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Ubukristo na siyansi

Ukwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye imbogamizi kuri siyansi cyangwa yarayiteje imbere? Soma ibimenyetso!

Ingingo yiyi ngingo ni kwizera kwa gikristo na siyansi. Nigute kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize ingaruka kuri siyansi niterambere ryayo? Byabaye inzitizi mu iterambere rya siyanse cyangwa yarayiteje imbere? Niba iki kibazo gisuzumwe gusa binyuze mu bitangazamakuru by’isi ndetse n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu batemera Imana, bakunze kwerekana igitekerezo rusange cy’amakimbirane hagati yo kwizera na siyansi. Twibwira ko kwizera Imana na siyansi binyuranye kandi ko kwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye inzitizi mu iterambere rya siyansi. Muri iki gitekerezo, siyansi ngo yaba yarakomeye mubugereki kandi yongeye gutera imbere gusa mugihe, mugihe cyo kumurikirwa, yatandukiriye idini ryo guhishurwa maze itangira gushingira kubitekerezo no kwitegereza. Akamaro ka Darwin byumwihariko bifatwa nkibyingenzi kugirango intsinzi yanyuma yubumenyi bwisi.

    Ariko ukuri kwiki nikihe? Intandaro yo kwizera kwa gikristo ntabwo yigeze iba siyanse no gukora siyanse, ahubwo kwizera ko Imana ibaho na Yesu Kristo, uwo umuntu wese ashobora kubabarirwa ibyaha byabo. Ariko, ibyo ntibisobanura ko kwizera kwa gikristo kutagize ingaruka kuri siyansi niterambere ryabaturage. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, akamaro ka Yesu n'ukwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye ingirakamaro mu kuvuka no gutera imbere kwa siyansi. Iki gitekerezo gishingiye ku ngingo nyinshi, tuzanyuramo mu bikurikira. Dutangirana nururimi no gusoma.

Kumenya gusoma no kwandika: inkoranyamagambo, ikibonezamvugo, inyuguti. Ubwa mbere, kuvuka indimi zibitabo no gusoma. Abantu bose bumva ko niba igihugu kidafite ururimi rwubuvanganzo kandi abantu ntibashobora gusoma, ni inzitizi mu iterambere rya siyanse, ubushakashatsi, kuvuka kwavumbuwe no gukwirakwiza ubumenyi. Noneho nta bitabo, ntushobora kubisoma, kandi ubumenyi ntibukwirakwira. Sosiyete ikomeje kuba mu gihagararo.

   None se, ni gute kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize uruhare mu kurema indimi z'ubuvanganzo no gusoma? Aha niho abashakashatsi benshi bafite aho bahumye. Ntabwo bazi ko indimi hafi ya zose zanditswe nabakristu bubaha Imana. Kurugero, hano muri Finlande, Mikael Agricola, umuvugurura w’amadini muri Finilande akaba na se w’ubuvanganzo, yacapye igitabo cya mbere ABC n’Isezerano Rishya hamwe n’ibindi bitabo bya Bibiliya. Abantu bize gusoma muri bo.

    Mu Budage, Martti Luther yakoze ibintu nk'ibyo. Yahinduye Bibiliya mu kidage akoresheje imvugo ye bwite. Amajana yasohowe mu buhinduzi bwe maze imvugo yakoreshejwe na Luther iba nk'ururimi rw'ubuvanganzo mu Badage.

    Bite ho mu Bwongereza? William Tyndale, wahinduye Bibiliya mu Cyongereza, yagize uruhare runini muri ibyo. Ubuhinduzi bwa Tyndale bwagize ingaruka ku ivuka ryururimi rwicyongereza kigezweho. Hashingiwe ku busobanuro bwa Tyndale, ubusobanuro bwa King James bwaje gushingwa, aribwo busobanuro buzwi cyane bw'icyongereza bwa Bibiliya.

   Urugero rumwe ni inyuguti z'abaturage b'Abasilave, bita inyuguti ya Cyrillic. Biswe Mutagatifu Cyril, wari umumisiyonari mu Basilave maze abona ko nta nyuguti bafite. Cyril yabateguriye inyuguti kugirango bashobore gusoma Ubutumwa bwiza kuri Yesu.

   Mbere yuko ubushobozi bwo gusoma buvuka, ururimi rwanditse rugomba kubaho. Ni muri urwo rwego, abamisiyonari b'Abakristo bagize uruhare runini, mu binyejana byashize mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba, ariko no muri Afurika no muri Aziya nyuma. Abamisiyoneri barashobora kuba barakoze imyaka myinshi mubushakashatsi bwindimi. Bakoze ikibonezamvugo cya mbere, inkoranyamagambo n'inyuguti.

   Umwe muri abo bantu yari umumisiyonari w’Abametodiste Frank Laubach, watangije ubukangurambaga ku gusoma no kwandika ku isi. Yagize uruhare mu iterambere rya ABC-ibitabo mu ndimi 313. Yashyizweho nk'intumwa y'abatazi gusoma no kwandika.

    Ingero zikurikira zerekeza ku kintu kimwe, iterambere ryindimi. Ni ngombwa ko n'indimi nk'Igihindi, ururimi nyamukuru rw'Ubuhinde, Ikirundi cya Pakisitani, n'Ikibengali cyo muri Bangladesh gifite ikibonezamvugo n'indimi zishingiye ku butumwa bwa gikristo. Abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bavuga kandi bakoresha izo ndimi.

Vishal Mangalwadi: Nakuriye mu mutima w’ururimi rw’Abahindu i Allahabad, ku birometero 80 uvuye i Kashi, aho Tulsidas yanditse Ramcharitmanasin , umugani w’idini ukomeye cyane mu majyaruguru y’Ubuhinde. Nahoraga bambwira ko Hindi yakomotse kuri iki gice gikomeye. Ariko iyo nsomye, narumiwe, kuko ntashoboraga kumva interuro nimwe mvuye muri yo. Umwanditsi “Hindi” yari atandukanye cyane n'iyanjye maze ntangira kwibaza, aho ururimi kavukire - ururimi rwemewe rw'Ubuhinde - rwakomotse.

Scholar Intiti z'Abahindu nazo ntizateje imbere ururimi rw'igihugu cy'Ubuhinde, Umuhindi. Turashimira abasemuzi ba Bibiliya nka John Borthwick Gilchrist n'abahanga mu by'indimi z'abamisiyoneri nka nyiricyubahiro SHKellogg ko ururimi rw'ubuvanganzo rw'ubuhinde rwavuye mu rurimi rwakoreshejwe n'umusizi Tulsidas (nko mu 1532-1623).

... Abahinduzi ba Bibiliya n'abamisiyoneri batanze ibirenze ururimi rwanjye kavukire Hindi. Indimi zose zubuvanganzo nzima zo mubuhinde zihamya umurimo wabo. Mu 2005, Dr. Babu Verghese, umushakashatsi ukomoka i Mumbai ariko akaba kavukire wa Malayalam, yatanze impamyabumenyi y'impapuro 700 muri kaminuza ya Nagpur kugira ngo ayisuzume. Yerekanye ko abasemuzi ba Bibiliya bakoze indimi 73 z’ubuvanganzo zivuye mu mvugo zivugwa ahanini n’Abahinde batazi gusoma. Muri byo harimo indimi zemewe z’Ubuhinde (Hindi), Pakisitani (Urdu) na Bangladesh (Bengali). Intiti eshanu za Bramine zize impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya Verghes maze zimuha izina rya Dogiteri wa Filozofiya mu 2008. Muri icyo gihe kandi, basabye ko, nyuma yo gutangazwa, igitabo cyafatwa nk'igitabo giteganijwe mu kwiga ururimi rw'Ubuhinde. (1)

Igikorwa cy’ubumisiyonari bwa gikristo cyahoze gifite imiterere nini yo gufasha abantu, kuburyo cyagerageje gufasha abarwayi, abamugaye, abashonje, abatagira aho baba kandi bavangura. Mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, ubutumwa bwa gikirisitu bwubatse urufatiro rwa sisitemu yose y’ishuri mu bijyanye n’uburezi bw’ibanze n’imyuga. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubutumwa bwagize uruhare runini mu ishyirwaho ry'urusobe rw'ubuzima ... Umushakashatsi uzwi cyane wo muri Afurika, umwarimu wa kaminuza ya Yale, Lamin Sanneh, yatangaje ko muri Afurika, abamisiyoneri bakoze umurimo ukomeye mu mico yaho kurema ishingiro ryururimi rwanditse. (2)

Imishinga yo gusoma no kwandika. Nkuko byavuzwe, indimi nyinshi zabonye ikibonezamvugo n’ubuvanganzo zishingiye ku myizerere ya gikristo. Abahakanamana na leta ntabwo aribo batangije iri terambere, ahubwo bahagarariye ukwemera kwa gikristo. Iterambere rya societe ryashoboraga gutinda mu binyejana byinshi utizera Imana na Yesu.

    Aka gace karimo imishinga yo gusoma no kwandika mu Burayi no mu bindi bice byisi. Binyuze muri bo, abantu biga gusoma Bibiliya nibindi bitabo no kwiga ibintu bishya. Niba utazi gusoma, biragoye kwiga ibintu bishya abandi banditse.

    Iyo kwizera kwa gikristo kwatsinze umurima binyuze mubikorwa by'ubumisiyonari, byanateje imbere imibereho n'imibereho y'ibihugu byinshi. Ibintu nkibi nubuzima bwiza, ubukungu bwiza, imibereho ihamye, ruswa igabanuka nimpfu zabana kandi byanze bikunze gusoma no kwandika. Niba nta murimo w'ubumisiyonari no kwizera kwa gikristo, hashobora kubaho imibabaro myinshi n'ubukene ku isi kandi abantu ntibazi gusoma. Mu bandi, Robert Woodberry, umwungirije wungirije muri kaminuza ya Texas, yabonye isano iri hagati y’umurimo w’ubumisiyonari na demokarasi, imibereho myiza y’abaturage no gusoma no kwandika:

Umuhanga: Umurimo w'ubumisiyonari watangije demokarasi

Nk’uko Robert Woodberry, umwungirije wungirije muri kaminuza ya Texas abitangaza ngo ingaruka z'umurimo w'ubumisiyonari bw'abaporotisanti mu myaka ya za 1800 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya za 1900 ku iterambere rya demokarasi zaragaragaye cyane kuruta uko twabitekerezaga. Aho kugira uruhare ruto mu iterambere rya demokarasi, abamisiyoneri babigizemo uruhare runini mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika na Aziya. Ikinyamakuru Christianity Today kivuga kuri iki kibazo.

Robert Woodberry yize isano iri hagati yimirimo yubumisiyoneri nibintu bigira ingaruka kuri demokarasi hafi imyaka 15. Ku bwe, aho abamisiyonari b'Abaporotesitanti bagize uruhare runini. Hano ubukungu muri iki gihe bwateye imbere kandi ubuzima bwifashe neza cyane ugereranije no mu turere, aho abamisiyoneri bagize uruhare runini cyangwa ntihabeho. Mu bice bifite amateka y’abamisiyoneri yiganje, umubare w'abana bapfa bapfa muri iki gihe uri hasi, ruswa nke, gusoma no kwandika biramenyerewe kandi kwinjira mu burezi biroroshye, cyane cyane ku bagore.

   Ku bwa Robert Woodberry, abakristu b'ububyutse b'Abaporotesitanti ni bo bagize ingaruka nziza. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, abapadiri bakoreshwa na leta cyangwa abamisiyonari gatolika mbere ya za 1960 ntibagize ingaruka nk'izo. (3)

Urugero rumwe rwiza rwukuntu kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize ingaruka ku gusoma no kwandika ni uko ahagana mu 1900 ari bwo ubuvanganzo bw’isi bwarenze ibitabo by’umwuka mu kugurisha. Bibiliya n'inyigisho zayo byari mu mwanya w'ingenzi mu binyejana byinshi, kugeza mu kinyejana gishize yatakaje akamaro kayo cyane mu bihugu by'iburengerazuba. Birahuye ko mu kinyejana kimwe cya 20, igihe kwizera kwa gikristo kwatereranywe, intambara zikomeye mu mateka zarwanye?

    Urundi rugero ni Ubwongereza, nicyo gihugu cyateye imbere ku isi mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Ariko ni iki cyari cyihishe inyuma y'Ubwongereza bwiza? Mubyukuri ikintu kimwe cyari ububyutse bwumwuka aho abantu bahindukiriye Imana. Ibintu byinshi byiza byaje nkigisubizo, nko gusoma no kwandika, gukuraho ubucakara, no kuzamura urwego rwabakene nabakozi.

   John Wesley, uzwi nk'umubwiriza w'ingenzi w’umutwe wa Metodiste kandi akaba yaranyuzemo ububyutse bukomeye mu Bwongereza mu kinyejana cya 18, yagize uruhare runini muri iryo terambere. Byaravuzwe ko binyuze mu mirimo ye Ubwongereza bwarokotse impinduramatwara nk'iyi yabereye mu Bufaransa. Icyakora, Wesley na bagenzi be na bo bagize uruhare mu gutuma ibitabo bigera ku Bongereza. Igitabo cyitwa Encyclopedia Britannica kivuga kuri Wesley muri urwo rwego ko "nta wundi muntu wo mu kinyejana cya 18 wigeze akora byinshi kugira ngo ateze imbere gusoma ibitabo byiza, kandi yazanye ibitabo byinshi mu baturage ku giciro gito" ...

    Mu Bwongereza, kubera ububyutse, imirimo yo ku cyumweru nayo yavutse mu kinyejana cya 18. Ahagana mu 1830, hafi kimwe cya kane cy’abana miliyoni 1.25 b’Ubwongereza biga ku cyumweru, aho biga gusoma no kwandika. Ubwongereza bwahindutse societe yo gusoma no kwandika yigishijwe n'Ijambo ry'Imana; leta ntiyabigizemo uruhare.

    Bite se kuri Amerika? Amagambo akurikira yerekeza kuri ibi. Byavuzwe na John Dewey (1859-1952), we ubwe wagize uruhare rukomeye mu burezi bw'isi muri Amerika. Icyakora, yasobanuye uburyo imyizerere ya gikristo yagize ingaruka nziza ku burezi bwa rubanda no gukuraho ubucakara mu gihugu cye:

Aba bantu (abakirisitu b'ivugabutumwa) ni inkingi yubugiraneza bwimibereho, ibikorwa bya politiki bigamije ivugurura ryimibereho, amahoro nuburere rusange. Bagaragaza kandi bagaragariza ineza abari mu bibazo by’ubukungu ndetse n’abandi baturage, cyane cyane iyo bagaragaje ko bashishikajwe n’ubutegetsi bwa repubulika - - Iki gice cy’abaturage cyakiriye neza icyifuzo gisaba ko habaho ubutabera buboneye no kugabana ku buryo bungana. amahirwe ukurikije imyumvire yabo bwite y'uburinganire. Byakurikiye inzira ya Lincoln mu gukuraho ubucakara kandi byemeranya n'ibitekerezo bya Roosevelt ubwo yamaganaga ibigo "bibi" no kwegeranya ubutunzi mu maboko ya bake. (4)

Kaminuza. Mbere, byavuzwe uburyo kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize uruhare mu kurema indimi zanditse no gusoma no kwandika mu binyejana byashize ndetse no muri iki gihe. Kurugero, mubihugu bya Afrika, ishingiro rya sisitemu yishuri mubijyanye nuburezi bwibanze n’imyuga byavutse ahanini bivuye ku butumwa bw’ubutumwa bwa gikirisitu, kimwe no kwita ku buzima. Hatabayeho kwizera kwa gikristo, iterambere ryimiryango ryashoboraga gutinda mu binyejana byinshi.

   Agace kamwe ni kaminuza n'amashuri. Hamwe no gusoma no kwandika, nibyingenzi mugutezimbere siyanse, ubushakashatsi, kuvuka kuvumburwa no gukwirakwiza amakuru. Binyuze muri bo, ubumenyi nubushakashatsi bitera imbere murwego rushya.

   Nigute kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize ingaruka kuri kariya gace? Abanyamadini n'abahakanamana ntibakunze kumenya ko Bibiliya n'ukwemera kwa gikristo byagize uruhare runini muri uru rwego. Amashuri makuru na magana ibihumbi by'ishuri byatangijwe nabakristu bubaha Imana cyangwa binyuze mubikorwa by'ubumisiyonari. Ntabwo bavutse bashingiye ku batemera Imana, kubera ko nta kaminuza zo mu isi na leta zari zihari. Kurugero, kaminuza zikurikira zizwi cyane mubwongereza no muri Amerika:

- Oxford na Cambridge. Imijyi yombi ifite amatorero menshi na shapeli. Izi kaminuza zabanje gushingwa kwigisha Bibiliya.

- Harvard. Iyi kaminuza yitiriwe Reverend John Harvard. Intego yacyo kuva mu 1692 ni Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae (ukuri kuri Kristo n'Itorero)

- Yale University yashinzwe nuwahoze ari umunyeshuri wa Harvard, umupadiri wa Puritan Cotton Mather.

- Perezida wa mbere wa kaminuza ya Princeton (mu ntangiriro ya College ya New Jersey) yari Jonathan Edwards, uzwiho ububyutse bukomeye muri Amerika mu kinyejana cya 18. Yari umubwiriza uzwi cyane muri uku kubyuka, hamwe na George Whitefield.

- Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania. George Whitefield, undi muyobozi wa Great Awakening, yashinze ishuri nyuma riza gukura muri kaminuza ya Pennsylvania. Whitefield yari umuhungu wumuzamu hamwe na mugenzi we wa John Wesley twavuze haruguru igihe yari mu Bwongereza. Yari afite ijwi ryiza ridasanzwe, sonorous kandi rikomeye, kuburyo yashoboraga kuvugana amajwi abantu ibihumbi icumi mumateraniro yo hanze. Yashoboraga kandi kubwiriza amarira mumaso kubera impuhwe Imana yamuhaye kubantu

   Bite se ku Buhinde? Ubuhinde ntibuzwiho ubukristu. Ariko, muri iki gihugu, kimwe no muri Afurika, hari amashuri ibihumbi n'ibihumbi yavutse ashingiye ku kwizera kwa gikristo. Kaminuza za mbere mu Buhinde nazo zavutse ku buryo bumwe. Kaminuza nka kaminuza ya Calcutta, Madras, Bombay na Serampore zirazwi. Byongeye kandi, kaminuza ya Allahabad yashinzwe mu 1887, irazwi cyane. Batanu muri ba Minisitiri w’intebe barindwi ba mbere b’Ubuhinde bakomoka muri uyu mujyi, kandi benshi mu buyobozi bw’Ubuhinde bize muri kaminuza ya Allahabad.

Impinduramatwara muri siyansi. Ingingo yatangiriye ku gitekerezo cyashyigikiwe n’abahakanamana bavuga ko kwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye inzitizi mu iterambere rya siyansi. Nyamara, iki gitekerezo kiroroshye kwibaza, kubera ko indimi zubuvanganzo, gusoma no kwandika na kaminuza ahanini zavutse bivuye ku myizerere ya gikristo.

    Tuvuge iki ku cyiswe impinduramatwara ya siyansi? Bikunze gukorerwa mu bantu badaharanira inyungu n’abahakanamana ko iyi mvururu ntaho zihuriye no kwizera kwa gikristo, ariko iki gitekerezo gishobora kwibazwaho. Kuberako muburyo bugezweho, siyanse yatangiye rimwe gusa, ni ukuvuga muburayi bwikinyejana cya 16-18, aho tewolojiya ya gikristo yiganje. Ntabwo byatangiriye muri societe yisi, ahubwo byumwihariko muri societe yahumetswe no kwizera kwa gikristo. Abahanga mu bya siyansi hafi ya bose bizeraga ibyaremwe. Muri bo harimo Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, James Clerck Maxwell, John Ray, Louis Pasteur, n'abandi ntabwo bari bahagarariye Ukumurikirwa ahubwo ni iyobokamana rya Gikristo.

Ibisekuru byamateka naba sociologiste bagaragaje ko abakirisitu, imyizerere ya gikristo, ninzego za gikirisitu bagize uruhare muburyo butandukanye mugutezimbere inyigisho, uburyo, na sisitemu byaje kubyara siyanse ya kijyambere (...) Nubwo hari ibitekerezo bitandukanye Ingaruka zayo hafi yabanyamateka hafi ya bose bemeza ko ubukirisitu (gatolika n’abaporotesitanti kimwe) yashishikarije abantu benshi batekereza mu bihe byabanjirije iki kwishora mu bushakashatsi kuri gahunda. Abahanga mu by'amateka babonye kandi ko ibitekerezo byakuwe mu bukristo byabonye inzira yo kuganira na siyansi n'ibisubizo byiza. Bamwe mu bahanga bavuga ko igitekerezo cya kamere gikurikiza amategeko amwe gikomoka kuri tewolojiya ya Gikristo. (5)

Niki cyari inyuma ya revolution ya siyansi? Impamvu imwe yari, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kaminuza. Kugeza mu 1500, i Burayi hari abagera kuri mirongo itandatu. Izi kaminuza ntabwo zari kaminuza zabungabunzwe n’aba seculariste na leta, ahubwo zavutse zatewe inkunga n’itorero ryo mu gihe cyagati, kandi ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi n’ubumenyi bw’ikirere bwagize uruhare runini muri bo. Muri bo harimo umudendezo utari muto wo gukora ubushakashatsi no kuganira, washyigikiwe. Izi kaminuza zari zifite abanyeshuri ibihumbi magana, kandi zafashaga gutegura inzira ya revolution ya siyanse ishoboka mu Burayi mu kinyejana cya 16-18. Iyi mpinduramatwara ntabwo yahise ituruka ahantu, ahubwo yabanjirijwe niterambere ryiza. Indi migabane ntabwo yari ifite uburere bunini na kaminuza zisa nkizo mu Burayi,

Hagati yo Hagati yashyizeho urufatiro rwo kugera ku bikorwa bikomeye umuryango w’iburengerazuba: siyanse igezweho. Ikirego kivuga ko siyanse itabayeho mbere ya "Renaissance" ntabwo ari ukuri. Nyuma yo kumenyera ubushakashatsi bwa kera bw'Abagereki, intiti zo mu gihe cyo hagati zateje imbere ingengabitekerezo, iyobora siyanse cyane ugereranije n'ibihe bya kera. Kaminuza, aho umudendezo w’amasomo warindwaga imbaraga z’abayobozi, washinzwe mu myaka ya 1100. Ibi bigo buri gihe byatanze ahantu hizewe kubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Ndetse na tewolojiya ya Gikristo byagaragaye ko idasanzwe kugira ngo ishishikarize gukora ubushakashatsi kuri kamere, yatekerezaga ko ari yo yaremye Imana. (6)

Ubuvuzi n'ibitaro. Ikintu kimwe imyizerere ya gikristo yagize ni ubuvuzi no kuvuka kwibitaro. Igice cyingenzi cyari cyane cyane abihayimana, babitse, bakopera kandi bahindura inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki za kera n’ibindi bikorwa bya kera na siyansi. Byongeye kandi, batezimbere ubuvuzi. Hatabayeho ibikorwa byabo, ubuvuzi ntabwo bwari gutera imbere kurwego rumwe, kandi inyandiko za kera za kera ntizari kuzigama ibisekuru bigezweho kugirango bisome.

    Ubuvuzi, imibereho myiza n’imiryango myinshi y'abagiraneza (Croix-Rouge, Kurokora Abana ...) na byo byatangijwe n'abiyita abakirisitu, kubera ko kwizera kwa gikristo kuva kera kwarimo kugirira impuhwe umuturanyi. Ibi bishingiye ku nyigisho n'urugero rwa Yesu. Ahubwo, abahakanamana n'abantu bakunze kuba hafi muri kariya gace. Umunyamakuru w’Ubwongereza Malcolm Muggeridge (1903-1990), we ubwe w’umuntu w’umuntu, ariko nyamara ni inyangamugayo, yabibonye. Yibanze ku buryo isi ibona umuco:"Njye namaze imyaka mu Buhinde no muri Afurika, kandi muri yombi nahuye n'ibikorwa byinshi byo gukiranuka bikomezwa n'abakristu bo mu madini atandukanye; ariko nta na rimwe nigeze mbona ibitaro cyangwa ikigo cy'imfubyi kibungabungwa n’umuryango w’abasosiyaliste cyangwa ikigo cy’ibibembe. gukora hashingiwe ku bumuntu. " (7)

   Amagambo akurikira yerekana kandi uburyo kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize ingaruka ku baforomo no mu zindi nzego binyuze mu murimo w'ubumisiyonari. Ibitaro byinshi byo muri Afrika no mubuhinde byavutse mubutumwa bwa gikristo no gushaka gufasha. Igice kinini cyibitaro byambere byu Burayi nacyo cyaturutse ku myizerere ya gikristo. Imana irashobora gukiza umuntu muburyo butaziguye, ariko benshi bahawe ubufasha binyuze mubuvuzi n'ibitaro. Ukwizera kwa gikristo kwagize uruhare runini muri ibyo.

Mu gihe cyagati rwagati, abantu bubahiriza Iteka rya Mutagatifu Benedigito, bakomeje ibitaro birenga ibihumbi bibiri byo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba honyine. ^{Ikinyejana cya} 12 cyari gifite agaciro gakomeye muri urwo rwego, cyane cyane aho, aho Iteka rya Mutagatifu Yohani ryakoreraga. Kurugero, Ibitaro binini byUmwuka Wera byashinzwe mu 1145 ahitwa Montpellier, byahise bihinduka ikigo cy’ubuvuzi n’ikigo nderabuzima cya Montpellier mu mwaka wa 1221. Usibye ubuvuzi, ibyo bitaro byatanze ibiryo ku bashonje kandi yita ku bapfakazi n'imfubyi, kandi atanga imfashanyo ku babikeneye. (8)

Nubwo itorero rya gikristo ryanenzwe cyane mumateka yarwo, ryakomeje kuba intangarugero mubuvuzi bwabakene, gufasha abari bajyanywe bunyago, abatagira aho baba cyangwa abapfuye ndetse no guteza imbere aho bakorera. Mu Buhinde ibitaro byiza n’ibigo by’uburezi bifitanye isano nayo ni ibisubizo by’imirimo y’ubumisiyonari ya gikirisitu, ndetse kugeza aho Abahindu benshi bakoresha ibyo bitaro kuruta ibitaro bikomezwa na guverinoma, kuko bazi ko bagiye kwitabwaho neza ngaho. Bigereranijwe ko igihe Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yatangiraga, 90% by'abaforomo bo mu Buhinde bari Abakristo, kandi ko 80% muri bo bahawe amashuri mu bitaro by'abamisiyonari. (9)

Mu itorero ibintu byubuzima byitaweho cyane nkibibazo byubuzima buzaza; wasangaga ibintu byose abanyafurika bagezeho, byaturutse kumurimo w'ubumisiyonari w'itorero. (Nelson Mandela mu gitabo cye cyandika ku buzima bwe Urugendo rurerure rugana umudendezo)

Itorero ryatoteje abahanga? Nkuko byavuzwe, kwizera kwa gikristo kwagize uruhare runini mu kuvuka kwa siyanse ya siyansi. Impamvu imwe yabyo ni kaminuza zashinzwe nitorero. Kuvuga ko abahakanamana bakunda guhinga, ni ukuvuga ko kwizera kwa gikristo kwari kuba imbogamizi mu iterambere rya siyansi, ni umugani ukomeye. Ibi bigaragazwa kandi nuko ibihugu aho imyizerere ya gikristo yagize uruhare runini cyane byabaye intangarugero mubumenyi nubushakashatsi.

    Bite se ku gitekerezo cy'uko itorero ryatoteje abahanga? Abatemera Imana bashaka gukomeza iki gitekerezo, ariko abashakashatsi benshi mu mateka babona ko ari ukugoreka amateka. Iki gitekerezo cyo guhangana hagati yo kwizera na siyansi cyatangiye mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, igihe abanditsi bashyigikiye igitekerezo cya Darwin, urugero nka Andrew Dickson White na John William Draper, babizanye mu bitabo byabo. Nyamara, urugero umushakashatsi wo mu kinyejana cya mbere James Hannam yagize ati:

Ibinyuranye n'imyizerere imwe, itorero ntabwo ryigeze rishyigikira igitekerezo cy'isi iringaniye, ntirwigeze ryanga autopsie, kandi rwose ntirwigeze rutwika umuntu ku giti cye kubera ibitekerezo byabo bya siyansi. (10)

Abakekeranya bo muri Ositaraliya Tim O'Neill yafashe icyemezo kuri iki kirego kandi yerekana uburyo abantu bake bazi amateka: "Ntabwo bigoye kwirukana aya magambo, cyane cyane iyo abantu babivugaho nta kintu na kimwe kijyanye n'amateka. Bakuyemo ibyo bitekerezo bidasanzwe ku mbuga za interineti no mu bitabo bizwi. Ibi birego biratandukana iyo bakubiswe Ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho.Ndabona bishimishije gusetsa abamamaza kwamamaza mubasaba kuvuga izina - umwe gusa - umuhanga watwitswe ku giti cyangwa gutotezwa cyangwa gukandamizwa kubera ubushakashatsi yakoze mu myaka yo hagati. Ntibashobora na rimwe kuvuga izina na rimwe. ... Igihe nashyize ku rutonde abahanga bo mu gihe cyo hagati - Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, John Peckham, Duns Scotus, Thomas Bradwardine, Walter Burley, William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, John Dumbleton, Richard wa Wallingford, Nicholas Oresme, Jean Buridan,na Nikolaus Cusanus - kandi ndabaza impamvu abo bagabo mu mahoro yose batezimbere siyanse yo mu gihe cyo hagati nta torero ryabahungabanyije, abo twarwanyaga bakunze kuzunguza imitwe baratangara, bibaza ibitaragenze neza. "(11)

   Bite se kuri Galileo Galilei, wahiritse icyitegererezo cy’Abagereki Ptolémée cyerekana izuba rizenguruka isi? Nibyo koko Papa yamugiriye nabi, ariko ikibazo ni ukugoreka gukoresha imbaraga, ntabwo arwanya siyanse. . _ itandukaniro.) Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko abahagarariye siyanse n’ukwemera bombi batandukanijwe mu myumvire yabo n’igitekerezo cya Galileo. Abahanga bamwe bari kumuruhande rwe, abandi barwanya. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abanyamatorero bamwe barwanyije ibitekerezo bye, abandi barirwanaho. Burigihe burigihe iyo hagaragaye ibitekerezo bishya.

   Kuki noneho Galileo yanze Papa agashyirwa mu nzu ye muri villa? Impamvu imwe yari imyitwarire ya Galileo. Papa yahoze ashimwa cyane na Galileya, ariko inyandiko ya Galileo itagira amakenga yagize uruhare mu gutuma ibintu byiyongera. Ari Turunen yanditse kubyerekeye amateka yibibazo:

Nubwo Galileo Galilei afatwa nkumwe mu bahowe Imana bakomeye bahowe Imana, tugomba kwibuka ko atari yishimye cyane nkumuntu. Yari umunyabwibone kandi yarakaye byoroshye, araboroga cyane kandi abura ubushishozi nubuhanga bwo kuyobora abantu.Murakoze ururimi rwe rukarishye no gusetsa, nawe ntiyabuze abanzi. Ibikorwa byubumenyi bwa Galileo bikoresha imiterere y'ibiganiro. Igitabo cyerekana imiterere idafite ubwenge yitwa Simplicius, werekana Galileo hamwe nibitekerezo bidafite ishingiro. Abanzi ba Galileo bashoboye kwemeza Papa ko Galileo yashakaga kuvuga Papa n'ishusho ye ya Simplicus. Gusa nyuma yibi Urban VIII yubusa kandi yunvikana yafashe ingamba zo kurwanya Galileo ...

    ... Urbanus yifata nk'ivugurura kandi yemera kuvugana na Galileo, ariko uburyo bwa Galileo bwari bukabije kuri Papa. Niba Galilei yashakaga kuvuga Papa nigishushanyo cye cya Simplicus cyangwa ataribyo, guhitamo izina byari bibi cyane. Galilei ntiyitaye kubyingenzi byanditse neza, birimo kubaha abasomyi. (12)

Kandi abahakanamana batoteje abahanga? Nibura ibi byabereye muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti batemera Imana, aho abahanga benshi, nk'aba genetiste, bafunzwe ndetse bamwe baricwa bazira ibitekerezo byabo bya siyansi.

     Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abahanga benshi bishwe muri Revolution y'Abafaransa: umuhanga mu by'imiti Antoine Lavoisier, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere Jean Sylvain Bally, umuhanga mu by'amabuye y'agaciro witwa Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere witwa Jean Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de Saron, umuhanga mu bimera witwa Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Icyakora, ntabwo bishwe bazira ibitekerezo byabo bya siyansi, ahubwo bazize ibitekerezo byabo bya politiki. Hano na ho, byari ikibazo cyo gukoresha nabi ubutegetsi, byagize ingaruka zitandukanye rwose nuburyo Galileo yafashwe.

Inzira mbi ya siyansi: Darwin yayobye siyanse. Iyi ngingo yatangiriye ku gitekerezo cyashyigikiwe n’abahakanamana bavuga ko kwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye inzitizi mu iterambere rya siyansi. Byavuzwe ko nta shingiro bifite muri iki kirego, ariko akamaro ko kwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye ingirakamaro mu kuvuka no gutera imbere kwa siyansi. Iki gitekerezo gishingiye ku bintu byinshi nko kuvuka kwindimi zubuvanganzo, gusoma, kwandika, amashuri na kaminuza, guteza imbere ubuvuzi n’ibitaro, ndetse n’uko impinduramatwara ya siyansi yabaye mu kinyejana cya 16-18, i Burayi, aho idini rya gikristo ryiganje. Ihinduka ntabwo ryatangiriye muri societe yisi, ariko cyane cyane muri societe yahumetswe no kwizera kwa gikristo.

   Niba kwizera kwa gikristo kwabaye ikintu cyiza mu iterambere rya siyansi, igitekerezo cyo kurwanya siyanse no kwizera kwa gikristo cyaturutse he? Impamvu imwe yabimuteye rwose ni Charles Darwin hamwe nigitekerezo cye cyubwihindurize mu kinyejana cya 19. Iyi nyigisho, ihuje na naturiste, niyo nyirabayazana w'iyi shusho. Umuhakanamana uzwi cyane Richard Dawkins yavuze kandi ko mbere y’igihe cya Darwin byari kumugora kuba umuhakanamana: "Nubwo kutemera Imana bishobora kuba bigaragara ko bifite ishingiro mbere ya Darwin, Darwin ni we washyizeho urufatiro rwo kutemera Imana bifite ishingiro." (13).

   Ariko ariko. Iyo abahanga mu bya kamere bubaha imirimo ya Darwin nimbaraga zabo, usanga ari ukuri, igice kikaba kibi. Bavuga ko Darwin yari umuhanga mu bya kamere wakoze ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije, yiga ku ngingo ye kandi azi kwandika ku bushakashatsi bwe. Ntamuntu wasomye magnum opus Ku nkomoko yubwoko ntashobora kubihakana.

   Ariko, baribeshya mukwemera igitekerezo cya Darwin kivuga ko amoko yose yarazwe ingirabuzimafatizo imwe (teorie primaire-to-man). Impamvu iroroshye: Darwin ntabwo yashoboye kwerekana ingero zose z’imihindagurikire y’ibinyabuzima mu gitabo cye Ku nkomoko y’ibinyabuzima, ariko ingero gusa zo gutandukana no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ni ibintu bibiri bitandukanye. Guhindagurika, nk'ubunini bw'inyoni y'inyoni, ubunini bw'amababa, cyangwa kurwanya neza kwa bagiteri zimwe na zimwe, nta na hamwe byerekana ko amoko yose y'ubu yakomotse ku ngirabuzimafatizo imwe y'umwimerere. Ibitekerezo bikurikira biravuga byinshi kubyerekeye ingingo. Darwin ubwe yagombaga kwiyemerera ko nta ngero afite z'impinduka nyazo z’ibinyabuzima. Ni muri urwo rwego, twavuga ko Darwin yayobeje siyanse:

Darwin: Mubyukuri ndambiwe kubwira abantu ko ntavuga ko mfite ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko ubwoko bwahindutse mu bundi bwoko kandi ko nizera ko iki gitekerezo gikwiye cyane cyane kubera ko ibintu byinshi bishobora guhurizwa hamwe bigasobanurwa bishingiye kuri byo. (14)

Encyclopedia Britannica: Tugomba gushimangira ko Darwin atigeze avuga ko yashoboye kwerekana ubwihindurize cyangwa inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima. Yavuze ko niba ubwihindurize bwarabaye, ibintu byinshi bidasobanutse bishobora gusobanurwa. Ibimenyetso bishyigikira ubwihindurize rero ntibigaragara. 

"Biratangaje kubona igitabo cyamenyekanye cyane mu gusobanura inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima kitabisobanura mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose." (Christopher Booker, Umwanditsi w'ikinyamakuru yerekeza kuri magnum opus ya Darwin, Ku nkomoko y'ibinyabuzima )   (15)

Niba Darwin yarigishije muburyo aho kuba igiti kimwe cyumuryango (igitekerezo cyubwihindurize, kivuga ko ubuzima bwubu bwateye imbere kuva mungingo imwe yambere), habaho ibiti byimiryango amagana, kandi buri giti gifite amashami. no gutandukana, yaba yegereye ukuri. Guhinduka bibaho, nkuko Darwin yabigaragaje, ariko mubwoko bwibanze. Indorerezi zihuye neza nicyitegererezo cyo kurema kuruta icyitegererezo aho ubuzima bwubu buturuka ku kagari kamwe kambere, ni ukuvuga uruti rumwe:

Turashobora gushishoza gusa kubijyanye nimpamvu zatumye abahanga mu bya siyansi bemera igitekerezo cya progenitor ihuriweho cyane. Intsinzi ya Darwinism nta gushidikanya ko yongereye icyubahiro abahanga, kandi igitekerezo cyo gukora cyikora gihuye neza n’umwuka wibihe ku buryo iyo nyigisho yanabonye inkunga itangaje y’abayobozi b’amadini. Ibyo ari byo byose, abahanga mu bya siyansi bemeye iyo nyigisho mbere yuko igeragezwa cyane, hanyuma bakoresha ububasha bwabo kugira ngo bumvishe rubanda rusanzwe ko inzira karemano zihagije kugira ngo umuntu atange umuntu muri bagiteri na bagiteri ivanze n’imiti. Siyanse y'ubwihindurize yatangiye gushakisha ibimenyetso bifatika itangira kuzana ibisobanuro byavanaho ibimenyetso bibi. (16)

Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima nabyo bivuguruza inyigisho ya Darwin. Byari bimaze igihe kinini bizwi ko nta terambere ryagenda rishobora kugaragara mu myanda, nubwo inyigisho y'ubwihindurize isaba ko habaho ibyumviro, ingingo n'ibinyabuzima bishya binyuze muri ibi. Kurugero, Steven M. Stanley yagize ati: "Nta karorero na kamwe mu bintu bizwi cyane by’ibinyabuzima bizwi aho ibintu bishya by’imiterere bigenda bitera imbere ku bwoko (17)

    Kubura iterambere gahoro gahoro byemejwe nabayobozi benshi ba paleontologiste. Yaba ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima cyangwa ibinyabuzima bigezweho, byerekana ingero z’iterambere gahoro gahoro igitekerezo cya Darwin gisaba. Hano hari ibitekerezo byatanzwe nabahagarariye inzu ndangamurage yamateka karemano. Inzu ndangamurage z'amateka karemano zigomba kugira ibimenyetso byiza byerekana ubwihindurize, ariko sibyo. Ubwa mbere, igitekerezo cya Stephen Jay Gould, birashoboka ko paleontologue uzwi cyane mugihe cacu (Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika). Yahakanye iterambere gahoro gahoro mu myanda:

Stephen Jay Gould: Sinshaka muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose gupfobya ubushobozi bushoboka bwo kubona ubwihindurize buhoro buhoro. Ndashaka kuvuga gusa ko itigeze 'igaragara' mu rutare.  (Igikumwe cya Panda, 1988, p. 182.183).

Dr. Etheridge, umugenzuzi uzwi cyane ku isi mu Nzu Ndangamurage y’Ubwongereza:  Muri iyi ngoro ndangamurage yose, nta kintu na gito cyaba kigaragaza inkomoko y’ibinyabuzima biva mu buryo butandukanye. Inyigisho y'ubwihindurize ntabwo ishingiye ku kwitegereza no ku kuri. Ku bijyanye no kuvuga imyaka yabantu, ibintu ni bimwe. Iyi ngoro ndangamurage yuzuyemo ibimenyetso byerekana uburyo ibyo bitekerezo bidafite ubwenge. (18)

Nta n'umwe mu bayobozi bo mu ngoro ndangamurage eshanu nini za paleontologiya ushobora kwerekana urugero rumwe rworoshye rw'ibinyabuzima byafatwa nk'ikimenyetso kigaragaza ubwihindurize buhoro buhoro kuva mu bwoko bumwe ujya mu bundi. .  _ _

Amagambo akurikira arakomeza ku ngingo imwe. Nyakwigendera Dr Colin Patterson yari umuhanga mu bya paleontologue akaba n'inzobere mu binyabuzima mu nzu ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza (Amateka Kamere). Yanditse igitabo kivuga ku bwihindurize - ariko igihe umuntu yamubajije impamvu igitabo cye kitagira amashusho y’imiterere hagati (ibinyabuzima mu nzibacyuho), yanditse igisubizo gikurikira. Mu gisubizo cye, yerekeza kuri Stephen J. Gould, ahari wenda umuhanga mu bya paleontologue uzwi cyane ku isi (wongeyeho ushize amanga):

Ndemeranya rwose nigitekerezo cyawe kijyanye no kubura amashusho mu gitabo cyanjye kivuga ku binyabuzima bigenda bihindagurika mu gihe cyinzibacyuho. Iyaba nari nzi ibintu nk'ibyo, ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima cyangwa ubuzima, nashakaga kubishyira mubitabo byanjye . Urasaba ko nkwiye gukoresha umuhanzi mugushushanya imiterere nkiyi ariko yakura he amakuru kumashusho ye? Mvugishije ukuri, Ntabwo nashoboraga kumuha aya makuru, kandi ndamutse nkwiye kurekera ikibazo umuhanzi, ntibyari kuyobya umusomyi?

   Nanditse inyandiko yigitabo cyanjye hashize imyaka ine [mu gitabo avuga ko yemera uburyo bumwe bwo hagati]. Ndamutse nanditse ubu, ngira ngo igitabo cyaba gitandukanye cyane. Gradualism (guhinduka buhoro) ni igitekerezo nizera. Ntabwo ari ukubera icyubahiro cya Darwin ahubwo ni uko gusobanukirwa genetike bisa nkibisaba. Ariko rero, biragoye kurega [impuguke izwi cyane y’ibinyabuzima Stephen J.] Gould hamwe n’abandi bantu bo mu nzu ndangamurage y’Abanyamerika iyo bavuga ko nta fomu iri hagati . Nkumuvuzi wa palaeontologue, nkorana cyane nibibazo bya filozofiya mugihe menye ubwoko bwibinyabuzima bya kera biva mubintu byavumbuwe. Uvuze ko ngomba nibura 'kwerekana ifoto y’ibimera, aho itsinda ry’ibinyabuzima ryavuye.' Ndavuga mu buryo butaziguye - nta bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byaba ibimenyetso byerekana amazi . (20)

Ni uwuhe mwanzuro twavuga haruguru? Turashobora kubaha Darwin nkumunyabwenge mwiza, ariko ntitwakagombye kwemera igitekerezo cye kubyerekeye umurage wibinyabuzima biva mu ngirabuzimafatizo imwe. Ibimenyetso biragaragara ko bikwiriye kurema kuburyo Imana yahise itegura byose. Guhindagurika bibaho, kandi ubwoko burashobora guhinduka murwego runaka binyuze mubworozi, ariko ibi byose bifite imipaka izagerwaho vuba.

    Umwanzuro nuko Darwin yayobye siyanse, kandi abahanga mu batemera Imana baramukurikira. Nibyiza cyane gushingira kumyumvire yamateka ko Imana yaremye byose kugirango itabaho ubwayo. Iki gitekerezo kandi gishyigikiwe nuko abahanga batazi igisubizo cyukuntu ubuzima bwavuka bwonyine. Ibi birumvikana kuko ntibishoboka. Gusa ubuzima bushobora kurema ubuzima, kandi ntanumwe usibye iri tegeko ryabonetse. Kubuzima bwa mbere, ibi bivuga neza Imana:

- (Itang 1: 1) Mu ntangiriro Imana yaremye ijuru n'isi.

- (Rom 1: 19,20) Kuberako ibishobora kumenyekana ku Mana bigaragarira muri bo; kuko Imana yaberetse.

20 Kuberako ibintu bitagaragara kuri we kuva isi yaremwa bigaragara neza, bigasobanurwa nibintu byakozwe, ndetse n'imbaraga zayo z'iteka n'ubumana; ku buryo batagira urwitwazo :

- (Ibyah 4:11) Uwiteka, urakwiriye guhabwa icyubahiro, icyubahiro n'imbaraga: kuko waremye byose, kandi kubwawe ni byo kandi byaremewe .

Jesus is the way, the truth and the life

Grap to eternal life!

Other Google Translate machine translations:

Amamiliyoni yimyaka / dinosaurs / ubwihindurize bwabantu?
Kurimbuka kwa dinosaur
Siyanse mu kwibeshya: inyigisho zitemera Imana zikomoka nimyaka miriyoni
Iyo dinosaurs yabayeho ryari?

Amateka ya Bibiliya
Umwuzure

Ukwizera kwa gikristo: siyanse, uburenganzira bwa muntu
Ubukristo na siyansi
Ukwizera kwa gikristo n'uburenganzira bwa muntu

Amadini y'iburasirazuba / Igihe gishya
Buda, Budisime cyangwa Yesu?
Kuvuka ubwa kabiri ni ukuri?

Islamu
Ibyahishuwe na Muhamadi
Gusenga ibigirwamana muri Islamu no muri Maka
Korowani yizewe?

Ibibazo by'imyitwarire
Kurekurwa kuryamana kw'abahuje igitsina
Ishyingiranwa ridafite aho ribogamiye
Gukuramo inda ni icyaha
Euthanasiya nibimenyetso byibihe

Agakiza
Urashobora gukizwa