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Iyo dinosaurs yabayeho ryari?
Wige impamvu dinosaurs yabayeho mubihe byashize, mugihe kimwe nabantu. Amamiriyoni yimyaka biroroshye kubaza ukurikije ibimenyetso
Imyizerere imwe ni uko dinosaurs yategetse Isi imyaka irenga miriyoni 100 kugeza igihe yazimye mumyaka miriyoni 65 ishize. Iki kibazo cyakomeje gushimangirwa hifashishijwe ubuvanganzo na gahunda by’ubwihindurize, bityo igitekerezo cya dinosaurs kibaho ku isi mu myaka miriyoni ishize cyashizwe mu bitekerezo by’abantu benshi. Ntabwo bishoboka ko bishoboka ko ibyo binini (Ingano iragereranijwe. Ifi yubururu yu munsi iremereye inshuro ebyiri kurenza dinosaur nini)inyamaswa zabayeho mubihe byashize kandi mugihe kimwe nabantu. Dukurikije inyigisho y'ubwihindurize, hafatwa ko dinozawusi yabayeho mu gihe cya Jurassic na Cretaceous, inyamaswa zo mu gihe cya Kamboje ndetse na mbere, kandi inyamaswa z’inyamabere zagaragaye ku isi bwa nyuma. Igitekerezo cyubwihindurize bwaya matsinda agaragara kuri iyi si mubihe bitandukanye arakomeye mubitekerezo byabantu kuburyo bizera ko bihagarariye siyanse kandi nukuri, nubwo bishoboka kubona ibintu byinshi bivuguruza iki gitekerezo. Ibikurikira, tuzasesengura iyi ngingo muburyo burambuye. Ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana ko bidatinze kuva dinosaurs igaragara kwisi. Turareba ibi bimenyetso ubutaha.
Ibisigazwa bya Dinosaur bisubirwamo . Ibimenyetso byerekana ko dinosaurs yabayeho kwisi ni ibisigazwa byabo. Ukurikije ibyo, birashoboka kumenya hafi ingano nubunini bwa dinosaur kandi ko byari inyamaswa nyazo. Nta mpamvu yo gushidikanya ku mateka yabo. Kurambagiza dinosaurs, ariko, nibindi bitandukanye. Nubwo ukurikije imbonerahamwe y’ibihe byashizweho mu kinyejana cya 19, dinozawusi yazimye mu myaka miriyoni 65 ishize, umwanzuro nk'uwo ntushobora gufatwa hashingiwe ku myanda nyayo. Ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima ntabwo bifite ibirango bijyanye n'imyaka yabo n'igihe byazimye. Ahubwo, imiterere myiza y’ibimera byerekana ko ari ikibazo cy’ibihumbi, atari imyaka miriyoni. Biterwa nimpamvu zikurikira:
Amagufwa ntabwo buri gihe ari peteroli . Ibisigazwa bya peteroli byavumbuwe muri dinosaur, ariko n'amagufwa adafite peteroli. Abantu benshi bafite igitekerezo cyuko ibisigazwa bya dinosaur byose byanditswemo peteroli bityo bikaba ibya kera. Byongeye kandi, batekereza ko petrification itwara imyaka miriyoni. Ariko, petrification irashobora kuba inzira yihuse. Mubihe bya laboratoire, byashobokaga kubyara ibiti bito muminsi mike. Mugihe gikwiye, nko mumasoko ashyushye akungahaye ku magufa, amagufwa arashobora no gutobora mugihe cyibyumweru bibiri. Izi nzira ntizisaba imyaka miriyoni. Amagufwa ya dinosaur atabigenewe rero yabonetse. Ibisigazwa bimwebimwe bya dinosaur birashobora kuba bisigaranye amagufwa yumwimerere kandi bishobora guhumurirwa. Umuhanga mu bya paleontologue wemera inyigisho y'ubwihindurize yavuze ku kibanza kinini cyavumbuwe na dinosaur cyavumbuwe ko "amagufwa yose yo muri Hell Creek anuka." Nigute amagufwa ashobora kunuka nyuma yimyaka miriyoni mirongo? Igitabo cya siyansi kivuga uburyo C. Barreto n'itsinda rye bakoraga bize amagufwa ya dinosaur akiri muto (Science, 262: 2020-2023), zitigeze zishishwa. Amagufwa agereranijwe afite imyaka miliyoni 72-84 afite igipimo cya calcium hamwe na fosifore nki magufa yubu. Igitabo cyumwimerere kigaragaza neza microscopique yibitseho amagufwa. Gusa amagufwa mato mato yabonetse no mu majyaruguru nka Alberta na Alaska muri Kanada. Ikinyamakuru cya Paleontologiya (1987, Vol. 61, No 1, pp. 198-200) kivuga kimwe muri ibyo byavumbuwe:
Urugero rushimishije cyane rwabonetse ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru ya Alaska, aho amagufwa ibihumbi n'ibihumbi atabonetse neza. Amagufwa arasa kandi akumva ari amagufwa yinka ashaje. Abavumbuye ntibigeze batangaza ko bavumbuye imyaka makumyabiri kuko bakekaga ko ari bison-, ntabwo ari amagufwa ya dinosaur.
Ikibazo cyiza nigute amagufwa yaba yarazigamwe imyaka miriyoni mirongo? Mu gihe cya dinosaurs, ikirere cyari gishyushye, bityo ibikorwa bya mikorobe rwose byari gusenya amagufwa. Kuba amagufwa adafite ibimenyetso, abitswe neza kandi asa namagufa mashya byerekana igihe gito kuruta igihe kirekire.
Uturemangingo tworoshye . Nkuko byavuzwe, ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima ntibifite ibimenyetso ku myaka yabo. Ntawe ushobora kuvuga adashidikanya icyiciro ibinyabuzima biboneka nkibimera byabayeho kwisi. Ibi ntibishobora gukurwa muburyo butaziguye. Ku bijyanye n’ibisigazwa bya dinosaur, ariko, ni ibintu bitangaje kubona imyanda myinshi yabitswe neza. Kurugero, Yle uutiset yatanze raporo ku ya 5 Ukuboza 2007: "Muri Amerika imitsi ya Dinosaur hamwe nuruhu byabonetse muri Amerika." Aya makuru ntabwo yonyine yubwoko bwayo, ariko amakuru asa nayitegereje ni menshi. Raporo imwe y’ubushakashatsi ivuga ko uturemangingo tworoheje twatandukanijwe n’amagufwa ya kabiri ya dinosaur ya kabiri kuva mu gihe cya Jurassic (mu myaka yashize miliyoni 145.5 - 199,6,6 ishize) (1). Ibisigazwa bya dinosaur byabitswe neza rwose ni urujijo rukomeye niba biva mu myaka irenga miliyoni 65 ishize. Urugero rwiza ni ibisigazwa bya dinosaur byuzuye byuzuye biboneka mu bubiko bwa Pietraroia limestone yo mu majyepfo y’Ubutaliyani, nk'uko bivugwa n’igitekerezo cy’ubwihindurize byafatwaga nk’imyaka miriyoni 110, ariko umwijima-, amara-, imitsi- na karitsiye wasigaye. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bitangaje mubuvumbuzi ni amara yabitswe, aho imitsi ishobora kugaragara. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko amara yasaga nkaho yari yaciwe vuba! ( TREE, Kanama 1998, Vol. 13, No. 8, imp. 303-304) Urundi rugero ni ibisigazwa bya pterosaurs (byari ibisimba binini biguruka) biboneka muri Araripe, muri Berezile, bikaba byarabitswe neza bitigeze bibaho. Inzu ya kaminuza ya Londere ya palaeontologue Stafford House yavuze kuri ibyo byavumbuwe (Tahura 2/1994):
Niba kiriya kiremwa cyarapfuye hashize amezi atandatu, kigashyingurwa kigacukurwa, cyasa nkiki. Nibyiza rwose muburyo bwose.
Rero, ibitswe neza ryoroshye ryagaragaye ryakozwe muri dinosaurs. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi birasa cyane n’ibyakozwe na mamamu, bikekwa ko byapfuye mu binyejana bike bishize. Ikibazo cyiza niki, nigute ibisigazwa bya dinosaur byasobanurwa inshuro zirenze inshuro zirenze imyanda ya mammoth, niba byombi bibitswe neza? Ntayindi shingiro ryibi usibye imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya, wasangaga ivuguruzanya nibishobora kugaragara muri kamere inshuro nyinshi. Byaba igihe cyo kureka iyi mbonerahamwe. Birashoboka cyane ko dinosaurs na mammoth babaga kwisi icyarimwe.
Poroteyine nka albumin, kolagen na osteocalcine zabonetse mu bisigazwa bya dinosaur. Habonetse kandi poroteyine zoroshye cyane elastin na laminine zabonetse [Schweitzer, M. n'abandi 6, Ibiranga Biomolecular hamwe na poroteyine zikurikirana za Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Ubumenyi 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Igituma ubwo buvumbuzi butera ikibazo nuko ibyo bintu bitajya biboneka no mubisigazwa byinyamaswa kuva mubihe bya none. Kurugero, murugero rumwe rwamagufwa ya mammoth, byagereranijwe ko rufite imyaka 13.000, kolagen yose yari imaze kubura (Science, 1978, 200, 1275). Nyamara, kolagen yatandukanijwe n’ibimera bya dinosaur. Nk’uko ikinyamakuru cy’umwuga cyitwa Biochemist kibitangaza ngo kolagen ntishobora kubikwa no mu myaka miriyoni eshatu ku bushyuhe bwiza bwa dogere selisiyusi (2) . Kuba ibintu nkibi biboneka inshuro nyinshi byerekana ko ibisigazwa bya dinosaur bimaze imyaka ibihumbi bike. Kugena imyaka ukurikije imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya ntabwo ihuye nubuvumbuzi bwa none.
Ku rundi ruhande, birazwi ko biomolecules idashobora kubikwa mu myaka irenga 100.000 (Bada, J et 1999. Kubungabunga biomolecules zingenzi mu nyandiko y’ibimera: ubumenyi buriho n’ingorane zizaza. Ibikorwa bya Filozofiya by’umuryango w’ibwami B: Ubumenyi bwibinyabuzima. 354, [1379]). Nibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwa siyanse yubumenyi. Kolagen, ni biomolecule yinyama zinyamanswa, ni ukuvuga poroteyine isanzwe yubatswe, irashobora gutandukanywa n’ibimera. Birazwi kuri poroteyine ivugwa ko isenyuka vuba mu magufa, kandi ibisigazwa byayo gusa birashobora kugaragara nyuma yimyaka 30.000, usibye mubihe bidasanzwe byumye. Agace ka Hell Creek ntikabura kubona imvura rimwe na rimwe. Kubwibyo, kolagen ntigomba kuboneka mumagufa yimyaka "68 million" yashyinguwe mubutaka. (3)
Niba ubushakashatsi bujyanye na poroteyine zitandukanijwe n'amagufwa ya dinosaur, nka albumin, kolagen na osteocalcine, ndetse na ADN ari byo, kandi nta mpamvu dufite yo gushidikanya ku bwitonzi bw'abashakashatsi, dushingiye kuri ubwo bushakashatsi, amagufwa agomba kongera kwandikwa. ntarenza imyaka 40.000-50.000, kuko igihe ntarengwa gishoboka cyo kubika ibintu bivugwa muri kamere ntigishobora kurenga. (4)
Ingirabuzimafatizo . Ikintu kidasanzwe nukuvumbura ingirabuzimafatizo zamaraso mubisigisigi bya dinosaur. Ingirabuzimafatizo z'amaraso zabonetse kandi byagaragaye ko hemoglobine iguma muri yo. Kimwe mu bintu byingenzi byavumbuwe mu maraso bimaze gukorwa mu myaka ya za 90 na Mary Schweitzer. Ibindi byavumbuwe bisa kuva icyo gihe. Ikibazo cyiza nukuntu ingirangingo zamaraso zishobora kubikwa mumyaka miriyoni mirongo cyangwa ni nyuma ya geologiya yakomotse vuba aha? Ubuvumbuzi bwinshi bwubu bwoko bwita imbonerahamwe yigihe cya geologiya hamwe na miliyoni zimyaka yibibazo. Ukurikije uko ibisigazwa bimeze neza, nta mpamvu zifatika zo kwizera imyaka miriyoni.
Igihe Mary Schweitzer yari afite imyaka itanu, yatangaje ko azaba umushakashatsi wa dinosaur. Inzozi ze zabaye impamo, kandi afite imyaka 38, yashoboye kwiga skelet hafi ya yose yabitswe neza ya Tyrannosaurus Rex, yabonetse i Montana mu 1998 (Ikinyamakuru cy’ubuvuzi bw’Abanyamerika, 17 Ugushyingo 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , pp. 2376–2377). Imyaka ya skeleton yagereranijwe "imyaka 80.000." Habonetse amagufwa agera kuri 90%, kandi yari akiri meza. Schweitzer kabuhariwe mubushakashatsi bwinyama kandi yiyita molekuline palaeontologue. Yahisemo ibibero na shinbone byubushakashatsi maze ahitamo gusuzuma igufwa. Schweitzer yavuze ko igufwa ry'amagufa ritigeze risigara kandi ko ryarinzwe neza ku buryo butangaje. Amagufwa yari organic kandi yarazigamwe neza cyane. Schweitzer yabyize akoresheje microscope maze abona ibintu byamatsiko. Byari bito kandi bizunguruka kandi bifite nucleus, kimwe na selile yamaraso itukura mumitsi yamaraso. Ariko selile yamaraso yari ikwiye kubura mumagufwa ya dinosaur mumyaka yashize.Schweitzer agira ati : "Uruhu rwanjye rwabonye ingagi, nk'uko narebaga igufwa rigezweho." "Nibyo, ntabwo nashoboraga kwizera ibyo nabonaga mbwira umutekinisiye wa laboratoire nti:" Aya magufa afite imyaka miliyoni 65, ni gute uturemangingo tw'amaraso dushobora kubaho igihe kirekire? "" (Science, Nyakanga 1993, Vol. 261 , pp. 160–163). Ikigaragara muri ubu bushakashatsi ni uko amagufwa yose atari yarajugunywe burundu. Gayle Callis, umushakashatsi winzobere mu magufa, yerekanye ingero zamagufwa mu nama ya siyansi aho umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'indwara yababonye. Inzobere mu bijyanye n'indwara yagize ati: "Wari uzi ko muri aya magufwa harimo uturemangingo tw'amaraso?" Ibi byatumye habaho gushimisha bidasanzwe. Mary Schweitzer yeretse icyitegererezo Jack Horner, umushakashatsi uzwi cyane wa dinosaurs,"Noneho uratekereza ko muri yo harimo uturemangingo tw'amaraso?" , Schweitzer asubiza ati: "Oya, simbikora." Horner yarashubije ati: "Noneho rero, gerageza werekane ko atari selile zamaraso". ISI, 1997, Kamena: 55-57, Schweitzer n'abandi. amazi na ogisijeni ntibyashoboye kubagiraho ingaruka. (5)
Radiocarubone . Uburyo bwingenzi bukoreshwa mugupima imyaka yibintu kama nuburyo bwa radiocarubone. Muri ubu buryo, igice cya kabiri cyubuzima bwa radiocarubone (C-14) ni imyaka 5730, kubwibyo ntigomba gusigara nyuma yimyaka 100.000. Ariko, ikigaragara ni uko radiocarubone yabonetse inshuro nyinshi mu bubiko bw '"imyaka miriyoni amagana", amariba ya peteroli, ibinyabuzima byo muri Kamboje, kubitsa amakara, ndetse na diyama. Iyo igice cya kabiri cyubuzima bwa radiocarubone ari imyaka ibihumbi bike gusa, ibi ntibikwiye gushoboka niba ingero ziva mumyaka miriyoni ishize. Gusa ibishoboka nuko igihe cyurupfu rwibinyabuzima cyari cyegereye cyane ubungubu, ni ukuvuga ibihumbi, ntabwo imyaka miriyoni ishize. Ikibazo kimwe nikibazo cya dinosaurs. Muri rusange, dinosaurs ntizigeze ziba na radiocarubone, kubera ko ibisigazwa bya dinosaur byafatwaga nkibishaje cyane ku buryo bwo gukundana na radiocarubone. Nyamara, ibipimo bike byakozwe kandi igitangaje nuko radiocarubone ikiriho. Ibi, kimwe nubushize, byerekana ko bidashobora kuba imyaka miriyoni kuva ibyo biremwa bizimangana. Amagambo akurikira avuga byinshi kubyerekeye ikibazo. Itsinda ry’abashakashatsi mu Budage rivuga ku bisigazwa bya radiocarubone y’ibisigazwa bya dinosaur biboneka ahantu hatandukanye:
Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bifatwa nkibishaje cyane ntabwo bikunze kuba karubone-14 kubera ko bitagomba gusigara radiocarubone. Igice cya kabiri cyubuzima bwa karubone ikora radio ni ngufi kuburyo hafi ya yose yangirika mumyaka itarenze 100.000. Muri Kanama 2012, itsinda ry’abashakashatsi b’Abadage batangaje mu nama y’abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geofiziki ibyavuye mu bipimo bya karubone-14 byari byarakozwe ku ngero nyinshi z’amagufwa ya dinosaur. Ukurikije ibisubizo, ingero zamagufa zari zifite imyaka 22.000-39.000! Nibura mugihe cyo kwandika, kwerekana birahari kuri YouTube. (6) Ibisubizo byakiriwe bite? Babiri mu bayobozi, batashoboye kwemera ibipimo, basibye ibivuye mu kiganiro ku rubuga rw'inama batabibwiye abahanga. Ibisubizo birahari kuri http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Urubanza rwerekana uburyo paradizo ya kamere igira ingaruka. Ntibishoboka kubona ibisubizo bivuguruzanya byatangajwe mu bumenyi bwa siyansi yiganjemo kamere. Birashoboka cyane ko imizabibu iguruka. (7)
ADN . Kimwe mu byerekana ko dinosaur isigaye idashobora kuva mu myaka miriyoni ishize ni ugusanga ADN muri zo. ADN yitandukanije urugero nka Tyrannosaurus Rex ibikoresho byamagufwa (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) hamwe namagi ya dinosaur mubushinwa (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Igituma ADN ivumbura bigora inyigisho y'ubwihindurize ni uko no muri mumyiyumu ya kera ya mammy cyangwa mamamu yakozwe, ubushakashatsi bwa ADN ntibushobora kuboneka buri gihe kuko ibyo bikoresho byangiritse. Urugero rwiza ni igihe Svante Pääbo yize ingero za tissue 23 za mumyiyumu yabantu mungoro ndangamurage ya Berlin muri Uppsala. Yashoboye gutandukanya ADN mummy umwe gusa, byerekana ko iyi ngingo idashobora kumara igihe kinini (Kamere 314: 644-645). Kuba ADN ikiriho muri dinosaurs byerekana ko ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bidashobora kuva mu myaka miriyoni ishize. Igituma bigora kurushaho ni uko nyuma yimyaka 10,000 hatagomba kubaho ADN na gato (Kamere, 1 Kanama 1991, vol 352). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa kuva mu 2012, byabazwe ko kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubuzima bwa ADN ari imyaka 521 gusa. Ibi birerekana ko igitekerezo cyimyaka miriyoni mirongo yimyanda ishobora kwangwa. Mu makuru ajyanye (yle.fi> Uutiset> Tiede, 13.10.2012) haravuzwe:
Umupaka wanyuma wo kubungabunga ADN wabonetse - inzozi zo gukoroniza dinosaurs zarangiye
Dinosaurs yazimye mu myaka miriyoni 65 ishize. ADN ntishobora kubaho igihe kirekire, ndetse no mu bihe byiza, nk'uko ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa… Enzymes na mikorobe bitangira gusenya ADN ya selile nyuma yinyamaswa ipfuye. Nyamara, impamvu yibanze yabyo ikekwa ko ari reaction yatewe namazi. Kuberako hari amazi yubutaka hafi ya hose, ADN igomba, mubitekerezo, kubora ku gipimo gihamye. Kugirango tumenye ibi, ariko, mbere yiyi tariki ntitwashoboye kubona umubare munini wibimera bya fosile byari bigifite ADN. Abashakashatsi bo muri Danemarke na Ositaraliya ubu bakemuye iryo banga, kuko bakiriye shinbone 158 y’inyoni nini ya Moa muri laboratoire yabo, kandi amagufwa yari agifite ibikoresho bya genetike. Amagufa afite imyaka 600 - 8000 kandi akomoka hafi yakarere kamwe, bityo ashaje mubihe bihamye.
Ntabwo na amber ishobora gutanga ADN igihe cyinyongera
Mugereranije imyaka yintangarugero nigipimo cyangirika cya ADN, abahanga bashoboye kubara igice cyubuzima bwimyaka 521. Ibi bivuze ko nyuma yimyaka 521 kimwe cya kabiri cyingingo za nucleotide muri ADN zacitse. Nyuma yindi myaka 521 ibi nabyo byabaye kuri kimwe cya kabiri cyingingo zisigaye nibindi. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko niyo igufwa ryaba ryaruhutse mu bushyuhe bwiza, ingingo zose zaba zacitse bitarenze nyuma ya miliyoni 68. Ndetse na nyuma yumwaka umwe nigice, ADN iba idasomeka: hasigaye amakuru make cyane, kuko ibice byose byingenzi byashize.
Niba ADN ikiriho muri dinosaurs kandi igice cyubuzima bwiki kintu gipimwa mumyaka amagana gusa, hagomba gufatwa imyanzuro. Ibipimo bya ADN ntabwo byizewe, cyangwa ibitekerezo byerekeranye na dinosaur yabayeho miriyoni mirongo ishize ntabwo arukuri. Mubyukuri amahitamo ya nyuma nukuri, kuko ibindi bipimo nabyo bivuga igihe gito, ntabwo ari miriyoni yimyaka. Ubu ni siyansi ishingiye ku bipimo, kandi niba byanze rwose, tuba tuyobye.
GUSENYA DINOSAURS . Ku bijyanye no kurimbuka kwa dinozawusi, akenshi bikekwa ko byabayeho mumyaka miriyoni ishize, nyuma yigihe cya Cretaceous. Bikekwa ko ammonite, belemnite nandi moko y’ibimera n’inyamaswa nabyo byagize uruhare mu gusenya kimwe. Kurimbuka ngo byahanaguye igice kinini cyinyamaswa zo mugihe cya Cretace. Impamvu nyamukuru itera kurimbuka ubusanzwe yafatwaga nka meteorite, yazamuye igicu kinini cyumukungugu. Igicu cyumukungugu cyaba gitwikiriye urumuri rwizuba igihe kinini, mugihe ibimera byari gupfa kandi inyamaswa zirya ibimera nazo zicwa ninzara. Nyamara, inyigisho za meteorite hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bifite ikibazo kimwe: ntibisobanura ko habonetse ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima biri mu bitare bikomeye n’imisozi. Ibisigazwa bya Dinosaur biboneka mu bice bitandukanye by'isi imbere mu bitare bikomeye, bikaba bitangaje. Biratangaje, kuko nta nyamaswa nini - yenda metero 20 z'uburebure - irashobora kujya imbere mu rutare rukomeye. Igihe nacyo ntigifasha ibintu, kuko uramutse utegereje imyaka miriyoni kugirango inyamaswa ishyingurwe mu butaka kandi ikazimangana, yabora neza mbere yicyo gihe cyangwa izindi nyamaswa zikayirya. Mubyukuri, igihe cyose duhuye na dinosaur nibindi bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima, bigomba kuba byashyinguwe vuba munsi yicyondo. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima ntibishobora kuvuka mu bundi buryo:
Ikigaragara ni uko niba hashyizweho uburyo bwo kubitsa bwaba bwihuse ku buryo bwihuse, nta bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bishobora kubika, kubera ko bitari gushyingurwa mu myanda mbere yo kubora na acide y’amazi, cyangwa mbere yuko bisenywa bikabimenagura. ibice uko byakubiswe bikubita hepfo yinyanja idakabije. Bashobora gusa gupfukirana imyanda mu mpanuka, aho bashyinguwe giturumbuka. . _ _
Umwanzuro nuko izo dinosaurs ziboneka kwisi yose zigomba kuba zarashyinguwe vuba na bwangu. Icyondo cyoroheje cyazengurutse mbere hanyuma kigakomera cyane kimwe na sima. Gusa muri ubu buryo hashobora gusobanurwa inkomoko ya dinosaurs, mammoth hamwe n’ibindi binyabuzima by’inyamaswa. Mu Mwuzure, ibyo birashoboka rwose. Turareba ibisobanuro, bitanga igitekerezo gikwiye kuriyi. Irerekana dinosaur iboneka imbere yigitare gikomeye, byerekana ko igomba kuba yaratwikiriwe nicyondo cyoroshye. Icyondo noneho cyakomanze hafi yabo. Gusa mu Mwuzure, ariko ntabwo uri muburyo busanzwe bwa kamere, dushobora gutegereza ikintu nkicyo kibaho (ingingo ivuga kandi uburyo eddies yamazi yashoboraga kuba yarundanyije amagufwa ya dinosaur). Inyuguti zongewe kumyandiko nyuma kugirango byumvikane neza:
Yagiye mu butayu bwa Dakota y'Amajyepfo, ahari inkuta z'umutuku, umuhondo n'icunga rya orange n'amabuye. Mu minsi mike, yasanze amagufwa amwe mu rukuta rw'urutare , agereranya ko ari yo yari yiyemeje gushaka. Igihe yacukuraga urutare ruzengurutse amagufwa , yasanze amagufwa yari akurikije imiterere y’inyamaswa. Ntabwo bari mu kirundo nkamagufwa ya dinosaur akenshi aba. Ibirundo byinshi nkibi byasaga nkaho bikozwe numuyaga ukomeye wamazi. Noneho aya magufa yari mumabuye yubururu, arakomeye cyane . Ibuye ryumucanga ryagombaga gukurwaho nuwatsinze amanota hanyuma rikurwaho no guturika. Brown hamwe nabagenzi be bakoze urwobo hafi ya metero zirindwi nigice zubujyakuzimu kugirango amagufwa asohoke. Gukuraho skeleti nini yabatwaye impeshyi ebyiri. Ntabwo bakuyeho amagufwa ku ibuye. Bajyanye amabuye muri gari ya moshi bajya mu nzu ndangamurage, aho abahanga bashoboye gukuramo ibikoresho by'amabuye maze bashiraho skeleti. Uyu muserebanya w'igitugu ubu uhagaze muri salle yerekana inzu ndangamurage. (urup. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler na Harold G. Isanduku)
IBINDI BIMENYETSO BY'UMWUKA . Ikigaragara rero ni uko ibisigazwa bya dinosaur biboneka imbere mu bitare bikomeye, aho kubikuramo bigoye. Gusa ibishoboka uburyo binjiye muriyi leta nuko ibyondo byoroshye byahise bibakikiza hanyuma bigakomera mu rutare. Mubyabaye nkUmwuzure, ibi birashobora kuba byarabaye. Ariko, haravugwa inyamaswa nini nkiyi mumateka yabantu na nyuma yumwuzure, ntabwo bose bapfuye icyo gihe. Tuvuge iki ku bindi bimenyetso byerekana Umwuzure? Hano turagaragaza bike muri byo. Niki mubishushanyo mbonera bya geologiya bisobanurwa nimyaka miriyoni, cyangwa wenda ibiza byinshi, byose bishobora guterwa nicyago kimwe: Umwuzure. Irashobora gusobanura irimbuka rya dinosaur kimwe nibindi bintu byinshi bigaragara mu butaka. Kimwe mu bimenyetso bifatika byerekana Umwuzure ni urugero ko imyanda yo mu nyanja ikunze kugaragara ku isi yose, nkuko amagambo akurikira abigaragaza. Iya mbere mu bitekerezo yavuye mu gitabo cyanditswe na James Hutton, se wa geologiya, kuva mu myaka irenga 200 ishize:
Tugomba gufata umwanzuro ko ibice byose byisi (...) byakozwe numusenyi na kaburimbo byegeranije hejuru yinyanja, ibishishwa bya crustacean nibintu bya korali, ubutaka nibumba. (J. Hutton, Igitekerezo cy'isi l, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Ku mugabane, amabuye yo mu nyanja yo mu nyanja arasanzwe cyane kandi arakwirakwira kurusha andi mabuye yose yimitsi hamwe. Iki nikimwe mubintu byoroshye bisaba ibisobanuro, kuba intandaro yibintu byose bijyanye nimbaraga zumuntu zikomeje gusobanukirwa nuburinganire bwimiterere yimiterere ya geologiya. (8)
Ikindi kigaragaza Umwuzure ni amabuye y’amakara ku isi, azwiho kuba yaratewe n’amazi. Byongeye kandi, kuba hari ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja n’amafi byerekana ko kubitsa bidashobora guterwa no gutinda buhoro mu bishanga runaka. Ahubwo, ibisobanuro byiza nuko amazi yajyanye ibihingwa ahantu amakara yashinzwe. Amazi yaranduye ibiti n'ibiti, abirunda mu birunga binini, kandi azana inyamaswa zo mu nyanja mu bimera by'ubutaka. Ibi birashoboka gusa mubyago bikomeye, nkumwuzure uvugwa muri Bibiliya.
Iyo amashyamba yashyinguwe mu kajagari kubera impamvu runaka, hashyizweho ububiko bw'amakara. Umuco wimashini yacu ya none ushingiye kubice bimwe. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Munsi no hejuru yubutare bwamakara harahari, nkuko byavuzwe, ibice bisanzwe byamabuye yibumba, kandi uhereye kumiterere yabyo dushobora kubona ko byatandukanijwe mumazi. (9)
Ibimenyetso byerekana cyane ko amakara y’amabuye yakozwe vuba igihe amashyamba manini yangiritse, akayashyiramo hanyuma agahambwa vuba. Hariho ibice binini bya lignite i Yallourn, Victoria (Ositaraliya) birimo ibiti byinshi byinanasi - ibiti bidakura kubutaka bwigishanga. Gutondekanya, kubyibushye birimo ibice bigera kuri 50% byintanga nziza kandi bikwirakwijwe ahantu hanini byerekana neza ko ibice bya lignite byakozwe namazi. (10)
Byigishwa mumashuri ko karubone ikorwa buhoro buhoro kuva kuri peat, nubwo ntahantu na hamwe dushobora kugaragara ko ibi bibaho. Urebye ingano y’amakara, ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibihingwa, hamwe n’ibiti bigororotse bigororotse, bigaragara ko amakara y’amakara yakozwe n’ibiti binini bikurura ibimera, mu gihe cy’umwuzure munini cyane. Koridor zakozwe n’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja nazo ziboneka muri ibyo bimera by’ibimera. Ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa zo mu nyanja nazo zabonetse mu bubiko bw’amakara ("Inyandiko ivuga ku byabaye ku nyamaswa zo mu nyanja zisigaye mu mupira w’amakara wa Lancashire", Ikinyamakuru Geologiya, 118: 307.1981) ... Ibigega byinshi by’inyamaswa zo mu nyanja hamwe n’ibisigazwa bya Spirorbis , wabaga mu nyanja, ushobora no kuboneka mububiko bw'amakara.(Weir, J.. (11)
Prof. Igiciro cyerekana ibihe aho amakara y’amabuye 50-100 ari hejuru yandi kandi hagati yabo hari ibice birimo ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima biva mu nyanja. Abona iki kimenyetso gikomeye kandi cyemeza ko atigeze agerageza gusobanura ibi bintu ashingiye ku gitekerezo cya Lyell. (12)
Ikintu cya gatatu cyerekana Umwuzure ni ukubera ibisigazwa by’inyanja mu misozi miremire nka Himalaya, Alpes na Andes. Dore ingero zimwe ziva mubitabo 'abahanga na geologiya':
Igihe yagendaga kuri Beagle Darwin ubwe yasanze inyanja y’ibinyabuzima yaturutse hejuru cyane ku misozi ya Andean. Irerekana ko, icyahoze ari umusozi cyahoze munsi yamazi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio kuri totta [Impamvu ubwihindurize ari ukuri], p. 127)
Hariho impamvu yo kureba neza imiterere yumwimerere yigitare mumisozi. Biboneka neza muri Alpes, mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru, bita zone ya Helvetian. Limestone nigikoresho nyamukuru cyibuye. Iyo turebye urutare hano ahantu hahanamye cyangwa hejuru yumusozi - niba dufite imbaraga zo kuzamuka hariya - amaherezo tuzasangamo ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa byavumbuwe, ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa, muri byo. Akenshi byangiritse cyane ariko birashoboka kubona ibice byamenyekanye. Ibyo bisigazwa byose ni ibishishwa by'indimu cyangwa skeleti y'ibiremwa byo mu nyanja. Muri byo harimo ammonite-izengurutswe na ammonite, na cyane cyane clam-ebyiri zuzuye. (…) Umusomyi ashobora kwibaza muri iki gihe icyo bivuze ko imisozi miremire ifata imyanda myinshi, ishobora no kuboneka mu nsi yinyanja. (urup. 236.237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai wo muri kaminuza y’Ubuyapani i Kyushu amaze imyaka myinshi akora ubushakashatsi kuri ibyo bisigazwa by’amazi yo mu misozi ya Himalaya. We hamwe nitsinda rye bashyize ahagaragara aquarium yose kuva mugihe cya Mesozoic. Indabyo zo mu nyanja zoroshye, abavandimwe b'inyanja zo muri iki gihe hamwe n'inyenyeri zo mu nyanja, ziboneka mu rukuta rw'amabuye hejuru ya kilometero zirenga eshatu hejuru y'inyanja. Abamoni, belemnite, korali na plankton usanga ari ibisigarira mu bitare by'imisozi (…) Ku butumburuke bwa kilometero ebyiri, abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya babonye ibimenyetso byasizwe n'inyanja ubwayo. Ubuso bwacyo bumeze nkurutare ruhuye nuburyo buguma mu mucanga kuva kumuraba wamazi make. Ndetse no hejuru ya Everest, haboneka imirongo y'umuhondo ya hekeste, yavutse munsi y'amazi ava mu bisigazwa by'inyamaswa zitabarika zo mu nyanja. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", p. 55)
Ikimenyetso cya kane cyerekana Umwuzure ni inkuru z’umwuzure, ukurikije ibigereranyo bimwe, hari hafi 500 muri zo. Imiterere rusange yizi nkuru irashobora gufatwa nkibimenyetso byiza kuri iki gikorwa:
Imico igera kuri 500 - harimo n'abasangwabutaka bo mu Bugereki, Ubushinwa, Peru na Amerika y'Amajyaruguru - izwi ku isi aho imigani n'imigani isobanura inkuru ishimishije y'umwuzure munini wahinduye amateka y'umuryango. Mu nkuru nyinshi, abantu bake gusa ni bo barokotse umwuzure, kimwe na Nowa. Benshi mubantu babonaga ko umwuzure watewe nimana, kubwimpamvu imwe cyangwa izindi, barambiwe ubwoko bwabantu. Birashoboka ko abantu bari bononekaye, nko mu gihe cya Nowa no mu mugani w’umuryango wa kavukire w’Abanyamerika Hopi wo muri Amerika ya Ruguru, cyangwa se ahari hari abantu benshi cyane kandi basakuza cyane, nko mu gihe cya Gilgamesh. (13)
Niba Umwuzure ku isi utari uw'ukuri, ibihugu bimwe byari gusobanura ko guturika kwikirunga biteye ubwoba, imvura y'amahindu manini, amapfa (...) byatsembye abakurambere babo babi. Kuba isi yose ifite inkuru yumwuzure rero ni kimwe mu bimenyetso byiza byerekana ukuri kwayo. Turashobora gusezerera imwe muriyi migani nk'imigani ya buri muntu kandi tugatekereza ko ari ibitekerezo gusa, ariko hamwe, ukurikije isi yose, usanga ari impaka. (Isi)
Dinosaurs n'inyamabere . Iyo dusomye ibitabo byibinyabuzima nubuvanganzo bwubwihindurize, duhura kenshi nigitekerezo cyukuntu ubuzima bwose bwahindutse buva mu ngirabuzimafatizo yoroshye kugeza muburyo bugezweho. Ubwihindurize bwarimo ko amafi yagombaga guhinduka ibikeri, ibikeri bikururuka mu nyamaswa zikurura inyamaswa n’inyamabere. Nyamara, icy'ingenzi cyagaragaye ni uko amagufwa ya dinosaur yabonetse mu magufwa asa n'amafarashi, inka n'intama (Anderson, A., Ubukerarugendo bugwa muri tyrannosaurus, Kamere, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus ashobora kuba yarapfuye bucece nyuma ya byose, 1984 , Umuhanga mushya, 104, 9.), bityo dinosaurs ninyamabere bigomba kuba byarigeze kubaho icyarimwe. Amagambo akurikira yerekeza kuri kimwe. Ivuga uburyo Carl Werner yahisemo kugerageza ibitekerezo bya Darwin mubikorwa. Yakoze imyaka 14 yubushakashatsi kandi afata amafoto ibihumbi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko inyamaswa z’inyamabere n’inyoni zabayeho ku bwinshi kandi mu gihe kimwe na dinosaur:
Nta bumenyi bwihariye bwabayeho mbere y’ibinyabuzima byavutse, umuganga w’inkeragutabara w’umunyamerika Carl Werner yahisemo gushyira inyigisho ya Darwin mu kizamini gifatika… Yakoze ubushakashatsi bwimyaka 14 ku myanda y’ibinyabuzima bya dinosaurn'ubwoko bushoboka bushobora kuba bwarabanye nabo… Werner yamenyereye ubuvanganzo bwa paleontologiya kandi asura ingoro ndangamurage 60 z'amateka kamere ku isi, aho yafashe amafoto 60 000. Yibanze gusa ku myanda yacukuwe mu cyiciro kimwe, aho hashobora kuboneka ibisigazwa bya dinosaur (Triassic -, Jurassic -, na Cretaceous bihe byashize miliyoni 250-65 ishize). Yagereranije ibihumbi n’ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bishaje yasanze mu ngoro ndangamurage kandi abona mu bitabo n’ubwoko bwa none maze abaza impuguke nyinshi mu bijyanye na paleontologiya n’abandi banyamwuga. Igisubizo cye nuko inzu ndangamurage nubuvanganzo bushingiye kuri paleontologiya byerekanaga ibisigazwa bya buri bwoko bwibinyabuzima biriho ubu … Twabwiwe ko inyamaswa z’inyamabere zatangiye gukura buhoro buhoro mugihe cy '"igihe cyambere" cya dinosaur, ko inyamaswa z’inyamabere za mbere zari "ibiremwa bito bimeze nk'ibigoryi byabayeho byihishe kandi bigenda nijoro gusa kubera gutinya dinosaur." Mu buvanganzo bw'umwuga ariko, Werner yavumbuye raporo z’ibisimba, opossum, inzuki, primates na platypus zari zacukuwe mu byiciro bya dinosaur. Yavuze kandi ku gitabo cyasohowe mu 2004, ukurikije ibinyabuzima 432 by’inyamabere byavumbuwe muri Triassic -, Jurassic -, na Cretaceous, kandi hafi ijana muri byo ni skeleti yuzuye… Mu kiganiro cya videwo cya Werner, umuyobozi w’ingoro ndangamurage ya Utah, Dr Donald Burge, asobanura agira ati: “Twasanze ibisigazwa by’inyamabere mu bucukuzi bwa dinosaur hafi ya bwose. Dufite toni icumi z'ibumba rya bentonite ririmo ibisigazwa by'inyamabere, kandi turi muburyo bwo kubiha abandi bashakashatsi. Ntabwo ari ukubera ko tutari kubona ko ari ngombwa, ariko kubera ko ubuzima ari bugufi, kandi ntabwo ndi inzobere mu nyamaswa z’inyamabere: Ninzobere mu bikururanda na dinosaur ”. Paleontologue Zhe-Xi Luo (Inzu ndangamurage y’amateka Kamere ya Carnegie, Pittsburgh) mu kiganiro yagiranye na videwo ya Werner muri Gicurasi 2004, yagize ati: “Ijambo 'ibihe bya dinosaur' ni bibi. Inyamaswa z’inyamabere zigize itsinda rikomeye ryabanaga na dinosaur kandi naryo rikarokoka ”. (Ibi bitekerezo biva mu gitabo: Werner C. Ibinyabuzima bizima, p. 172–173). (14)
Ukurikije ibisigazwa by’ibimera, ijambo dinosaur rero rirayobya. Inyamaswa z’inyamabere zisanzwe zabayeho mugihe kimwe na dinosaur, ni ukuvuga byibuze amoko 432 y’inyamabere. Tuvuge iki ku nyoni zitekereza ko zahindutse ziva muri dinosaur? Basanze kandi murwego rumwe hamwe na dinosaurs. Ubu ni ubwoko bumwe nkubu: inyenzi, penguin, igihunyira cya kagoma, sandpiper, albatros, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet ... Dr Werner yavuze ko "" Ingoro ndangamurage zitagaragaza ibyo binyabuzima by’inyoni zo muri iki gihe , cyangwa ngo ubashushanye mumashusho yerekana ibidukikije bya dinosaur. Nibeshya. Ahanini, igihe cyose T. Rex cyangwa Triceratops yerekanwe mumurikagurisha ndangamurage, inkongoro, udusimba, flamingos, cyangwa zimwe murizindi nyoni zigezweho zabonetse mubice bimwe na dinosaur nazo zigomba kwerekanwa. Ariko ibyo ntibibaho. Sinigeze mbona inkongoro ifite dinosaur mungoro ndangamurage yamateka karemano, ufite? Igihunyira? Agasimba? ”
Dinosaurs n'abantu . Mu nyigisho y'ubwihindurize, ntibishoboka ko umuntu yabayeho ku isi hakiri kare ya dinosaur. Ntabwo byemewe, nubwo bizwi ko izindi nyamaswa z’inyamabere zagaragaye icyarimwe na dinosaur, ndetse n’ubwo ubundi buvumbuzi bwerekana ko abantu bari bakwiye kugaragara imbere ya dinosaur (ibintu n’ibisigazwa by’abantu biri mu bubiko bw’amakara nibindi). Ariko, hari ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ko dinosaurs nabantu babayeho icyarimwe. Ingero ibisobanuro byikiyoka ni nkibyo. Mu bihe byashize, abantu bavugaga ibiyoka, ariko ntibivuga kuri dinosaur, izina ryayo ryahimbwe na Richard Owen mu kinyejana cya 19 gusa.
Storie s. Ikimenyetso kimwe cyerekana ko dinosaurs yabayeho mubihe byashize ninkuru nyinshi nibisobanuro byinzoka nini nudusimba tuguruka. Kera ibyo bisobanuro birashaje, nukuri. Ibi bisobanuro, bishobora kuba bishingiye ku makuru ya kera yo kwibuka, murashobora kubisanga mubantu benshi batandukanye, kuburyo bavugwa urugero nko mucyongereza, Irilande, Danemarke, Noruveje, Ikidage, Ikigereki, Abaroma, Abanyamisiri na Babiloni. Amagambo akurikira avuga kubyerekeye ubwinshi bwikigereranyo.
Ibiyoka mu migani, biratangaje bihagije, kimwe ninyamaswa nyazo zabayeho kera. Basa n'ibikururuka binini (dinosaurs) byategekaga igihugu kera cyane ko umuntu atagaragara. Ibiyoka byafatwaga nkibibi kandi byangiza. Buri gihugu cyabavuzeho mu migani yabo. ( Igitabo cyitwa World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)
Kuva amateka yatangira kwandikwa, ibiyoka byagaragaye ahantu hose: mu nkuru za mbere za Ashuri na Babiloni zivuga ku iterambere ry’imico, mu mateka y'Abayahudi yo mu Isezerano rya Kera, mu nyandiko za kera z'Ubushinwa n'Ubuyapani, mu migani y'Abagereki, Roma n'abakristu ba mbere, mu mvugo ngereranyo ya Amerika ya kera, mu migani ya Afurika n'Ubuhinde. Biragoye kubona societe itashyizemo ibiyoka mu mateka yayo ya mugani… Aristote, Pliny n'abandi banditsi bo mu bihe bya kera bavuze ko inkuru z'ikiyoka zishingiye ku kuri kandi ko atari ibitekerezo. (15)
Umuhanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya wo muri Finilande Pentti Eskola yamaze kuvuga mu myaka mirongo ishize mu gitabo cye Muuttuva maa uburyo amashusho y’inzoka asa na dinosaur:
Ubwoko butandukanye bwinyamanswa zimeze nkibisimba bisa nkibidusekeje kuko inyinshi murizo zisa - muburyo bwa kure kandi akenshi busa na karikatire - inyamaswa z’inyamabere zigezweho zibaho mubihe bisa. Nyamara, dinosaur nyinshi zari zitandukanye cyane nubuzima bwa kijyambere kuburyo ibigereranyo byegeranye ushobora kubisanga mugushushanya ibiyoka mumigani. Igitangaje cyane, abanditsi b'imigani ntibari barigeze biga petrifaction cyangwa ngo babimenye. (16)
Urugero rwiza rwuburyo dinosaurs ishobora kuba yarabaye dragon ni kalendari yukwezi kwabashinwa na horoscope, izwiho kuba imaze ibinyejana byinshi. Iyo rero zodiac yo mu Bushinwa ishingiye ku bimenyetso 12 by'inyamaswa bisubiramo mu myaka 12, hari inyamaswa 12 zirimo. 11 muri bo bamenyereye no muri iki gihe: imbeba, impfizi, ingwe, urukwavu, inzoka, ifarashi, intama, inkende, isake, imbwa n'ingurube.Ahubwo, inyamaswa ya 12 ni ikiyoka, kitabaho muri iki gihe. Ikibazo cyiza nuko niba inyamanswa 11 zabaye inyamanswa nyazo, kuki ikiyoka cyaba kidasanzwe kandi nikiremwa cy imigani? Ntabwo bihuje n'ubwenge gutekereza ko yigeze kubaho mugihe kimwe n'abantu, ariko ikaba yarazimye nkizindi nyamaswa zitabarika? Nibyiza kongera kwibuka ko ijambo dinosaur ryahimbwe gusa mu kinyejana cya 19 na Richard Owen. Mbere yibyo, izina ikiyoka ryakoreshejwe mu binyejana byinshi:
Byongeye kandi, ibi bikurikira bishobora kuvugwa:
Igishimishije, mu rusengero rumaze imyaka 800 mu mashyamba ya Kamboje, habonetse igishusho gisa na stegosaurus. Nubwoko bwa dinosaur. (Kuva mu rusengero rwa Ta Prohm. Maier, C., Ibiremwa Byiza bya Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 Gashyantare 2006.)
• Mu Bushinwa, ibisobanuro n'inkuru zerekeye ibiyoka birasanzwe cyane; ibihumbi muri bo birazwi. Bavuga uburyo ibiyoka bitera amagi, uko amwe muri yo yari afite amababa nuburyo umunzani wabitwikiriye. Inkuru y'Ubushinwa ivuga umugabo witwa Yu wahuye n'ikiyoka mugihe yarimo avoma igishanga. Ibi byabaye nyuma yumwuzure ukomeye ku isi. Mu Bushinwa, amagufwa ya dinosaur yakoreshejwe mu binyejana byinshi nk'imiti gakondo hamwe na poultices yo gutwika. Izina ry'igishinwa rya dinosaurs (kong ndende) risobanura gusa "amagufwa y'ikiyoka" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs yongeye kuvumburwa p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Abashinwa bavuga kandi ko bakoresheje ibiyoka nk'amatungo no mu birori by'ubwami (Molen G, vidunder ya Forntidens, Itangiriro 4, 1990, p. 23-26.)
• Abanyamisiri bagaragaje ikiyoka cya Apophis nkumwanzi wumwami Re. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibisobanuro by'inzoka bikwirakwizwa mu bitabo bya Babiloni. Biravugwa ko Gilgamesh yishe igisato, ikiremwa kinini kimeze nk'ibikururuka, mu ishyamba ry'amasederi. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, umuzingo wa 10, p. 359)
• Umugereki Apollo bivugwa ko yishe ikiyoka cya Python ku isoko ya Delfin. Icyamamare mu bicanyi ba kera b'Abagereki n'Abaroma ni umuntu witwa Perseus.
• Ibisobanuro byanditswe mubisigo kuva 500-600 nyuma ya Yesu. ivuga amateka yumugabo wintwari witwa Beowulf, washinzwe gukuraho inzitizi za Danimarike n'ibisimba biguruka ndetse n’amazi. Igikorwa cye cyintwari kwica igisimba cya Grendel. Iyi nyamaswa bavugaga ko yari ifite amaguru manini yinyuma nintoki ntoya, yashoboye kwihanganira inkota, kandi yari nini kuruta umuntu. Yimutse ihagaritse vuba cyane.
• Umwanditsi w'Abaroma Lucanus yavuze kandi kubyerekeye ibiyoka. Yerekeje ijambo rye ku kiyoka cyo muri Etiyopiya: “Wowe cya kiyoka cya shitingi cya zahabu, utuma ikirere kizamuka kandi ukica ibimasa binini.
• Ibisobanuro by’inzoka ziguruka muri Arabiya na Herodotos yo mu Bugereki (nko mu 484-425 mbere ya Yesu) byarazigamwe. Asobanura neza pterosaurs zimwe. ( Rein , E ..
• Pliny yavuze (Amateka Kamere) mu kinyejana cya mbere mbere ya Yesu uko igisato "kiri mu ntambara ihoraho n'inzovu, kandi nacyo ubwacyo ni kinini cyane ku buryo gifunga inzovu mu bubiko bwayo ikayizingira mu gikona cyayo."
• Inkoranyamagambo ya kera ya Encyclopedia Animalium ivuga ko mu myaka ya za 1500 hakiriho "ibiyoka", ariko ko byagabanutse cyane mubunini kandi ntibisanzwe.
• Amateka y’icyongereza kuva mu 1405 yerekeza ku kiyoka: "Hafi y’umujyi wa Bures, hafi ya Sudbury, mu minsi ishize habonetse igisato cyangije cyane icyaro. Gifite ubunini bunini, gifite igitereko hejuru. hejuru y'umutwe wacyo, amenyo yayo ameze nk'icyuma, umurizo wacyo ni muremure cyane. Amaze kwica umwungeri w'umukumbi, yariye intama nyinshi mu kanwa. " .
• Mu kinyejana cya 16, umuhanga mu Butaliyani Ulysses Aldrovanus yasobanuye neza igisato gito muri kimwe mu bitabo yanditse. Edward Topsell yanditse nko mu 1608: “Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bw'ikiyoka. Ubwoko butandukanye butandukanijwe bushingiye ku gice cy’igihugu cyabo, igice gishingiye ku bunini bwacyo, igice gishingiye ku bimenyetso byabo bitandukanye. "
• Ibirango bya Dragon byari bisanzwe mubisirikare byinshi. Yakoreshejwe urugero nk'abami b'Abaroma bo mu Burasirazuba n'abami b'Abongereza (Uther Pendragon, se w'umwami Arthur, Richard I mu ntambara yo mu 1191 na Henry wa III mu ntambara yarwanye na Welsh mu 1245) ndetse no mu Bushinwa, ikiyoka cyari ikimenyetso cy'igihugu muri ikirango cyumuryango wibwami.
• Dinosaurs hamwe na dragon ni igice cyimigenzo yamahanga menshi. Usibye Ubushinwa, ibi byakunze kugaragara mu bihugu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo.
• Johannes Damascene, uwanyuma mu ba Padiri b'Itorero ry'Abagereki, wavutse mu 676 nyuma ya Yesu, asobanura ibiyoka (Imirimo ya Mutagatifu Yohani Damascene, Inzu y'Ubwanditsi ya Martis, Moscou, 1997) mu buryo bukurikira:
Umuroma Dio Cassius (155–236 nyuma ya Yesu), wanditse amateka y’Ingoma y’Abaroma na Repubulika, agaragaza imirwano ya konseye w’Abaroma Regulus i Carthage. Ikiyoka cyiciwe ku rugamba. Ryari uruhu kandi uruhu rwoherejwe muri Sena. Bitegetswe na Sena, uruhu rwapimwe kandi rufite uburebure bwa metero 120 (metero 37). Uruhu rwabitswe mu rusengero rwo ku misozi ya Roma kugeza mu mwaka wa 133 mbere ya Yesu, igihe rwaburaga igihe Abaselite bigaruriraga Roma. (Pliniyo, Amateka Kamere . Igitabo cya 8, Igice cya 14. Pliniyo ubwe avuga ko yabonye igikombe kivugwa i Roma). (17) • Igishushanyo. Igishushanyo, ibishushanyo n’ibishushanyo by’ibiyoka nabyo byarazigamwe, bisa nkaho bisa muburyo budasanzwe ku isi. Baboneka mu mico n'amadini hafi ya yose, nkuko inkuru zerekeye ari rusange. Amashusho yikiyoka yanditseho urugero ingabo za gisirikare (Sutton Hoo) n'imitako y'urukuta rw'itorero (urugero SS Mary na Hardulph, Ubwongereza). Usibye ibimasa n'intare, ibiyoka byerekanwe ku Irembo rya Ishtar ry'umujyi wa kera wa Babiloni. Ikidodo cyambere cya Mesopotamiya cyerekana ibiyoka byizirika hamwe umurizo hafi igihe cyose amajosi yabo (Moortgat, A., Ubuhanzi bwa Mesopotamiya ya kera, Itangazamakuru rya Phaidon, London 1969, p. 1,9,10 na Plate A.) . Amashusho menshi yikiyoka-dinosaur arashobora kuboneka, urugero kuri www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Igishimishije, hariho ibishushanyo by'izi nyamaswa ndetse no ku nkuta z'ubuvumo na kanyoni. Ubu buvumbuzi bwakozwe byibuze muri Arizona no mu gace kahoze ari Rodeya (Wysong. RL, Impaka zo Kurema-Ubwihindurize, p. 378.380). Kurugero, muri Arizona mumwaka wa 1924, mugihe wasuzumaga urukuta rurerure rwimisozi, byavumbuwe ko amashusho yinyamaswa zitandukanye zanditsweho ibuye, urugero rwinzovu nimpongo zo mumisozi, ariko kandi nishusho isobanutse ya dinosaur (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, 1957, p. 91). Abahinde b'Abamaya kandi barinze igishusho cy'ubutabazi hamwe n'inyoni isa na Archeopteryx, ni ukuvuga inyoni y'inzoka (18) . Ukurikije ubwihindurize, yagombye kuba yarabayeho kimwe na dinosaur. Ibimenyetso byabitswe kandi ibisimba biguruka, amababa yabyo yashoboraga kuba metero makumyabiri, kandi bikekwa ko byapfuye miriyoni mirongo ishize. Ibisobanuro bikurikira birabareba nuburyo inyamaswa iguruka isa na Pterosaur ishushanya mububumbyi:
Ikinini kinini mu bisimba biguruka ni pterosaur ifite amababa ashobora kuba arenga metero 17. . _ _ _ Yasubiyemo umushakashatsi A. Hyatt Verrill, wari warabonye ububumbyi bwa Peru. Ibikoresho by'ibumba byerekana pterosaur isa na pterodactyl. Verrill atekereza ko abahanzi bakoresheje ibisigazwa byabo nk'icyitegererezo cyabo bakandika:
Mu binyejana byashize, ibisobanuro nyabyo ndetse n'ibishushanyo mbonera bya pterodactyl byahinduwe kuva ku gisekuru kugera mu kindi, kubera ko abakurambere b'abaturage ba Cocle babaga mu gihugu cyari gisigaranye ibisigazwa bya pterosaurs.
Nanone, Abahinde bo muri Amerika ya Ruguru bari bamenyereye inkuba, izina ryabo ryatijwe imodoka. (19)
Muri Bibiliya , Behemoti na Leviathan bavuzwe mu gitabo cya Yobu basa naho bavuga dinosaur. Ivuga kuri behemoth ko umurizo we umeze nkigiti cyamasederi, ko imitsi yibibero bye bifatanye cyane kandi amagufwa ameze nkibyuma. Ibi bisobanuro bihuye neza na dinosaur zimwe na zimwe, nka sauropods, zishobora gukura kugera kuri metero zirenga 20 z'uburebure. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, aho Behemoti yari iri mu bwihisho bw'urubingo, n'uruzitiro ruhuza dinosaur, kubera ko benshi muri bo babaga hafi y'inyanja. Naho umurizo umeze nk'amasederi Behemoti yimuka, birashimishije ko muri iki gihe nta nyamaswa nini izwiho kugira umurizo nk'uwo. Umurizo wa dinosaur y'ibyatsi byashoboraga kuba bifite metero 10-15 z'uburebure na toni 1-2, kandi inyamaswa zisa nazo ntizwi muri iki gihe. Bimwe mu bisobanuro bya Bibiliya bisobanura Behemoti nka hippopotamus (na Leviathan nk'ingona), ariko ibisobanuro umurizo umeze nk'amasederi ntabwo bihuye na hippopotam mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose. Igitekerezo kimwe gishimishije kuriyi ngingo murashobora kugisanga kubumenyi bwa nyakwigendera wibinyabuzima witwa Stephen Jay Gould, wari umuhakanamana wa Marxiste. Yavuze ko iyo igitabo cya Yobu kivuga kuri Behemoti, inyamaswa yonyine ihuye n'ibi bisobanuro ni dinosaur (Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Nk’ubwihindurize, yizeraga ko uwanditse igitabo cya Yobu agomba kuba yarakuye ubumenyi bwe ku bisigazwa byabonetse. Ariko, iki kimwe mubitabo bya kera muri Bibiliya bivuga neza inyamaswa nzima (Yobu 40:15: Dore behemoti, nayikoranye nawe…).
- (Yobu 40: 15-23) Dore noneho behemoti , nayikoranye nawe; arya ibyatsi nk'inka. 16 Reba noneho, imbaraga ze ziri mu rukenyerero, n'imbaraga ze ziri mu nda. 17 Azunguza umurizo nk'amasederi : Udusimba twibibero bye turahambiriye . 18 Amagufwa ye ameze nk'imiringa ikomeye ; amagufwa ye ameze nk'ibyuma. 19 Ni umutware w'inzira z'Imana: uwamuremye ashobora gukora inkota ye kugira ngo amwegere. 20 Ni ukuri imisozi imuzanira ibiryo, aho inyamaswa zose zo mu gasozi zikinira. 21 Aryamye munsi y'ibiti bitwikiriye, mu bwihisho bw'urubingo, no ku kiraro . 22 Ibiti by'igicucu bimupfuka igicucu cyabyo; igishanga cyumugezi kimuzengurutse. 23 Dore anywa uruzi , ntiyihutira: yizeye ko ashobora gukura Yorodani mu kanwa.
Leviathan nikindi kiremwa gishimishije kivugwa mu gitabo cya Yobu. Iki kiremwa ngo ni umwami winyamaswa kandi hasobanurwa uburyo urumuri ruva mu kanwa. . Birashoboka ko inkuru nyinshi zerekeye ibiyoka bishobora guhuha umuriro mumunwa bikomoka kuriyi. Bimwe mu bisobanuro bya Bibiliya byahinduye Leviathan nk'ingona, ariko ninde wabonye ingona ituma usenyuka ukibonye, kandi ni nde ushobora kubona icyuma nk'ibyatsi, n'umuringa nk'ibiti biboze, kandi ni nde umwami w'inyamaswa zose zikomeye? Mubishoboka byose, ninyamaswa yazimye itakibaho, ariko yari izwi mugihe cya Yobu. Igitabo cya Yobu kivuga ibi bikurikira:
- (Yobu 41: 1,2,9,13-34) Urashobora gushushanya leviathan ukoresheje indobo? cyangwa ururimi rwe n'umugozi ureka? 2 Urashobora gushira ikizuru mumazuru ye? cyangwa yabyaye urwasaya akoresheje ihwa? 9 Dore ibyiringiro bye ni impfabusa: nta n'umwe uzajugunywa nubwo amubonye ? Ni nde ushobora kuvumbura isura y'imyenda ye? cyangwa ninde ushobora kumusanga afite ijosi rye kabiri? Ni nde ushobora gukingura imiryango ye? amenyo ye ateye ubwoba hirya no hino . Umunzani we ni ubwibone bwe, ufunzwe hamwe na kashe ya hafi . 16 Umwe yegereye undi, ku buryo nta mwuka ushobora kuza hagati yabo. 17 Bahujwe hamwe, barafatana, ku buryo badashobora kurengerwa. 18 Mu kwifuza kwe, umucyo urabagirana, kandi amaso ye ameze nk'amaso yo mu gitondo. 19 Mu kanwa kayo hasohoka amatara yaka, maze umuriro ugurumana . 20 Mu mazuru ye hasohoka umwotsi, nko mu nkono cyangwa kode. Umwuka we ucana amakara, n'umuriro uva mu kanwa . 22 Mu ijosi rye hagumaho imbaraga, umubabaro uhinduka umunezero imbere ye. 23 Ibice by'umubiri we byahujwe: birakomeye muri bo; ntibishobora kwimurwa. 24 Umutima we urakomeye nk'ibuye; yego, nkibikomeye nkigice cyurusyo rwa nether. 25 Iyo yihagurukiye, abanyembaraga bagira ubwoba: kubera kumeneka barisukura. 26 Inkota yo kumurambika ntishobora gufata: icumu, umuheto, cyangwa habergeon. 27 Afata ibyuma nk'ibyatsi, n'umuringa nk'ibiti biboze. 28 Umwambi ntushobora gutuma ahunga: amabuye ya shitingi ahindurwa na we mu byatsi. 29 Darts ibarwa nk'ibyatsi: aseka kunyeganyeza icumu. 30 Amabuye atyaye ari munsi ye: akwirakwiza ibintu bityaye ku cyondo. 31 Akora ikuzimu kugira ngo ateke nk'inkono: akora inyanja nk'inkono y'amavuta. 32 Akora inzira yo kumurika inyuma ye; umuntu yakwibwira ko ikuzimu ari hoary. 33 Kw'isi ntameze nka we, wakozwe nta bwoba. 34 Ireba ibintu byose byo hejuru, ni umwami ku bana b'ubwibone bose .
Tuvuge iki kuri Bibiliya isobanura ibiyoka? Bibiliya yuzuyemo imvugo ngereranyo yerekana inuma, impyisi iteye ubwoba, inzoka z'amayeri, intama, n'ihene, inyamaswa zose ziboneka muri kamere muri iki gihe. Ni ukubera iki ikiyoka kivugwa inshuro nyinshi mu Isezerano rya Kera n'Isezerano Rishya, no mu bitabo bya kera, cyaba kidasanzwe? Iyo Itangiriro (1:21) rivuga uburyo Imana yaremye inyamaswa nini zo mu nyanja, ibikoko byo mu nyanja (verisiyo ivuguruye) (Itang 1:21 Kandi Imana yaremye inyanja nini, n'ibinyabuzima byose bigenda, amazi yabyaye menshi, nyuma yabyo ubwoko, n'ibiguruka byose bifite amababa nyuma yubwoko bwe: kandi Imana yabonye ko ari byiza.) , ururimi rwumwimerere rukoresha ijambo rimwe "tannin", rigereranya n'ikiyoka ahandi muri Bibiliya. Imirongo ikurikira, kurugero, yerekeza kuri dragon:
- (Yobu 30:29) Ndi umuvandimwe w'ikiyoka , kandi ndi inshuti y'ibisiga.
- (Zab 44:19) Nubwo wadukomerekeje mu mwanya w'ikiyoka , ukadupfukirana igicucu cy'urupfu.
- (Yesaya 35: 7) Kandi ubutaka bwumutse buzahinduka ikidendezi, nubutaka bwinyota butemba bwamazi: mubutayu bwinzoka , aho buri wese aryamye, hazaba ibyatsi bifite urubingo nigihuru.
- (Isa 43:20) Inyamaswa yo mu gasozi izanyubaha, ibiyoka n'ibihunyira: kuko ntanga amazi mu butayu, n'inzuzi zo mu butayu, kugira ngo nywe ubwoko bwanjye, abo natoranije.
- (Yer 14: 6) Indogobe zo mu gasozi zahagaze ahantu hirengeye, zifata umuyaga nk'ikiyoka ; amaso yabo yarananiranye, kuko nta byatsi byari bihari.
- (Yer 49:33) Kandi Hazor azaba ubuturo bw'inzoka , kandi hazaba ubutayu iteka ryose: nta muntu uzagumayo, nta n'umwana w'umuntu uzayibamo.
- (Mika 1: 8) Ni cyo gituma nzaboroga ndaboroga, nzambura ubusa kandi nambaye ubusa: Nzaboroga nk'ikiyoka , kandi ndarira nk'ibihunyira.
- (Mal 1: 3) Nanga Esawu, nshyira imisozi ye hamwe n'umurage we ibisigisigi byo mu butayu.
- (Zab 104: 26) Ngaho genda amato: hariho leviathan, uwo wakoze kuyikinamo.
- (Yobu 7:12) Ndi inyanja, cyangwa baleine , ngo unshireho? (verisiyo ivuguruye: monster yo mu nyanja, mu giheburayo tannin, bisobanura ikiyoka)
- (Yobu 26: 12,13) Yagabanyije inyanja n'imbaraga zayo, kandi kubwubwenge bwe akubita abibone. 13 Umwuka we yarimbishije ijuru, ukuboko kwe kurema inzoka igoramye.
- (Zab 74: 13,14) Wagabanije inyanja n'imbaraga zawe: wavunnye imitwe y'ikiyoka mumazi . 14 Wamenaguye imitwe ya leviathan , ukamuha inyama kubantu batuye mu butayu.
- (Zab 91:13) Uzakandagira intare niyongerera: intare ikiri nto n'ikiyoka uzakandagira munsi y'ibirenge.
- . _ indogobe, n'ubutunzi bwabo ku ngamiya z'ingamiya, ku bantu batazabagirira akamaro.
- (De 32: 32,33) Kuko umuzabibu wabo ari uw'umuzabibu wa Sodomu, no mu murima wa Gomora: inzabibu zabo ni inzabibu za gall, amatsinda yazo arasharira: 33 Umuvinyu wabo ni uburozi bw'inzoka , n'uburozi bw'ubugome bwa asps.
- (Neh 2:13) Nijoro nsohoka njya ku irembo ry'ikibaya, ndetse na mbere y'iriba ry'ikiyoka , no ku cyambu cy'amase, ndeba inkuta za Yeruzalemu zasenyutse, amarembo yayo ararimburwa. n'umuriro.
- (Yesaya 51: 9) Kanguka, kanguka, komera, yewe kuboko k'Uwiteka; kanguka, nko mu bihe bya kera, mu bisekuru bya kera. Nturi uwaciye Rahabu, akomeretsa igisato?
- (Yesaya 27: 1) Kuri uwo munsi, Uwiteka akoresheje inkota ye nini n'inkota nini kandi ikomeye, azahana leviathan inzoka itobora, ndetse na leviatani inzoka yagoramye; Azica igisato kiri mu nyanja.
. _ _ hanze.
Apocrypha yo mu Isezerano rya Kera n'inzoka . Tuvuge iki kuri Apocrypha yo mu Isezerano rya Kera? Nabo, zirimo ibintu byinshi byavuzwe na cya kiyoka, cyagaragaraga nkinyamaswa nyazo, aho kuba ibiremwa byimpimbano. Umwanditsi w'igitabo cya Siraki yanditse uburyo yahitamo kubana n'intare n'ikiyoka, kuruta kubana n'umugore we mubi. Inyongera mu gitabo cya Esiteri zivuga ku nzozi za Moridekayi (Moridekayi wa Bibiliya), igihe yabonaga ibiyoka bibiri binini. Daniyeli kandi yahuye n'ikiyoka kinini, cyasengwaga n'Abanyababuloni. Ibi birerekana uburyo aya matungo ashobora kuba yarakuze cyane.
- (Siraki 25: 16) Nahisemo kubana n'intare n'ikiyoka, kuruta kubana n'umugore mubi .
- (Ubwenge bwa Salomoni 16:10) Ariko abahungu banyu ntabwo amenyo yinzoka zifite ubumara zatsinze, kuko imbabazi zanyu zahoranye nabo, zikabakiza.
- (Siraki 43:25) Kuberako muriyo harimo imirimo idasanzwe kandi itangaje, ubwoko butandukanye bwinyamaswa ninyamanswa yaremye.
- (Inyongera kuri Esiteri 1: 1,4,5,6) Moridekayi, Umuyahudi wo mu muryango wa Benyamini, yajyanywe mu bunyage, hamwe n'umwami Yehoyakini w'u Buyuda, igihe umwami Nebukadinezari wa Babiloniya yigarurira Yeruzalemu. Moridekayi yari umuhungu wa Yayiri, ukomoka kuri Kishi na Shimei. 4 Yarose ko urusaku rwinshi n'urujijo, inkuba zikomeye, n'umutingito, hamwe n'imivurungano ikomeye ku isi. 5 Hanyuma haza ibiyoka bibiri binini, biteguye kurwana . 6 Bavuza urusaku ruteye ubwoba , maze amahanga yose yitegura kurwanya ubwoko bw'Imana bw'abakiranutsi.
- . _ 24 Umwami abwira Daniyeli ati: "Urashaka kuvuga ko ibyo ari iby'umuringa?" dore ari muzima, ararya akanywa ; ntushobora kuvuga ko atari imana nzima: nuko umusenge. 25 Daniyeli abwira umwami ati: "Nzasenga Uwiteka Imana yanjye, kuko ari Imana nzima." 26 Ariko mwami, mpa, ndica iyi kiyoka nta nkota cyangwa inkoni. Umwami ati: Ndaguhaye ikiruhuko. 27 Daniyeli afata ikibanza, ibinure n'umusatsi, abishyira hamwe, abikora ibibyimba, abishyira mu kanwa k'ikiyoka, nuko cya kiyoka kiracika intege, Daniyeli ati: “Dore izo ni imana mwebwe. kuramya. 28 Babuloni bumvise ibyo, bararakara cyane, bagambanira umwami bavuga bati: “Umwami yabaye Umuyahudi, kandi yarimbuye Bel, yica igisato, yica abatambyi. 29 Nuko begera umwami, baravuga bati: “Dukize Daniyeli, bitabaye ibyo tuzagusenya n'inzu yawe.” 30 Umwami abonye ko bamuteye umubabaro, abuzwa amahwemo, abashyikiriza Daniyeli:
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ 20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Amamiliyoni yimyaka / dinosaurs /
ubwihindurize bwabantu? |
