Incazelo evamile yemvelo yokuqala kwendawo yonke ukuthi yazalwa ngeBig Bang isuka engenalutho, okungukuthi indawo lapho kwakungekho lutho. Ngaphambi kwalokho sasingekho isikhathi, indawo namandla. Lolu daba luchazwa kahle ngamagama ezincwadi ezinjengethi Tyhjästä syntynyt (Wazalelwa Engenalutho) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) noma A Universe from Nothing (Lawrence M. Krauss). Lesisho esilandelayo siphinde sibhekisele entweni efanayo:

Ekuqaleni kwakungekho lutho. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukukuqonda... Ngaphambi kweBig Bang, kwakungekho ngisho nesikhala esingenalutho. Indawo nesikhathi namandla nezinto zadalwa kulokhu kuqhuma. Kwakungekho lutho "ngaphandle" kwendawo yonke ukuqhuma. Lapho izalwa futhi iqala ukwanda kwayo okukhulu, indawo yonke yayiqukethe yonke into, kuhlanganise nayo yonke indawo engenalutho. (Jim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Origin of life, pp. 9-11)

Ngokufanayo, iWikipedia ichaza iBig Bang. Ngokusho kwayo, ekuqaleni kwakukhona isikhala esishisayo nesiminyene kwaze kwaba yilapho kwenzeka iBig Bang nendawo yonke yaqala ukwanda:

Ngokwalo mbono, indawo yonke yavela esimweni esiminyene kakhulu nesishisa kakhulu eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.8 edlule kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Big Bang futhi ibilokhu ikhula njalo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa ingabe i-Big Bang nokuzalwa kwezindikimba zasezulwini ngokwako kuyiqiniso? Kulolu daba, kufanelekile ukunaka amaphuzu alandelayo:

Okungekho akukwazi ukuba nanoma yiziphi izakhiwo futhi akukho okungavela kuyo . Ukuphikisana kokuqala kungatholakala ezingcaphunweni ezedlule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthiwa yonke into yaqala ngokungenalutho, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthiwa isimo sokuqala sasishisa kakhulu futhi siminyene.

    Kodwa-ke, uma kwakungekho lutho ekuqaleni, isimo esinjalo asikwazi ukuba nanoma yiziphi izakhiwo. Okungenani ngeke kushise futhi kuminyene ngoba akukho. Ukungabi khona akukwazi ukuba nezinye izakhiwo ngoba nje akukho.

    Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sicabanga ukuthi into engekho yazishintsha yaba yisimo esiminyene futhi esishisayo, noma ukuthi indawo yonke yamanje yazalwa kuyo, lokho nakho kuyinto engenakwenzeka. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngokwezibalo ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuthatha noma yini kokuze. Uma uziro ehlukaniswa nganoma iyiphi inombolo, umphumela uhlala uziro. UDavid Berlinski, uthathe isinqumo ngale ndaba: 

"Akusizi ukuphikisa ukuthi into ethile ivela ngaphandle kweze, lapho noma yisiphi isazi sezibalo esinikezwe siqonda ukuthi lokhu kuwumbhedo ophelele" ( Ron Rosenbaum: "Ingabe Ukuqhuma Okukhulu Kuyinkohliso Enkulu? UDavid Berlinski Ubekela Wonke Umuntu Inselele." I-New York Observer 7.7 .1998)

Uma amandla ayengekho, akukho okwakungaqhuma . Isicaphuna sangaphambili sithe kwakungekho amandla ekuqaleni, futhi kwakungekho lutho.

    Kukhona okunye ukuphikisana lapha, ngoba umthetho wokuqala jikelele we-thermodynamics uthi, "Amandla angeke adalwe noma abhujiswe, ashintshwe kuphela kusuka kwesinye isimo kuya kwesinye."

     Ngamanye amazwi, uma amandla ayengekho ekuqaleni, amandla avelaphi ngoba ngokwawo awakwazi ukuvela? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntuleka kwamandla kuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuqhuma. Ukuqhuma kwakungeke kwenzeke.

Uma isimo sokuqala besiminyene kakhulu, asikwazi ukuqhuma . Amazwi acashuniwe ngaphambili ayebhekisele embonweni wokuthi yonke into yavela esimweni esiminyene kakhulu nesishisa kakhulu, isimo lapho yonke into yendawo yonke yayigcwele endaweni encane ngokwedlulele. Kuye kwafaniswa nokuba munye, njengezimbobo ezimnyama.

    Nalapha kukhona ukuphikisana. Ngoba lapho kuchazwa izimbobo ezimnyama, kuthiwa ziminyene kangangokuthi akukho okungaphunyuka kuzo, akukho ukukhanya, imisebe kazibuthe, nanoma yini. Okusho ukuthi, imvelo ibhekwa njengamandla amane ayisisekelo: amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe kagesi, namandla enuzi aqinile nabuthakathaka. Amandla adonsela phansi abhekwa njengobuthakathaka kunabo bonke, kodwa uma kunesisindo esanele, amanye amandla angeke enze lutho ngakho. Lokhu kukholakala ukuthi kunjalo ngemigodi emnyama.

     Singaphetha ngokuthini kulokhu? Uma izimbobo ezimnyama zibhekwa njengezingokoqobo, futhi okungekho lutho olungaphunyuka kuzo ngenxa yobuningi obukhulu, umuntu angakuthethelela kanjani ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuqhuma okuvela esimweni esicatshangwayo sokuqala, okufanele ngabe siminyene kakhulu kunezimbobo ezimnyama? Abantu abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu bayaziphikisa.                                                         

Ukuqhuma akudali ukuhleleka . Kuthiwani ngokuqhuma ngokwako, ukube bekungenzeka naphezu kwakho konke? Ingabe ukuqhuma kuyobangela enye into ngaphandle kwembubhiso? Lokhu kuyinto ongayizama. Uma kubekwe isiqhumane isib. ngaphakathi kwendilinga eqinile, akukho okudalwa kuyo. Izingcezu zebhola kuphela ezisabalele endaweni engamamitha athile, kodwa akukho okunye okwenzekayo. Nokho, indawo yonke isesimweni esihlelekile esinemithala emihle, izinkanyezi, amaplanethi, izinyanga, kanye nokuphila. Uhlelo olunjalo oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi olusebenzayo aludalwa noma yikuphi ukuqhuma, kodwa lubangela ukubhujiswa nokulimala kuphela.

Konke kusuka endaweni encane ? Njengoba kushiwo, kucatshangwa embonweni weBig Bang ukuthi yonke into yazalwa isuka endaweni encane ngokungenakulinganiswa. Kwakufanele kube izigidi zemithala, izigidi zezigidi zezinkanyezi, kodwa futhi ilanga, amaplanethi, amadwala nezidalwa eziphilayo njengezindlovu, abantu abacabangayo, izinyoni ezitshiyozayo, izimbali ezinhle, izihlahla ezinkulu, izimvemvane, izinhlanzi nolwandle olukuzungezile, okunambithekayo. ubhanana namasitrobheli, njll. Konke lokhu bekufanele kuvele endaweni encane kunekhanda likaphini. Yilokhu okucatshangwayo kule theory evamile.

     Le ndaba ingase ifaniswe nomuntu ophethe ibhokisi likamentshisi ngesandla bese ethi, “Lapho ubona leli bhokisi likamentshisi esandleni sami, ungakholelwa yini ukuthi ngaphakathi kulo kuzovela amakhulu ezigidi zezinkanyezi, ilanga elishisayo, izidalwa eziphilayo ezinjengalezi. njengezinja, izinyoni, izindlovu, izihlahla, izinhlanzi nolwandle oluzizungezile, ama-strawberry amahle nezimbali ezinhle? Yebo, kufanele ukholwe ukuthi ngikhuluma iqiniso, nokuthi zonke lezi zinto ezinhle zingavela kuleli bhokisi likamentshisi!”

     Ubungazizwa kanjani uma othile ebeka ingxabano yangaphambili kuwe? Ungambheka njengento exakile? Nokho, inkolelo-mbono yeBig Bang nayo iyinqaba. Kuthatha ngokuthi konke kuqale endaweni encane kunebhokisi likamentshisi. Ngicabanga ukuthi senza ngokuhlakanipha uma singakholelwa kuyo yonke le mibono eyethulwa ososayensi abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, kodwa sinamathela emsebenzini kaNkulunkulu wendalo, okuyiyona ndlela ngokusobala eyincazelo engcono kakhulu yokuba khona kwezinkanyezi nokuphila.

    Izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi nazo ziye zayigxeka inkolelo-mbono yokuqhuma okukhulu. Bakubona kuphambene nesayensi yangempela:

Idatha entsha ihluke ngokwanele ekubikezelweni kwethiyori ukubhubhisa i-Big Bang-cosmology (Fred Hoyle, The Big Bang in Astronomy, 92 New Scientist 521, 522-23 / 1981)

Njengesazi sendawo yonke esidala, ngibona idatha yamanje yokuqaphela echitha imibono mayelana nokuqala kwendawo yonke, kanye nemibono eminingi mayelana nokuqala Kohlelo Lwelanga. (H. Bondi, Letter, 87 New Scientist 611 / 1980)

Kube nengxoxo encane ngokuphawulekayo yokuthi i-big bang hypothesis ilungile yini noma cha... okuningi kokuqaphela okungqubuzanayo kuchazwa ngokuqagela okuningi okungenasisekelo noma akunakwa nje. (nobelist H. Alfven, Cosmic Plasma 125 / 1981)

Isazi sesayensi yemvelo u-Eric Lerner: “I-Big Bang imane iyindaba ethokozisayo, egcinwa ngesizathu esithile ” (U-Eric Lerner: Ukuphikiswa Okushaqisayo Kwethiyori Ebusayo Yemvelaphi Yomhlaba, Ukuqhuma Okukhulu Akukaze Kwenzeke, NY: Times Books, 1991).

“Ithiyori yeBig Bang incike enanini elikhulayo lokuqagela okungaqinisekisiwe - izinto esingakaze sizibone. Ukwehla kwamandla emali, izinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama yizona ezaziwa kakhulu kulokhu. Ngaphandle kwazo, bekuyoba nokungqubuzana okubulalayo phakathi kokuphawulwa izazi zezinkanyezi nezibikezelo zenkolelo-mbono yokuqala yokuqhuma.” (U-Eric Lerner kanye nabanye ososayensi abangama-33 abavela emazweni ayi-10 ahlukene, i-Bucking the Big Bang, i-New Scientist 182(2448):20, 2004; www.cosmologystatement.org , ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-1 Ephreli 2014.)

Igesi ayifinyeleli emikhathini . Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile ngemva kweBig Bang, kwadalwa i-hydrogen ne-helium, okuvela kuyo imithala nezinkanyezi.

     Nokho, lapha futhi imithetho ye-physics iphulwa. Esikhaleni esikhululekile, igesi ayilokothi ifinyele, kodwa isakazeka ngokujulile emkhathini, isakaza ngokulinganayo. Lena imfundiso eyisisekelo ezincwadini zesikole. Noma uma uzama ukuminyanisa igesi, izinga lokushisa layo liyakhuphuka, futhi ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kubangela ukuba igesi iphinde yande. Ivimbela ukuzalwa kwezidalwa zasezulwini.

    UFred Hoyle, owagxeka inkolelo-mbono yokuqhuma okukhulu futhi engakholelwa kuyo, wabuye wathi: “Ukwanda kwezinto akukwazi ukungqubuzana nanoma yini futhi ngemva kokwanda okwanele wonke umsebenzi usuphelile” ( The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983) .

     Ukuphawula okulandelayo kubonisa ukuthi ososayensi abanazo izimpendulo zemvelaphi yemithala nezinkanyezi. Nakuba ezinye izincwadi ezithandwayo noma izinhlelo ze-TV zichaza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi lezi zindikimba zasezulwini zazalwa zodwa, abukho ubufakazi balokhu. Izinkinga ezinjalo zibhekana nazo lapho umuntu efuna incazelo yemvelo kuphela yokuba khona kwezidalwa zasemkhathini, kodwa enqaba umsebenzi kaNkulunkulu wendalo, lapho ubufakazi bukhomba ngokusobala: 

Angifuni ukusho ukuthi siyayiqonda ngempela inqubo eyadala imithala. Ithiyori yokuzalwa kwemithala ingenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezingaxazululeki ku-astrophysics futhi sisabonakala sikude nesixazululo sangempela nanamuhla. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / The First Three Minutes, p. 88)

Izincwadi zigcwele izindaba ezizwakala zinengqondo, kodwa iqiniso elidabukisayo ukuthi asazi, ukuthi imithala yazalwa kanjani. (L. John, Cosmology Manje 85, 92 / 1976)

Nokho, inkinga enkulu ukuthi zonke izinto zaba khona kanjani? Igesi okwavela kuyo imithala ekuqaleni yanqwabelana kanjani ukuze iqale inqubo yokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi nomjikelezo omkhulu womkhathi? (…) Ngakho-ke, kufanele sithole izindlela ezibonakalayo eziletha ukufingqa ngaphakathi kwento efanayo yendawo yonke. Lokhu kubonakala kulula kodwa empeleni kuholela ezinkingeni ezijulile kakhulu. (Malcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / The Origins of Our Universe, p. 93)

Kuyihlazo ukuthi akekho oseke wachaza ukuthi (imithala) yaba khona kanjani... Iningi lezazi zezinkanyezi nezazi zendawo yonke livuma obala ukuthi ayikho inkolelo-mbono eyanelisayo yokuthi imithala yakheka kanjani. Ngamanye amazwi, isici esiyinhloko sendawo yonke asichazwa. (WR Corliss: A Catalogue of Astronomical Anomalies, Stars, Galaxies, Cosmos, p. 184, Sourcebook Project, 1987)

Into ethusayo lapha ukuthi uma kungekho noyedwa wethu owayazi ngaphambili ukuthi izinkanyezi zikhona, ucwaningo oluphambili lunganikeza izizathu eziningi eziqinisekisayo zokuthi kungani izinkanyezi zingasoze zazalwa.” (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries, p. 187, WW Norton & Company, 2007)

U-Abraham Loeb: “Iqiniso liwukuthi asikuqondi ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezingeni eliyisisekelo.” (Kucashunwe esihlokweni sika-Marcus Chown Let there be light , New Scientist 157(2120):26-30, 7 February 1998)

Kuthiwani ngokuzalwa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga, okungukuthi ilanga, amaplanethi nezinyanga? Kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi bazalwa ngefu elilodwa legesi, kodwa kuyindaba yokuqagela. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ilanga, amaplanethi nezinyanga kunesiqalo - ngaphandle kwalokho amandla azo angaphakathi ngabe aphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - kodwa kufanele baphendukele ekucabangeni lapho befuna isizathu sokuzalwa kwabo. Lapho bephika umsebenzi kaNkulunkulu wendalo, baphoqeleka ukuba bafune incazelo ethile yemvelo yokuzalwa kwalezi zindikimba zasezulwini.

    Kodwa-ke, bahlangabezana nesiphetho esifile kuwo, ngoba ukwakheka kwamaplanethi, izinyanga nelanga kuhluke ngokuphelele komunye nomunye. Zavela kanjani efwini elifanayo legesi, uma zihluke ngokuphelele ekubunjweni kwazo? Isibonelo, amanye amaplanethi aqukethe izakhi zokukhanya, kanti amanye anezici ezisindayo.

    Ososayensi abaningi baye bathembeka ngokwanele ukuba bavume ukuthi imibono yamanje yemvelo yemvelaphi yesimiso sonozungezilanga iyinkinga. Ngezansi okunye kokuphawula kwabo. La mazwi abonisa indlela okungabazeka ngayo ukuchaza imvelaphi yawo wonke umhlaba ongaphili ngokwawo ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu. Azikho izizathu ezinhle zokubhala kabusha umlando kule ndawo. Kunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukukholelwa emsebenzini kaNkulunkulu wendalo.

Okokuqala, siyaqaphela ukuthi udaba lokuzihlukanisa neLanga lethu, alukwazi nhlobo ukwenza amaplanethi anjalo esiwaziyo. Ukwakheka kodaba bekuyoba okungalungile neze. Enye into kulo mehluko ukuthi iLanga livamile [njengendikimba yasezulwini], kodwa umhlaba uyinqaba. Igesi phakathi kwezinkanyezi, neningi lezinkanyezi, liqukethe into efanayo neLanga, kodwa hhayi umhlaba. Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi ukubuka ngombono we-cosmological - igumbi, lapho uhlezi khona manje, lenziwe ngezinto ezingalungile. Uyivelakancane, inhlanganisela yomqambi we-cosmological. (Fred C. Hoyle, Harper's Magazine, April 1951)

Ngisho nanamuhla, lapho isayensi yezinkanyezi ithuthuke kakhulu, izinkolelo-mbono eziningi mayelana nomsuka wesimiso sonozungezilanga awanelisi. Ososayensi namanje abavumelani mayelana nemininingwane. Ayikho ithiyori eyamukelwa ngokuvamile ebonwayo. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , p. 57 / Origins of Life)

Yonke imibono ethulwe mayelana nemvelaphi yesimiso sonozungezilanga inokungqubuzana okukhulu. Isiphetho, okwamanje, kubonakala sengathi isimiso sonozungezilanga asikwazi ukuba khona. (H. Jeffreys, The Earth: Its Origin, History and Physical Constitution , 6th ^edition , Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 387)

Ukuthethelela kanjani ukuzalwa kokuphila ngokwakho?

Ngenhla, umhlaba ongewona wezinto eziphilayo kuphela okuxoxwe ngawo. Kwashiwo ukuthi ososayensi abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu abakwazi ukuthethelela imibono yabo siqu mayelana nemvelaphi yendawo yonke nezindikimba zasemkhathini. Imibono yabo iphambene nemithetho yemvelo kanye nokuphawula okungokoqobo.

    Ukusuka lapha kuhle ukuya emhlabeni wezinto eziphilayo, okungukuthi ukubhekana nezwe eliphilayo. Sivame ukutshelwa ukuthi ukuphila kwavela ngokwako eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3-4 edlule echibini elithile elifudumele noma olwandle.

    Nokho, kuphinde kube nenkinga ngalo mbono: akekho owake wabona umsuka wokuphila. Akekho oke wayibona, ngakho-ke iyinkinga efanayo nemibono yangaphambilini yemvelo. Abantu bangase babe nesithombe sokuthi inkinga yokuzalwa kokuphila isixazululiwe, kodwa asikho isisekelo esibambekayo salesi sithombe: Lokhu kuwukucabanga okufiswayo, hhayi ukuqaphela okusekelwe kwisayensi.

    Umqondo wokuzalwa okuzenzakalelayo kokuphila nawo uyinkinga ngomqondo wesayensi. Ukuqaphela okungokoqobo ukuthi ukuphila kuzalwa kuphela ngokuphila, futhi akukho nokukodwa okuhlukile kulo mthetho okutholakele . Iseli eliphilayo kuphela elingakha izinto zokwakha ezifanele ukudalwa kwamaseli amasha. Ngakho, lapho kuvezwa ukuthi ukuphila kwazivelela ngokwakho, kuphikiswana nesayensi yangempela kanye nokucatshangelwa okungokoqobo.

    Ososayensi abaningi baye bavuma ubukhulu bale nkinga. Abanalo ikhambi lomsuka wokuphila. Bayavuma ukuthi ukuphila emhlabeni kwaba nesiqalo, kodwa abahambisani nendaba ngoba abawuvumi umsebenzi kaNkulunkulu wokudala. Nanka amanye amazwana ngale ndaba: 

Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele sidlulele phambili futhi sivume ukuthi ukuphela kwencazelo eyamukelekayo indalo. Ngiyazi ukuthi lo mbono uye wakhishwa inyumbazane izazi zefiziksi, futhi empeleni nami, kodwa akufanele siwunqabe ngoba nje asiwuthandi uma ubufakazi bokuhlola busekela. (H. Lipson, "A Physicist Looks at Evolution", Physics Bulletin, 31, 1980)

Ososayensi abanabo ubufakazi obuphikisana nombono wokuthi ukuphila kwaba khona ngenxa yendalo. (URobert Jastrow: The Enchanted Loom, Mind in the Universe, 1981)

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 yokuhlola emkhakheni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali namangqamuzana kuye kwaqokomisa ubukhulu benkinga ehlobene nokuqala kokuphila kunekhambi lako. Namuhla, ngokuyisisekelo izinkolelo-mbono ezifanele kuphela kanye nokuhlola okuxoxwa ngakho futhi ukukhukhuleka kwakho kufinyelele esiphethweni esifile, noma ukungazi kuyavunywa (Klaus Dose, I-Interdisciplinary Science Review 13, 1988)

Ekuzameni ukuhlanganisa esikwaziyo ngomlando ojulile wempilo eMhlabeni, imvelaphi yokuphila, kanye nezigaba zokubunjwa kwayo okuholele kubhayoloji ebonakala esizungezile, kufanele sivume ukuthi igubuzelwe wubumnyama. Asazi ukuthi ukuphila kwaqala kanjani kule planethi. Asazi kahle ukuthi iqale nini, futhi asazi ukuthi ingaphansi kwaziphi izimo. (Andy Knoll, uProfessor waseNyuvesi yaseHarvard) (1)

Lesisho esilandelayo sihlobene nesihloko. Ikhuluma ngoStanley Miller okwaxoxwa naye ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Usedume ngokucwaninga kwakhe okuhlobene nemvelaphi yokuphila, okuye kwavezwa kaningi emakhasini ezincwadi zesikole nezesayensi, kodwa lokhu kuhlola akuhlangene nhlobo nemvelaphi yokuphila. J. Morgan uye walandisa ngengxoxo lapho uMiller achitha khona konke ukusikisela komsuka wokuphila ngokwako njengokuwumbudane noma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ephepha. Leli qembu lamakhemikhali ephepha lalihlanganisa nokuhlolwa okwenziwe nguMiller ngokwakhe emashumini eminyaka ngaphambili, izithombe zazo ezihlotshiswe izincwadi zesikole:

Wayengenandaba nazo zonke iziphakamiso mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila, ecabanga ngokuthi "umbhedo" noma "i-paper chemistry". Wayedelela ngemibono ethile kangangokuthi lapho ngibuza umbono wakhe ngazo, wanikina ikhanda kuphela, waphefumulela phezulu futhi wahogela - njengokuzama ukwenqaba ukusangana kwesintu. Wavuma ukuthi ososayensi bangase bangazi ngokunembile ukuthi ukuphila kwaqala nini futhi kanjani. "Sizama ukuxoxa ngesenzakalo esingokomlando esihluke ngokucacile kwisayensi evamile", waphawula. (2)

Nakuba engekho usosayensi ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu owazi lutho ngemvelaphi yokuphila, basakholelwa ukuthi kwaqala cishe. 4 billion eminyakeni edlule. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yaqala "kuseli lokuqala elilula", okuyinto, nokho, okunzima ukufakazela ukuthi ilungile, ngoba ngisho namaseli anamuhla ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi aqukethe inani elikhulu lolwazi.

    Kunoma ikuphi, uma sinamathela emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nasezigidini zeminyaka, kuphakama ezinye izinkinga ezingathi sína okunzima ukuzishalazela.

     Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma kweCambrian. Kusho ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zesakhiwo sezilwane, noma amaqembu amakhulu, kuhlanganise nama-vertebrates, avele e-Cambrian strata kuphela "eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-10" (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-540-530 ngokwesilinganiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo) eqedwe ngokuphelele futhi ngaphandle kwamafomu angaphambili emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-trilobite enamehlo ayo ayinkimbinkimbi nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila ziye zatholakala ziphelele. UStephen Jay Gould uchaza lesi senzakalo esiphawulekayo. Uthi phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa kwavela wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezilwane:

Izazi ze-paleontologists zazi isikhathi eside, futhi zazibuza ukuthi wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezilwane avela ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane phakathi nenkathi yeCambrian ... yonke impilo, kuhlanganise nokhokho bezilwane, yahlala inengqamuzana elilodwa iminyaka emihlanu-yesithupha umlando wamanje, kuze kube eminyakeni engaba izigidi ezingu-550 edlule ukuqhuma kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaveza wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezilwane phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa… (3)

Yini eyenza ukuqhuma kweCambrian kube yinkinga? Kunezizathu ezintathu ezibalulekile zalokhu:

1. Inkinga yokuqala ukuthi azikho izandulela ezilula ngaphansi kwezingqimba zeCambrian. Ngisho nama-trilobite anamehlo awo ayinkimbinkimbi, njengezinye izinto eziphilayo, avele alungele, ayinkimbinkimbi, athuthuke ngokugcwele futhi engenawo amadlozi endaweni ephansi. Lokhu kuyaxaka ngoba kukholakala ukuthi ukuphila kwavela kuyingqamuzana elilula eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5 ngaphambi kwenkathi yeCambrian. Kungani lingekho ngisho nelilodwa ifomu eliphakathi enkathini yeminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5 ? Lokhu kuwukuphikisana okusobala, okuphikisana nenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okutholakele kusekela ngokusobala imodeli yokudala lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zase zilungile, ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlukile kusukela ekuqaleni. Izazi eziningana ze-paleontology ziye zavuma ukuthi ukuqhuma kweCambrian akuhambisani kahle nemodeli yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Uma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi kuyiqiniso, khona-ke okhokho balezi Cambrian, izinto eziphilayo ezithuthuke ngokugcwele kufanele zitholakale; kodwa azikatholakali, futhi ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi mancane amathuba okuba zitholakale. Ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni kuphela, asekelwe kulokho okuye kwatholakala ngempela emhlabeni, inkolelo-mbono yokuthi amaqembu ayinhloko ezinto eziphilayo avela ngesenzakalo esizumayo sokudala iwona okungenzeka kakhulu. ( Harold G. Coffin, “Evolution or Creation?” Liberty, September-October 1975, p. 12)

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ngezinye izikhathi zikwenza ize noma zingakunaki ukuvela okungazelelwe kokuphila kwezilwane isici senkathi yeCambrian kanye nokwakheka kwayo okuphawulekayo. Nokho, ucwaningo lwamuva nje lwe-paleontology luye lwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi le nkinga yokuzalana ngokuzumayo kwezinto eziphilayo iba nzima nakakhulu ukuba wonke umuntu angayinaki... (Scientific American, August 1964, kk. 34-36)

Iqiniso lihlala, njengoba zonke izazi ze-paleontologist zazi, ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, isizukulwane nezizwe kanye cishe nawo wonke amaqembu amasha amakhulu kunezinga lezizwe avele ngokuzumayo embhalweni wezinsalela, kanye nochungechunge olwaziwayo, oluhamba kancane lwezinhlobo zezinguquko ezilandelana ngaphandle komthungo ngokuphelele. ungabonisi indlela yabo yokukhuphuka. (George Gaylord Simpson: The Major Features of Evolution, 1953, p. 360)

2. Enye inkinga efana neyangaphambili ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi seCambrian, okungukuthi phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-500 (ngokwesilinganiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo), awekho amaqembu amasha ezilwane asevele avela.. Ngokombono kaDarwin, konke kwaqala ngengqamuzana elilodwa, futhi amaqembu amasha ayinhloko ezilwane kufanele avele ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa isiqondiso siphambene. Manje kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezilwane kunangaphambili; ziyashabalala ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi azikwazi ukubuyiselwa. Uma imodeli yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yayilungile, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kufanele kuhambe ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa lokho akwenzeki. Isihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sibheke phansi futhi siphambene nalokho okufanele kulindelwe ngokombono kaDarwin. Amaqiniso ahambisana kangcono nemodeli yokudala, lapho kwakukhona inkimbinkimbi nobuningi bezinhlobo zezilwane ekuqaleni.

    Izingcaphuno ezilandelayo ziphinde zibonise le nkinga, okungukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-500 (ngokwesilinganiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo) ngemva kokuqhuma kweCambrian, awekho amaqembu amasha ayinhloko ezilwane avele avela, njengoba nje engazange avele ngesikhathi sangaphambi kweCambrian (3.5) iminyaka eyizigidigidi).

UStephen J. Gould: Izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zazi isikhathi eside, futhi zazibuza ukuthi wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezilwane avela ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane phakathi nenkathi yeCambrian ... yonke impilo, kuhlanganise nokhokho bezilwane, yahlala ineseli elilodwa. iminyaka emihlanu nesithupha yomlando wamanje, kuze kube eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-550 edlule ukuqhuma kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaveza wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezilwane phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa kuphela...

    Ukuqhuma kwe-Cambrian kuyisenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni wempilo yezilwane eziningi. Lapho sifunda kakhulu isiqephu, kulapho sihlatshwa umxhwele khona ubufakazi bokuhluka kwaso kanye nethonya eliwujuqu endleleni yomlando wempilo yakamuva. Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ze-anatomical ezazalwa ngaleso sikhathi ziye zabusa ukuphila kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngaphandle kwezengezo ezibalulekile. (4)

Ukungafani okubonwe ngesikhathi seCambrian kuphakamisa izingqinamba ezimbili ezingakaxazululwa. Okokuqala, yiziphi izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezibangele umehluko phakathi kwe-morphology (ifomu) yamaqembu amakhulu ezinto eziphilayo? Okwesibili, kungani imingcele ye-morphological phakathi kwengqalasizinda ihlale ingashintshile kule minyaka eyizigidi ezingama-500 edlule? (Erwin D. Valentine J (2013) The Cambriad Explosion: The Construction of Animal Bioversity, Roberts and Company Publishers, 416 p.)

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezenzeka ngemva kwalokhu, kukho konke ukuhlukahluka, ngokuyisisekelo kwakuyindaba nje yokuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezasungulwa ekuqhumeni kweCambrian. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Alternative zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. zool. Mus. Inst. 89, Erg.bd.1, 9-20 / 1992, p. 19)

3. Inkinga yesithathu, uma sinamathela esikalini sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nesimiso sayo, ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma kweCambrian kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeke kuphela "phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-10 ". Awu, yini emangalisayo ngalokhu? Nokho, kuyindida yangempela ngokombono wemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-10 iyisikhathi esincane kakhulu esilinganisweni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okungukuthi cishe kuphela. I-1/400 yaso sonke isikhathi okukholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kwaba khona emhlabeni (cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine). Ngakho-ke indida iwukuthi zonke izinhlobo zesakhiwo sezilwane namaqembu amakhulu avele phakathi nesikhathi esifushane kangako, kodwa abekho okhokho balezi zilwane ngaphambi kwalokho, futhi azikho izinhlobo ezintsha eziye zavela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu akuhambisani nemodeli yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuphambene ngokuphelele nalokho obungakulindela.

     Pho lolu daba lungachazwa kanjani ngokombono wendalo? Ukuqonda kwami ​​​​ukuthi ukuqhuma kweCambrian kubhekisela ekudalweni, okungukuthi ukuthi yonke into yadalwa kanjani ngokushesha. Nokho, lokho akusho ukuthi ezinye izinto eziphilayo, njengezilwane zasemhlabeni nezinyoni, zadalwa kamuva kakhulu. Akunjalo, kodwa zonke izilwane nezitshalo zadalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ziye zahlala ngesikhathi esifanayo emhlabeni, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo (ulwandle, ixhaphozi, umhlaba, izindawo eziphakeme ...). Ngisho nanamuhla, abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni azihlali ezindaweni ezifanayo nezilwane zasolwandle. Kungenjalo babeyominza ngokushesha. Ngokufanayo, izilwane zasolwandle, okuthiwa abamele inkathi yeCambrian kuthiwa zazikhona, azikwazanga ukuphila emhlabeni njengoba kwenza izilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni kanye nabantu. Babezofa ngokushesha.

Uzifakazela kanjani izigidi zeminyaka ziyiqiniso

Isici sangemuva esibaluleke kakhulu emcabangweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo siwukucatshangwa kwezigidi zeminyaka. Aziyifaki iyiqiniso imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zibheka izigidi zeminyaka njengobufakazi obungcono kakhulu bokwethembeka kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Bacabanga ukuthi, uma kunikezwe isikhathi esanele, konke kungenzeka: ukuzalwa kokuphila kanye nefa lazo zonke izinhlobo zamanje ezivela esitokisini sokuqala sakudala. Ngakho-ke enganekwaneni, lapho intombazane iqabula ixoxo, iba yinkosana. Nokho, uma uvumela isikhathi esanele, okungukuthi iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-300, into efanayo iphenduka isayensi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ixoxo laphenduka umuntu. Yile ndlela izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinikeza ngayo isikhathi amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, njengokungathi.

    Kodwa kanjani? Sibheka izindawo ezimbili ezihlobene nesihloko: izilinganiso ezenziwe ngamatshe kanye nezinga lokubunjwa kwamadiphozithi. Lezi yizinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzithole kule ndawo.

1. Izilinganiso ezenziwe ngamatshe. Izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zicabanga ukuthi obunye bobufakazi obungcono kakhulu obuvuna izigidi zeminyaka izilinganiso ezenziwa emadwaleni akhipha imisebe. Ngokusekelwe emadwaleni, kuye kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi umhlaba unezinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka ukhona.

    Ingabe amadwala afakazela ukuthi uMhlaba unezigidigidi zeminyaka ubudala? Abafakazi. Lawa matshe awafaki ubufakazi beminyaka yawo; ukugxila kwabo kuphela okungakalwa futhi kusuka kuso kuye kwathathwa iziphetho zesikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, kunezindida eziningi ekulinganiseni i-radioactivity yamatshe, esizogqamisa ezimbalwa zazo. Ukugxila kwamatshe kungalinganiswa ngokunembile, kodwa kuyangabazeka ukuwahlobanisa nobudala bamatshe.

Ukugxila ezindaweni ezahlukene zamadwala . Okukodwa okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile ukuthi imiphumela ehlukene ingatholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zamatshe anemisebe, okungukuthi ukugxila okuhlukene, okusho futhi iminyaka ehlukene. Isibonelo, imiphumela eminingana eyahlukene itholwe ku-Allende meteorite eyaziwa kakhulu, eneminyaka esukela ezigidini ezingu-4480 kuya eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-10400. Endaweni encane kakhulu, ucezu olufanayo lungase lube nokugxila okuhlukile. Isibonelo siphinde sikhombisa ukuthi izilinganiso ze-radioactivity zintengantenga kangakanani. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi ingxenye yedwala elifanayo ibe yindala ngezigidigidi zeminyaka kunenye? Wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi isiphetho esinjalo asinakuthenjwa. Akuqinisekile ukuhlobanisa ukugxila kwamatshe neminyaka yawo.

Ukuguga kwamatshe amasha . Uma kuziwa ezindleleni ezisekelwe ku-radioactivity, zingahlolwa ngokusebenza. Lokhu kunjalo ngempela uma ososayensi bazi umzuzu wangempela we-crystallization yetshe. Uma bazi umzuzu wangempela wokucwebezeliswa kwetshe, izilinganiso ze-radioactivity kufanele zisekele lolu lwazi.

    Ngabe izilinganiso ze-radioactivity zihambe kanjani kulokhu kuhlolwa? Akukuhle kahle. Kunezibonelo ezimbalwa zendlela iminyaka eyizigidi, ngisho nezigidigidi zeminyaka ziye zalinganiswa kusukela emadwaleni amasha. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukugxila kwamatshe akumele kuhlangene neminyaka yawo yangempela. Baye baba nezinto zendodakazi ngaphezu kwezakhi zomama kusukela ekuqaleni, okwenza izilinganiso zingathembeki. Nazi izibonelo:

• Esinye isibonelo izilinganiso ezenziwa ngemva kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo yaseSt. Helens - lentaba-mlilo esifundazweni saseWashington, eU.SA, yaqhuma ngo-1980. Itshe elilodwa lalokhu kuqhuma layiswa endaweni yokucwaninga esemthethweni ukuze kutholwe ubudala bayo. Yayiyini iminyaka yetshe? Kwakuyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.8! Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukunqunywa kweminyaka kwakungalungile kangakanani. Isampula kakade inezici zendodakazi, ngakho okufanayo kungenzeka kwamanye amatshe. Ukugxila akubonisi iminyaka yangempela yamatshe.

• Esinye isibonelo amadwala avuthayo (iNtaba iNgauruhoe eNew Zealand) okwakwaziwa ukuthi aphuma udaka eminyakeni engu-25-50 edlule ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngakho ngemva kwayo kwakunombono wofakazi bokuzibonela.

      Amasampula alawa matshe athunyelwa ukuyophola kwenye yezindawo ezihlonishwa kakhulu zokuqomisana kwezohwebo (Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Yaba yini imiphumela? Ngendlela ye-potassium-argon, iminyaka yamasampula yahluka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-270,000 kanye ne-3.5 yezigidi, nakuba amatshe aziwa ukuthi acwebezela ku-lava eminyakeni engu-25-50 kuphela edlule. I-isochron ehola phambili yanikeza iminyaka eyi-3.9 billion yeminyaka, i-rubidium-strontium isochron iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-133, kanye ne-samarium-neodymium isochron iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-197. Isibonelo sibonisa ukungathembeki kwezindlela ezikhipha imisebe nokuthi amadwala angaqukatha kanjani izinto zamantombazane kusukela ekuqaleni.

• Uma kuziwa ekutholweni okuhlobene nomuntu, eziningana zazo zisekelwe endleleni ye-potassium-argon. Kusho ukuthi ukunqunywa kweminyaka ye-potassium-argon kwenziwe etsheni eliseduze nezinsalela, futhi iminyaka yobudala be-fossil yomuntu nayo inqunywe kuyo.

    Nokho, isibonelo esilandelayo sibonisa indlela le ndlela engathembeki ngayo. Isampula yokuqala yedwala yanikeza umphumela ongekho ngaphansi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-220. Ngakho lapho izinsalela zabantu eziningana ezibhekwa njengezindala ziye zanqunywa kusetshenziswa le ndlela, lezi zinkathi kufanele zingatshazwe. Isibonelo sangaphambilini siphinde sabonisa ukuthi ukunqunywa kweminyaka yamatshe amasha kungahamba kabi kanjani izigidi zeminyaka uma usebenzisa le ndlela.

Ngokombono, indlela ye-potassium-argon ingasetshenziswa ukuqomisana namatshe amancane, kodwa ngisho nale ndlela ingase isetshenziselwe ukuthandana nezinsalela ngokwazo. I-"1470 Man" yasendulo eyatholwa u-Richard Leakey yayinqunywe ukuthi ineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.6 ngale ndlela. UProfesa ET Hall, owanquma iminyaka, utshele ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwesampula yamatshe kwanikeza umphumela ongenakwenzeka weminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-220. Lo mphumela wenqatshwa, ngoba awuzange uhambisane nemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakho-ke esinye isampula sahlaziywa. Umphumela wokuhlaziywa kwesibili kwaba "ifanele" iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.6. Iminyaka yobudala yamasampula okutholwa okufanayo kamuva iye yahluka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-290,000 kanye ne-19,500,000. Ngakho-ke, indlela ye-potassium-argon ayibonakali ithembekile ngokukhethekile, futhi nendlela abacwaningi besayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo abayihumusha ngayo imiphumela. (5)

Lapho izindlela zingqubuzana . Njengoba kushiwo, izilinganiso ezithathwe ematsheni zingahlolwa. Isiqalo salokhu yizilinganiso ezenziwe ngamatshe amasha, okungukuthi izilinganiso lapho umzuzu wangempela wokucwebezeliswa kwamatshe waziwa khona. Nokho, izibonelo zangaphambilini zabonisa ukuthi lezi zindlela aziphumeleli kahle kakhulu kulesi sivivinyo. Amatshe amasha noma amasha anikeze iminyaka eyizigidi, ngisho nezigidigidi zeminyaka, ngakho-ke izindlela zinephutha kabi.

    Esinye isiqalo sokuhlola izilinganiso ezenziwe ngamadwala ukuwaqhathanisa nezinye izindlela, ikakhulukazi indlela ye-radiocarbon. Kunezibonelo ezithakazelisayo zalokhu, okulandelayo okuhle kakhulu. Ikhuluma ngesihlahla esine-radiocarbon okwathiwa sinezinkulungwane zeminyaka kuphela ubudala, kodwa itshe elisizungezile kuthiwa lineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-250 ubudala. Nokho, ukhuni lwalungaphakathi etsheni, ngakho kumelwe ukuba lwalukhona ngaphambi kokuba itshe licwebezele. Isihlahla kumele sibe sidala kunetshe elicwebezelayo elisizungezile. Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu? Okungenzeka kuphela ukuthi izindlela ze-radioactivity, ikakhulukazi izilinganiso ezenziwe ngamatshe, ziye zaba nephutha kakhulu. Ayikho enye inketho:

Sishicilele imibiko enemininingwane lapho isihlahla esitholakala "eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-250 ubudala" noma edwaleni lentaba-mlilo "amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala" sathola izinkulungwane zeminyaka kuphela ekunqumeni ubudala be-radiocarbon. Lapho... Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba zithatha amasampula edwala lentaba-mlilo, okwaziwayo ukuthi liye laqhuma intaba-mlilo ezikhathini zomlando, bese liwathumela kuma-laboratories ahlonishwayo e-radiometric age determination, "ukuzimisela kweminyaka" cishe ngokungaguquki kunikeza umphumela wezigidi zeminyaka. Lokhu kuphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukuqagela okungaphansi kokunqunywa kweminyaka ayilungile. (6)

Esinye isibonelo siyaqhubeka ngesihloko esifanayo. Ikhuluma ngesihlahla esangcwatshwa emfuleni wodaka. Isihlahla kanye ne-basalt ezungezile bathola iminyaka ehluke kakhulu:

E-Australia, isihlahla esitholakala e-Tertiary basalt sangcwatshwa ngokucacile ekugelezeni kwe-lava eyakhiwe i-basalt, ngoba yayishiswe ngokuthintana nodaka oluvuthayo. Izinkuni "zabhalwa" ngokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon ukuba neminyaka engaba ngu-45,000 ubudala, kodwa i-basalt "yayidalwe" ngendlela ye-potassium-argon eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-45 ubudala. (7)

2. Izinga le-stratification - lihamba kancane noma liyashesha? Omunye umcabango ongemuva wezigidi zeminyaka ukuthi izingqimba ezisemhlabeni ziye zanqwabelana phezu kwenye ngezinqubo ezithatha izigidi zeminyaka. Lo mbono wasungulwa nguCharles Lyell ngekhulu le-19. Ngokwesibonelo, uDarwin wayethembele emfanekisweni womcabango owethulwa nguLyell. Ngakho, encwadini yakhe ethi On the Origin of Species, wabhala ukuthi imicabango kaLyell yamthinta kanjani (ikhasi 422): “Noma ubani ongabuvumi ubude obungapheli bezinkathi ezidlulile ngemva kokufunda incwadi kaSir Charles Lyell ebabazekayo ethi 'Principles of Geology' - ethi. Izazi-mlando zesikhathi esizayo zizoqaphela ngokuqinisekile njengokuletha uguquko emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo - uyobe wenza kahle ngokubeka eceleni le ncwadi yami ngaso leso sikhathi".

    Kodwa ingabe i-strata yakheka kancane? Lapho uCharles Lyell ebeka umbono wokuthi i-strata ingumphumela wezinqubo ezihamba kancane, izici ezimbalwa zikhuluma ngokumelene nalokhu. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa

Izinsalela zabantu kanye nezimpahla . Okunye okuthakazelisayo okutholakele ukuthi izinsalela zabantu nezimpahla zitholwe ngisho nangaphakathi kwamadwala ne-carbon strata (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, pp. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Fact or Fallacy ?Sovereign Publications, 1981 / Barnes, FA, Indaba Yamathambo Etshe, Ugwadule/February, 1975, p. 36-39). Ngokunjalo, impahla yabantu enjengamadamu itholakale ezigabeni ezithathwa njengamalahle. Encwadini yakhe ethi Time Upside Down (1981), u-Erich A. von Frange wabala izinto ezengeziwe ezitholakala emalahleni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhiyubhu elincane lensimbi, isando sensimbi, ithuluzi lensimbi, isipikili, isitsha sensimbi esimise okwensimbi, insimbi, umhlathi wengane, ugebhezi lwekhanda lomuntu, izinhlayiya ezimbili zomuntu, unyawo lomuntu olusamathambo.

   Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Kubonisa ukuthi izigaba ezibhekwa njengezindala, empeleni, zinezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeminyaka futhi azikwazanga ukuthatha isikhathi eside ukuba zakheke. Umbono ka-Lyell wokuqoqwa kwe-strata phezu komunye nomunye phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka awukwazi ukuba yiqiniso. Kunengqondo ukukholelwa ukuthi iningi lalezi zigaba, eziye zabhekwa njengezingamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala, zakheka enhlekeleleni enjengoZamcolo ngesivinini esisheshayo futhi ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa nje zeminyaka edlule. Izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokwazo azikholelwa ukuthi abantu babephila emashumini noma emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule.

Akukho ukuguguleka . Uma ubheka i-Grand Canyon nezinye izingosi ezinkulu zemvelo, isibonelo, ungabona i-strata phezu komunye nomunye. Kodwa uma kunokugqagqana okuningi eGrand Canyon nakwezinye izindawo, ingabe ukuguguleka kuyabonakala phakathi kwalezi zindawo?

    Impendulo icacile: cha. Ukuguguleka akutholakali eGrand Canyon nanoma yikuphi kwenye indawo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kubonakala sengathi ama-strata axhumene ngendlela efanayo futhi akheke phezu komunye ngaphandle kokuhlukana. Ukuxhumana kwezendlalelo kufanele kube okumangelengele futhi kungalingani yonke indawo uma ukuguguleka bekuzithintile isikhathi eside, kodwa akunjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, imvula eyodwa enamandla iyodwa ingenza imisele ejulile endaweni engaphansi, ingasaphathwa eyezigidi zeminyaka yokuchayeka ekugugulekeni.

    Incazelo engcono kakhulu yokwakhiwa kwamadiphozithi akhiwe ngesikhathi esifushane, izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela noma amasonto kakhulu. Izigidi zeminyaka azikwazi ukuba yiqiniso. Ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ungqimba lwesihlabathi oluwugqinsi oluyimitha lungakheka ngemizuzu engu-30 kuya kwengu-60. Okuningi ngesihloko kusicaphuni esilandelayo:

   (…) Kodwa yini esiyitholayo esikhundleni salokho?

    'Inkinga yalezi zikhala eziyisicaba ikakhulukazi iminyaka emide ye-geologic ukushoda kokuguguleka kwe-underlayer okulindeleke kulezi zikhala. Ezigidini eziningi zeminyaka ezibekelwe lezi zikhala, ungalindela ukuguguleka okungavamile, futhi izikhala akufanele neze zibe zicaba.

  (…) UDkt Roth uchaza ngokuqhubekayo ngokuthi:

    'Umehluko omangalisayo phakathi kwephethini eyisicaba yezendlalelo, ikakhulukazi phezulu kwezingqimba zangaphansi zama-paraconforities amaningi, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-topography eguguleke kakhulu yendawo yamanje yesifunda, ibonisa inkinga ebangelwa yilezi zikhala ngezikhathi ezinde ze-geologic. Uma izigidi eziningi zeminyaka zenzekile ngempela, kungani iziqongo zamaleya angaphansi zingajwayelekile kakhulu njengoba kunjalo ngesimo samanje sendawo? Kubonakala sengathi izigidi zeminyaka eziphakanyiselwe ikholamu ye-geologic azikaze zenzeke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isikhathi sokuma komhlaba singekho endaweni eyodwa, kusho ukuthi asitholakali kuwo wonke umhlaba.' (8)

I-Strata yakha ngokushesha ezikhathini zanamuhla . Lapho sekucatshangwa ukuthi i-strata yakheka kancane kancane ezigidini zeminyaka ngokwezimfundiso zikaCharles Lyell, kunemibono embalwa esebenzayo emelene nayo, lapho i-strata yenziwe ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo yaseSt. Helena ngo-1980, kwakhiwe uchungechunge lwezingqimba ezigqagqene ezinogqinsi olungaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu, futhi ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa nje. Akuzange kuthathe izigidi zeminyaka, kodwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa uhlaka lwanqwabelana phezu kwelinye. Okwakuphawulekayo futhi ukuthi kamuva kwakhiwa umhosha endaweni efanayo, futhi amanzi aqala ukugeleza kuwo. Ngisho nale nqubo ayizange ithathe izigidi zeminyaka, njengoba izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zaziyocabanga, kodwa konke kwenzeka emasontweni ambalwa. Kumelwe kucatshangwe ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, iGrand Canyon kanye nokunye ukwakheka kwemvelo okuningana kuqale ngezinqubo ezisheshayo ezifanayo.

    ISurtsey Island ingelinye icala elifanayo. Lesi siqhingi sazalwa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi ngo-1963. Ngo-January 2006, umagazini i-New Scientist walandisa ukuthi kwavela kanjani imihosha, izihosha nezinye izakhiwo zezwe kulesi siqhingi esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi. Akuzange kuthathe izigidi noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka:

Imihosha, imihosha nezinye izinhlobo zomhlabathi, ngokuvamile ezithatha amashumi ezinkulungwane noma izigidi zeminyaka ukuze zakheke, zimangaze abacwaningi besayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ngoba zadalwa esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi. (9)

Izinsalela zesiqu somuthi ezinde, izinsalela zama-dinosaur nezinye izinsalela ezisesigabeni kuwubufakazi obubodwa obumelene nalowo mbono wokuthi ama-strata akhiwa kancane futhi ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Izinsalela zeziqu zezihlahla ziye zatholakala zivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ezidlulela ezigabeni eziningana ezihlukene. Isithombe esidala semayini yamalahle yaseSaint-Etienne eFrance sibonisa indlela iziqu zezihlahla ezinhlanu ezibolile zingena ngayo ngayinye kwezingqimba eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, kutholwe isiqu somuthi esingamamitha angu-24 ubude eduze kwase-Edinburgh, esadlula izingqimba ezingaphezu kweziyishumi, futhi yonke into ibonisa ukuthi isiqu sathathwa ngokushesha sayiswa endaweni yaso. Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-strata kufanele ibe yizigidi zeminyaka ubudala, kodwa naphezu kwakho konke, iziqu zemithi zinwebeka ngalezi "zigidi zeminyaka" endala.

    Isibonelo esilandelayo sibonisa ukuthi kuyinkinga kangakanani ukunamathela ekuhlukaniseni kancane phakathi kwezigidi zeminyaka. Izihlahla kumelwe ukuba zagqitshwa ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwalokho izinsalela zazo bezingeke zibe khona namuhla. Okufanayo kuyasebenza nakwezinye izinsalela ezitholakala emhlabathini:

Ufundiswe ku-uniformitarianism ka-Lyell eqinile, u-Derek ager, uprofesa ophuma e-Swansea University College, uchaza ezinye iziqu ze-multilayer fossil encwadini yakhe ngezibonelo. "Uma ugqinsi oluphelele lwediphozithi yamalahle eBritish Coal Measures lulinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-1000, nokuthi ngabe lwakhiwe eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-10, khona-ke ukungcwatshwa kwesihlahla esingamamitha ayi-10 ubude bekuyothatha iminyaka eyi-100,000, kucatshangwa ukuthi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka ngezinga eliqhubekayo.Lokho kungaba yinhlekisa.Okunye, uma isihlahla esingamamitha angu-10 ubude besingcwatshwe eminyakeni eyi-10, lokhu bekungasho amakhilomitha ayi-1000 eminyakeni eyisigidi noma amakhilomitha ayi-10 000 eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10. Lokhu kufana nje kungenangqondo, futhi asikwazi ukugwema ukufika esiphethweni sokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwehlukana kwenzeke ngokushesha kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi... (10)

Khona-ke, ukuvela ngokushesha kwezinsalela zeziqu zesihlahla nezinye izinsalela kubhekisela kuphi? Incazelo engcono kakhulu inhlekelele engazelelwe, echaza kokubili ukuvela ngokushesha kwamadiphozi kanye nezinsalela ezikuwo. Lokhu kungenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, ngoZamcolo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ososayensi abambalwa baye baqala ukwamukela izinhlekelele esikhathini esidlule, futhi abasakuthathi kalula ukuthi konke kwenzeke ngezinga eliqhubekayo phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka. Ubufakazi busekela kakhulu izinhlekelele kunezinqubo ezihamba kancane. UStephen Jay Gould, isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo esaziwayo esingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu ukhomba ocwaningweni lukaLyell:

UCharles Lyell wayengummeli ngokomsebenzi… [futhi] wasebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zobuqili ukuze athole imibono yakhe ehambisana nokufana njengokuwukuphela kwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba yeqiniso. Okokuqala, wamisa i-mannequin yotshani ukuze ayibhubhise… Eqinisweni, abasekeli benhlekelele babegxile kakhulu ekuhlolweni kunoLyell. Ngempela, i-geological material ibonakala idinga izinhlekelele zemvelo: amadwala ahlukene futhi asontekile; zonke izinto eziphilayo zisusiwe. Ukuze angakunaki lokhu kubonakaliswa okungokoqobo, uLyell wafaka umcabango wakhe esikhundleni sobufakazi. Okwesibili, ukufana kukaLyell kuyingxubevange yezimangalo...

 ... ULyell wayengelona iqhawe elimsulwa leqiniso nomsebenzi wasensimini, kodwa umsakazi wamabomu wethiyori ethokozisayo neyinqaba esekelwe esimeni esizinzile somjikelezo wesikhathi. Ngamakhono akhe okukhuluma, wazama ukufanisa umbono wakhe nokuhluzeka kwengqondo nobuqotho. (11)

Njengoba kushiwo, enye indlela engenzeka kakhulu yokuzalwa kwezigaba eziningi inhlekelele efana noZamcolo. Lokho oseshadini lokuma komhlaba okuchazwa izigidi zeminyaka, noma mhlawumbe izinhlekelele eziningi, zonke zingabangelwa inhlekelele eyodwa efanayo: uZamcolo. Ingachaza ukubhujiswa kwama-dinosaurs, ukuba khona kwezinsalela zamathambo nezinye izici eziningi ezibonwa emhlabathini.

    Ngokwesibonelo, izibankwakazi zivame ukutholakala phakathi kwamadwala aqinile, futhi kungase kuthathe iminyaka ukukhipha imfucumfucu eyodwa edwaleni. Kodwa bangena kanjani emadwaleni aqinile? Okuwukuphela kwencazelo enengqondo ukuthi udaka oluthambile lwafika phezu kwawo lwabe lukhuni. Lolu hlobo lwento alwenzeki ndawo namuhla, kodwa enhlekeleleni enjengozamcolo, bekungenzeka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuye kwatholakala imibhalo yasendulo ecishe ibe ngu-500 emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kukaZamcolo Emhlabeni.

     Izizathu ezinhle zokuthi le nhlekelele yabangelwa uZamcolo ngokuqondile futhi iqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zasolwandle zivamile emhlabeni wonke, njengoba izingcaphuno ezilandelayo zibonisa. Owokuqala wamazwana avela encwadini ka-James Hutton, ubaba we-geology, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200 edlule:

Kufanele siphethe ngokuthi zonke izingqimba zomhlaba (...) zakhiwe yisihlabathi namatshe anqwabelene olwandle, amagobolondo e-crustacean kanye ne-coral matter, inhlabathi nobumba. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Emazwekazini, amatshe e-sedimentary olwandle avame kakhulu futhi asakazeke kakhulu kunawo wonke amanye amatshe e-sedimentary ehlangene. Leli elinye lalawo maqiniso alula adinga ukuchazwa, ukuba senhliziyweni yakho konke okuhlobene nemizamo eqhubekayo yomuntu yokuqonda ukuguquguquka kokuma kwendawo yesikhathi esidlule sokuma komhlaba. (JS Shelton: I-Geology iboniswe)

Okunye okubonisa ngoZamcolo ukuba khona kwezinsalela zasolwandle ezintabeni eziphakeme njengezintaba ze-Himalaya, i-Alps nezintaba zase-Andes. Nazi ezinye izibonelo ezivela ezincwadini zososayensi nezazi zokwakheka komhlaba:

Ngesikhathi ehamba e-Beagle Darwin ngokwakhe wathola amagobolondo olwandle ahlala phansi phezulu ezintabeni zase-Andean. Kuyakhombisa ukuthi, lokhu okuyintaba manje kwake kwaba ngaphansi kwamanzi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Kungani ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyiqiniso], p. 127)

Kunesizathu sokubhekisisa ubunjalo bangempela bamadwala ezingodini zezintaba. Ibonakala kahle kakhulu e-Alps, e-Alps ye-lime enyakatho, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Helvetian zone. I-Limestone yiyona nto eyinhloko yetshe. Uma sibheka idwala lapha emithambekeni ewumqansa noma esiqongweni sentaba - ukube besinamandla okukhuphukela lapho - sizogcina sithole izinsalela zezilwane ezisafufusa, izinsalela zezilwane. Zivame ukonakala kakhulu kodwa kungenzeka ukuthola izingcezu ezibonakalayo. Zonke lezo zinsalela zingamagobolondo omcako noma amathambo ezidalwa zasolwandle. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-ammonite anemicu evunguzayo, futhi ikakhulukazi ama-clams anamagobolondo amaningi. (…) Umfundi angase azibuze manje ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi ukhahlamba lwezintaba lubamba inhlabathi eningi kangaka, etholakala futhi iminyene ekujuleni kolwandle. (ikhasi 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

U-Harutaka Sakai wase-Japan University e-Kyushu useneminyaka eminingi ecwaninga ngalezi zinsalela zasolwandle eziNtabeni ze-Himalaya. Yena neqembu lakhe babhale i-aquarium yonke kusukela esikhathini se-Mesozoic. Iminduze yasolwandle entekenteke, izihlobo zama-sea urchin kanye ne-starfishes, zitholakala ezindongeni zamadwala ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu ngaphezu kolwandle. Ama-Amoni, ama-belemnite, amakhorali namapulangwe atholakala njengezinsalela emadwaleni ezintaba (…)

   Ekuphakameni okungamakhilomitha amabili, izazi zokuma komhlaba zathola umkhondo owawushiywe ngasolwandle ngokwalo. Idwala layo elifana negagasi lihambisana namafomu ahlala esihlabathini asuka kumagagasi anamanzi aphansi. Ngisho naphezulu kwe-Everest, kutholakala imicu ephuzi ye-limestone, eyavela ngaphansi kwamanzi ezinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ezingenakubalwa. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", p. 55)

Ukuthethelela kanjani ukuba khona kokuphila eMhlabeni izigidi zeminyaka?

Zimbili izinto eziphakanyiswe ngenhla ezisetshenziselwa ukufakazela izikhathi zezigidi zeminyaka: izilinganiso zamatshe akhipha imisebe kanye nezinga lokuhlukaniswa. Kwatholakala ukuthi akekho kubo owafakazela ukuthi lezo zikhathi ezinde ziyiqiniso. Inkinga ngezilinganiso ezenziwe ngamatshe ukuthi amatshe amasha ngokuphelele asevele equkethe izakhi zendodakazi futhi ngaleyo ndlela abukeka egugile. Futhi i-strata ayibhekiseli ezigidini zeminyaka ngenxa yokuthi izimpahla zabantu, ngisho nezinsalela zabantu, ziye zatholakala ezigabeni ezazibhekwa njengezindala, nangenxa yokuthi kunobufakazi namuhla bokunqwabelana ngokushesha kohlaka phezu kwelinye. Izigidi zeminyaka kulula ukuzibuza mayelana nala maqiniso.

    Kuthiwani ngokubonakala kokuphila emhlabeni? Sitshelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ezinhlelweni zemvelo, ezincwadini zesikole nakwezinye izindawo ukuthi ukuphila okuyinkimbinkimbi kuye kwaba khona amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka emhlabeni. Ingabe lo mbono ufanele ukwethenjwa? Kulolu daba, kufanele unake amaphuzu alandelayo:

Akekho ongazi iminyaka yezinsalela . Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe izinsalela zamathambo. Bawukuphela kwensali yempilo edlule, futhi asinazo ezinye izinto ezitholakalayo.

     Kodwa kungenzeka yini ukwazi kusukela emivubukulweni iminyaka yazo eqondile? Kungenzeka yini ukwazi ukuthi enye i-fossil indala kakhulu noma incane kunenye? Impendulo icacile: akunakwenzeka ukuthola lokhu. Uma noma iyiphi i-fossil imbiwa phansi, isb ithambo le-dinosaur noma i-trilobite fossil, akukho rekhodi leminyaka yayo nokuthi yayiphila nini emhlabeni. Asikwazi ukuthola ulwazi olunjalo kuyo. Noma ubani ocosha i-fossil angakubona lokhu. (Kusebenza okufanayo ngokwesibonelo, imidwebo emigedeni. Abanye abacwaningi bangase bacabange ukuthi baneminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ubudala, kodwa bona ngokwabo abazibonisi izimpawu ezinjalo. Empeleni bangase babe neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela ubudala.)

    Naphezu kwakho konke, umcabango oyisisekelo emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uwukuthi lezi zinkathi zingaziwa. Nakuba izinsalela ngokwazo zingatsheli noma zingabonisi noma yiluphi ulwazi, izazi eziningi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zithi zazi ukuthi zaphila nini (okubizwa ngokuthi i- index index). Bacabanga ukuthi banolwazi oluqondile mayelana nezigaba eziqondile zama-ammonite, ama-trilobite, ama-dinosaur, izilwane ezincelisayo, nezinye izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukucacisa noma yini efana naleyo kusukela ezinsalela ezimbizeni nasezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.

Akukho muntu kulo Mhlaba owazi ngokwanele ngamadwala nezinsalela zamathambo ukuze akwazi ukufakazela nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwezinsalela zakudala empeleni ludala noma luncane kunolunye uhlobo. Ngamanye amazwi, akekho ongafakazela ngempela ukuthi i-trilobite evela esikhathini se-Cambrian indala kune-dinosaur kusukela esikhathini se-Cretaceous noma isilwane esincelisayo esivela enkathini ephakeme. I-Geology ayiyona isayensi eqondile. (12)

Lapho izinsalela zamathambo zimbiwa phansi, inkinga efanayo iyasebenza ezinsalela ezinkulu zama-mammoth nama-dinosaur. Ukuvela kwazo okuhlukile emhlabeni kungathethelelwa kanjani uma izinsalela zakho zombili zisesimweni esihle futhi ziseduze nobuso bomhlaba, njengoba zivame ukutholakala? Umuntu angasho kanjani ukuthi amathambo e-dinosaur indala ngeminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 kune-mammoth noma i-fossil yomuntu uma kokubili kusesimweni esihle ngokulinganayo? Impendulo iwukuthi akekho onolwazi olunjalo. Noma ubani othi ngenye indlela uya ohlangothini lokucabanga.

     Pho kungani ososayensi abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu bekholelwa ukuthi izinsalela zama-dinosaur zindala okungenani ngeminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 kunezinsalela ezinkulu? Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ishadi lesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba, elalungiswa ngekhulu le-19, okungukuthi kudala ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe indlela ye-radiocarbon noma ezinye izindlela ze-radioactivity, isibonelo. Iminyaka yobudala yezinsalela inqunywa ngesisekelo saleli shadi lesikhathi, ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin ilungile nokuthi amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlobo zezilwane avele eMhlabeni ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ngakho ukuphila kukholelwa ukuthi kwaqala olwandle, kangangokuthi ekuqaleni kwaba nengqamuzana lasendulo elilula, kwase kuba nezilwane ezisogwini lolwandle, kamuva kwavela izinhlanzi, kwase kuba amaxoxo ahlala onqenqemeni lwamanzi, kwase kuba izilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi ekugcineni izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. I-Evolution kukholakala ukuthi ithuthuke ngale ndlela, futhi ishadi lesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba ladwetshwa ngekhulu le-19 ngenxa yale njongo, okuyinto nanamuhla enquma ukuhunyushwa kwenkathi yezinsalela zososayensi abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Azikho ezinye izizathu zeminyaka yezinsalela.

   Ngakho-ke ishadi lesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba lisekelwe embonweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane, okuwumbandela oyisisekelo wemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Inkinga, nokho, ukuthi akukho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane okuke kwabonwa ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi ezingafakazela ukuthi ithebula lesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba lilungile. Ngisho nomuntu owaziwa kakhulu ongakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu uRichard Dawkins uye wavuma okufanayo encwadini yakhe ethi Sokea Kelloseppä (s. 240 241, The Blind Watchmaker): “ Kusukela uDarwin, izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zazi ukuthi imivubukulo ehlelwe ngokulandelana kwezikhathi ayilona uchungechunge lwezincane, ngokulambisa. izinguquko eziphawulekayo. ” Ngokufanayo, isazi semivubukulo esaziwayo esingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu uStephen Jay Gould siye sathi: “Angifuni nganoma iyiphi indlela ukubukela phansi amandla angaba khona ombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane. Ngifuna ukuphawula nje ukuthi akukaze 'kubonwe' emadwaleni.” (13).

   Singaphetha ngokuthini ngalokhu okungenhla? Uma kungazange kube khona ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane, izilinganiso zobudala zeshadi lesikhathi se-geological kanye nokucatshangwa ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlobo zezilwane avele eMhlabeni ngezikhathi ezihlukene angabuzwa. Asikho isisekelo sombono onjalo. Kunalokho, kunengqondo kakhudlwana ukucabanga ukuthi wonke amaqembu angaphambili ezinhlobo zezilwane ekuqaleni ayekhona emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, ngoba ezinye zazo ziye zaba izilwane zasolwandle, ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni, nezinye phakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs nama-trilobite, zombili eziye zabhekwa njengezinsalela zenkomba, seziphelile. Asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zindala noma zincane kunezinye. Asikho isiphetho esinjalo esingenziwa ngesisekelo sezinsalela.

    Izinsalela eziphilayo - izinto eziphilayo okufanele ngabe zafa ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, kodwa zatholakala zisaphila nanamuhla - nazo ziwubufakazi bokuthi izigidi zeminyaka akufanele zithenjwe. Empeleni kunamakhulu ezinsalela ezinjalo. Umnyuziyamu wososayensi waseJalimane uDkt Joachim Scheven unezibonelo ezingaphezu kuka-500 zalolu hlobo lwezinsalela eziphilayo. Esinye isibonelo i-coelacanth, okwakukholakala ukuthi yafa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, okungukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs. Nokho, le nhlanzi iye yatholakala iphila ezikhathini zanamuhla, pho ibicashe kuphi iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65? Enye, futhi okungenzeka ukuthi, inketho ukuthi akukaze kube nezigidi zeminyaka.

Kungani ama-dinosaur engaphilanga izigidi zeminyaka edlule ? Izigaba ezedlule ziveze ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwazi iminyaka eqondile yezinsalela. Futhi akunakufakazelwa ukuthi izinsalela zama-trilobite, ama-dinosaurs noma ama-mammoth, ngokwesibonelo, azifani ngobudala. Abukho ubufakazi besayensi balokhu, kodwa lezi zinhlobo kungenzeka ukuthi zaphila kanyekanye emhlabeni, kodwa kuphela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zemvelo, njengokuthi manje kukhona izindawo zasolwandle, amaxhaphozi, phezulu nezintaba nezilwane nezitshalo zazo.

    Kuthiwani ngokuphila emhlabeni izigidi zeminyaka, njengoba sitshelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ezinhlelweni zemvelo noma kweminye imithombo? Lolu daba lusingathwa kangcono ngendlela ye-radiocarbon ngoba ingakala iminyaka yamasampula ezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izilinganiso ngezindlela ezikhipha imisebe ngokuvamile zenziwe ngamadwala, kodwa indlela ye-radiocarbon ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izilinganiso ngokuqondile ngezinsalela. Ingxenye yempilo esemthethweni yale nto yiminyaka engama-5730, ngakho akufanele neze yenzeke ngemva kweminyaka eyi-100,000.

    Kuthiwani ngama-dinosaurs? Impikiswano enkulu kule ndawo imayelana nezibankwakazi. Babonakala bethakazelisa abantu, futhi baye bazama ukuthethelela izigidi zeminyaka emhlabeni. Bangabavangeli bezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ababaveza lapho kudingekile uma kuziwa ezigidini zeminyaka.

   Kodwa, kodwa. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukunqunywa kweminyaka yama-dinosaurs kusekelwe eshadini lesikhathi se-geological elahlanganiswa ngeminyaka yawo-1800, elitholakale lingalungile izikhathi ezimbalwa. Abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi ama-dinosaur madala kune, isibonelo, ama-mammoth nezinye izilwane ezingasekho. Nansi imibono embalwa elula ephakamisa ukuthi izibankwakazi azizange zishabalale ezigidini zeminyaka edlule nokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zesimanje ziye zaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nazo.

• Izinhlobo zanamuhla ziye zaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs. Izazi zemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zihlale zikhuluma ngenkathi yama-dinosaurs ngoba, ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bakholelwa ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene ezilwane avela eMhlabeni ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, bacabanga ukuthi izinyoni zivela kuma- dinosaur, ngakho-ke kumelwe ukuba ama- dinosaur avela emhlabeni ngaphambi kwezinyoni. Ngokufanayo, bacabanga ukuthi izilwane zokuqala ezincelisayo azizange zivele emhlabeni kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwenkathi yama-dinosaur.

    Kodwa-ke, igama elithi inkathi yama-dinosaur liyadukisa ngoba kusukela ezinhlotsheni ze-dinosaur kuye kwatholakala izinhlobo ezifanayo ncamashi nezanamuhla: ufudu, ingwenya, i-king boa, squirrel, i-beaver, i-bager, i-hedgehog, ushaka, uqhwaku lwamanzi, iphela, inyosi, imbaza, i-coral, ingwenya, i-caiman, izinyoni zesimanje, izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni kukholelwa ukuthi zivela kuma- dinosaur, kodwa zona lezi zinyoni ziye zatholakala ezigabeni zama- dinosaur njengoba zinjalo namuhla: opholi, amadada, amadrake, amaloon, ama- flamingo, izikhova, amaphengwini, izinyoni zasogwini, ama-albatross, ama- cormorants nama- avocet. Ngonyaka ka-2000, izinsalela ezingaphezu kwekhulu zezinyoni zesimanje zase zibhalisiwe zisuka ku-Cretaceous strata. Kulokhu okutholakele, kuye kwashiwo isib. encwadini kaCarl Werner ethi “Living Fossils”. Iminyaka engu-14, wenza ucwaningo ngezinsalela zamathambo kusukela ngesikhathi se-dinosaur, wajwayelana nemibhalo yobungcweti be-paleontological, futhi wavakashela iminyuziyamu engama-60 yesayensi yemvelo emhlabeni wonke, ethatha izithombe ezingaba ngu-60,000. UDkt Werner uthe:"Amamnyuziyamu awabonisi lezi zinsalela zezinyoni zesimanje, noma azidwebe ezithombeni ezibonisa indawo yama-dinosaur. Akulungile. Ngokuyisisekelo, noma nini lapho i-T. Rex noma i-Triceratops iboniswa embukisweni wasemnyuziyamu, amadada, ama-loon, ama-flamingo, noma amanye. kulezi ezinye izinyoni zesimanje eziye zatholakala esigabeni esisodwa nama-dinosaurs kufanele nazo zidwetshwe.Kodwa lokho akwenzeki.Angikaze ngilibone idada eline-dinosaur emnyuziyamu womlando wemvelo, angithi?Isikhova?A upholi?”

   Yini engatholwa kulokhu okungenhla? Izinyoni ziye zaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs, futhi asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi kusukela kuyo kungaba amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka.

    Kuthiwani ngezilwane ezincelisayo? Ngokokunye ukulinganisa, okungenani kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingu-432 eziye zatholakala ziphila ndawonye nezibankwakazi ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, kanye nesiLuo, ZX, Izilwane Ezincelisayo Ezivela Enkathini Yama-Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution and Structure, Columbia University Press, NY, 2004) . Ngokufanayo, amathambo e-dinosaur atholakale phakathi kwamathambo afana namathambo ehhashi, inkomo, nezimvu (u-Anderson, A., Tourism uyisisulu se-tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus kungenzeka ukuthi yafa buthule emva kwakho konke, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9.) , ngakho izibankwakazi nezilwane ezincelisayo kumelwe ukuba zaziphila ngesikhathi esisodwa.

   Ngaphezu kwalokho, enkulumweni yevidiyo noCarl Werner, umnakekeli we-Utah Museum of Prehistory, uDkt. Donald Burge, uye wachaza: “Sithola izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo cishe kukho konke ukumba kwethu kwama-dinosaur. Sinamathani ayishumi obumba be-bentonite aqukethe izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi sisezinhlelweni zokuzinikeza abanye abacwaningi. Hhayi ngoba besingeke sizithole zibalulekile, kodwa ngoba impilo ifushane, futhi angikhethekile ngezilwane ezincelisayo: ngigxile ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo nama-dinosaurs”. Lezi zinhlobo zokubheka zibonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezivela kuwo wonke amaqembu ezilwane ziye zaphila ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezahlukene zemvelo. Ezinye zezinhlobo, njengama-dinosaurs, azisekho. Ngisho nanamuhla, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyafa.

• Izicubu ezithambile zisho isikhathi esifushane . Phambilini kwashiwo ukuthi ukuqomisana kwama-dinosaurs kusekelwe ikakhulukazi eshadini lesikhathi se-geological lekhulu le-19 lapho ama-dinosaurs okukholakala ukuthi ashabalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule.

   Izinsalela zama-Dinosaur nazo zinganuka zibolile. UJack Horner, usosayensi okholelwa emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, washo mayelana nendawo enkulu yokutholwa kwezinsalela zama-dinosaur ukuthi “wonke amathambo aseHell Creek ayanuka.” Amathambo anganuka kanjani ngemva kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka? Ukube bebendala kangako, ngabe selibashiyile manje lonke iphunga.

    Kufanele benzeni abacwaningi? Kungaba ngcono ukushiya ishadi lesikhathi se-geological elidwetshwe ngekhulu le-19 futhi ugxile ngqo kumathambo. Uma kusekhona izicubu ezithambile, amaprotheni, i-DNA kanye ne-radiocarbon esele kuzo, angeke kube umbuzo wezigidi zeminyaka. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinto kumathambo kubonisa isikhathi esifushane. Lawa amamethrikhi amahle okulinganisa iminyaka yezinsalela.

• Izincazelo zamadragons. Abaningi bathi umuntu akaphilanga ngesikhathi esifanayo nama- dinosaur. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkomba eziningi kuma-dragons esikweni labantu. Igama elithi dinosaur lasungulwa owayephila ngesikhathi sikaDarwin, uRichard Owen, ngo-1841, kodwa mayelana nama-dragons sekukhulunywe ngawo amakhulu eminyaka. Nanka amanye amazwana ngalesi sihloko:

Amadragoni ezinganekwaneni, ngokumangazayo, afana nezilwane zangempela ezaziphila esikhathini esidlule. Zifana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu (izibankwakazi) ezabusa izwe kudala ngaphambi kokuba umuntu avele. Amadragoni ngokuvamile ayebhekwa njengamabi futhi abhubhisayo. Isizwe ngasinye sasibhekisela kubo ezinganekwaneni zabo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Umq. 5, 1973, s. 265)

Kusukela ekuqaleni komlando oqoshiwe, ama-dragons avele yonke indawo: emlandweni wokuqala wase-Asiriya naseBhabhiloni mayelana nokuthuthuka kwempucuko, emlandweni wamaJuda weTestamente Elidala, emibhalweni yakudala yaseShayina naseJapane, ezinganekwaneni zaseGrisi, eRoma. namaKristu okuqala, ngezingathekiso zaseMelika yasendulo, ezinganekwaneni zase-Afrika naseNdiya. Kunzima ukuthola umphakathi obungafaki amadragoni emlandweni wawo wenganekwane...u-Aristotle, uPliny nabanye ababhali benkathi yakudala bathi izindaba zikadrako zazisekelwe eqinisweni hhayi emcabangweni. (14)

IBhayibheli liphinde lisho igama likadrako izikhathi eziningana (isib. Jobe 30:29: Ngingumfowabo kadrako, nomngane wezikhova). Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, ukukhulumela okuthakazelisayo ngale ndaba kungatholakala kusosayensi ongakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaStephen Jay Gould. Waphawula ukuthi lapho incwadi kaJobe ikhuluma ngoBhehemoti, ukuphela kwesilwane le ncazelo ehambisana naso yi-dinosaur ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Njengesazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi umlobi wencwadi kaJobe kumelwe ukuba waluthola ulwazi lwakhe ngezinsalela ezatholwa. Nokho, lena yezincwadi ezindala kunazo zonke eBhayibhelini ibhekisela esilwaneni esiphilayo (Jobe 40:15) Manje bheka ubhemothi engawenza kanye nawe, udla utshani njengenkabi…).

   Amadragoni aphinde avele kwezobuciko (www.dinoglyphs.fi). Izithombe zamadragoni zirekhodiwe, isibonelo, ezihlangulweni zempi (Sutton Hoo) kanye nemihlobiso yasodongeni yamasonto (isb. SS Mary kanye noHardulph, eNgilandi). Esangweni lika-Ishtar emzini wasendulo waseBabiloni, ngaphezu kwezinkunzi namabhubesi, kuboniswa odrako. Ekuqaleni kwe-cylinder seal yaseMesophothamiya, odrako abanemisila cishe ubude bentamo buvela (Moortgat, A., Ubuciko baseMesopotamia yasendulo, i-Phaidon Press, iLondon 1969, iphe. 1,9,10 kanye ne-Plate A.). Incwadi kaVance Nelson ethi Dire Dragonsutshela izibonelo ezengeziwe. Okuphawulekayo ngale ncwadi ukuthi ihlanganisa ubuciko obudala obumayelana namadragoni/izibankwakazi, kanye nemidwebo edwetshwe izazi zesimanje zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokwazo ezisekelwe emathanjeni ama-dinosaur. Abafundi ngokwabo bangaqhathanisa ukufana kwemisebenzi yobuciko yakudala, kanye nemidwebo edwetshwe ngesisekelo samathambo. Ukufana kwabo kusobala.

   Kuthiwani ngezinkanyezi zaseShayina? Isibonelo esihle sendlela ama-dinosaur okungenzeka ukuthi aye amadragoni ngayo ngempela le nkanyezi yezinkanyezi ezihambelana nosuku lomuntu, eyaziwa ukuthi inamakhulu eminyaka ubudala. Ngakho lapho izinkanyezi zaseChina zisekelwe ezimpawini zezilwane ezingu-12 eziphindaphinda emijikelezweni yeminyaka engu-12, kunezilwane ezingu-12 ezihilelekile. Ezingu-11 zazo zivamile nanamuhla: igundane, inkabi, ingwe, unogwaja, inyoka, ihhashi, imvu, inkawu, iqhude, inja nengulube.. Kunalokho, isilwane se-12 singudrako, ongekho namuhla. Umbuzo omuhle uwukuthi uma izilwane ezingu-11 beziyizilwane zangempela, kungani udrako engaba yinto ehlukile futhi eyisidalwa sasenganekwaneni? Akukhona yini okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukucabanga ukuthi yake yaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nabantu, kodwa isishabalala njengezinye izilwane eziningi? Kuhle ukukhumbula futhi ukuthi igama elithi dinosaur lasungulwa kuphela ngekhulu le-19 nguRichard Owen. Ngaphambi kwalokho, igama elithi dragon lalisetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka. 

Uyithethelela kanjani imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo?

Inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ihluke ngokuphelele emsebenzini kaNkulunkulu wendalo. Lo mbono, obekwe phambili nguDarwin, uthatha ukuthi konke kwaqala nge-stem cell encane, eyabe yashintsha phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka yaba amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi.

   Kodwa ingabe imfundiso kaDarwin iyiqiniso? Ingahlolwa ngobufakazi obusebenzayo. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile.

1. Ukuzalwa kwempilo ngokwakho akufakazelwanga . Ngaphambi kokuba ukuphila kuguquke, kumelwe kube khona. Kodwa nansi inkinga yokuqala yombono kaDarwin. Yonke inkolelo-mbono ayinaso isisekelo sayo, njengoba ukuphila akunakuzivelela ngokwakho, njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili. Ukuphila kuphela okungaletha ukuphila, futhi akukho okuhlukile okutholakele kulo mthetho. Le nkinga kuhlangatshezwana nayo uma umuntu enamathela embonweni yokuphika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni. 

2. I-Radiocarbon iphika imicabango yesikhathi eside . Enye inkinga ukuthi i-radiocarbon ikhona kuma-fossil namalahle azo zonke izinkathi, okuye kwabhekwa njengezigidi zeminyaka ubudala (i-Lowe, DC, Izinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamalahle njengomthombo we-14C yamahhala wesizinda, i-Radiocarbon 31 (2): 117 -120, 1989). Ukuba khona kwe-radiocarbon kubhekisela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka kuphela, okusho ukuthi asikho isikhathi esisele sentuthuko ecatshangwayo. Lena inkinga enkulu ngombono kaDarwin ngoba izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zikholelwa esidingweni sezigidi zeminyaka.

3. Ukuqhuma kweCambrian kuyakuphikisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo . Ngaphambilini kwashiwo ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma kweCambrian kuwuphikisa kanjani umuthi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ukucatshangelwa ukuthi i-stem cell elula isiphenduke izinhlobo zokuphila ezintsha). Noma lesi sihlahla sibheke phansi. Idatha yezinsalela ibonisa ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni, ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nokunotha kwezinhlobo kwakuhilelekile. Lokhu kuhambisana nemodeli yokudala.

4. Azikho izinzwa nezitho ezikhule kancane . Uma inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iyiqiniso, kufanele kube nezigidi zezinzwa ezintsha, izandla, izinyawo, noma ezinye iziqalo zezitho zomzimba emvelweni. Kunalokho, lezi zitho zomzimba sezilungile futhi ziyasebenza. Ngisho noRichard Dawkins, owaziwa kakhulu ngokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, uyavuma ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nazo zonke izitho ezikuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo osekuhlolisiswe kuzo kuze kube manje zilungile kulokho ezikwenzayo. Ukuqaphela okunjalo kuhambisana kabi nethiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa kumodeli yendalo:

Iqiniso elisekelwe ekuqapheliseni ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nazo zonke izitho ezingaphakathi kohlobo oluthile osezihloliwe kuze kube manje zilungile kulokho ezikwenzayo. Amaphiko ezinyoni, izinyosi namalulwane alungele ukundiza. Amehlo mahle ekuboneni. Amaqabunga asebenza kahle ku-photosynthesis. Siphila eplanethini, lapho sizungezwe khona izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaba yizigidi eziyishumi, zonke ezibonisa ngokuzimele inkohliso enamandla yomklamo osobala. Zonke izinhlobo zingena kahle endleleni yazo yokuphila ekhethekile. (15)

Emazwini akhe angaphambili, uDawkins uvuma ngokungaqondile ukuba khona komklamo ohlakaniphile, nakuba ekuphika ngamabomu. Nokho, ubufakazi bubonisa ngokucacile ukuba khona komklamo ohlakaniphile. Umbuzo obalulekile uthi; Ingabe iyasebenza? Okungukuthi, uma konke kusebenza, kuyindaba yesakhiwo esisebenzayo kanye nomklamo ohlakaniphile, futhi isakhiwo sasingeke sivele ngokwaso.

    Kuyamangaza ukuthi uma kunesithombe somdlali webhola uJari Litmanen eLahti, isibonelo, bonke abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu bavuma umklamo ohlakaniphile ngemuva kwaso. Abakholelwa ukuthi lesi sifanekiso sazalwa yibona, kodwa bakholelwa ekuklanyweni okuhlakaniphile ohlelweni lwaso lokuzalwa. Nokho, bayakwenqabela ukwakheka okuhlakaniphile kwezidalwa eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphindwe kaningi futhi ezinganyakaza, zande, zidle, zithandane, futhi zizwe eminye imizwelo. Lena akuyona indlela yokucabanga enengqondo kakhulu.

5. Izinsalela aziyiphikisanga imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo . Sekuvele kuveziwe ukuthi akukho ukukhula kancane kancane kwezinsalela. UStephen Jay Gould, phakathi kwabanye, uye wathi: “Angifuni nganoma iyiphi indlela ukululaza ukufaneleka okungaba khona kombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane. Ngifuna ukuphawula nje ukuthi akukaze 'kubonwe' emadwaleni.” (16). Ngokufanayo, ezinye izazi ezimbalwa eziphambili ze-paleontology ziye zavuma ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane akubonakali emivubukulweni, nakuba kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo senkolelo-mbono kaDarwin. Impikiswano yokuthi irekhodi lezinsalela aliphelele ngeke lisasetshenziswa futhi. Akusenjalo, ngoba kuye kwambiwa okungenani izinsalela eziyizigidi eziyikhulu emhlabeni. Uma kungekho ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane noma amafomu amaphakathi kulokhu kwaziswa, akukhona kulokho okushiywe phansi. Amazwana alandelayo abonisa ukuthi amafomu amaphakathi ashoda kanjani:

Kuyamangaza ukuthi izikhala zezinto ezinsalela phansi ziyavumelana ngendlela ethile: izinsalela azikho kuzo zonke izindawo ezibalulekile. (Francis Hitching, Intamo Yendlulamithi , 1982, p. 19)

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi esikhathini esidlule sihamba ibanga elingakanani ochungechungeni lwezinsalela zalezo zilwane eziye zaphila ngaphambili emhlabeni, asikwazi ukuthola ngisho nomkhondo wezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaba izinhlobo eziphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu nama-phyla ... Amaqembu amakhulu kakhulu yezilwane musa ukuhlangana omunye komunye. Ziyafana futhi bezilokhu zifana kusukela ekuqaleni... Futhi asikho isilwane ebesingakwazanga ukumiswa endaweni yaso noma iqembu elikhulu elitholwe kusukela ezinhlotsheni zamadwala ane-stratified ... Lokhu kuntuleka okuphelele kwamafomu aphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu. zezilwane zingahunyushwa ngendlela eyodwa kuphela... Uma sizimisele ukuthatha amaqiniso njengoba enjalo, kufanele sikholwe ukuthi akukaze kube namafomu anjalo aphakathi; ngamanye amazwi, la maqembu amakhulu abe nobudlelwane obufanayo komunye nomunye kusukela ekuqaleni.(U-Austin H. Clark, The New Evolution, p. 189)

Yini engatholwa kulokhu okungenhla? Kufanele siyenqabe inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin ngesisekelo sezinsalela, njengoba nje uDarwin ngokwakhe asho ngesisekelo sedatha yezinsalela ezatholakala ngaleso sikhathi: “ Labo abakholelwa ukuthi ukulandisa kokuma komhlaba kuphelele noma kuncane kakhulu bayoyilahla ngempela inkolelo-mbono yami” (17) ).

6. Ukukhethwa kwemvelo nokuzalanisa akudali lutho olusha . Encwadini yakhe ethi On the Origin of Species, uDarwin waveza umbono wokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyimbangela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Wasebenzisa njengesibonelo ukukhetha okwenziwa umuntu, okungukuthi ukuzalanisa, nokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba nomthelela ekubonakaleni kwezilwane ngakho.

    Nokho, inkinga ngokukhethwa kwemvelo nokukhethwa kwabantu ukuthi abadali into entsha. Bakhetha kuphela kulokho osekuvele kukhona, okungukuthi, endala . Izici ezithile zingagcizelelwa futhi ziphile, kodwa akukhona nje ukusinda okukhiqiza ulwazi olusha. Isidalwa esikhona asisakwazi ukushintsha sibe esinye.

   Ngokufanayo, ukuhlukahluka kwenzeka, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba izilwane nezitshalo kuhlelwe kusengaphambili ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqulwa nokuzalanisa. Isibonelo, ukuzalanisa kungathinta ubude bemilenze yenja noma ubukhulu nokwakheka kwezitshalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esithile uzowela umkhawulo futhi ungadluli lokho. Azikho izinhlobo ezintsha ezisafufusa futhi azikho izimpawu zolwazi olusha.

Abafuyi bavame ukuthola ukuthi ngemva kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa zokucwenga, umkhawulo owedlulele ufinyelelwa: ukuqhubekela phambili ngaleli phuzu akunakwenzeka, futhi azikho izinhlobo ezintsha ezidaliwe. (…) Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuzalanisa kukhansela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunokuba kuyisekele. (Kukholi, 3.7.1972, p. 8,9)

Enye inkinga ukuntula izakhi zofuzo. Njengoba ukuguqulwa nokujwayela kwenzeka, amanye amagugu ofuzo anothile amadlozi okuqala ayenawo ayalahleka. Uma izinto eziphilayo zisebenza ngokukhethekile, isibonelo ngenxa yokuzalanisa noma ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo, kuba ncane indawo yokuhlukahluka esikhathini esizayo. Isitimela sokuziphendukela kwemvelo siya endaweni engafanele lapho sithatha isikhathi esiningi. Ifa lofuzo limpofu, kodwa azikho izinhlobo ezintsha eziyisisekelo ezivelayo.

7. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo akukhiqizi ulwazi olusha kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zesitho . Ngokuqondene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziqinisile ukuthi kuyenzeka. Kumane kuyindaba yokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Uma kuwumbuzo wokuhlukahluka okuvamile nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziqinisile impela ukuthi kuyabhekwa. Kunezibonelo ezinhle zalokho ezincwadini zabo siqu izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Esikhundleni salokho, ithiyori ye-primordial cell -to-human ingumbono ongenabufakazi ongakaze ubonwe emvelweni yesimanje noma izinsalela.

    Naphezu kwakho konke, izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zizama ukuthola indlela engachaza ukukhula kusukela engqamuzaneni elilula ukuya ezinhlotsheni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Basebenzise ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukusiza kulokhu.

    Kodwa-ke, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuholela kolunye uhlangothi ngokuya ngentuthuko. Ziyawohloka, okungukuthi ziyisa intuthuko phansi. Uma bezoqhubekisela phambili intuthuko, abacwaningi bekuzodingeka babonise izinkulungwane zezibonelo zokuguqulwa kolwazi okwandisa ulwazi kanye nentuthuko ekhuphukayo, kodwa lokhu akuzange kwenzeke. Izinguquko ziyenzeka - amaphiko nezitho ezikhubazekile, ukulahlekelwa umbala ... - kodwa azikho izibonelo ezicacile zokwanda kolwazi eziye zabonwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuye kwatholakala ngokuhlolwa kokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuthi ngokuyinhloko izakhi zofuzo zadalwa esezivele zikhona ngaphambili. Izinguquko ezifanayo ziphindaphindwa kaningi ekuhlolweni.

   Yebo, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ezinye izinguquko zingaba usizo, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni enobuthi noma endaweni enama-antibiotic amaningi, kodwa lapho izimo zibuyela kokujwayelekile, abantu abanoguquko ngokuvamile abaphili ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Esinye isibonelo i-sickle cell anemia. Abantu abanalolu shintsho bangenza kahle ezindaweni ezinomalaleveva, kodwa kuyisifo esiyingozi endaweni engaphethwe umalaleveva. Uma lokhu kuguquka kutholakala kubazali bobabili, lesi sifo siyabulala. Ngokufanayo, izinhlanzi ezilahlekelwa amehlo ngenxa yokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zingaphila emigedeni emnyama kodwa hhayi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Noma amabhungane alahlekelwe amaphiko ngenxa yokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo akwazi ukulawula eziqhingini ezinomoya ngenxa yokuthi awandizeli kalula olwandle, kodwa kwezinye izindawo asuke esenkingeni.

    Abacwaningi abaningana abajwayelene nendawo nabo bayaphika ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungaletha izinguquko ezinkulu noma kudale ezintsha. Lokhu kuboniswe isib. amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo lokuguqulwa kwezimpukane namabhaktheriya. Nawa amanye amazwi avela kubacwaningi ngale ndaba:

Nakuba izinkulungwane zokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ziye zahlolwa esikhathini sethu, asitholanga icala elicacile lapho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo bekuyoshintsha isilwane sibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana, kukhiqize ukwakheka okusha, noma kubangele ngisho nokushintshashintsha okujulile, okusha. (RD Clark, Darwin: Ngaphambi nangemuva , p. 131)

Izinguquko esizaziyo - okucatshangwa ukuthi ziyimbangela yokudalwa komhlaba ophilayo - ngokuvamile ukulahlekelwa kwesitho, ukunyamalala (ukulahlekelwa umbala, ukulahlekelwa i-appendage), noma ukuncipha kwesitho esikhona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benza noma yini entsha ngempela noma umuntu ngamunye ohlelweni lwe-organic, noma yini engabhekwa njengesisekelo sesitho esisha noma njengesiqalo somsebenzi omusha. (UJean Rostand, The Orion Book of Evolution , 1961, p. 79)

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ososayensi banenethiwekhi esabelayo nebanzi yokuthola ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo okwandisa ulwazi. Izazi eziningi zofuzo zigcina amehlo azo ziwavulile. - - Nokho, angiqiniseki ukuthi kukhona ngisho nesibonelo esisodwa esisobala soguquko obekungadala ulwazi ngokungangabazeki. (Sanford, J., Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome, Ivan Press, New York, p. 17).

Isiphetho siwukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo akukwazi ukuba injini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, noma ukukhethwa kwemvelo, ngoba akudali ulwazi olusha nezakhiwo ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidingwa "kusuka kungqamuzana lokuqala kuye kumuntu" -inkolelo. Zonke izincazelo ezincwadini zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziyizibonelo ezinhle, kodwa izibonelo kuphela zokuhlukahluka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezifana nokuphikiswa kwebhaktheriya, ukuhluka kosayizi woqhwaku lwezinyoni, ukumelana nezinambuzane kuma-insecticides, izinguquko ezilinganisweni zokukhula kwezinhlanzi ezibangelwa ukudoba ngokweqile, imibala emnyama nekhanyayo yebhu elinopelepele kanye nezinguquko. ngenxa yemingcele yendawo. Zonke lezi ziyizibonelo zendlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekushintsheni kwemvelo, kodwa izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zihlala zifana ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi azishintshi zibe ezinye. Amagciwane ahlala enjengamagciwane, izinja njengezinja, amakati njengamakati, njll. Ukuguqulwa kuyenzeka,

   Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi encwadini yakhe ethi On the Origin of Species , uDarwin naye akazange aveze noma yiziphi izibonelo zokushintsha kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kodwa izibonelo nje zokuhlukahluka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo phakathi kwamaqembu ayisisekelo. Ziyizibonelo ezinhle, kodwa azisekho. Abafakazi "kusuka kuseli lokuqala kuye kumuntu" -inkolelo-mbono iyiqiniso. UDarwin ngokwakhe wathi encwadini yakhe: “Empeleni ngikhathele ukutshela abantu ukuthi anginabo ubufakazi obuqondile bokuthi uhlobo oluthile luye lwashintsha lwaba olunye uhlobo lwezilwane nokuthi ngikholelwa ukuthi lo mbono ulungile ikakhulukazi ngoba izenzakalo eziningi zingahlanganiswa futhi zichazwe. esekelwe kuyo” (18). Ngokufanayo, amazwi acashuniwe alandelayo athi encwadini kaDarwin ethi On the Origin of Species azikho izibonelo zangempela zokushintsha kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo:

"Kuyaxaka ukuthi incwadi edume ngokuchaza imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ayichazi nganoma iyiphi indlela." (UChristopher Booker, umlobi we-Times ebhekisela ku-Darwin's magnum opus, On the Origin of Species) (19)

Ukuthetheleleka kanjani ukwehla komuntu kusuka ezidalweni ezifana nemfene?

Isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo siwukuthi zonke izinhlobo zamanje zinesimo esifanayo se-stem: i-stem cell elula. Okufanayo kuya kumuntu wesimanje. Izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zifundisa ukuthi sivela engqamuzaneni yokuqala efanayo, eyaqala yashintsha yaba izinhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle, futhi njengesinyathelo sokugcina, ngaphambi komuntu yaba okhokho banamuhla abangabantu abafana nezimfene. Yile ndlela izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezikholelwa ngayo, nakuba kungekho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane okungabonwa emivubukulweni.

     Kodwa ingabe ukuqonda kwesazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngemvelaphi yomuntu kuyiqiniso? Sizogqamisa izizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile eziphakamisa okuphambene:

Izinsalela zomuntu wanamuhla ezisezingqimbeni ezindala ziyayiphika imvelo . Isizathu sokuqala silula futhi ukuthi izinsalela ezicacile zabantu banamuhla ziye zatholakala okungenani ezigabeni ezindala noma ezindala njengezinsalela zokhokho babo, ngisho nezinsalela zabantu besimanje zikhona ezigabeni ezindala kakhulu kunokhokho babo. Izinsalela ezicacile nezimpahla zomuntu wanamuhla ziye zatholakala ngisho nasezindaweni zamalahle eziye zabhekwa njengezingamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.

    Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Kusho ukuthi umuntu wanamuhla uye wavela okungenani ngesikhathi esifanayo emhlabeni noma ngisho nangaphambi kokhokho bakhe. Ngeke kwenzeke nakancane ngoba inzalo ayisoze yaphila ngaphambi kokhokho bayo. Nakhu ukuphikisana okusobala okuphikisana nencazelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yemvelaphi yomuntu.

   Izingcaphuno ezilandelayo zikutshela kabanzi ngalokhu. Ososayensi abadumile bayavuma ukuthi izinsalela zomuntu wanamuhla eziye zatholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe kanjani emikhakheni yasendulo, kodwa ziye zenqatshwa ngoba ziye zesimanje ngokwedlulele ngokwezinga. Kutholwe inqwaba efanayo:

I-LBS Leakey: “Angingabazi ukuthi izinsalela zomuntu ezikulamasiko [a-Acheul noChelles], ziye zatholakala izikhathi eziningana (...) kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi azizange zihlonzwe njengezinjalo noma ziye zanqatshwa ngenxa yokuthi zaziyizo. I-Homo sapiens ibhala ngomshini, ngakho-ke ayinakubhekwa njengezindala.” (20)

RS Lull: … Izinsalela ezinjalo zamathambo sezivele kaninginingi. (…) Noma iziphi zazo, nakuba zifeza ezinye izidingo zokuguga - ukungcwatshwa ezingqimbeni ezindala, ukubonakala kwezinsalela zezilwane phakathi kwazo kanye nebanga elifanayo le-fossilization, njll. - akwanele ukwanelisa izimfuneko ze-anthropology ebonakalayo, ngoba akekho kubo onezici zomzimba amaNdiya aseMelika abengeke abe nazo namuhla.” (21)

UMarvin L. Lubenow ubhale ngesihloko esifanayo encwadini yakhe ethi Myytti apinaihmisistä (Amathambo Okuphikisana) . Kule ncwadi, uye wafingqa ukuhlukaniswa kweminyaka kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokwazo ezinsalela eziye zazithola . Konke okutholakele okubikwe ezincwadini zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kufakiwe.

    Inkinga efanayo iphakama kulezi zigaba zeminyaka zezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo: izinsalela zamathambo zitholakala esiqeshini somhlaba esixutshiwe futhi ngaphandle kokuhleleka okunqunyiwe kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Azitholakali ngokulandelana okudingwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okutholakele akubonisi ukuthi umuntu uvela kumadlozi alula afana nenkawu.

    Encwadini yakhe, uLubenow uthi:

   (…) Ekugcineni, “uSuku Lwezinsalela” lwezifundo zethu lwafika. Abafundi babebela abafunda nabo imibiko yabo futhi bamisa izinsalela zabo ohlelweni olulandela iminyaka nokuhlukaniswa okunikezwa izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Njengoba lezi zingcezu zazikhula kancane kancane, abafundi baqonda ngokucace ngokwengeziwe ukuthi izinsalela zasendulo azizange zikufakazele nakanjani ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu.

   Ukube ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu bekuyiqiniso, izinsalela beziyobekwa emugqeni wesikhathi osuka enkawini yaseNingizimu, ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lweHomo habilis , Homo erectus kanye neHomo sapiens yakuqala , futhi ekugcineni kuya kumaHomo sapiens anamuhla.(thina, abakhulu nabahle). Esikhundleni salokho, izinsalela zizobekwa lapha nalaphaya ngaphandle kokuhleleka okucacile kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nakuba abafundi basebenzisa izikhathi zokuqomisana nezigaba zezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokwazo, kwaba sobala kubo ukuthi izinsalela zasendulo zenza ize ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu. Noma iyiphi izinkulumo noma uchungechunge lwezifundo zami bekungeke kube mnandi njengocwaningo olwenziwa abafundi ngokwabo. Ayikho into engangingayisho eyayingaba nomthelela omkhulu kubafundi njengeqiniso elinqunu mayelana nemfucumfucu yomuntu uqobo. (22)

Emivubukulweni amaqembu amabili kuphela: izinkawu ezivamile nabantu besimanje . Njengoba kushiwo, isisekelo esiyisisekelo senkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo siwukuthi umuntu wavela ezidalwa ezinjengezimfene, kangangokuthi phakathi nomlando abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe beza emhlabeni. Lo mbono kwakuwukucatshangelwa kukaDarwin nabantu besikhathi sakhe, nakuba kwakukuncane okwatholakala kwabacatshangwa ukuthi okhokho abangabantu ekhulwini le-19. UDarwin nabangane bakhe babenenkolelo nokulindela ukuthi kamuva bayotholakala emhlabathini.

   Inkolelo efanayo igcwele ekufuneni kwanamuhla izinsalela zabantu. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu banokholo emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bafuna lokho okuthiwa okhokho bomuntu. Ukholo luthonya konke abakwenzayo. Noma ukube babengenalo ukholo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo komuntu kusukela kokhokho abafana nezimfene, ugqozi lwabo lwalungeke lwanele ukusesha.

    Kwembulweni lokhu okutholakele? Ababadumisi abasekeli bemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abavumelani mayelana nanoma yikuphi okutholakele, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, isici esicacile singabonwa kulokhu okutholakele: ekugcineni, kunamaqembu amabili kuphela: ngokusobala izidalwa ezifana nenkawu kanye nabantu abavamile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqhubeka ngendlela yokuthi izinkawu eziseningizimu (i-Australopithecus) ziyizinkawu ezivamile, njengoba kunjalo no-Ardi, ubukhulu bobuchopho babo buncane kunezinkawu eziseningizimu. (I-Homo Habilis iyisigaba esingaqondakali esingase sibe yingxube yamaqembu ahlukene. Ezinye izici zayo ziphakamisa ukuthi yayifana nenkawu kunezinkawu zaseningizimu). Esikhundleni salokho, u-Homo Erectus kanye nendoda yaseNeanderthal, abafana kakhulu komunye nomunye, bangabantu abavamile.

    Kungani ukwehlukana okunjalo kube izigaba ezimbili kuphela? Ososayensi abaningana ngokwabo baye bavuma ukuthi izinkawu zaseningizimu azinakuba okhokho babantu, kodwa ukuthi ziyinkawu evamile, uhlobo olungasekho. Lesi siphetho sifinyelelwe ngenxa yokuthi umzimba wabo ufana nenkawu kakhulu futhi ubukhulu bobuchopho buyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yobukhulu bobuchopho bomuntu wanamuhla. Nawa amazwana ambalwa:

Uma kuqhathaniswa ugebhezi lwekhanda lomuntu kanye ne-anthropoid, ugebhezi lwekhanda lwe- Australopithecus ngokusobala lufana kakhulu nogebhezi lwekhanda le-anthropoid. Ukuthi uma kungenjalo kuzofana nokuthi umnyama umhlophe. (23)

Esikutholile akushiyi nokungabaza ukuthi (…) i- Australopithecus ayifani namaHomo sapiens ; esikhundleni salokho, ifana nama-guenon nama-anthropoid anamuhla. (24)

Kuthiwani ngoHomo erectus nendoda yakwaNeanderthal, abafana kakhulu futhi ubukhulu bobuchopho nomzimba wabo okusikhumbuza ngokuphelele abantu banamuhla? Ubufakazi obanele bobuntu babo bobabili sebutholakele namuhla. U-Homo erectus ukwazile ukuhlanganyela ekuzulazuleni futhi wenza amathuluzi kangangokuthi isazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo uDkt Alan Thorne sathi kusukela ngo-1993: "Abawona ama-Homo erectus (ngamanye amazwi, akufanele babizwe ngaleli gama). Bangabantu." (I-Australia, 19 Agasti 1993). Ngokufanayo, ososayensi bangaleso sikhathi baye bathambekela ngokwengeziwe embonweni wokuthi indoda yaseNeanderthal ingabhekwa njengomuntu wangempela. Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo somzimba, izizathu yizinto eziningi ezitholwe ngamasiko kanye nezifundo ezintsha ze-DNA.(Donald Johnson / James Shreeve: Ingane kaLucy, p. 49).

   Phakathi kwabacwaningi abenze isiphakamiso sokufakwa kwe-Homo erectus ne-Neandertal ekilasini le-Homo sapiens isb uMilford Wolpoff. Okwenza le nkulumo yesazi sesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibaluleke ukuthi kuthiwa uye wabona ngaphezu kwanoma ubani omunye izinsalela zasendulo zama-hominide. Ngokufanayo, uBernard Wood, oye wabhekwa njengegunya eliholayo ezizukulwaneni zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye noM. Collard baye basho ukuthi ama-puative hominide amaningana acishe afane nomuntu noma acishe afane nenkawu eseningizimu (Science 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999).

    Yini engatholwa kulokhu okungenhla? Akusizi ukukhuluma ngenkawu, ngoba empeleni kube ngabantu nezinkawu kuphela. Kunalawa maqembu amabili kuphela, njengoba abacwaningi abaningi abahamba phambili kule ndawo beshilo.

   Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho kuziwa ekubonakaleni komuntu emhlabeni, asikho isizathu esiqinisekile sokuba umuntu avele emhlabeni ngaphambili kunalokho iBhayibheli elikubonisayo, okungukuthi, eminyakeni engaba ngu-6 000 edlule. Kungani kunjalo? Isizathu siwukuthi abukho ubufakazi obuqondile besikhathi eside. Umlando owaziwayo empeleni uhlehlela emuva eminyakeni engu-4000-5000 kuphela, lapho kungazelelwe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izinto ezifana nokubhala, ukwakhiwa, amadolobha, ezolimo, isiko, izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izitsha zobumba, ukwenza amathuluzi nezinye izinto ezibhekwa njengezici zomuntu. Abaningi bezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo bathanda ukukhuluma ngesikhathi sangaphambi komlando nesomlando, kodwa abukho ubufakazi obuhloniphekile bokuthi isikhathi sangaphambi komlando sasikhona, isibonelo, eminyakeni eyi-10 000 kuya ku-20,000 edlule, ngoba izakhiwo nezinto ezishiwo ngenhla akwaziwa ngokuqiniseka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

   Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyamangaza ukuthi umuntu wavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa ezedlule, kodwa isiko lakhe liye laqhuma kungazelelwe emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule. Incazelo engcono iwukuthi umuntu ubelokhu ekhona izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeminyaka, ngakho-ke izakhiwo, amadolobha, amakhono olimi, namasiko kuye kwavela kuphela phakathi nalesosikhathi, njengoba nje incwadi kaGenesise ibonisa. 

Ungahlali ngaphandle kombuso kaNkulunkulu!

Ekugcineni, mfundi omuhle! UNkulunkulu ukuthandile futhi ufuna embusweni Wakhe waphakade. Noma ngabe uke waba yinhlekisa nesitha sikaNkulunkulu, uNkulunkulu unesu elihle ngawe. Qonda amavesi alandelayo akhuluma ngothando lukaNkulunkulu ngabantu. Balandisa ukuthi uJesu weza kanjani emhlabeni ukuze wonke umuntu athole ukuphila okuphakade nokuthethelelwa kwezono. Wonke umuntu emhlabeni angahlangabezana nalokhu:

- ( Johane 3:16 ) Ngokuba uNkulunkulu walithanda izwe kangaka, waze wanikela ngeNdodana yakhe ezelwe yodwa, ukuba yilowo nalowo okholwa yiyo angabhubhi, kodwa abe nokuphila okuphakade.

- ( 1 Johane 4:10 ) Uthando lukulokhu, kungesikho ukuthi thina sathanda uNkulunkulu, kodwa ukuthi yena wasithanda, futhi wathumela iNdodana yakhe ibe yinhlawulo ngezono zethu.

Kodwa ingabe umuntu uthola ukuxhumana noNkulunkulu nokuthethelelwa kwezono ngokuzenzakalelayo? Cha, umuntu kumelwe aphendukele kuNkulunkulu evuma izono zakhe. Abaningi bangase babe nokholo kuphela ababambelele kulo njengeqiniso konke okulotshwe eBhayibhelini, kodwa abakaze basithathe lesi sinyathelo sokuphendukela kuNkulunkulu futhi banikele ukuphila kwabo konke kuNkulunkulu.

    Isibonelo esihle sokuphenduka imfundiso kaJesu ngendodana yolahleko. Lomfana waphila esonweni esijulile, kodwa wabe esephendukela kuyise futhi wavuma izono zakhe. Uyise wamxolela.

- ( Luka 15:11-20 ) Wathi: “Umuntu othile wayenamadodana amabili;

12 Encane yawo yathi kuyise: Baba, nginike isabelo sempahla esiqondene nami. Futhi wabahlukanisela ukuphila kwakhe.

13 Futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingeziningi indodana encane yabutha konke ndawonye, ​​futhi wathatha uhambo lwakhe waya ezweni elikude, futhi lapho wachitha impahla yakhe ngokuphila riot .

14 Esechithe konke, kwavela indlala enkulu kulelo zwe; waqala ukuswela.

15 Wasehamba wazihlanganisa nesakhamuzi salelo zwe; wayithumela emadlelweni akhe ukuba yaluse izingulube.

16 Wayefisa ukugcwalisa isisu sakhe ngamakhoba adliwa yizingulube, futhi kwakungekho muntu owamnika.

17 Kwathi lapho isanguluka, yathi: ‘Bangaki abaqashwa bakababa abanesinkwa esanele, kanti mina ngifa indlala.

18 Ngiyakusuka, ngiye kubaba, ngithi kuye: Baba, ngonile kulo izulu, naphambi kwakho ;

19 angisafanele ukuthiwa indodana yakho; ngenze ngibe njengomunye wabaqashwa bakho.

20 Wasuka waya kuyise. Kodwa kuthe isekude, uyise wayibona, waba nesihe , wagijima, wawa entanyeni yakhe, wamanga.

Lapho umuntu ephendukela kuNkulunkulu, kufanele futhi amukele uJesu njengeNkosi yokuphila kwakhe. Ngoba ngoJesu kuphela umuntu angasondela kuNkulunkulu futhi athole intethelelo yezono njengoba amavesi alandelayo ebonisa. Ngakho-ke, biza uJesu ukuba abe yiNkosi yempilo yakho, futhi uyakwamukela ukuthethelelwa kwezono nokuphila okuphakade:

- ( Johane 14:6 ) UJesu wathi kuye: “ Mina ngiyindlela, neqiniso, nokuphila: akakho oza kuBaba ngaphandle kwami.

- ( Johane 5:40 ) Futhi aniyikuza kimi, ukuze nibe nokuphila .

- ( IzEnzo 10:43 ) Bonke abaprofethi bafakaza ngaye , ukuthi noma ubani okholwa kuye uyokwamukela ukuthethelelwa kwezono ngegama lakhe .

- ( IzEnzo 13:38,39 ) 38 Ngakho makwazeke kini, madoda bazalwane, ukuthi ngalowo kushunyayelwa kini ukuthethelelwa kwezono ;

39 futhi ngaye bonke abakholwayo bayalungisiswa kukho konke obungelungisiswe kukho ngomlayo kaMozisi.

Uma umamukele uJesu empilweni yakho wabeka ukholo lwakho, okungukuthi, ukuthembela kwakho endabeni yensindiso, kuye ( Izenzo 16:31) Bathi: “Kholwa yiNkosi uJesu Kristu, yikhona uyakusindiswa, futhi indlu yakho."), ungathandaza, ngokwesibonelo, ngale ndlela elandelayo: 

Umkhuleko wensindiso : Nkosi, Jesu, ngiphendukela kuwe. Ngiyavuma ukuthi ngonile kuwe futhi angizange ngiphile ngokwentando yakho. Nokho, ngifuna ukufulathela izono zami futhi ngikulandele ngenhliziyo yami yonke. Ngiyakholwa futhi ukuthi izono zami zithethelelwe ngokubuyisana kwakho futhi ngithole ukuphila okuphakade ngawe. Ngiyakubonga ngensindiso Onginike yona. Amen.

IZIQINISEKISO:

1. Andy Knoll (2004) PBS Nova interview, 3. May 2004,  sit. Antony Flew & Roy Varghese (2007) There is A God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne

2. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

3. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

4. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

5. Sylvia Baker: Kehitysoppi ja Raamatun arvovalta, p. 104,105

6. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 34

7. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia luomisesta (The Creation Answers Book, Don Batten, David Catchpoole, Jonathan Sarfati, Carl Wieland), p. 84

8. Jonathan Sarfati: Puuttuvat vuosimiljoonat, Luominen-magazine, number 7, p. 29,30,

http://creation.com/ariel-roth-interview-flat-gaps

9. Pearce, F., The Fire-eater’s island, New Scientist 189 (2536):

10. Luominen-lehti, numero 5, p. 31, http://creation.com/polystrate-fossils-evidence-for-a-young-earth-finnish / Lainaus kirjasta: Ager, D.V., The New Catastrophism, Cambridge University Press, p. 49, 1993

11.  Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

12. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278

13. (The Panda’s Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183)

14. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

15. Richard Dawkins: Jumalharha (The God Delusion), p. 153

16. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

17. Charles Darwin: Lajien synty (The origin of species), p. 457

18. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

19. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19

20. L.B.S. Leakey: "Adam's Ancestors", p. 230

21. R.S. Lull: The Antiquity of Man”, The Evolution of Earth and Man, p. 156

22. Marvin L. Lubenow: Myytti apinaihmisestä (Bones of Contention), p. 20-22

23. Journal of the royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, tammikuu 1966, p. 93 – citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?", p. 93,94.

24. Solly Zuckerman: Beyond the ivory tower, 1970, p. 90 - citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?". p. 94.