Umwuzure

1. Ibimenyetso by'Umwuzure

Umwuzure wakunze kugaragara nkumugani gusa. Cyane cyane abo bantu, bizera inyigisho y'ubwihindurize, ntibemera ko Umwuzure wigeze ubaho. Batekereza ko bidashoboka ko amazi yigeze gutwikira isi yose. 

   Ariko se koko Umwuzure wabaye? Niba dukora ubushakashatsi bufatika bwubutaka, ibisigazwa by’imigenzo n'imigenzo ya muntu, bivuga Umwuzure. Berekana ko irimbuka rikomeye ryigeze kubaho kwisi. Mubikurikira, tuzasuzuma muburyo busa nurutonde ibimenyetso byerekana iyi mpanuka nini.

Imva rusange yinyamaswa

• Byagereranijwe ko hari miliyari 800 z’inyamanswa zishyinguwe mu karere ka Karroo muri Afurika yepfo (ingingo ya Robert Broom mu bumenyi, Mutarama 1959). Ingano nini yiki kibanza cyerekana ko ibintu bidasanzwe byabaye. Inyamaswa zigomba kuba zarashyinguwe vuba cyane. Mubisanzwe, ibintu nkibi birashobora gusobanurwa neza no kurimbuka kwinshi nkUmwuzure, ushobora guhita urundanya ibice byisi hejuru yinyamaswa.

• Permafrost ya Alaska na Siberiya irimo toni miliyoni z'amagufwa y'inyamaswa. Ikigaragara ni uko inyinshi muri izo nyamaswa zari inyamaswa z’inyamabere nini zidashobora kubaho mu gihe cyubukonje kandi ntizishobora kwihambira. Ibisobanuro bivuye mu gitabo Maailman Luonto arabivuga. Irerekana uburyo izo nyamaswa nini zabonetse mu butaka hamwe n’ibimera bitandukanye:

Igishimishije cyane hano ni uko permafrost muri Alaska no muri Siberiya ishobora kuba irimo amagufwa ninyama bigaragara, hamwe n’ibimera biboze igice kimwe n’ibindi bisigazwa by’isi. Ahantu hamwe, ibyo byiyongera kubice bigaragara byubutaka. Igice kinini cy’ibisigazwa ni ibikomoka ku nyamaswa nini, nka rinocerose yuzuye umusatsi, intare nini, inzuki, inyamanswa, musk, ibimasa, inyamaswa z’inyamanswa, n’inzovu zifite ubwoya, bikaba byarazimye… Niyo mpamvu bigaragara ko ikirere muri Alaska cyari kimeze ubushyuhe bwinshi mbere yuko bukonja.

• Ibimenyetso byerekana imva nini ni ibisigazwa bya rhinocerose, ingamiya, ingurube nizindi nyamaswa zitabarika ziboneka muri Agate Spring, Nebraska. Nk’uko impuguke zibivuga, muri ako karere hasigaye ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa nini zirenga 9000.

• Mu 1845, hacukuwe ibisigazwa by'inyamaswa hafi ya Odessa mu Burusiya, birimo amagufwa y'idubu irenga 100, ndetse n'amagufwa menshi y'amafarashi, idubu, mamont, inkeri, bison, elk, impyisi, impyisi, udukoko dutandukanye, inzoka, otter, martens na imbwebwe. Ibi byari hejuru bivanze n'ibisigazwa by'ibimera, inyoni ndetse n'amafi (!). Kuba hari amafi mu nyamaswa zo ku butaka bisa nkaho bigaragara neza ku Mwuzure. Nigute amafi ashobora kuba murwego rumwe ninyamaswa zo ku butaka?

• Imisozi irimo amagufwa menshi ya hippopotamus yabonetse i Palermo, mu Butaliyani. Kubera ko hari n'amagufa ya hippopotamus akiri muto mubyavumbuwe, ntibashoboraga gupfa muburyo busanzwe. Kubaho kwi mvubu zikiri nto byerekana neza Umwuzure.

• Ubuvumo bwakozwe, nk'urugero, i Yorkshire mu Bwongereza, mu Bushinwa, ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba bwa Amerika no muri Alaska, aho wasangaga skeleti y'ibyatsi byinshi bitandukanye ndetse n'abarya inyamaswa mu buvumo bumwe. I Yorkshire, mu Bwongereza, habonetse amagufa y'inzovu, imvubu, imvubu, ifarashi, impongo, ingwe, idubu, impyisi, ifarashi, imbwebwe, urukwavu, urukwavu, ndetse n'inyoni nyinshi. muri bumwe mu buvumo bwa stalactite. Nkuko bisanzwe, inyamaswa zirya mugenziwe ntakibazo na kimwe cyaguma hamwe.

• Indi mva nini iboneka mu Bufaransa, aho habonetse ibisigazwa by'amafarashi birenga 10,000.

• Ubuvumbuzi mu marimbi manini ya dinosaur nabwo bwakozwe. Amagufa ya magana menshi, ndetse n'ibihumbi, ya dinosaur ntoya yabonetse mu Bubiligi mu bubiko bw'ibumba nko muri metero 300 zubujyakuzimu. Amagufa y’inzoka zigera ku 10,000 zavumbuwe mu gace gato ka Montana, muri Amerika, kandi imva rusange y’imitwe ijana y’imiserebanya yabonetse i Alberta, muri Kanada. Byongeye kandi, izindi mva ntoya zisanga zijyanye na dinosaur zakozwe mu bice bitandukanye byisi. Birashoboka ko izo nyamaswa zagize uruhare mu irimbuka rimwe ryabaye ku isi icyarimwe.

   Urugero rumwe rugaragara no mu gitabo cyitwa The Age of Dinosaur cyanditswe n'umuhanga uzwi cyane mu bwihindurize Björn Kurten. Avuga uburyo ibisigazwa byinshi bya dinosaur byavumbuwe ahantu ho koga imitwe yabo igoramye inyuma, nkaho ari mu rugamba rwurupfu.

Ibiti by'imyanda y'ibiti, ibyinshi muri byo birahuzagurika kandi hejuru . Mbere, byavuzwe uburyo ibisigazwa by'ibiti by'ibiti byavumbuwe mu bice bitandukanye by'isi, biherereye mu isi kandi bikanyura mu nzego zitandukanye. Kenshi na kenshi, iyi mitiba n'ibiti ni akajagari kamwe gusa kegeranye hamwe n'amase, amagufa n'ibyondo. Imizi yabyo irashobora kandi kuba hejuru, ibyo bikaba ari ibimenyetso byerekana ibintu bibi cyane. Kugirango ibisigazwa by'ibiti by'ibiti byavutse kandi bibungabunzwe, bigomba kuba byashyinguwe mu butaka bubakikije vuba - bitabaye ibyo ntihari kubaho ibisigazwa by’ibisigazwa.

Inkomoko y’ibimera . Ibisigazwa biri mu butaka ni ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana Umwuzure. Inkomoko y’ibimera biri mu butaka bishobora gusobanurwa gusa n’uko inkangu zashyinguye ibimera n’inyamaswa bizima cyangwa vuba byapfuye vuba cyane. Niba ibi bitarabaye vuba, ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima ntibyari gushingwa, kuko bitabaye ibyo bagiteri na scavengers baba barazimye mugihe gito. Birashimishije kubona muri iki gihe ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bitakozwe. Umushakashatsi uzwi cyane Nordenskiöld yabonye ko byoroshye kubona ibisigazwa bishaje by’imiserebanya nini muri Spitzbergen kuruta ibyo kashe iherutse gushyingurwa, nubwo muri ako karere hari miliyoni zashyizweho kashe.

    Kubwibyo, nikibazo gikomeye kugerageza gusobanura uburyo inyamaswa nini nka mamont, dinosaurs, rhinocerose, imvubu, amafarasi nandi matungo manini yashoboraga gushyingurwa munsi yicyondo no mubice byisi niba umuntu atizeye Umwuzure. Mammoth yonyine bivugwa ko abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 5 bashyinguwe mu butaka. Muri iki gihe, inyamaswa nk'izo ntizashyingurwa mu butaka, ahubwo zari kubora vuba ku butaka cyangwa abashitsi bakazarya ako kanya. Ibisobanuro bikurikira (James D. Dana: "Igitabo cya Geologiya", p. 141) byerekana uburyo gushyingura byihuse ari ngombwa kugirango ibisigarira:

Inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima, nk'amafi, ibikururuka hasi n'ibindi, zangirika iyo ibice byazo byoroshye byavanyweho. Bagomba gushyingurwa vuba nyuma yurupfu kugirango birinde kubora no kuribwa nandi matungo.

Yashyinguwe MUZIMA . Ibisigazwa byinshi byatanze ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ko byashyinguwe vuba.

    Usibye gushyingurwa byihuse, hari ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana ko inyamaswa zari zikiriho mugihe cyo gushyingurwa. Dore ingero zimwe:

Ibisigazwa by'amafi. Umubare munini w’ibimera byavumbuwe bifite ibimenyetso byerekana ko washyinguwe ari muzima kandi vuba.

   Ubwa mbere, ibisigazwa by’amafi byavumbuwe byafunguye amafunguro: bafite andi mafi mato mu kanwa igihe bashyingurwaga gitunguranye munsi yubutaka bunini. Muyandi magambo, niba ifi iri kurya ifunguro ryayo, ntabwo iba ihuye nurupfu rusanzwe, ahubwo yabayeho mubuzima busanzwe kugeza ibonye gushyingurwa vuba.

    Icya kabiri, umubare munini wibimera byamafi byavumbuwe bifite umunzani wose, umunwa urakinguye kandi amababa yose arasakara. Igihe cyose ibimenyetso nk'ibi bibonetse ku mafi, byerekana ko bigomba kuba byari bikiri bizima kandi bikarwana na byo kugeza igihe bashyinguwe mu buryo butunguranye. Mu mwuzure, gushyingura vuba munsi y'ibyondo niyo nzira ishobora kuba amafi apfa. Kurugero, hafi 9/10 byamafi yintwaro aboneka mumabuye ashaje yumucanga yumutuku arahagaze - bazamuye amahembe yabo kumurongo ugororotse kugeza ku isahani yamagufa yumutwe wabo nkikimenyetso cyibyago - byerekana ko babibonye gushyingura vuba.

    Byongeye kandi, ibisigazwa by’amafi ntibishobora gukorwa mu bundi buryo - usibye mu buryo bwavuzwe mbere - kubera ko mu bihe bisanzwe amafi abora vuba cyangwa akaribwa n’andi matungo. Ariko, ahashyinguwe amafi miriyoni nkiyi y’ibimera bishobora kuboneka.

Bivalve mussel na oysters. Bivalve mussel na oysters byabonetse ahantu hafunze, byerekana ko bashyinguwe ari bazima. Ubusanzwe, iyo inyamaswa zipfuye imitsi ifashe ibishishwa byayo ifunze iruhuka ituma umucanga n'ibumba byinjira. Aya mabuye y’ibinyabuzima ariko, usanga usanga afunze cyane kandi nta mucanga cyangwa ibumba riri hagati y’ibishishwa. Kubera ko ibyo bisasu bifunze cyane, byerekana ko izo nyamaswa zashyinguwe zikiri muzima.

Mammoths. Hamwe nandi matungo menshi, havumbuwe mamont nini. Bigereranijwe ko hazaba hari mamont zigera kuri miliyoni 5 zashyinguwe mu butaka. Ibisigazwa byabo, cyane cyane amabati, byacukuwe mu butaka muri toni, ndetse byanakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho fatizo mu nganda z’inzovu, ku buryo tudashobora kuvuga ku gipimo gito cyabonetse.

    Ikintu gitangaje kuri ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na mamont ni uko inyamanswa zabonetse zabitswe neza cyane. Bamwe muribo basanze bahagaze (!), Abandi baracyafite ibiryo bidasukuye mumunwa no munda. Byongeye kandi, bamwe wasangaga badakomeye kandi batangiritse.

    Iyo ibintu nkibi bivumbuwe ahantu hanini, byerekana ko baticiwe numwuzure waho, kubera urupfu rutinze ruzize inzara, cyangwa urupfu rusanzwe nkuko byasobanuwe. Nta mubare w’uburinganire ushobora gusobanura urupfu icyarimwe n’urugomo rw’inyamaswa ibihumbi magana n’uburyo zashyinguwe mu bice byubutaka nubutaka. Mu Mwuzure, ibyo birashobora kubaho.

IBIKORWA BY'AMASOKO N'IBICE BYABO BASANZWE MU misozi no ku butaka bwumye .

- (Itang 7:19) Amazi aratsinda cyane ku isi; n'imisozi miremire yose, yari munsi y'ijuru ryose, yari itwikiriwe.

- (2 Pet 3: 6)… Aho isi yariho icyo gihe, yuzuyemo amazi, irarimbuka

Ahari ibimenyetso byiza byumwuzure wisi yose nukuri ko dushobora kubona ibisigazwa byibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja kumusozi nubutaka bwumutse. . _

• Imyaka 500 mbere yintangiriro yingengabihe igezweho, Pythagora yasanze ibisigazwa byibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja kumusozi. (p.11 Indege maa (“Umubumbe w'isi”)).

• Nyuma yimyaka ijana, umuhanga mu by'amateka w’Ubugereki Herodote yanditse ko ibishanga byo mu nyanja byakusanyirijwe mu butayu bwo mu Misiri. Yanzuye avuga ko inyanja igomba kuba yageze mu butayu (urup. 11 "Planeetta maa"). Ibisigazwa by'inyamaswa nini zo mu nyanja nazo zabonetse mu butayu bunini bwo muri Afurika.

• Xenofane yasanze ibisigazwa by’inyanja mu bice by’imbere y’inyanja nko mu 500 mbere ya Yesu. Yasanze kandi ibisigazwa by’amafi muri kariyeri i Syracuse muri Sisile, no muri Malta no ku mugabane w’Ubutaliyani. Yanzuye avuga ko utwo turere twari twarigeze gutwikirwa n’inyanja (urup. 17 Nils Edelman - Viisaita ja veijareita geologian maailmassa).

• Charles Darwin na we yirukiye mu bisigazwa byo mu nyanja igihe yabonaga skeleti ya baleine mu turere two mu misozi ya Peru.

• Albaro Alonzo Barba, wari umuyobozi ushinzwe ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro muri Petos, avuga mu gitabo cye cyanditswe mu 1640, ko yasanze ibisasu bidasanzwe mu rutare hagati ya Potos na Oroneste muri Boliviya, metero 3.000 hejuru y'inyanja (urup. 54 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita geologiya maailmassa)

• Umudage PS Pallas mu myaka ya 1700 yasanze amabuye y’ibuye hamwe n’ibumba ry’ibumba mu misozi ya Ural na Altai - haba mu Burusiya - yari ifite ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa n’ibimera byo mu nyanja (urup. 125 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita geologiya maailmassa) .

• Ibinyabuzima byinshi byo mu nyanja nka mussele, ammonite, belemnite, (ammonite na belemnite babayeho icyarimwe na dinosaur) , amafi yamagufa, indabyo zo mu nyanja, amabuye ya korali na plankton hamwe nabavandimwe b'inyanja iriho ubu n'inyenyeri byabonetse mu birometero byinshi hejuru yinyanja urwego muri Himalaya. Igitabo Maapallo Ihmeiden Planeetta ( urup. 55) gisobanura ibi bisigazwa mu buryo bukurikira:

Harutaka Sakai wo muri kaminuza y’Ubuyapani i Kyushu amaze imyaka myinshi akora ubushakashatsi kuri ibyo bisigazwa by’amazi yo mu misozi ya Himalaya. We hamwe nitsinda rye bashyize ahagaragara aquarium yose kuva mugihe cya Mesozoic. Indabyo zo mu nyanja zoroshye, abavandimwe b'inyanja zo muri iki gihe hamwe n'inyenyeri zo mu nyanja, ziboneka mu rukuta rw'amabuye hejuru ya kilometero zirenga eshatu hejuru y'inyanja. Abamoni, belemnite, korali na plankton usanga ari ibisigarira mu bitare by'imisozi (…)

   Ku butumburuke bwa kilometero ebyiri, abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya babonye ibimenyetso byasizwe ninyanja ubwayo. Ubuso bwacyo bumeze nkurutare ruhuye nuburyo buguma mu mucanga buturuka kumazi mabi. Ndetse no hejuru ya Everest, haboneka imirongo y'umuhondo ya hekeste, yavutse munsi y'amazi ava mu bisigazwa by'inyamaswa zitabarika zo mu nyanja.

• Usibye Himalaya, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mu misozi ya Alpes, Andes n'imisozi ya Kibuye. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi birimo mussel, crustaceans, ammonite, hamwe n'imirongo hamwe n'ibibumbano by'ibumba birimo ibisigazwa byo mu nyanja. Bimwe mubyavumbuwe biri murwego rwa kilometero nyinshi. Ibisobanuro bikurikira bya Alpes byerekana ko hari ibisigazwa by’inyanja:

Hariho impamvu yo kureba neza imiterere yumwimerere yigitare mumisozi. Biboneka neza muri Alpes, mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru, bita zone ya Helvetian. Limestone nigikoresho nyamukuru cyibuye. Iyo turebye urutare hano ahantu hahanamye cyangwa hejuru yumusozi - niba dufite imbaraga zo kuzamuka hariya - amaherezo tuzasangamo ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa byavumbuwe, ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa, muri byo. Akenshi byangiritse cyane ariko birashoboka kubona ibice byamenyekanye. Ibyo bisigazwa byose ni ibishishwa by'indimu cyangwa skeleti y'ibiremwa byo mu nyanja. Muri byo harimo ammonite-izengurutswe na ammonite, na cyane cyane clam-ebyiri zuzuye. (…) Umusomyi ashobora kwibaza muri iki gihe icyo bivuze ko imisozi miremire ifata imyanda myinshi, ishobora no kuboneka mu nsi yinyanja.(urup. 236.237, Pentti Eskola, Muuttuva maa)

• Urutare rufite hafi kimwe cya kane cy'Ubushinwa rurimo ibisigazwa bya korali ikomoka mu nyanja (p. 97.100-106 “Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta”). Hariho uturere dusa no muri Yugosilaviya no muri Alpes.

• Muri kariyeri ya plate iri mu misozi ya Snowdon mu Bwongereza, hari amabuye manini n'umucanga byuzuye ibishishwa by'imitsi yo ku nkombe nko kuri metero 1400 hejuru y’inyanja.

Ibisimba by'amafi cyangwa Ichthyosaurs, bishobora gukura kugera kuri metero nyinshi z'uburebure, byabonetse mu Bwongereza no mu Budage byashyinguwe mu ibumba n'amagufwa yabo n'uruhu. Imwe mu magufa yabitswe mu cyegeranyo cy’ikigo cya kaminuza cya geologiya cya kaminuza ya Helsinki, yabonetse mu ibuye ry’ibumba i Holzmaden wa Wurttenberg. Ifite uburebure bwa metero 2,5 kandi yarabitswe neza cyane. (urup. 371 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Mu Bufaransa rwagati (Saint-Laon, Vienne), ibisasu bya ammonite byavumbuwe mu rutare. (urup. 365 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

Agace k'ubutare muri Solnhofen ya Bavariya gafite ibisigazwa bibiri by'inyoni y'inyoni (Archeopteryx). Uhereye mu gace kamwe k'ubutare, andi mabuye yabitswe neza, nk'udukoko, medusa, crayfish, belemnite, n'amafi nabyo byabonetse. (urup. 372, "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Hariho uduce tumwe na tumwe i Londres, Paris, na Vienne twahoze ari uburiri bw'inyanja. Kurugero, uduce tumwe na tumwe twa Paris tugizwe ahanini nigishishwa cya mollusk kiva mu nyanja zishyuha. (urup. 377 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Hafi ya Berlin, ibice bya sili bifite uburebure bwa metero nyinshi harimo ibishishwa bya gastropode yazimye ( Paludina diluviana ), hamwe n'ibisigazwa bya pikes. (urup. 410 "muuttuva maa, Pentti Eskola)

• Uturere nka Siriya, Arabiya, Isiraheli y'ubu, na Misiri byabaye uburiri bw'inyanja. (p.401, 402 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Ibisigazwa bya kera bya oyster byavumbuwe muri Tuniziya, hafi y'umujyi wa Tozeur. (urup. 90 Björn Kurten, Kuinka Mammutti pakastetaan )

• Mu butayu bwa Faijum mu birometero 60 mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Cairo, habonetse ibisigazwa bya balale n'intare zo mu nyanja ku misozi miremire ya Djebel Qatran. (urup. 23 Björn Kurten, Jääkausi, [Igihe c'Urubura])

• Uhereye mu bice byinshi bitandukanye byisi, habonetse ibice by’ibimera by’amafi birimo amafi ibihumbi magana cyangwa miliyoni. Kurugero, mubice bya Herring fosile muri Californiya, byagereranijwe ko hari amafi ya miliyari mubuso bwa kilometero kare icumi. Uturere kuva mu Budage kugera ku nyanja ya Kaspiya, mu Butaliyani, muri otcosse, muri Danemarike (mu rutare rwa Klint ya Steven's Klint ) no mu majyepfo ya Esipanye (imisozi ya Caravaca) harimo ibice by’amafi y’amafi. Utu turere twose twumutse tugomba kuba twarapfukiranywe ninyanja cyangwa ibyo byavumbuwe ntabwo byashoboka.

• Ibice bizwi cyane by'ibumba biri i Burgess, biboneka mu misozi ya Kibuye mu mwaka wa 1909, birimo ibinyabuzima ibihumbi icumi biva mu buriri bwa kera bwo mu nyanja, muri iki gihe ku burebure bwa metero zirenga 2000 hejuru y’inyanja.

• Uhereye mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya (urup. 96 Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta) na Gineya Nshya, korali hamwe n’ibimera by’amafi birashobora kuboneka.

• Uhereye ku mugabane wa Amerika ya Ruguru, ibisigazwa bya baleine byabonetse kure cyane y'inyanja. Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe nk'urugero ku kiyaga cya Ontario, muri Vermont, Quebec, na St. Lawrence. Kubwibyo, utwo turere tugomba kuba twarapfukiranywe ninyanja mugihe cyashize.

• Ahantu henshi ku isi - Himalaya nindi misozi miremire - byerekana ibimenyetso byinkombe za kera hamwe nigikorwa cyo kuzunguruka. Ubu bushakashatsi kandi bwakorewe muri Gineya Nshya, mu Butaliyani, Sisile, Ubwongereza, Irilande, Isilande, Spitzbergen, Novaja-Semlja, Igihugu cya Franz Joseph, Greenland, mu turere twinshi two muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo, Alijeriya, Espanye… urutonde rugenda kuri no ku. (Amakuru aturuka ahanini muri Maanpinnan muodot ja niiden synty , p. 99.100 / na Iivari Leiviskä).      

   Inkombe za kera nazo zabonetse muri Finlande no mu turere duturanye. Urugero rumwe ni Pyhätunturi, ahari amabuye afite ibimenyetso byumuraba. Ibimenyetso byinkombe za kera birashobora kandi kuboneka kumusozi wimisozi myinshi. Mu majyepfo ya Finlande, ahantu nkaho ni Korppoo, Jurmo, Kaunissaari muri Pyhtää na Virttaankangas muri Säkylä, ndetse no mu majyaruguru, urugero nka Lauhanvuori, Rokua na Aavasaksa. (Kuva mu gitabo Jokamiehen geologia , p. 96 / na Kalle Taipale, Jouko.T. Parviainen)

• Lava yabonetse ku misozi ya Ararat ku burebure bwa metero 4.500 hejuru y’inyanja, kandi irashobora gusa kuba umusaruro w’ibirunga byo mu mazi (Molen, M., Vårt ursprung?, 1991, p. 246)

• Ikimenyetso kimwe cyumwuzure nigitare cyo mu nyanja. Biramenyerewe cyane kurenza ayandi mabuye yimitsi yose hamwe. James Hutton, ufatwa nka se wa geologiya, yavuze kuri iki cyerekezo kimaze ibinyejana bibiri bishize:

Tugomba gufata umwanzuro ko ibice byose byisi (...) byakozwe numusenyi na kaburimbo byegeranije hejuru yinyanja, ibishishwa bya crustacean nibintu bya korali, ubutaka nibumba. (J. Hutton, Igitekerezo cy'isi l, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Ku mugabane, amabuye yo mu nyanja yo mu nyanja arasanzwe cyane kandi arakwirakwira kurusha andi mabuye yose yimitsi hamwe. Iki nikimwe mubintu byoroshye bisaba ibisobanuro, kuba intandaro yibintu byose bijyanye nimbaraga zabantu bakomeje gusobanukirwa nuburinganire bwimiterere yimiterere ya geologiya.

UBUMENYI BW'UBUCURUZI N'UMWUKA . Ntidukeneye gushakisha amakuru yerekeye Umwuzure muri kamere gusa; dusangamo ibimenyetso byabyo mumigenzo yibihugu bitandukanye. Byagereranijwe ko inkuru zigera kuri magana atanu zavuzwe numuco kwisi yose. Inyinshi murizi nkuru zahindutse (mubisanzwe) zahindutse mugihe, ariko zose zihuriweho kuvuga amazi nkintandaro yo gusenya. Inyinshi muri izi nkuru zivuga kandi ibihe byiza byabanjirije, Kugwa k'umuntu no kwitiranya indimi zabereye i Babeli (Babuloni) - ibintu byose Bibiliya ivuga.

   Izo nkuru ziboneka mu bantu batandukanye cyane: Abanyababuloni, kavukire ya Ositaraliya, abaturage ba Miao bo mu Bushinwa, abanyafurika bo muri Afurika Efe, Abahinde ba Hopi bo muri Amerika mu bwoko bwa Padago y'Amajyaruguru ya Amerika, ndetse n'abandi baturage benshi. Kuba abantu bose bavuga inkuru y'Umwuzure byerekana amateka y'ibyabaye: 

Imico igera kuri 500 - harimo n'abasangwabutaka bo mu Bugereki, Ubushinwa, Peru na Amerika y'Amajyaruguru - izwi ku isi aho imigani n'imigani isobanura inkuru ishimishije y'umwuzure munini wahinduye amateka y'umuryango. Mu nkuru nyinshi, abantu bake gusa ni bo barokotse umwuzure, kimwe na Nowa. Benshi mubantu babonaga ko umwuzure watewe nimana, kubwimpamvu imwe cyangwa izindi, barambiwe ubwoko bwabantu. Birashoboka ko abantu bari bononekaye, nko mu gihe cya Nowa no mu mugani w’umuryango wa kavukire w’Abanyamerika Hopi wo muri Amerika ya Ruguru, cyangwa se ahari hari abantu benshi cyane kandi basakuza cyane, nko mu gihe cya Gilgamesh. (2)

Lenormant avuga mu gitabo cye "Intangiriro y'amateka":

"Dufite amahirwe yo kwerekana ko inkuru y'Umwuzure ari umuco rusange ku mashami yose y'umuryango w'abantu, kandi imigenzo imwe n'imwe kandi imwe kuko idashobora gufatwa nk'umugani watekerejwe. Igomba kuba kwibuka ukuri kandi ibintu biteye ubwoba, ibyabaye byagize ingaruka zikomeye mumitekerereze yababyeyi ba mbere bumuryango wabantu kuburyo nababakomokaho badashobora kubyibagirwa. (3)

Abantu b'amoko atandukanye bafite amateka atandukanye yumurage kubyerekeye ibiza bikomeye byumwuzure. Abagereki bavuze inkuru ivuga ku Mwuzure, kandi ishingiye ku mico yitwa Deukalion; ndetse na kera cyane mbere ya Columbus, abavuka kumugabane wa Amerika bari bafite inkuru zagumije kubaho kwibuka umwuzure ukomeye. Inkuru zerekeye umwuzure zagiye zisimburwa uko ibisekuruza byagiye bisimburana kugeza uyu munsi no muri Ositaraliya, Ubuhinde, Polynesia, Tibet, Kašmir na Lituwaniya. Byose ni imigani ninkuru gusa? Byose bigizwe? Birashoboka ko bose basobanura ibyago bikomeye. (4)

Niba Umwuzure ku isi utari uw'ukuri, ibihugu bimwe byari gusobanura ko guturika kwikirunga biteye ubwoba, imvura y'amahindu manini, amapfa (...) byatsembye abakurambere babo babi. Kuba isi yose ifite inkuru yumwuzure rero ni kimwe mu bimenyetso byiza byerekana ukuri kwayo. Turashobora gusezerera imwe muriyi migani nk'imigani ya buri muntu kandi tugatekereza ko ari ibitekerezo gusa, ariko hamwe, ukurikije isi yose, usanga ari impaka. (Isi)

Ibikurikira, ibisobanuro byinshi kumutwe umwe. Abahanga mu by'amateka ba kera bavuze ko Umwuzure ari ibintu byabayeho mu mateka. Uyu munsi kwandika amateka ahubwo birashaka guhindura amateka yabantu mu guhakana iyi mpanuka ikomeye y’umwuzure no kongera imyaka ibihumbi magana na miriyoni mu mateka adafite ibimenyetso bifatika.

• Umuhanga mu by'amateka Josephus na Berosusi y'i Babiloni bavuze ibisigazwa by'isanduku ya Nowa

• Umuhanga mu by'amateka w'Ubugereki Herodote yerekeje ku Basikuti mu gice cya gatanu cy'Amateka ye. Yabavuze nk'abakomoka kuri Yafeti (umuhungu wa Nowa) (Itang 10: 1,2: Noneho ubu ni ibisekuruza by'abahungu ba Nowa, Shemu, Hamu na Yafeti, kandi kuri bo ni abahungu bavutse nyuma y'umwuzure. Abahungu ba Yafeti; Gomeri, Magogi, na Madai, na Javani, Tubali, Mesheki na Tirasi.)

• Mu nkuru ya Gilgamesh, Utnapisthim yahawe amabwiriza yo kubaka ubwato: “Yewe muntu wa Shuruppak, mwene Ubar-Tutu. Senya inzu yawe wubake ubwato, wange ubutunzi, ushake ubuzima bwa nyuma, usuzugure ubutunzi, ukize ubuzima bwawe. Fata imbuto yabazima bose mubwato wubatse. Gupima neza ibipimo byacyo. ”

• Muri konti y’umwuzure ya Ashuri harimo ibisobanuro byubwubatsi bwubwato:

Kora ubwato ukurikije ibi - -

- - Nzarimbura umunyabyaha n'ubuzima.

- - Reka imbuto yubuzima yinjire, byose,

hagati y'ubwato, ku bwato ukora.

Uburebure bwayo ni metero magana atandatu

ubugari n'uburebure bwa metero mirongo itandatu.

- - Reka bigere kure. -

Nemeye iryo tegeko mbwira Hea, Mwami wanjye:

Ndangije

kubaka ubwato wambwiye gukora,

abato n'abakuru rero baransetsa. (5)

• Abaziteki bavuze Umwuzure:

Igihe isi yari imaze imyaka 1716 ibaho, Umwuzure uraza: “Abantu bose barazimira bararohama,

babonye ko bahindutse amafi. Ibintu byose byazimye mu munsi umwe ”. Gusa Nata n'umugore we Nana ni bo bakijijwe, kubera ko imana ya Titlachauan yari yarababwiye kubaka ubwato buva mu giti cyitwa sipure. (6)

• Ikibaho cyibumba cyabonetse mu mujyi wa Babiloni, Nippur, mu myaka ya 1890, kandi icyo gisate cyari kinini kuruta Epic ya Gilgamesh . Ikibaho cyibumba cyatangiye byibuze guhera mu 2100 mbere ya Yesu, kuko aho cyabonetse, isomero rusange, ryarasenyutse icyo gihe.

Igishushanyo cyacyo kirasa cyane nicyo mu gitabo cy'Intangiriro. Ivuga ukuza k'Umwuzure kandi itanga inama yo kubaka ubwato bunini bwo kurinda abarokotse. Inyandiko iri muri tablet yahinduwe ninzobere assyriologue Herman Hilprecht. Amagambo ari mumutwe muto ntashobora kuboneka mubyanditswe, ariko Hilprecht yabishyizemo ukurikije imiterere:

(2)… [imipaka y'ijuru n'isi I] nkuraho

(3)… [Nzazana umwuzure, kandi] uzatsemba icyarimwe abantu bose;

(4)… [ariko shakisha ubuzima mbere yuko umwuzure uza;

(5).

(6)… Kubaka ubwato bunini kandi

(7) ... reka uburebure muri rusange bube imiterere yabyo

(8)… reka bibe ubwato bwo munzu bwo gutwara abarokotse.

(9)… hamwe nigifuniko gikomeye (it).

(10)… [Ku bwato] ukora

(11)… [uzaneyo inyamaswa zo mu isi, inyoni zo mu kirere,

(12)…

(13)… n'umuryango… (7)

• Kubijyanye n'ibihe byakurikiranye muri Egiputa, birashobora guhagarara mu binyejana byinshi. Abanyamisiri ntibari bafite urutonde rw'abategetsi mu bihe bya mbere, ariko byakozwe nyuma y'ibinyejana byinshi (nko mu 270 mbere ya Yesu) n'umupadiri wo mu Misiri Manetho. Rimwe mu makosa ari ku rutonde rwe ni uko Manethon yatekerezaga ko abami bamwe bategekaga umwe umwe, nubwo wasangaga bategeka icyarimwe.

    Nubwo byose, Manetho yemeza amateka yintangiriro. "Yanditse ko 'nyuma y'umwuzure' kwa Ham, umuhungu wa Nowa, yavutse 'Abanyamisiri, cyangwa Misraim', akaba ari we wa mbere watuye mu gace ka Egiputa y'ubu mu gihe imiryango yatangiraga gutatana". (8)

IBARUWA SYMBOLS . Dukurikije Bibiliya, igihe Nowa yinjiraga mu Isanduku hari abandi bantu barindwi gusa; muri rusange hari abantu umunani mu Isanduku. (Itang 7: 7 na 1 Petero 3:20).

   Ariko, birashimishije kubona umubare umwe n'umunani umwe werekeza ku Mwuzure ugaragara no mu bimenyetso by'inyuguti, cyane cyane muri sisitemu yo kwandika Igishinwa. Muri sisitemu yo kwandika Igishinwa, ikimenyetso cyubwato ni ubwato burimo abantu umunani, umubare ungana nubwato bwa Nowa! Ikimenyetso cyijambo "umwuzure" nacyo gifite umubare umunani! Ntabwo ari impanuka gusa ko umubare umwe, umunani, uhujwe nibimenyetso byubwato numwuzure. Iyi sano rwose iterwa nuko abashinwa nabo bafite umuco gakondo wumwuzure wisi yose nkabandi baturage. Bizera kandi kuva kera ko hariho Imana imwe, iri mwijuru.

Urugero rwa kabiri. Ikimenyetso cy'Ubushinwa cy'ubwato ni ubwato burimo abantu umunani. Abantu umunani? Isanduku ya Nowa yari irimo abantu umunani.

   (…) Abashakashatsi bose ntabwo bahuje igitekerezo kimwe kubisobanuro nyabyo bya buri kimenyetso. Ibyo ari byo byose, Abashinwa ubwabo (nk'Abayapani benshi, bavuga - bafite gahunda imwe yo kwandika) bashishikajwe n'ubusobanuro abamisiyoneri babahaye. Nubwo inyigisho zitari nziza, kubivuga gusa birashobora kuba bihagije kwerekana ukuri kwumwuka kubatizera.

   Nanjye ubwanjye nabonye ko ababwiriza benshi b'Abashinwa n'Abayapani batekereza ko ibyo bimenyetso bitandukanye bigize inzira nziza mu bitekerezo by'abantu babo. (Don Richardson, Iteka mu mitima yabo)

Ijambo gukiranuka . Muri sisitemu yo kwandika Igishinwa, hari n'ikindi kimenyetso kidasanzwe: ijambo "umukiranutsi". Ikimenyetso cyabakiranutsi kigizwe nibice bibiri bitandukanye: igice cyo hejuru bisobanura umwana wintama naho munsi yacyo ni izina ryihariye I. Kubwibyo, habayeho kubona ko abantu badashobora kuba abakiranutsi bonyine. Bakiranuka gusa iyo bari munsi yintama. Sisitemu yo kwandika Igishinwa yigisha ubutumwa bumwe n'Isezerano Rishya. Tugomba kuba munsi ya Ntama twahawe n'Imana (Yesu Kristo), kugirango duhinduke abakiranutsi. Ibi bivugwa mu mirongo ikurikira ya Bibiliya:

- (Yohana 1:29) Bukeye Yohana abona Yesu amusanga, ati: Dore Umwana w'intama w'Imana , ukuraho ibyaha by'isi.

- (1 Kor 1:30) Ariko muri wewe uri muri Kristo Yesu, uwo Imana yatugize ubwenge, gukiranuka , no kwezwa, no gucungurwa.

2. Ivuka rya karubone namavuta

CARBON N'AMavuta . Mubisanzwe twigishwa ko karubone namavuta byakozwe muburyo buhoro busaba imyaka miriyoni. Abantu bavuga imyaka ya karubone, mugihe habaye karuboni nini idasanzwe. Ariko ikibazo kimeze gute? Ibi bintu byavutse miriyoni amagana mumyaka yashize kandi byafashe imyaka miriyoni kugirango bibeho? Niba tuyirebye dukurikije ibintu bikurikira, ahubwo barerekana ko byakozwe vuba kandi neza 'mubihe byashize', mumyaka ibihumbi bike ishize kandi biragaragara ko mubijyanye numwuzure uvugwa muri Bibiliya.

Imyaka yo kubitsa karubone n'amariba ya peteroli. Ingingo ya mbere ni uko ibimenyetso byerekana imyaka yabitswe na karubone na peteroli biterekeza ku bihe bikomeye. Twabiganiriyeho mbere kandi ingingo ebyiri zikurikira zirabigaragaza:

• Umuvuduko wamariba ya peteroli ni mwinshi (birasanzwe ko amavuta ashobora gutembera mu kirere avuye mu mwobo wacukuwe mu butaka), ku buryo adashobora kurenza imyaka 10,000. . _ _ Niba aya mariba ya peteroli yari amaze imyaka miriyoni, igitutu cyaba cyaragabanutse kera.

• Ibirenge byabantu byabonetse mubice bya karubone bisobanurwa ngo "imyaka miriyoni 250-300" mumyaka myinshi (Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, New Mexico, na Kentucky, nibindi). Ibintu byumuntu nibisigazwa byabantu (!) Byabonetse murwego rumwe. Ibi bivuze ko abantu babayeho mumyaka miriyoni 300 ishize, cyangwa ko ibyo byuka bya karubone bimaze imyaka ibihumbi bike gusa. (Glashouver, WJJ, So standstand die Welt , Hänssler, 1980, s ., Ubutayu / Gashyantare 1975, p. 36-39). Birashoboka cyane ko ubundi buryo bwa nyuma ari ukuri, kubera ko n'abahanga batizera ko abantu babayeho ku isi mu myaka miriyoni 300 ishize:

"Niba umuntu (...) mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose yabayeho hakiri kare nko mu gihe cya Carbone Iron, siyanse yose ya geologiya iribeshya rwose ku buryo abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya bose bagomba kuva ku mirimo yabo bagahinduka abashoferi b'amakamyo. Rero, byibura kuri ubu, siyanse yanze ubundi buryo bwo kugerageza umuntu kuba yarasize ibirenge. " ( Amayobera ya Carboneiferous , Ukwezi kwa siyansi, umuzingo wa 162, Mutarama.1940, p.14)

• Impamvu ya gatatu yo kudatekereza ko amakara na peteroli bimaze imyaka miriyoni ni radiocarubone irimo. Iyo igice cya kabiri cyubuzima bwa radiocarubone gifite imyaka 5730 gusa, ntihakagombye kubaho na kimwe muri byo gisigara mububiko bumaze imyaka miriyoni cyangwa amagana. Ariko, nko mu 1969, igitabo cyitwa Radiocarbon cyavuze uburyo ingero za radiocarubone zatanze urugero rwakuwe mu makara, peteroli na gaze gasanzwe imyaka ya radiocarubone itarengeje imyaka 50.000.

Umuvuduko wo gushingwa. Kubijyanye no gushiraho amavuta na karubone ntibikeneye gufata igihe kirekire. Inkunga imwe kuri iki gitekerezo tuyisanga mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose peteroli yakorwaga mu makara na lignite mu Budage, kandi bikagenda neza. Ntabwo byafashe eons, ariko byabaye mugihe gito. Ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye vuba aha, igituba cyamavuta cyakozwe muminota 20 uhereye kuri toni imwe yimyanda kama (Igishushanyo cyimashini, 14 Gicurasi 1970 ).

   Byarashobotse kandi guhindura ibiti na selile mu bikoresho bya karubone cyangwa karubone mu masaha make. Ibi birerekana ko mugihe ibintu bimeze neza, amavuta na karubone bishobora gukorwa vuba vuba. Ntabwo bisaba imyaka miriyoni kugirango bibeho. Gusa inyigisho zerekeye ubwihindurize zikenera imyaka miriyoni. Urugero rukurikira rwerekana ko amakara yubutare ashobora gushingwa mugihe gito, mubyumweru bibiri gusa. Umwanditsi ahamya ko ibintu nkibi byashoboraga kubaho vuba, bijyanye numwuzure.

Abashakashatsi bo muri Laboratwari y'igihugu ya Argonne (muri Amerika) bagaragaje ko karubone yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ishobora kuboneka hakoreshejwe uburyo bukurikira: fata lignine (ikintu cy'ingenzi mu biti) hanyuma uyivange n'ibumba rya acide n'amazi. Shyushya imvange mu kintu kitarimo ogisijeni gifunze quartz kuri 150 ºC utiriwe wongera umuvuduko. Ubu ntabwo ari ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya geologiya - mubyukuri, ntakintu kidasanzwe cyangwa "kidasanzwe" kijyanye nibigize, haba. Ntanubwo inzira itwara miriyoni yimyaka - bifata ibyumweru 4-36 gusa!

   . Ibice byo hepfo yimitiba byari byashyinguwe cyane murwego rwa karubone, hanyuma imitiba inyura mucyiciro hejuru, amaherezo irangirira kuri karubone hejuru!

 Tekereza ko abantu bagerageza gusobanura ibi bintu muburyo buhoro buhoro byabaye mubishanga bibiri bitandukanye hamwe nigihe kinini hagati yabo. Iyo kubogama kwabaye "iterambere gahoro gahoro", biragaragara ko ibyo byabujije ibisobanuro bigaragara ku nkomoko y’amakara, ni ukuvuga ko imvururu nini zatewe n’amazi zashyinguye vuba ibihingwa byacitse.

    Kwimura amazi birashobora gutera vuba impinduka nini za geologiya, cyane cyane niba hari amazi menshi. Abantu benshi batekereza ko izi mpinduka zigomba gufata imyaka miriyoni. (…)

    Bamwe mu bahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya (harimo na benshi mu bizera inzira ya “miriyoni y'imyaka”) ubu bavuga ko Grand Canyon yashizweho mu buryo bumwe, ibiza, kandi ko itatewe n'isuri ryatinze ry'umugezi wa Colorado hejuru ya miliyoni. imyaka.

    Umwuzure wamaze umwaka umwe, utwikiriye imisozi, utera imidugararo ku isi kandi wangiza ubutaka bw'isi igihe amazi (kandi byanze bikunze na magma) yatemba amezi menshi (“amasoko y'amazi manini yamenetse”, Itang 7:11). Ibintu nkibi biteye ubwoba byatera impinduka zidasanzwe za geologiya. (9)

Ibimenyetso bishyigikira ishyirwaho ryigihe gito. Ingingo zikurikira zishimangira cyane igitekerezo kivuga ko karubone namavuta byakozwe vuba mugihe cyumwuzure, ntabwo buhoro buhoro mumyaka miriyoni:

• Ibisigazwa by'ibiti byinjira mu bice bitandukanye murashobora kubisanga hagati ya karubone. Ishusho ishaje yikirombe cyamakara mubufaransa yerekana uburyo ibiti bitanu byinjira mubice icumi. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima ntibishobora kuba byarakozwe cyangwa byagaragaye iyo ibice bya karubone byakozwe mugihe cyimyaka miriyoni.

• Ikintu kimwe gishimishije cyagaragaye ni uko muri byinshi mu bubiko bwa karubone ku isi, haboneka umubare munini w’ibigega byo mu nyanja hamwe n’ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa zo mu nyanja (" Inyandiko ivuga ku kuba inyamaswa zo mu nyanja zisigaye mu mupira w’amakara wa Lancashire", Ikinyamakuru Geologiya, 118: 307 , 1981 na Weir, J. "Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ku gipimo cy'amakara", Iterambere ry'ubumenyi, 38: 445, 1950).   Nanone, ibimera bidakura no mu bishanga byabonetse muri ibyo bice bya karubone. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekana neza Umwuzure, washoboraga gutwara inyamaswa zo mu nyanja n’ubundi buryo bw’ubuzima hagati y’ibimera biboneka ku butaka bwumutse.

Prof. Igiciro cyerekana ibihe aho amakara 50-100 ari hejuru yundi kandi hagati yabyo hari ibice birimo ibisigazwa biva mu nyanja ndende. Abona iki kimenyetso gikomeye kandi cyemeza ko atigeze agerageza gusobanura ibi bintu ashingiye ku gitekerezo cya Lyell. (Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma , p. 198)

• Carbone hamwe namavuta ntabwo bisanzwe bikorwa muri iki gihe. Niyo mpamvu bitwa umutungo kamere udashobora kuvugururwa. Ntabwo zisanzwe zishyirwaho no mubihugu bishyuha, nubwo imiterere yibyo bihugu igomba kuba ikwiye. Ibinyuranye, ibimera byaho bibora vuba gusa kandi nta mavuta cyangwa karubone yaremye.

   Ikintu cyonyine gishobora kubyara amakara ni impanuka kamere itwikiriye gitunguranye imyanda y'ibimera munsi yubutaka, igasigara munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi kandi muri leta idafite ogisijeni, aho ogisijeni idashobora kuyangiza. Umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nuburyo bwa ogisijeni byafashwe nkibyingenzi kubyara amakara. Byongeye kandi, bagiteri ntishobora kubora imyanda yibihingwa muburyo bwa ogisijeni. Umwuzure warundanyije ibyondo n'ubutaka hejuru yawo, urashobora gusobanura neza ibyabaye. Amagambo akurikira yo mu gitabo "Muuttuva maa" (urup. 114) yanditswe n'umuhanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya wo muri Finilande Pentti Eskola, yerekeza ku kintu kimwe. Irerekana ko, kubijyanye namakara yamakara, hari amabuye yibumba yatandukanijwe namazi. Aya magambo yerekana neza Umwuzure nkaho wabayeho hashize imyaka ibihumbi bibiri gusa:

Ati: "Munsi no hejuru y’amakara hari, nkuko byavuzwe, ibice bisanzwe byamabuye y ibumba, kandi ukurikije imiterere yabyo dushobora kubona ko byatandukanijwe n’amazi."

3. Kurimbuka kwa dinosaur

Abantu muri rusange bemeza ko isenywa rya dinosaur ryabaye mu myaka miriyoni ishize mugihe cyanyuma cyigihe cya Cretaceous, rikanangiza ammonite, belemnite, nandi moko menshi yibimera ninyamaswa. Kurimbuka bikekwa ko byatwaye inyinshi mu nyamaswa zo mu gihe cya Cretace.

   Ese iyo myizerere ni ukuri? Ese koko dinosaurs yarimbuwe mugihe cyiswe Cretaceous mumyaka miriyoni ishize, cyangwa yarimbuwe numwuzure? Mubikurikira, tuzasesengura iki kibazo mugihe dusuzumye ibitekerezo bisanzwe byashyizwe ahagaragara:

Ese dinosaurs yarimbuwe nicyorezo, virusi, cyangwa abajura amagi ? Abantu bamwe bavuga ko dinosaurs yarimbuwe n'icyorezo cyangwa virusi. Abandi bavuga ko izindi nyamaswa zatangiye kurya amagi ya dinosaur.  

   Ariko, hariho ikibazo kinini kubijyanye nibitekerezo byombi: ntanubwo asobanura uburyo ibindi bimera ninyamaswa - plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, ibimera, ammonite herbivores, na belemnite - byashoboraga gupfa icyarimwe. . Virusi rwose ntishobora kuba umwicanyi; nigute virusi zishobora gusenya amoko atandukanye cyane, inyamaswa zo mu nyanja nubutaka, ndetse nibimera? Virusi nk'izo ntizwi.

   Kubireba abarya amagi, nabo ntibashobora gusobanura kurimbuka icyarimwe amoko atandukanye, kereka ibimera. Ntibishobora guteza kurimbuka kwinshi no kurimbuka kw amoko atandukanye icyarimwe. Hagomba kubaho ibisobanuro byiza kuri ibi.

Meteorite yaba nyirabayazana yo gusenya? Abantu bamwe bavuga ko meteorite yazamuye igicu kinini cyumukungugu, kandi ko igicu cyumukungugu cyafunze izuba igihe kinini kuburyo ibimera byose byapfuye kandi ibyatsi bicwa ninzara.

   Hariho ikibazo kimwe kijyanye niyi nyigisho yimihindagurikire yikirere. Iyi nyigisho, cyangwa inyigisho zavuzwe haruguru, ntishobora gusobanura uburyo ibisigazwa bya dinosaur bishobora kuboneka imbere yigitare n'imisozi ahantu hanini kwisi. Bashobora kuboneka kwisi yose imbere yigitare gikomeye, mubyukuri biratangaje. Ntabwo bitangaje kuko inyamaswa nini - wenda metero 20 z'uburebure - ntishobora kujya mumabuye akomeye. Igihe ntigifasha. Nubwo twategereza imyaka miriyoni kugirango izo nyamaswa zishyingurwe mu butaka zihindurwe ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima, zirabora mbere yuko ibyo cyangwa izindi nyamaswa zirya. Mubyukuri, igihe cyose tubonye ibisigazwa bya dinosaur cyangwa ibindi bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima, bigomba kuba byashyinguwe vuba munsi y’ibyondo. Ntibashobora kuvuka mubundi buryo:

Biragaragara ko niba ishyirwaho ryabitswe ryabaye ku gipimo gito, nta bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byari gukorwa, kubera ko bitari gushyingurwa mu bishanga, ariko mbere yabyo byangirika bitewe na acide y’amazi, cyangwa kurimburwa no kumenagurwa mo ibice nkuko byakubiswe bikubita munsi yinyanja nto. Bashobora gusa gupfukirana imyanda mu mpanuka, aho bashyinguwe giturumbuka. . _ _

Umwanzuro nuko izo dinosaur ziboneka kwisi yose, zigomba kuba zarashyinguwe vuba cyane munsi yibyondo. Icyondo cyoroheje cyaje kuzenguruka, hanyuma kigakomera cyane kimwe na sima. Gusa muri ubu buryo hashobora gusobanurwa inkomoko y’ibimera bya dinosaur, mamont nandi matungo. Mu Mwuzure, ikintu nk'iki gishobora kubaho rwose. Turareba ibisobanuro, bitanga igitekerezo cyukuri cyikibazo. Irerekana ivumburwa rya dinosaur imbere yigitare gikomeye, byerekana ko bigomba kuba bitwikiriye ibyondo byoroshye. Icyondo noneho cyakomanze hafi yabo. Gusa mu Mwuzure, ariko ntabwo uri mubisanzwe bisanzwe, twakwitega ko ibintu nkibyo bibaho (hari kandi aho byanditse mubyerekeranye nuburyo inkubi y'amazi ishobora kuba yarundanyije amagufwa ya dinosaur).

Yagiye mu butayu bwa Dakota y'Amajyepfo, ahari inkuta z'umutuku, umuhondo n'icunga rya orange n'amabuye. Mu minsi mike, yasanze amagufwa amwe mu rukuta rw'urutare , agereranya ko ari yo yari yiyemeje gushaka. Igihe yacukuraga urutare ruzengurutse amagufwa , yasanze amagufwa yari akurikije imiterere y’inyamaswa. Ntabwo bari mu kirundo nkamagufwa ya dinosaur akenshi aba. Ibirundo byinshi nkibi byasaga nkaho bikozwe numuyaga ukomeye wamazi.

   Noneho aya magufa yari mumabuye yubururu, arakomeye cyane . Ibuye ryumucanga ryagombaga gukurwaho nuwatsinze amanota hanyuma rikurwaho no guturika. Brown hamwe nabagenzi be bakoze urwobo hafi ya metero zirindwi nigice zubujyakuzimu kugirango amagufwa asohoke. Gukuraho skeleti nini yabatwaye impeshyi ebyiri. Ntabwo bakuyeho amagufwa ku ibuye. Bajyanye amabuye muri gari ya moshi bajya mu nzu ndangamurage, aho abahanga bashoboye gukuramo ibikoresho by'amabuye maze bashiraho skeleti. Uyu muserebanya w'igitugu ubu uhagaze muri salle yerekana inzu ndangamurage. (urup. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler na Harold G. Isanduku)

REFERENCES:

1. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated

2. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78

3. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen?, p. 5

4. Werner Keller: Raamattu on oikeassa, p. 29

5. Arno C. Gaebelein: Kristillisyys vaiko uskonto?, p. 48

6. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 165

7. siteeraus: Luominen 17, p. 39

8. J. Ashton: Evolution Impossible, Master Books, Green Forest AZ, 2012, p. 115, lainaa viitettä 1, p. 7

9. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 12-14