryo bumwe na bumwe bwa Homo habilis , Homo erectus na Homo sapiens yo hambere , hanyuma amaherezo ikajya kuri Homo sapiens igezweho.(uwo ni twe, abakomeye kandi beza). Ahubwo, ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bizashyirwa aha n'aha nta gahunda isobanutse y'ubwihindurize. Nubwo abanyeshuri bakoresheje imibare n’ibyiciro by’ubwihindurize ubwabo, byaragaragaye ko ibikoresho by’ibinyabuzima ahubwo bihindura ubwihindurize bw’umuntu. Inyigisho iyo ari yo yose cyangwa inyigisho zanjye ntabwo byari kuba bishimishije nkubushakashatsi abanyeshuri bakoze ubwabo. Ntakintu nashoboraga kuvuga cyaba cyaragize ingaruka zikomeye kubanyeshuri nkukuri kwambaye ubusa kubintu byimyanda yabantu ubwabyo. (22)

Mu bisigazwa by'amatsinda abiri gusa: inguge zisanzwe n'abantu ba none . Nkuko byavuzwe, ishingiro ryibanze ryigitekerezo cyubwihindurize nuko umuntu yavuye mubiremwa bimeze nk'inguge, kuburyo mugihe cyamateka abantu benshi kandi bigoye cyane baza kwisi. Iki gitekerezo nicyo gitekerezo cya Darwin nabagenzi be, nubwo bike byari byabonetse kubantu bakekwaho kuba abakurambere mu kinyejana cya 19. Darwin na bagenzi be bari mu myizerere no gutegereza ko nyuma bazaboneka mu butaka.

   Imyizerere imwe iratsinda mugushakisha uyumunsi ibisigazwa byabantu. Kuberako abantu bizera inyigisho y'ubwihindurize, bashaka abakekwaho kuba abakurambere b'umuntu. Kwizera bigira ingaruka kubyo bakora byose. Cyangwa niba batizeraga ubwihindurize bwabantu uhereye kubakurambere bameze nkinguge, intego zabo ntizihagije gushakisha.

    Ni ibiki byagaragaye? Ntabwo bashimisha abashyigikiye inyigisho y'ubwihindurize. Ntibemeranya kubintu byose byavumbuwe, kandi byongeye, ikintu gisobanutse gishobora kugaragara mubisubizo: amaherezo, hariho amatsinda abiri gusa: biragaragara ko ibiremwa bimeze nk'inguge n'abantu basanzwe. Iri gabana rigenda ku buryo inguge zo mu majyepfo (Australopithecus), nk'uko izina ribivuga, inguge zisanzwe, kimwe na Ardi, ubunini bw'ubwonko bukaba buto ugereranije n'ubw'inguge zo mu majyepfo. . Ahubwo, Homo Erectus numugabo wa Neanderthal, basa cyane hagati yabo, ni abantu basanzwe.

    Kuki kugabana gutya mubyiciro bibiri gusa? Abashakashatsi benshi ubwabo bemeje ko inguge zo mu majyepfo zidashobora kuba abakurambere b'abantu, ariko ko ari inguge isanzwe, ubwoko bwazimye. Uyu mwanzuro wagezeho kuko physique yabo isa ninguge cyane kandi ubunini bwubwonko ni kimwe cya gatatu cyubwonko bwumuntu wiki gihe. Dore ibitekerezo bibiri:

Iyo ugereranije ibihanga byumugabo na antropoide, igihanga cya Australopithecus kirasa cyane na gihanga ya antropoide. Gusaba ukundi byaba ari kimwe no kwemeza ko umukara ari umweru. (23)

Ibyo tuvumbuye bidashidikanywaho rwose ko (…) Australopithecus idasa na Homo sapiens ; ahubwo, irasa na guenons igezweho na antropoide. (24)

Bite se kuri Homo erectus numugabo wa Neanderthal, basa cyane kandi bafite ubwonko na physique byibutsa rwose abantu ba none? Uyu munsi habonetse ibimenyetso bihagije byubumuntu byombi. Homo erectus yashoboye kwishora mu bwato ndetse anakora ibikoresho ku buryo umuhanga mu bwihindurize Dr Alan Thorne yavuze mu ntangiriro za 1993 ati: "Ntabwo ari Homo erectus (mu yandi magambo, ntibagomba kwitwa iri zina). Ni abantu." (Umunyaustraliya, 19 Myandagaro 1993). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abahanga bo muri iki gihe barushijeho gushishikarira kubona ko umuntu wa Neanderthal ashobora gufatwa nk'umuntu nyawe. Usibye imiterere yumubiri, impamvu nubuvumbuzi bwinshi bwumuco hamwe nubushakashatsi bushya bwa ADN.(Donald Johnson / James Shreeve: Umwana wa Lucy, p. 49).

   Mu bashakashatsi batanze igitekerezo cyo gushyira Homo erectus na Neandertal mu cyiciro cya Homo sapiens harimo Milford Wolpoff. Igituma aya magambo ya paleontologue y'ubwihindurize agira akamaro ni uko bivugwa ko yabonye kurusha abandi bose ibikoresho by’umwimerere by’ibinyabuzima bya hominide. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Bernard Wood, ufatwa nk'ubuyobozi bukuru ku bisekuruza byabayeho biturutse ku bwihindurize, na M. Collard bavuze ko hominide nyinshi zishira hafi ya zose zisa n'abantu cyangwa hafi ya zose z’amavuta yo mu majyepfo (Science 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999).

    Ni iki gishobora kuvanwa hejuru? Ntabwo bimaze kuvuga kuri apeman, kuko mubyukuri habaye abantu ninguge gusa. Hariho aya matsinda yombi gusa, nkuko abashakashatsi benshi bayobora muri kano karere babivuze.

   Ku rundi ruhande, iyo bigeze ku isura y'umuntu ku isi, nta mpamvu ifatika yatuma umuntu agaragara ku isi mbere y'ibyo Bibiliya yerekana, ni ukuvuga mu myaka 6.000 ishize. Kubera iki? Impamvu nuko nta bimenyetso bifatika byigihe kirekire. Amateka azwi mubyukuri yatangiranye nimyaka 4000-5000 gusa, mugihe gitunguranye kandi icyarimwe ibintu nko kwandika, ubwubatsi, imigi, ubuhinzi, umuco, imibare igoye, ububumbyi, gukora ibikoresho nibindi bifatwa nkibiranga umuntu byagaragaye. Abaharanira ubwihindurize benshi bakunda kuvuga ku bihe byabanjirije amateka n’amateka, ariko nta bimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko igihe cyabanjirije amateka yabayeho, urugero, hashize imyaka 10,000 kugeza 20.000, kubera ko inyubako n’ibintu byavuzwe haruguru bitazwi neza kuva icyo gihe.

   Byongeye kandi, biratangaje rwose kuba umuntu yarahindutse mumyaka miriyoni ebyiri ishize, ariko umuco we watunguranye kwisi yose mumyaka ibihumbi ishize. Ibisobanuro byiza nuko umuntu yabayeho mumyaka ibihumbi bike gusa, nuko rero inyubako, imigi, ubumenyi bwururimi, numuco byagaragaye gusa muricyo gihe, nkuko igitabo cyIntangiriro kibigaragaza. 

Ntugume hanze y'ubwami bw'Imana!

Hanyuma, umusomyi mwiza! Imana yagukunze kandi ishaka ko ubwami bwayo budashira. Nubwo waba warashinyaguye kandi urwanya Imana, Imana igufitiye umugambi mwiza. Sobanukirwa n'imirongo ikurikira ivuga ku rukundo Imana ikunda abantu. Bavuga uburyo Yesu yaje mwisi kugirango abantu bose bashobore kubona ubuzima bw'iteka no kubabarirwa ibyaha. Umuntu wese kwisi arashobora kwibonera ibi:

- (Yohana 3:16) Kuberako Imana yakunze isi cyane, kuburyo yatanze Umwana wayo w'ikinege, kugirango umwizera wese atarimbuka, ahubwo agire ubugingo bw'iteka.

- (1Yohana 4:10) Hano ni urukundo, ntabwo ari uko twakunze Imana, ahubwo ni uko yadukunze, kandi yohereje Umwana wayo ngo atubere impongano y'ibyaha byacu.

Ariko umuntu abona isano n'Imana no kubabarirwa ibyaha byikora? Oya, umuntu agomba guhindukirira Imana yemera ibyaha byayo. Benshi barashobora kugira kwizera gusa ko bafatana ukuri ibyanditswe muri Bibiliya, ariko ntibigeze batera iyi ntambwe bahindukirira Imana kandi bagatanga Imana ubuzima bwabo bwose.

    Urugero rwiza rwo kwihana ni inyigisho za Yesu ku mwana w'ikirara. Uyu muhungu yabayeho mu byaha bikomeye, ariko nyuma ahindukirira se maze yemera ibyaha bye. Se aramubabarira.

- (Luuk 15: 11-20) Na we ati: Umugabo umwe yari afite abahungu babiri:

12 Umuto muri bo abwira se, Data, mpa igice cy'ibintu byanjye. Abagabana ubuzima bwe.

13 Hashize iminsi mike, umuhungu mutoya akoranira hamwe, maze afata urugendo yerekeza mu gihugu cya kure, maze atakaza ibintu bye mu buzima bubi .

14 Amaze gukoresha byose, muri icyo gihugu haza inzara ikomeye. atangira gukena.

15 Aragenda, yifatanya n'umuturage w'icyo gihugu; amwohereza mu murima we kugaburira ingurube.

16 Kandi yari gucika intege yuzuza inda ye ingurube ingurube yariye, kandi nta muntu wamuhaye.

17 Ageze aho ari, aramubaza ati: “Ni bangahe bagaragu ba data bahembwa imigati ihagije kandi basigaranye, kandi nzicwa n'inzara!

18 Nzahaguruka nsange data, ndamubwira nti Data, nacumuye ku ijuru, imbere yawe ,

19 Kandi sinkibereye kwitwa umuhungu wawe: mpindura umwe mu bagaragu bawe bahembwa.

20 Arahaguruka, asanga se. Ariko akiri kure cyane, se aramubona, agira impuhwe , ariruka, amugwa mu ijosi aramusoma.

Iyo umuntu ahindukiriye Imana, agomba no kwakira Yesu nk'Umwami w'ubuzima bwe. Kuberako binyuze muri Yesu gusa umuntu ashobora kwegera Imana akakira imbabazi z'ibyaha nkuko imirongo ikurikira ibigaragaza. Noneho, hamagara Yesu ngo abe Umwami wubuzima bwawe, kandi uzahabwa imbabazi zibyaha nubugingo buhoraho:

- (Yohana 14: 6) Yesu aramubwira ati: Ninjye nzira, ukuri, n'ubugingo: nta muntu ujya kwa Data, ariko ni njye.

- (Yohana 5:40) Kandi ntuzaza aho ndi, kugira ngo ugire ubuzima .

- (Ibyakozwe 10:43) Ahe abahanuzi bose guhamya , kugira ngo umwizera wese azababarirwa ibyaha .

- (Ibyakozwe 13: 38,39) 38 Nimumenye rero, bantu, bavandimwe, ko binyuze muri uyu mugabo mubwirwa imbabazi z'ibyaha :

39 Kandi abizera bose batsindishirizwa na byose, aho udashobora gutsindishirizwa n'amategeko ya Mose.

Niba wakiriye Yesu mu buzima bwawe ugashyira kwizera kwawe, ni ukuvuga ko wizeye ikibazo cy'agakiza, muri We (Ibyakozwe 16:31 "Baravuga bati: Izere Umwami Yesu Kristo, uzakizwa, kandi inzu yawe. "), urashobora gusenga, kurugero, nkibi bikurikira: 

Isengesho ry'agakiza : Mwami, Yesu, ndaguhindukiriye. Ndatuye ko nagucumuyeho kandi ntabayeho nkurikije ubushake bwawe. Ariko, ndashaka kuva mu byaha byanjye nkagukurikira n'umutima wanjye wose. Nizera kandi ko ibyaha byanjye byababariwe kubwimpongano yawe kandi nakiriye ubuzima bw'iteka kubwawe. Ndagushimiye agakiza wampaye. Amen.

REFERENCES:

1. Andy Knoll (2004) PBS Nova interview, 3. May 2004,  sit. Antony Flew & Roy Varghese (2007) There is A God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne

2. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

3. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

4. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

5. Sylvia Baker: Kehitysoppi ja Raamatun arvovalta, p. 104,105

6. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 34

7. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia luomisesta (The Creation Answers Book, Don Batten, David Catchpoole, Jonathan Sarfati, Carl Wieland), p. 84

8. Jonathan Sarfati: Puuttuvat vuosimiljoonat, Luominen-magazine, number 7, p. 29,30,

http://creation.com/ariel-roth-interview-flat-gaps

9. Pearce, F., The Fire-eater’s island, New Scientist 189 (2536):

10. Luominen-lehti, numero 5, p. 31, http://creation.com/polystrate-fossils-evidence-for-a-young-earth-finnish / Lainaus kirjasta: Ager, D.V., The New Catastrophism, Cambridge University Press, p. 49, 1993

11.  Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

12. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278

13. (The Panda’s Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183)

14. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

15. Richard Dawkins: Jumalharha (The God Delusion), p. 153

16. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

17. Charles Darwin: Lajien synty (The origin of species), p. 457

18. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

19. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19

20. L.B.S. Leakey: "Adam's Ancestors", p. 230

21. R.S. Lull: The Antiquity of Man”, The Evolution of Earth and Man, p. 156

22. Marvin L. Lubenow: Myytti apinaihmisestä (Bones of Contention), p. 20-22

23. Journal of the royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, tammikuu 1966, p. 93 – citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?", p. 93,94.

24. Solly Zuckerman: Beyond the ivory tower, 1970, p. 90 - citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?". p. 94.