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Ahlala nini ama-dinosaurs?
Funda ukuthi kungani ama-dinosaurs ayephila esikhathini esidlule, ngesikhathi esifanayo nabantu. Izigidi zeminyaka kulula ukuzingabaza uma kubhekwa ubufakazi
Inkolelo evamile ukuthi ama-dinosaurs abusa Umhlaba iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-100 aze ashabalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule. Lolu daba luye lwagcizelelwa njalo ngezincwadi nezinhlelo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakho umqondo wezibankwakazi eziphila emhlabeni ezigidini zeminyaka edlule uye wagxiliswa ngokuqinile ezingqondweni zabantu abaningi. Akucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zinkulu (Usayizi uhlobene. Imikhomo yanamuhla eluhlaza inobunzima obuphindwe kabili kunama-dinosaur amakhulu)izilwane zaziphila esikhathini esidlule futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nabantu. Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ayehlala enkathini yeJurassic neCretaceous, izilwane zenkathi yeCambrian ngisho nangaphambili, futhi izilwane ezincelisayo zavela eMhlabeni ekugcineni. Umqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo walamaqembu avela kule planethi ngezikhathi ezihlukene unamandla kakhulu emiqondweni yabantu kangangokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi imele isayensi futhi iyiqiniso, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthola amaqiniso amaningi ngokumelene nalo mqondo. Okulandelayo, sizohlola lesi sihloko ngokuningiliziwe. Ubufakazi obuningi bubonisa ukuthi akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani kwavela izibankwakazi emhlabeni. Sibheka lobu bufakazi ngokulandelayo.
Izinsalela ze-Dinosaur ekubuyekezweni kwazo . Ubufakazi bokuthi izibankwakazi ziye zaphila emhlabeni izinsalela zawo. Ngokusekelwe kuwo, kungenzeka ukwazi cishe ubukhulu nokubukeka kwama-dinosaurs nokuthi ayeyizilwane zangempela. Asikho isizathu sokungabaza umlando wabo. Ukuthandana kwama-dinosaurs, nokho, kuyindaba ehlukile. Nakuba ngokweshadi lesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba elakhiwe ngekhulu le-19, ama-dinosaurs ashabalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, isiphetho esinjalo asinakwenziwa ngokusekelwe ezinsalela zangempela. Izinsalela azinawo amalebula amayelana neminyaka yazo nokuthi zaphela nini. Kunalokho, isimo esihle semivubukulo sisikisela ukuthi indaba yezinkulungwane, hhayi izigidi zeminyaka. Kungenxa yalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
Amathambo awahlale ebhobokile . Kutholwe izinsalela ezinamathambo kuma-dinosaur, kodwa futhi namathambo angonakalisiwe. Abantu abaningi banombono wokuthi zonke izinsalela zama-dinosaur zingcolile ngakho-ke zasendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bacabanga ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-petrification kuthatha izigidi zeminyaka. Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa kwe-petrification kungaba inqubo esheshayo. Ezimweni zaselabhorethri, kuye kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza izinkuni petrified ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ezimweni ezifanele, njengaseziphethwini ezigcwele ngamaminerali ashisayo, amathambo angaphinda abhoboze phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa. Lezi zinqubo azidingi izigidi zeminyaka. Ngakho-ke kuye kwatholakala amathambo e-dinosaur angenalusizo. Ezinye izinsalela zama-dinosaur zingase zibe neningi lethambo lazo lokuqala elisele futhi zingase zinuke ukubola. Isazi semivubukulo esikholelwa emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo sathi ngendawo eyodwa enkulu yokutholwa kwezinsalela zama-dinosaur ukuthi "wonke amathambo aseHell Creek ayanuka." Amathambo anganuka kanjani ngemva kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka? Ukushicilelwa kwesayensi kusitshela ukuthi u-C. Barreto kanye neqembu lakhe lomsebenzi baye bafunda kanjani amathambo ama-dinosaurs amancane (Isayensi, 262: 2020-2023), engazange ifakwe. Amathambo alinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-72-84 ubudala ayenesilinganiso esifanayo se-calcium nokuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus njengamathambo anamuhla. Incwadi yokuqala yembula imininingwane encane egcinwe kahle yamathambo. Kutholakale amathambo amancanyana kuphela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho njenge-Alberta nase-Alaska eCanada. I-Journal of Paleontology (1987, Umq. 61, No 1, kk. 198-200) ibika okunye kokutholwa okunjalo:
Isibonelo esihlaba umxhwele nakakhulu satholakala ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Alaska, lapho izinkulungwane zamathambo zicishe zingakhathazeki nhlobo. Amathambo abukeka engathi amathambo enkomo amadala. Abavundululi abazange babike ukutholakala kwabo iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngoba babecabanga ukuthi bangamathambo enyathi, hhayi amathambo e-dinosaur.
Umbuzo omuhle ukuthi ngabe amathambo agcinwe kanjani amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka? Ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs, isimo sezulu sasifudumele, ngakho-ke umsebenzi we-microbial wawuyobhubhisa amathambo. Iqiniso lokuthi amathambo awanawo amandla, agcinwe kahle futhi abukeka afana namathambo amasha abonisa isikhathi esifushane kunesikhathi eside.
Izicubu ezithambile . Njengoba kushiwo, izinsalela azinawo amathegi ngeminyaka yawo. Akekho ongasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezatholwa njengezinsalela beziphila kusiphi isigaba eMhlabeni. Lokhu akukwazi ukutholwa ngokuqondile emivubukulweni. Nokho, uma kuziwa ekutholweni kwezinsalela zama-dinosaur, kuwumbono ophawulekayo ukuthi izinsalela ezimbalwa zamathambo zigcinwe kahle. Isibonelo, u-Yle uutiset wabika ngomhla ka-5 Disemba 2007: "Imisipha ye-Dinosaur nesikhumba kutholwe e-USA." Lezi zindaba akuzona zodwa zohlobo lwazo, kodwa izindaba ezifanayo nokubhekwa kuningi. Ngokombiko othile wocwaningo, izicubu ezithambile ziye zahlukaniswa cishe kuwo wonke amathambo e-dinosaur yesibili kusukela enkathini yeJurassic (iminyaka eyi-145.5 - 199.6 million yokuziphendukela kwemvelo edlule) (1). Izinsalela zedinosaur ezigcinwe kahle ziyindida enkulu uma zisuka eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-65 edlule. Isibonelo esihle imfucumfucu ye-dinosaur cishe ephelele etholakala e-Pietraroia limestone deposits e-Southern Italy, leyo ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo yayibhekwa njengeminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-110 ubudala, kodwa isibindi sayo, amathumbu-, imisipha- kanye nezicubu zoqwanga zazisele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umniningwane omangalisayo kulokhu kutholwa kwakuyithumbu eligciniwe, lapho izicubu zemisipha zazisengabonwa khona. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ithumbu lalibukeka sengathi lisanda kusikwa! ( TREE, August 1998, Vol. 13, No. 8, amakhasi 303-304) Esinye isibonelo izinsalela zama-pterosaur (zaziyizibankwa ezinkulu ezindizayo) ezitholakala e-Araripe, eBrazil, ezazilondolozwe kahle ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo saseNyuvesi yaseLondon u-Stafford House sathi ngalezi zinto ezitholakele (Discover 2/1994):
Ukube leso sidalwa safa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, sangcwatshwa futhi sambiwa, bekuzobukeka kanjena. Iphelele ngazo zonke izindlela.
Ngakho-ke, izicubu ezithambile ezigcinwe kahle zenziwe ngama-dinosaurs. Okutholakele kufana kakhulu nalokho okuye kwenziwa ama-mammoths, okucatshangwa ukuthi afa ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zeminyaka edlule. Umbuzo omuhle uwukuthi, izinsalela zama-dinosaur zingachazwa kanjani njengezindala izikhathi eziningi kunezinsalela ezinkulu, uma zombili zigcinwe kahle ngokulinganayo? Asikho esinye isisekelo salokhu ngaphandle kweshadi lesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba, elitholakale lingqubuzana nalokho okungabonwa emvelweni izikhathi eziningi. Kungaba isikhathi sokushiya leli shadi lesikhathi. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ama-dinosaur nama-mammoth aphila emhlabeni ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Amaprotheni afana ne-albumin, i-collagen ne-osteocalcin atholakale ezinsalela zama-dinosaurs. Futhi amaprotheni antekenteke kakhulu i-elastin ne-laminin atholakele [Schweitzer, M. kanye nabanye abangu-6, i-Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Okwenza lokhu okutholakele kube yinkinga ukuthi lezi zinto azitholakali njalo emivubukulweni yezilwane kusukela esikhathini samanje. Isibonelo, kwelinye isampula lethambo elikhulu, okwakulinganiselwa ukuthi lineminyaka engu-13,000 ubudala, yonke i-collagen yayisivele yanyamalala (Isayensi, 1978, 200, 1275). Kodwa-ke, i-collagen iye yahlukaniswa nezinsalela ze-dinosaur. Ngokukamagazini wochwepheshe i-Biochemist, i-collagen ayikwazi ukugcinwa ngisho neminyaka eyizigidi ezintathu emazingeni okushisa afanelekayo angu-zero degrees Celsius (2) . Iqiniso lokuthi lokho okutholakele kwenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe liphakamisa ukuthi izinsalela zama-dinosaur cishe zinezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeminyaka ubudala. Ukunqunywa kweminyaka esuselwe eshadini lesikhathi le-geological akufani nokutholwe kwamanje.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-biomolecules awakwazi ukulondolozwa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100,000 (Bada, J et al. 1999. Ukulondolozwa kwama-biomolecules abalulekile kurekhodi lezinsalela: ulwazi lwamanje kanye nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo. I-Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: I-Biological Sciences. 354, [1379]). Lona umphumela wocwaningo lwesayensi ye-empirical. I-Collagen, okuyi-biomolecule yezicubu zezilwane, okungukuthi iphrotheni evamile yesakhiwo, ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa nezinsalela. Kuyaziwa mayelana nephrotheni okukhulunywa ngayo ukuthi ihlehla ngokushesha emathanjeni, futhi izinsalela zayo kuphela ezingabonakala ngemva kweminyaka engu-30,000, ngaphandle kwezimo ezikhethekile ezomile kakhulu. Indawo yaseHell Creek iqinisekile ukuthi izothola imvula ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngakho-ke, i-collagen akufanele itholakale ethanjeni elineminyaka engu-"68 million" elingcwatshwe emhlabathini. (3)
Uma okuphawuliwe mayelana namaprotheni ahlukene namathambo e-dinosaur, njenge-albumin, i-collagen ne-osteocalcin, kanye ne-DNA kulungile, futhi asikho isizathu sokungabaza ukucophelela kwabacwaningi, ngokusekelwe kulezi zifundo, amathambo kufanele abhalwe kabusha. kungabi ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-40,000-50,000 ubudala, ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi esiphezulu esingaba khona sokulondolozwa kwezinto okukhulunywa ngazo endalweni asinakudlulwa. (4)
Amangqamuzana egazi . Into eyodwa ephawulekayo ukutholakala kwamangqamuzana egazi ezinsalela zama-dinosaurs. Amaseli egazi ane-nucleated atholakele futhi kutholakale ukuthi i-hemoglobin isala kuwo futhi. Okukodwa kokutholwa kwamangqamuzana egazi okubaluleke kakhulu kwase kwenziwa ngawo-1990 nguMary Schweitzer. Okunye okutholakele okufanayo kuye kwenziwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Umbuzo omuhle uwukuthi amangqamuzana egazi angalondolozwa kanjani amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka noma ingabe angokwemvelaphi yamuva nje? Okutholwe okuningi kwalolu hlobo kubiza ishadi lesikhathi se-geological kanye nezigidi zeminyaka yalo kungabazekayo. Ngokusekelwe esimweni esihle sezinsalela, azikho izizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa ezigidini zeminyaka.
Lapho uMary Schweitzer eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, wamemezela ukuthi uzoba umcwaningi wama-dinosaur. Iphupho lakhe lafezeka, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-38 ubudala, wakwazi ukufunda uhlaka lwamathambo e-Tyrannosaurus Rex acishe alondolozwe kahle, atholakala eMontana ngo-1998 (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , amakhasi 2376-2377). Ubudala be-skeleton bulinganiselwa "eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-80." Alinganiselwa ku-90% amathambo atholakele, futhi abesaphelele. U-Schweitzer ugxile ocwaningweni lwezicubu futhi uzibiza nge-paleeontologist yamangqamuzana. Wakhetha amathanga kanye namathambo atholakalayo futhi wanquma ukuhlola umnkantsha. U-Schweitzer waphawula ukuthi umnkantsha wawungavulwanga futhi wawulondolozwe kahle ngendlela engakholeki. Ithambo laliyi-organic ngokuphelele futhi lilondolozwe kahle kakhulu. U-Schweitzer wayifunda ngesibonakhulu futhi wabona izakhiwo ezinelukuluku. Ayemancane futhi ayindilinga futhi anenucleus, njengamangqamuzana egazi abomvu emithanjeni yegazi. Kodwa amangqamuzana egazi kufanele ukuthi anyamalele emathanjeni e-dinosaur eminyakeni edlule."Isikhumba sami saba namaqhubu, sengathi ngibheka ithambo lesimanje," kusho uSchweitzer. “Yebo angizange ngikukholelwe engangikubona futhi ngathi kuchwepheshe waselabhu: ‘Lamathambo aneminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 ubudala, amangqamuzana egazi ayengaphila kanjani isikhathi eside kangako?’” ( Science, July 1993, Umq. 261, NW . amakhasi 160-163). Okubalulekile ngalokhu okutholakele ukuthi akuwona wonke amathambo ayenziwe ama-fossilized ngokuphelele. UGayle Callis, umcwaningi ochwepheshe wamathambo, wabonisa amasampula amathambo emhlanganweni wesayensi lapho udokotela wezifo ewabona ngenhlanhla. Udokotela wezifo waphawula, "Ubuwazi ukuthi kunamangqamuzana egazi kuleli thambo?" Lokhu kwaholela ekujabuleleni okuphawulekayo. UMary Schweitzer ubonise isampula kuJack Horner, umcwaningi odumile wama-dinosaurs,"Ngakho ucabanga ukuthi kukhona amaseli egazi kuwo?" , uSchweitzer waphendula wathi, "Cha, angifuni." "Hhayi-ke, zama ukufakazela ukuthi awawona amangqamuzana egazi," kuphendula uHorner (Umhlaba, 1997, Juni: 55-57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). UJack Horner ucabanga ukuthi amathambo aminyene kangangokuthi amanzi nomoya-mpilo akukwazanga ukubathinta. (5)
I-Radiocarbon . Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu esetshenziswa ukukala iminyaka yezinto eziphilayo yindlela ye-radiocarbon. Ngale ndlela, uhhafu wempilo esemthethweni ye-radiocarbon (C-14) yiminyaka engama-5730, ngakho-ke akufanele kusale ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu-100,000. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi i-radiocarbon iye yatholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe “emikhunjini engamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka,” emithonjeni kawoyela, ezintweni eziphilayo ze-Cambrian, emalahleni, ngisho namadayimane. Lapho isigamu sempilo ye-radiocarbon siyiminyaka eyinkulungwane embalwa kuphela, lokhu akumele kwenzeke uma amasampula evela ezigidini zeminyaka edlule. Okungenzeka kuphela ukuthi isikhathi sokufa kwezinto eziphilayo sasiseduze kakhulu nesimanje, okungukuthi izinkulungwane, hhayi izigidi zeminyaka kude. Inkinga efanayo nangama-dinosaurs. Ngokuvamile, ama-dinosaur awakaze abe nezinsuku ze-radiocarbon, ngoba izinsalela zama-dinosaur zithathwe njengezindala kakhulu zokuqomisana nge-radiocarbon. Kodwa-ke, izilinganiso ezimbalwa zenziwe futhi isimangaliso ukuthi i-radiocarbon isekhona. Lokhu, njengokuphawulwa kwangaphambilini, kusikisela ukuthi ngeke kudlule izigidi zeminyaka kusukela lezi zidalwa zashabalala. Lesisho esilandelayo sitshela kabanzi ngale nkinga. Iqembu laseJalimane labacwaningi libika ngezinsalela ze-radiocarbon zezinsalela ze-dinosaur ezitholakala ezindaweni eziningana ezahlukene:
Izinsalela okucatshangwa ukuthi zindala kakhulu ngokuvamile azinamhla we-carbon-14 ngoba akufanele zibe ne-radiocarbon esele. Ingxenye yempilo yekhabhoni enemisebe ifushane kangangokuthi isibole cishe yonke iminyaka engaphansi kuka-100,000. Ngo-August 2012, iqembu labacwaningi baseJalimane labika emhlanganweni wezazi zesayensi yemvelo ngemiphumela yezilinganiso ze-carbon-14 ezazenziwe kumasampula amaningi amathambo e-dinosaur. Ngokwemiphumela, amasampula amathambo ayeneminyaka engu-22,000-39,000 ubudala! Okungenani ngesikhathi sokubhala, isethulo siyatholakala ku-YouTube. (6) Watholwa kanjani umphumela? Osihlalo ababili, abangakwazi ukwamukela izilinganiso, basuse i-abstract yesethulo kuwebhusayithi yengqungquthela ngaphandle kokusho kososayensi. Imiphumela itholakala kokuthi http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Icala libonisa ukuthi i-paradigm yemvelo ithinta kanjani. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola imiphumela ephikisana nayo eshicilelwe emphakathini wesayensi obuswa yimvelo. Amathuba amaningi okuthi omisiwe andize. (7)
I-DNA . Enye inkomba yokuthi izinsalela ze-dinosaur azikwazi ukuvela ezigidini zeminyaka edlule ukutholakala kwe-DNA kuzo. I-DNA iye yahlukaniswa isib. Mayelana ne-Tyrannosaurus Rex impahla yamathambo (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) namaqanda e-dinosaur e-China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Okwenza ukutholwa kwe-DNA kube nzima embonweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthi ngisho nasezintanjeni ezindala zabantu noma ezincelisayo eziye zacutshungulwa, amasampula e-DNA awakwazi ukutholakala ngaso sonke isikhathi ngoba le nto yonakele. Isibonelo esihle yilapho uSvante Pääbo efunda amasampula ezicubu zezidumbu zabantu ezingama-23 kumnyuziyamu waseBerlin e-Uppsala. Wakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-DNA kumama oyedwa kuphela, okubonisa ukuthi le nto ayikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside (Imvelo 314: 644-645). Iqiniso lokuthi i-DNA isekhona kuma-dinosaurs libonisa ukuthi izinsalela azikwazi ukuvela ezigidini zeminyaka edlule. Okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10,000 akumele kube khona nhlobo i-DNA esele (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Ngokufanayo, ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwango-2012, kubalwa ukuthi uhhafu wempilo ye-DNA yiminyaka engama-521 kuphela. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umbono wezinsalela ezingamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala unganqatshwa. Ezindabeni ezihlobene (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) kwathiwa:
Umkhawulo wokugcina wokulondolozwa kwe-DNA watholakala - amaphupho e-cloning ama-dinosaurs aphelile
Ama-Dinosaurs ashabalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule. I-DNA ayiphili cishe isikhathi eside, ngisho nasezimeni ezifanele, ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva ... Ama-Enzyme kanye ne-micro-organism iqala ukuphula i-DNA yamaseli ngemva nje kokufa kwesilwane. Nokho, isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusabela okubangelwa amanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi kunamanzi angaphansi komhlaba cishe yonke indawo, i-DNA kufanele, ngokombono, ibole ngezinga eliqhubekayo. Nokho, ukuze sinqume lokhu, ngaphambi kwalolu suku asikwazanga ukuthola inani elikhulu ngokwanele lezinsalela ezazisene-DNA esele. Ososayensi baseDenmark nabaseAustralia manje sebeyixazulule lempicabadala, njengoba bathola amathambo enyoni engu-Moa angu-158 endaweni yabo yokucwaninga, futhi amathambo ayesenezakhi zofuzo ezisele kuwo. Amathambo aneminyaka engama-600 - 8000 ubudala futhi avela cishe endaweni efanayo, ngaleyo ndlela aguga ezimeni ezinzile.
Ngisho nenhlaka ayinikezi isikhathi esengeziwe se-DNA
Ngokuqhathanisa iminyaka yamasampula kanye namazinga okubola kwe-DNA, ososayensi bakwazi ukubala uhhafu wempilo yeminyaka engama-521. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka engu-521 ingxenye yamalungu e-nucleotide ku-DNA iye yahlukana. Ngemva kweminye iminyaka engu-521 lokhu sekwenzekile nasengxenyeni yamalunga asele nokunye. Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi ngisho noma ithambo lingaphumula ezingeni lokushisa elikahle, wonke amalunga abeyobe ehlukene ngemva kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-68. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyisigidi nengxenye, i-DNA ayifundeki: kuncane kakhulu ukwaziswa okusele, ngoba zonke izingxenye ezibalulekile azisekho.
Uma i-DNA isekhona kuma-dinosaurs futhi uhhafu wempilo yale nto ulinganiswa emakhulwini eminyaka kuphela, iziphetho kufanele zithathwe kulokhu. Kuphakathi kokuthi izilinganiso ze-DNA azithembekile, noma imibono mayelana nama-dinosaurs aphila emashumini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule ayilona iqiniso. Impela inketho yokugcina iyiqiniso, ngoba ezinye izilinganiso zibuye zibhekisele ezikhathini ezimfushane, hhayi ezigidini zeminyaka. Lena isayensi esekelwe ezilinganisweni, futhi uma yenqatshwa ngokuphelele, siyazikhohlisa.
UKUBHUJISWA KWAMA-DINOSAURS . Uma kuziwa ekubhujisweni kwama-dinosaurs, ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeka ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, ekupheleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-ammonites, ama-belemnite nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane nazo zazihilelekile ekubhujisweni okukhulu okufanayo. Ukubhujiswa kufanele ukuthi kuqede ingxenye enkulu yezilwane zenkathi yaseCretaceous. Imbangela eyinhloko yokucekelwa phansi ngokuvamile ibhekwa njenge-meteorite, ebingaphakamisa ifu elikhulu lothuli. Ifu lothuli laliyomboza ukukhanya kwelanga isikhathi eside, lapho izitshalo zaziyofa futhi izilwane ezidla izitshalo nazo zaziyobulawa indlala. Nokho, ithiyori ye-meteorite kanye nethiyori yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kancane inenkinga eyodwa: ayichazi ukutholwa kwezinsalela phakathi kwamatshe aqinile nezintaba. Izinsalela zama-Dinosaur zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ngaphakathi kwamadwala aqinile, okuphawulekayo. Kuyamangaza, ngoba asikho isilwane esikhulu - mhlawumbe esingamamitha angu-20 ubude - esingangena ngaphakathi kwetshe eliqinile. Isikhathi asisizi lutho, ngoba uma ulinde izigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba isilwane sigqitshwe emhlabathini bese sivuthwa, besiyobola kahle ngaphambi kwalokho noma ezinye izilwane zizosidla. Eqinisweni, noma nini lapho sihlangana nama- dinosaur nezinye izinsalela, kumelwe ukuba zagqitshwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kodaka. Izinsalela azikwazi ukuzalwa nganoma iyiphi enye indlela:
Kusobala ukuthi uma ukwakheka kwama-deposits kwenzeka ngesivinini esinjalo, akukho zinsalela ezingase zigcinwe, ngoba zazingeke zingcwatshwe ezinhlakeni ngaphambi kokubola ngama-asidi emanzini, noma ngaphambi kokuba zibhujiswe futhi ziphihlizeke phakathi. izingcezu njengoba bezihlikihla futhi zishaya phansi olwandle olungashoni. Zingambozwa yinhlabathi engozini, lapho zingcwatshwa khona ngokuzumayo. ( Geochronology or the Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
Isiphetho siwukuthi lawa ma-dinosaur atholakala emhlabeni wonke kumelwe ukuba angcwatshwa ngokushesha ama-mudslide. Udaka oluthambile luye lwawazungezile ekuqaleni lwabe lwaqina kanzima ngendlela efanayo nosimende. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho kungachazwa khona umsuka wama-dinosaurs, ama-mammoth nezinye izinsalela zezilwane. NgoZamcolo, lokho kwakungenzeka ngempela. Sibheka incazelo, enikeza umbono ofanele ngalokhu. Ibonisa izibankwakazi ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwamadwala aqinile, okubonisa ukuthi kumelwe ukuba embozwe udaka oluthambile. Udaka bese luqinile nxazonke zabo. KuZamcolo kuphela, kodwa hhayi emjikelezweni ovamile wemvelo, singalindela ukuba kwenzeke into enjalo (lesi sihloko siphinde sibhekisele endleleni ama-eddies angawanqwabelanisa ngayo amathambo ama-dinosaur). Okugqamile kwengezwe embhalweni kamuva ukuze kucace kakhudlwana:
Waya ezingwadule zaseNingizimu Dakota, lapho kukhona izindonga namatshe amatshe anombala ogqamile obomvu, ophuzi nowolintshi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa wathola amathambo odongeni lwamadwala , awalinganisela ukuthi ayewuhlobo ayezimisele ukulithola. Lapho emba idwala ezungeze amathambo , wathola ukuthi amathambo ayelandelana nesakhiwo sesilwane. Babengekho enqwabeni njengoba ngokuvamile amathambo e-dinosaur. Izinqwaba ezinjalo zazinjengokungathi zenziwe isivunguvungu samanzi esinamandla. Manje la mathambo ayesesihlabathini esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, esiqinile kakhulu . Itshe lesanti kwadingeka likhishwe nge-grader futhi lisuswe ngokuqhunyiswa. UBrown kanye nabadlali bakhe abaseceleni benza umgodi ocishe ube ngamamitha ayisikhombisa nesigamu ukujula ukuze bakhiphe amathambo. Ukususa uhlaka lwamathambo amakhulu kwabathatha amahlobo amabili. Abazange nakancane bawasuse amathambo etsheni. Bathutha amatshe ngamatshe ngesitimela bewayisa emnyuziyamu, lapho ososayensi bakwazi khona ukuqopha izinto zamatshe futhi bamisa uhlaka lwamathambo. Lesi sibankwa esingumashiqela manje simi ehholo lombukiso lesigcinamagugu. (ikhasi 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler noHarold G. Coffin)
OBUNYE UBUFAKAZI BUKAZAMULA . Ngakho iqiniso liwukuthi izinsalela zama-dinosaurs zitholakala ngaphakathi kwamadwala aqinile, okunzima ukuwasusa kuwo. Okuwukuphela kwendlela okungenzeka ngayo ukuthi zangena kanjani kulesi simo ukuthi udaka oluthambile kwakheka ngokushesha nxazonke zazo futhi zaqina zaba idwala. Esimweni esinjengoZamcolo, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka. Nokho, kuyakhulunywa ngezilwane ezinkulu ezinjengalezi emlandweni wesintu ngisho nangemva kukazamcolo, ngakho azifanga zonke ngaleso sikhathi. Kuthiwani ngobunye ubufakazi bukaZamcolo? Lapha sigqamisa ezimbalwa zazo. Lokho okuseshadini lesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba okuchazwa izigidi zeminyaka, noma mhlawumbe izinhlekelele eziningi, zonke zingabangelwa inhlekelele eyodwa efanayo: uZamcolo. Ingachaza ukubhujiswa kwama-dinosaurs kanye nezinye izici eziningi ezibonwa emhlabathini. Obunye ubufakazi obunamandla bukaZamcolo isb ukuthi inhlabathi yasolwandle ivamile emhlabeni wonke, njengoba izingcaphuno ezilandelayo zibonisa. Owokuqala wamazwana avela encwadini ka-James Hutton, ubaba we-geology, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200 edlule:
Kufanele siphethe ngokuthi zonke izingqimba zomhlaba (...) zakhiwe yisihlabathi namatshe anqwabelene olwandle, amagobolondo e-crustacean kanye ne-coral matter, inhlabathi nobumba. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Emazwekazini, amatshe e-sedimentary olwandle avame kakhulu futhi asakazeke kakhulu kunawo wonke amanye amatshe e-sedimentary ehlangene. Leli elinye lalawo maqiniso alula adinga ukuchazwa, ukuba senhliziyweni yakho konke okuhlobene nemizamo eqhubekayo yomuntu yokuqonda ukuguquguquka kokuma kwendawo yesikhathi esidlule sokuma komhlaba. (8)
Okunye okukhombisa uZamcolo amalahle emhlabeni wonke, okwaziwayo ukuthi ahlukaniswe amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinsalela zamathambo nezinhlanzi zasolwandle kubonisa ukuthi amadiphozithi angeke abe umphumela wokunyakaza kancane endaweni ethile exhaphozini. Kunalokho, incazelo engcono ukuthi amanzi ahambisa izitshalo ezindaweni lapho amalahle akhiwe khona. Amanzi aye asiphula izitshalo nezihlahla, akunqwabelanisa ezindundumeni ezinkulu, futhi aletha izilwane zasolwandle phakathi kwezitshalo zasezweni. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela enhlekeleleni enkulu, njengoZamcolo okukhulunywa ngawo eBhayibhelini.
Lapho amahlathi egqitshwa odaka ngesizathu esithile, kwakwakhiwa amalahle. Isiko lethu lamanje lemishini lisekelwe ngokwengxenye kulezi zigaba. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Ngaphansi nangaphezulu kwama-mineral coal seams kukhona, njengoba sekushiwo, izingqimba ezivamile zamatshe obumba, futhi kusukela esakhiweni sazo singabona ukuthi ziye zahlukaniswa emanzini. (9)
Ubufakazi bubonisa ngokunamandla ukuthi amalahle ambiwa phansi akhiqizwa ngokushesha lapho amahlathi amakhulu ecekelwa phansi, agqitshwa bese egqitshwa ngokushesha. Kunezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-lignite e-Yallourn, e-Victoria (e-Australia) equkethe inqwaba yeziqu zesihlahla sikaphayini - izihlahla ezingakhuli njengamanje endaweni enamaxhaphozi. I-strata ehlungiwe, ewugqinsi equkethe kufika ku-50% wempova emsulwa futhi esabalele endaweni enkulu ifakazela ngokusobala ukuthi i-lignite strata yakhiwe ngamanzi. (10)
Kufundiswa ezikoleni ukuthi i-carbon idalwa kancane kancane kusuka ku-peat, nakuba kungekho ndawo engabonwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka. Uma kucatshangelwa ubukhulu bezindawo zamalahle, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukene, kanye neziqu ezinezingqimba eziningi eziqondile, kubonakala sengathi amalahle akhiwa uhlaza olukhulu olukhukhulekayo, phakathi nezikhukhula ezinkulu kakhulu. Imihubhe eqoshwe izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle iyatholakala nakulezi zinsalela zezitshalo ezinekhabhoni. Izinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle nazo zitholakale kumadiphozithi amalahle ("Inothi Ngekwenzeka Kwezilwane Zasolwandle Ezihlala Ebholeni Lamalahle LaseLancashire", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Igobolondo lezilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu ezifakwa kanye nezinsalela zeSpirorbis , eyayihlala olwandle, ingatholakala nasezindaweni zamalahle.(Weir, J., "Izifundo Zakamuva Zamagobolondo Wezinyathelo Zekhabhoni", Inqubekelaphambili Yesayensi, 38:445, 1950). (11)
UProf. Price wethula izimo lapho izingqimba zamalahle amaminerali angama-50- kuya kwayi-100 zingaphezulu kwesinye futhi phakathi kwazo kukhona izingqimba ezihlanganisa izinsalela ezivela ekujuleni kolwandle. Ubona lobu bufakazi buqinile futhi bukholisa kangangokuthi akakaze azame ukuchaza la maqiniso ngezizathu zethiyori kaLyell yokufana. (12)
Isibonakaliso sesithathu sikaZamcolo ukuba khona kwezinsalela zasolwandle ezintabeni eziphakeme njengezintaba ze-Himalaya, i-Alps nezintaba zase-Andes. Nazi ezinye izibonelo ezivela ezincwadini zososayensi nezazi zokwakheka komhlaba:
Ngesikhathi ehamba e-Beagle Darwin ngokwakhe wathola amagobolondo olwandle ahlala phansi phezulu ezintabeni zase-Andean. Kuyakhombisa ukuthi, lokhu okuyintaba manje kwake kwaba ngaphansi kwamanzi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Kungani ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyiqiniso], p. 127)
Kunesizathu sokubhekisisa ubunjalo bangempela bamadwala ezingodini zezintaba. Ibonakala kahle kakhulu e-Alps, e-Alps ye-lime enyakatho, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Helvetian zone. I-Limestone yiyona nto eyinhloko yetshe. Uma sibheka idwala lapha emithambekeni ewumqansa noma esiqongweni sentaba - ukube besinamandla okukhuphukela lapho - sizogcina sithole izinsalela zezilwane, izinsalela zezilwane. Zivame ukonakala kakhulu kodwa kungenzeka ukuthola izingcezu ezibonakalayo. Zonke lezo zinsalela zingamagobolondo omcako noma amathambo ezidalwa zasolwandle. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-ammonite anemicu evunguzayo, futhi ikakhulukazi ama-clams anamagobolondo amaningi. (…) Umfundi angase azibuze manje ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi ukhahlamba lwezintaba lubamba inhlabathi eningi kangaka, engatholakala futhi iminyene ekujuleni kolwandle. (ikhasi 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
U-Harutaka Sakai wase-Japan University e-Kyushu useneminyaka eminingi ecwaninga ngalezi zinsalela zasolwandle eziNtabeni ze-Himalaya. Yena neqembu lakhe babhale i-aquarium yonke kusukela esikhathini se-Mesozoic. Iminduze yasolwandle entekenteke, izihlobo zama-sea urchin kanye ne-starfishes, zitholakala ezindongeni zamadwala ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu ngaphezu kolwandle. Ama-Amoni, ama-belemnite, amakhorali namapulangwe atholakala njengezinsalela emadwaleni ezintaba (…) Ekuphakameni okungamakhilomitha amabili, izazi zokuma komhlaba zathola umkhondo owawushiywe ngasolwandle ngokwalo. Idwala layo elifana negagasi lihambisana namafomu ahlala esihlabathini asuka kumagagasi anamanzi aphansi. Ngisho naphezulu kwe-Everest, kutholakala imicu ephuzi ye-limestone, eyavela ngaphansi kwamanzi ezinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ezingenakubalwa. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", p. 55)
Isibonakaliso sesine sikaZamcolo yizindaba zikazamcolo, ngokwezilinganiso ezithile, ezicishe zibe ngu-500 zazo. Imvelo yendawo yonke yalezi zindaba ingathathwa njengobufakazi obuhle kakhulu balo mcimbi:
Cishe amasiko angama-500 - okuhlanganisa abantu bomdabu baseGreece, eChina, ePeru naseNyakatho Melika - aziwa emhlabeni lapho izinganekwane nezinsumansumane zichaza indaba ebambekayo kazamcolo omkhulu owashintsha umlando wesizwe. Ezindabeni eziningi, bambalwa abantu abasinda kuzamcolo, njengasendabeni kaNowa. Izizwe eziningi zazibheka uzamcolo njengobangelwa onkulunkulu abathi, ngasizathu simbe, baba nesithukuthezi ngohlobo lwesintu. Mhlawumbe abantu babekhohlakele, njengasezikhathini zikaNowa nasenganekwaneni yesizwe samaHopi oMdabu waseMelika eNyakatho Melika, noma mhlawumbe kwakunabantu abaningi kakhulu nabanomsindo omkhulu, njengasencwadini yomlando kaGilgamesh. (13)
Uma uZamcolo womhlaba wonke wawungewona owangempela, ezinye izizwe zaziyochaza ukuthi ukuqhuma okwesabekayo kwentaba-mlilo, iziphepho ezinkulu zeqhwa, isomiso (...) zibhubhise okhokho bazo ababi. Ngakho-ke, indawo yonke yendaba kaZamcolo ingenye yezingxenye ezinhle kakhulu zobufakazi bokuba yiqiniso kwayo. Singachitha noma iyiphi yalezi zinganekwane njengezinganekwane ezingazodwana futhi sicabange ukuthi bekuwumcabango nje, kodwa uma sihlangene, ngokombono womhlaba wonke, cishe azinakuphikiswa. (Umhlaba)
Ama-Dinosaurs nezilwane ezincelisayo . Lapho sifunda izincwadi zebhayoloji nezincwadi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sibhekana ngokuphindaphindiwe nomqondo wokuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zavela kanjani zisuka engqamuzaneni elilula lasendulo ziye kwezamanje. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuhlanganisa ukuthi izinhlanzi kwakudingeka zibe amaxoxo, amaxoxo abe izilwane ezihuquzelayo nama-dinosaurs abe izilwane ezincelisayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuqaphela okubalulekile ukuthi amathambo e-dinosaur atholakale phakathi kwamathambo afana namathambo ehhashi, inkomo nezimvu (u-Anderson, A., Tourism uhlaselwa yi-tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus kungenzeka ukuthi yafa buthule ngemuva kwakho konke, ngo-1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), ngakho izibankwakazi nezilwane ezincelisayo kumelwe ukuba zaziphila ngesikhathi esifanayo. Le ngcaphuno elandelayo ibhekisela okufanayo. Lisitshela ukuthi uCarl Werner wanquma kanjani ukuhlola ithiyori kaDarwin ngokusebenza. Wenza ucwaningo lweminyaka engu-14 futhi wathatha izinkulungwane zezithombe. Ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni zaziphila ngobuningi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs:
Ngaphandle kolwazi oluqondile lwangaphambili mayelana nezinsalela eziphilayo, udokotela wezimo eziphuthumayo waseMelika uCarl Werner wanquma ukubeka ithiyori kaDarwin ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okungokoqobo… Wenza ucwaningo olunzulu lweminyaka engu-14 ngezinsalela zenkathi yama-dinosaur.kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane okungenzeka zazihlala nazo… UWerner wajwayelana nemibhalo yobungcweti be-paleontology futhi wavakashela iminyuziyamu yomlando wemvelo engama-60 emhlabeni jikelele, lapho athatha khona izithombe ezingu-60 000. Wagxila kuphela ezinsalela ezambiwa endaweni efanayo, lapho kungatholakala khona izinsalela zama-dinosaur (izikhathi ze-Triassic -, Jurassic -, kanye ne-Cretaceous eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-250-65 edlule). Wabe eseqhathanisa izinkulungwane zezinsalela zakudala ayezithole eminyuziyamu futhi wazibona ezincwadini nezinhlobo zamanje futhi waxoxa nochwepheshe abaningi bomkhakha we-paleontology nabanye ochwepheshe. Umphumela wakhe waba ukuthi iminyuziyamu nezincwadi ezisekelwe ku-paleontology zibonise izinsalela zazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezikhona njengamanje ... Siye satshelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zaqala ukukhula kancane kancane phakathi “nenkathi eyinhloko” yezibankwakazi, ukuthi izilwane zokuqala ezincelisayo “zaziyizilwane ezincane ezinjengomakhova ezihlala ecashile futhi ezihamba ebusuku kuphela ngenxa yokwesaba izibankwakazi.” Ezincwadini zochwepheshe, nokho, u-Werner wathola imibiko yezingwejeje, ama-opossum, ama-beaver, ama-primates nama-platypus ayembiwe ochungechungeni lwe-dinosaur. Ubuye wakhuluma ngomsebenzi owashicilelwa ngo-2004, ngokusho kwawo okutholwe izidalwa ezincelisayo ezingama-432 ku-Triassic -, Jurassic -, kanye ne-Cretaceous strata, futhi cishe ikhulu lazo zingamathambo aphelele… Engxoxweni kaWerner ngevidiyo umqondisi wesigcinamagugu sangaphambi komlando wase-Utah, uDkt Donald Burge, uyachaza: “Sithola izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo cishe kukho konke ukumba kwethu kwama-dinosaur. Sinamathani ayishumi obumba be-bentonite aqukethe izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi sisezinhlelweni zokuzinikeza abanye abacwaningi. Hhayi ngoba besingeke sizithole zibalulekile, kodwa ngoba impilo ifushane, futhi angikhethekile ngezilwane ezincelisayo: ngigxile ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo nama-dinosaurs”. Isazi semivubukulo uZhe-Xi Luo (Imnyuziyamu YaseCarnegie Yomlando Wemvelo, e-Pittsburgh) enkulumweni kaWerner ngevidiyo ngo-May, 2004: “Igama elithi 'inkathi yama-dinosaur' linegama eliyiphutha. Izilwane ezincelisayo zakha iqembu elibalulekile elahlala nama-dinosaurs futhi lasinda ”. (Lawa mazwi avela encwadini: Werner C. Living Fossils, p. 172 –173). (14)
Ngokusekelwe kokutholwe kwamathambo, igama elithi inkathi ye-dinosaur ngakho-ke liyadukisa. Izilwane ezincelisayo zesimanje ezivamile ziye zaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs, okungukuthi okungenani izinhlobo ezingama-432 zezilwane ezincelisayo. Kuthiwani ngezinyoni okucatshangwa ukuthi zavela ezibayeni? Ziye zatholakala futhi ku-strata efanayo kanye nama-dinosaurs. Lezi zifana ncamashi nezinhlobo zanamuhla: upholi, ipenguin, isikhova sokhozi, i-sandpiper, i-albatross, i-flamingo, i-loon, idada, i-cormorant, i-avocet...UDkt Werner uye washo ukuthi ""Amamyuziyamu awabonisi lezi zinsalela zezinyoni zesimanje. , noma uwadwebe ezithombeni ezibonisa izindawo zama-dinosaur. Akulungile. Ngokuyisisekelo, noma nini lapho i-T. Rex noma i-Triceratops iboniswa embukisweni wasemnyuziyamu, amadada, ama-loon, ama-flamingo, noma ezinye zalezi zinyoni zesimanje eziye zatholakala esigabeni esifanayo nama-dinosaurs kufanele nazo ziboniswe. Kodwa lokho akwenzeki. Angikaze ngilibone idada eline-dinosaur emnyuziyamu womlando wemvelo, akunjalo? Isikhova? I-parrot?"
Ama-Dinosaurs nabantu . Emcabangweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kubhekwa njengento engenakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu waphila emhlabeni ekuqaleni kwama- dinosaur. Akwamukelekile, nakuba kwaziwa ukuthi ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zavela ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs, futhi nakuba ezinye izinto ezitholakalayo zize zisikisele ukuthi abantu kufanele bavele ngaphambi kwama-dinosaur (izinto kanye nezinsalela zabantu ezigcinweni zamalahle njll.). Nokho, kunobunye ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi izibankwakazi nabantu babephila ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isb izincazelo zikadrako zinjalo. Esikhathini esidlule, abantu bakhuluma ngamadragoni, kodwa hhayi ngama-dinosaurs, igama lawo elasungulwa nguRichard Owen kuphela ngekhulu le-19.
Indaba s. Obunye ubufakazi bokuthi ama-dinosaurs ayephila esikhathini esisanda kwedlula yizindaba eziningi nezincazelo zamadrako amakhulu nezibankwa endizayo. Uma lezi zincazelo zindala, ziyiqiniso. Lezi zincazelo, okungenzeka ukuthi zisekelwe olwazini lwenkumbulo yakudala, zingatholakala phakathi kwabantu abaningi abahlukene, ukuze kukhulunywe ngazo isib. ngesiNgisi, isi-Irish, isiDanish, isiNorwegian, isiJalimane, isiGrikhi, isiRoma, izincwadi zaseGibhithe kanye nezaseBhabhiloni. Izingcaphuno ezilandelayo zikhuluma ngokudlanga kwezithombe zikadrako.
Amadragoni ezinganekwaneni, ngokumangazayo, afana nezilwane zangempela ezaziphila esikhathini esidlule. Zifana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu (izibankwakazi) ezabusa izwe kudala ngaphambi kokuba umuntu avele. Amadragoni ngokuvamile ayebhekwa njengamabi futhi abhubhisayo. Isizwe ngasinye sasibhekisela kubo ezinganekwaneni zabo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Umq. 5, 1973, s. 265)
Kusukela ekuqaleni komlando oqoshiwe, ama-dragons avele yonke indawo: emlandweni wokuqala wase-Asiriya naseBhabhiloni mayelana nokuthuthuka kwempucuko, emlandweni wamaJuda weTestamente Elidala, emibhalweni yakudala yaseChina naseJapane, emlandweni waseGrisi, eRoma. namaKristu okuqala, ngezingathekiso zaseMelika yasendulo, ezinganekwaneni zase-Afrika naseNdiya. Kunzima ukuthola umphakathi obungafaki amadragoni emlandweni wawo wenganekwane...u-Aristotle, uPliny nabanye ababhali benkathi yakudala bathi izindaba zikadrako zazisekelwe eqinisweni hhayi emcabangweni. (15)
Isazi sokuma komhlaba saseFinland uPetti Eskola useshilo kakade emashumini eminyaka adlule encwadini yakhe ethi Muuttuva maa ukuthi imifanekiso yamadragoni ifana kanjani nezibankwakazi:
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane ezinjengezibankwa zibonakala zihlekisa kakhulu kithi ngoba eziningi zazo ziyafana - ngendlela ekude futhi evame ukufana ne-caricature - izilwane ezincelisayo zesimanje eziphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Kodwa-ke, ama-dinosaurs amaningi ayehluke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zempilo zesimanje kangangokuthi ama-analogue aseduze angatholakala emifanekisweni yamadragoni ezinganekwaneni. Okuxakayo ukuthi ababhali bezinganekwane ngokwemvelo abazange bafunde ama-petrifactions noma bazi ngawo. (16)
Isibonelo esihle sendlela ama-dinosaur okungenzeka ngayo abe amadragoni ikhalenda lenyanga yaseShayina kanye nezinkanyezi ezihambelana nosuku lomuntu, okwaziwayo ukuthi kunamakhulu eminyaka ubudala. Ngakho lapho izinkanyezi zaseChina zisekelwe ezimpawini zezilwane ezingu-12 eziphindaphinda emijikelezweni yeminyaka engu-12, kunezilwane ezingu-12 ezihilelekile. Ezingu-11 zazo zivamile ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla: igundane, inkabi, ingwe, unogwaja, inyoka, ihhashi, izimvu, inkawu, iqhude, inja nengulube.Kunalokho, isilwane se-12 singudrako, ongekho namuhla. Umbuzo omuhle uwukuthi uma izilwane ezingu-11 beziyizilwane zangempela, kungani udrako engaba yinto ehlukile futhi eyisidalwa sasenganekwaneni? Akukhona yini okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukucabanga ukuthi yake yaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nabantu, kodwa isishabalala njengezinye izilwane ezingenakubalwa? Kuhle ukukhumbula futhi ukuthi igama elithi dinosaur lasungulwa kuphela ngekhulu le-19 nguRichard Owen. Ngaphambi kwalokho, igama elithi dragon lalisetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka:
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungashiwo lokhu okulandelayo:
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ethempelini elineminyaka engu-800 ehlathini laseCambodia, kuye kwatholakala isithombe esiqoshiwe esifana ne-stegosaurus. Iwuhlobo lwe-dinosaur. (Kusuka ku-Ta Prohm Temple. Maier, C., The Fantastic Creatures of Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 February 2006.)
• E-China, izincazelo kanye nezindaba mayelana nama-dragons zivame kakhulu; izinkulungwane zazo ziyaziwa. Zilandisa ukuthi odrako ababekela kanjani amaqanda, ukuthi abanye babo babenamaphiko kanjani nokuthi amazenga amboze kanjani. Indaba yaseShayina ilandisa ngendoda okuthiwa u-Yu eyahlangana namadragoni ngesikhathi ikhipha amanzi exhaphozini. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kukazamcolo omkhulu wembulunga yonke. E-China, amathambo e-dinosaur asetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka njengemithi yendabuko kanye nama-poultices ekushiseni. Igama lesiShayina lama-dinosaur (kong long) limane lisho "drago bones" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). AmaShayina futhi kuthiwa ayesebenzisa odrako njengezilwane ezifuywayo nasemibukisweni yasebukhosini (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesise 4, 1990, kk. 23-26.)
• AbaseGibhithe baye baveza udrako we-Apophis njengesitha seNkosi uRe. Ngokufanayo, izincazelo zamadrako zizungeza ezincwadini zaseBabiloni. UGilgamesh owaziwayo kuthiwa wabulala udrako, isidalwa esikhulu esinjengesilwane esihuquzelayo, ehlathini lomsedari. (I-Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Umq. 10, ikhasi 359)
• I-Apollo yesiGreki kuthiwa yabulala udrako wePython emthonjeni waseDelfin. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwababulali bakadrako basendulo abangamaGreki namaRoma kwakunguPerseus.
• Ukulandisa okuqoshwe ngendlela yenkondlo kusukela ngo-500-600 AD. ilandisa ngendaba yendoda enesibindi okuthiwa u-Beowulf, eyayinikezwe umsebenzi wokususa uxhaxha lwaseDenmark kuzo zombili izilo ezindizayo nezasemanzini. Isenzo sakhe sobuqhawe kwakuwukubulala inunu yaseGrendel. Lesi silwane kuthiwa sasinezitho zangemuva ezinkulu nezincane zangaphambili, sasikwazi ukumelana nokushaywa kwenkemba, futhi sasisikhulu kunomuntu. Yahamba yabheka phezulu ngokushesha okukhulu.
• Umbhali ongumRoma uLucanus naye uke wakhuluma ngamadragoni. Waqondisa amazwi akhe kudrako waseTopiya: “Wena drako wegolide ocwebezelayo, wenza umoya unyukele phezulu futhi ubulala izinkunzi ezinkulu.
• Izincazelo zezinyoka ezindizayo e-Arabia nguHerodotos wamaGreki (cishe wama-484–425 BC) zigciniwe. Uwachaza kahle amanye ama-pterosaur. (Rein, E., The III-VI Book of Herodotos , p. 58 and Book VII-IX , p. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• UPliny wakhuluma (Umlando Wezemvelo) ekhulwini lokuqala BC ukuthi udrako "usempini engapheli nendlovu, futhi yona ngokwayo inkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi igoqa indlovu emiphethweni yayo futhi iyisonge ngaphakathi kwe-cocoon yayo."
• I-encyclopedia endala ethi History Animalium iveza ukuthi kwakusesekhona "amadragoni" ngeminyaka yawo-1500, kodwa ayenciphe kakhulu ngosayizi futhi ayengavamile.
• Umlando wesiNgisi osuka ku-1405 ubhekisela kudrako: "Eduzane nedolobha lase-Bures, eduze kwase-Sudbury, kamuva nje kubonakale udrako owenze umonakalo omkhulu emaphandleni. isihloko sekhanda layo, amazinyo aso anjengamasaha, nomsila wawo mude kakhulu. Esehlabe umalusi womhlambi, wadla izimvu eziningi emlonyeni wakhe. (Cooper, B., Ngemva kukaZamcolo-Umlando wokuqala wangemva kukaZamcolo waseYurophu walandelela emuva kuNoah, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)
• Ekhulwini le-16, usosayensi ongumNtaliyane u-Ulysses Aldrovanus uye wamchaza ngokunembile udrako omncane kwenye yezincwadi zakhe. U-Edward Topsell wabhala ngasekupheleni kuka-1608: “Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamadrako. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zihlukaniswa ngokwengxenye ngokusekelwe ezweni lazo, ngokwengxenye ngesisekelo sobukhulu bazo, ngokwengxenye ngesisekelo sezimpawu zazo ezizihlukanisayo."
• I-Dragon insignia yayivamile phakathi kwamabutho amaningi ezempi. Yayisetshenziswa isb. Amakhosi aseRoma aseMpumalanga kanye namakhosi angamaNgisi (u-Uther Pendragon, uyise weNkosi u-Arthur, uRichard I phakathi nempi ka-1191 kanye noHenry III phakathi nempi yakhe namaWelsh ngo-1245) kanye naseShayina, udrako wayewuphawu lwezwe ijazi lomndeni wasebukhosini.
• Ama-Dinosaurs nama-dragons ayingxenye yezinganekwane zezizwe eziningi. Ngaphezu kweChina, lokhu kuye kwavamile phakathi kwezizwe zaseNingizimu Melika.
• UJohannes Damascene, owokugcina woFata beBandla lamaGreki, owazalwa ngo-676 AD, uchaza amadragoni (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) ngale ndlela elandelayo:
U-Roman Dio Cassius (155-236 AD), owabhala umlando woMbuso WaseRoma kanye neRiphabhulikhi, ubonisa izimpi zenxusa laseRoma uRegulus eCarthage. Kwabulawa udrako empini. Yakhunjuzwa isikhumba sathunyelwa eSigele. Ngokomyalelo weSigele, isikhumba salinganiswa futhi sasingamamitha angu-120 ubude (cishe amamitha angu-37). Isikhumba sasigcinwa ethempelini emagqumeni aseRoma kuze kube unyaka we-133 BC, lapho sinyamalala njengoba amaCelt ethatha iRoma. (Plinius, Natural History . Incwadi yesi-8, iSahluko 14. U-Plinius ngokwakhe uthi uyibonile indebe okukhulunywa ngayo eRoma). (17) • Imidwebo. Imidwebo, imidwebo nezithombe zamadrako nazo zigciniwe, ezicishe zifane ngemininingwane ye-anatomical emhlabeni wonke. Atholakala cishe kuwo wonke amasiko nezinkolo, njengoba nje nezindaba eziphathelene nawo zivamile. Izithombe zamadrako zirekhodwe ngokwesibonelo, ezihlangulweni zezempi (Sutton Hoo) kanye nemihlobiso yodonga lwesonto (isb. SS Mary noHardulph, England). Ngaphezu kwezinkunzi namabhubesi, odrako baboniswa eSangweni lika-Ishtar lomuzi wasendulo waseBabiloni. Izigxivizo zamasilinda zakuqala zaseMesophothamiya zibonisa odrako bebophana ngemisila cishe ubude bentamo yabo (Moortgat, A., Ubuciko baseMesopotamia yasendulo, iPhaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 kanye nePlate A.) . Ezinye izithombe ezinetimu ye-dragon-dinosaur zingabonakala, isb ku-www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm . Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kunemidwebo yalezi zilwane ngisho nasezindongeni zemigede nemihosha. Lokhu okutholakele kwenziwe okungenani e-Arizona kanye nendawo eyayiyiRhodesia (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Ngokwesibonelo, e-Arizona ngo-1924, lapho kuhlolwa udonga lwentaba ephakeme, kwatholakala ukuthi kwakuqoshwe izithombe zezilwane ezihlukahlukene etsheni, isib . rengas, 1957, ikhasi 91). AmaNdiya aseMeya nawo agcine umfanekiso oqoshiwe onenyoni efana ne-Archeopteryx, okungukuthi inyoni yesibankwa (18) . Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kufanele ngabe iphila ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs. Ubufakazi bugciniwe futhi ngezibankwa ezindizayo, amaphiko azo ayengaba amamitha angamashumi amabili, futhi okukholakala ukuthi afa emashumini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule. Incazelo elandelayo ibhekisela kuzo nokuthi isilwane esindizayo esifana ne-Pterosaur siboniswa kanjani endabeni yobumba:
Isibankwa esikhulu kunazo zonke ezindizayo kwakuyi-pterosaur okungenzeka ukuthi amaphiko ayo ayengaphezu kwamamitha angu-17. (…) Kumagazini we -BBC Wildlife (3/1995, Umq. 13), u-Richard Greenwell waqagela ngobukhona be-pterosaur namuhla. Ucaphuna umhloli wamazwe u-A. Hyatt Verrill, owayethole izitsha zobumba zasePeru. Imikhumbi yobumba ibonisa i-pterosaur efana ne-pterodactyl. U-Verrill uqagela ukuthi abaculi basebenzise izinsalela njengemodeli yabo futhi babhala:
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka izincazelo ezinembile ngisho nemidwebo yezinsalela ze-pterodactyl idluliselwa kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, njengoba okhokho babantu bakwaCocle behlala ezweni lapho kwakunezinsalela zama-pterosaur ezilondolozwe kahle.
Futhi, amaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika ayejwayelene ne-thunderbird, egama layo lalibolekwe ngemoto. (19)
EBhayibhelini , uBhehemothi noLeviyathani okukhulunywa ngabo encwadini kaJobe kubonakala sengathi babhekisela kuma- dinosaur. Ithi ngombhemu umsila wakhe unjengomsedari, imisipha yamathanga akhe ibophene futhi amathambo anjengemigoqo yensimbi. Lezi zincazelo zihambisana kahle nama-dinosaur athile, njengama-sauropods, angakhula abe ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-20 ubude. Ngokufanayo, indawo kaBehemoti ekusithekeni somhlanga, nezinsika zifanelana nama-dinosaurs, ngoba amaningana awo ahlala eduze namabhishi. Ngokuqondene nomsila ofana nomsedari onyakazayo uBhehemoti, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi asikho isilwane esikhulu namuhla esaziwa ngokuthi sinomsila onjalo. Umsila we-dinosaur edla uhlaza wawungaba amamitha angu-10-15 ubude futhi ube nesisindo esingamathani angu-1-2, futhi izilwane ezifanayo azaziwa ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ezinye izinguqulo zeBhayibheli zihumusha uBehemoti ngokuthi imvubu (noLeviyathani ngokuthi ingwenya), kodwa incazelo yomsila onjengomsedari ayifanele imvubu nganoma iyiphi indlela. Okunye ukukhulumela okuthakazelisayo ngalendaba kungatholakala kusosayensi ohlonishwayo wezinsalela ezinsalela phansi ongasekho uStephen Jay Gould, owayengakholelwa kuMarxist ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Wathi lapho incwadi kaJobe ikhuluma ngoBhehemoti, ukuphela kwesilwane esifanelana nale ncazelo idayinaso ( Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Njengesazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi umlobi wencwadi kaJobe kumelwe ukuba waluthola ulwazi lwakhe emivubukulweni eyatholwa. Nokho, lena yezincwadi ezindala kunazo zonke eBhayibhelini ibhekisela esilwaneni esiphilayo ( Jobe 40:15: “Bheka-ke ubhemoti, engawenza kanye nawe…).
- ( Jobe 40:15-23 ) Bheka manje ubhemu engamenza kanye nawe; udla utshani njengenkabi. 16 Bheka manje, amandla akhe asezinkalweni zakhe, namandla akhe asezinkabeni zesisu sakhe. 17 Unyakazisa umsila wakhe njengomsedari : Imisipha yamathanga akhe ilukwe . 18 Amathambo akhe anjengezinsimbi zethusi ; amathambo akhe anjengemigoqo yensimbi. 19 Iyinhloko yezindlela zikaNkulunkulu; owayenzayo angasondeza inkemba yakhe kuyo. 20 Impela izintaba ziyikhiphela ukudla, lapho kudlala khona zonke izilwane zasendle. 21 Ulala phansi kwemithi enomthunzi, ekusithekeni komhlanga nasezintangweni . 22 Izihlahla ezinomthunzi ziyamsibekela ngomthunzi wazo; imizaneni yesifufula iyamhaqa. 23 Bheka, uphuza umfula , futhi akasheshi; uthemba ukuthi angakwazi ukukhuphula iJordani emlonyeni wakhe.
ULeviyathani ungesinye isidalwa esithakazelisayo okukhulunywe ngaso eNcwadini kaJobe. Lesi sidalwa kuthiwa siyinkosi yezilwane futhi kuchazwa indlela ilangabi eliphuma ngayo emlonyeni waso. (Okubizwa ngokuthi i-bomber beetle ekwazi ukukhafula ukushisa - 100 degrees Celsius - igesi ngqo kumhlaseli, yaziwa nasezilwaneni). Kungenzeka ukuthi izindaba eziningi mayelana namadragoni angavuthela umlilo emilonyeni yawo zisuka kulokhu. Ezinye izinguqulo zeBhayibheli ziye zahumusha uLeviyathani ngokuthi ingwenya, kodwa ubani oye wabona ingwenya ekwenza ubhidlike lapho uyibona, futhi ubani ongabheka insimbi njengotshani, nethusi njengokhuni olubolile, futhi ubani oyinkosi yazo zonke izilwane ezinkulu? Ngokunokwenzeka, isiyisilwane esingasekho esingasekho, kodwa saziwa ngesikhathi sikaJobe. Incwadi kaJobe ithi:
- ( Jobe 41:1, 2, 9, 13-34 ) Ungakwazi yini ukudonsa uLeviyathani ngehhuku? Noma ulimi lwakhe ngentambo oyehlise? 2 Ungafaka ihhuku ekhaleni lakhe? Noma wabhoboza umhlathi wakhe ngeva? 9 Bheka, ithemba lakhe liyize; akuyikuphonswa noyedwa lapho embona na ? 13 Ngubani ongambula ubuso bengubo yakhe na? Ngubani ongangena kuye namatomu akhe aphindwe kabili na? 14 Ngubani ongavula iminyango yobuso bayo? amazinyo akhe ayasabeka nxazonke . 15 Izikali zakhe ziwukuzigqaja kwakhe, zivalelwe ndawonye njengophawu oluseduze . 16 Enye iseduze nenye, kangangokuthi akunamoya ongangena phakathi kwazo. 17 Ahlanganiswe elinye kwelinye, anamathelana, ukuze angehlukani. 18 Ngokuthula kwakhe kukhanya ukukhanya, lamehlo akhe anjengezinkophe zokusa. 19 Emlonyeni wakhe kuphuma izibani ezivuthayo, kuqhamuke izinhlansi zomlilo . 20 Emakhaleni akhe kuphuma intuthu, kungathi kusebhodweni elishisayo noma ekhanzini. 21 Ukuphefumula kwakhe kuvutha amalahle, nelangabi liphuma emlonyeni wakhe . 22 Entanyeni yakhe kuhlala amandla, nosizi luphenduka injabulo phambi kwakhe. 23 Imivimbo yenyama yayo ihlangene, iqinile kuyo; azinakunyakaziswa. 24 Inhliziyo yakhe iqinile njengetshe; yebo, liqine njengetshe lokuchola langaphansi. 25 Lapho isukuma, amaqhawe ayesaba; 26 Inkemba yalowo ohlezi phezu kwayo ayinakubambisa, nomkhonto, nomcibisholo, nebheshu. 27 Insimbi ishaya utshani, nethusi njengomuthi obolileyo. 28 Umcibisholo awunakuyibalekisa; amatshe endwayimana aphenduka izinhlanga kuye. 29 Imicibisholo ibalwa njengamabibi, ihleka ukuvevezela komkhonto. 30 Ngaphansi kwakhe kukhona amatshe abukhali; wendlala izibazi ezibukhali odakeni. 31 Uyabilisa utwa njengekhanzi, wenza ulwandle lube njengekhanzi lamafutha. 32 Emva kwakhe wenza indlela ekhanyayo; umuntu angacabanga ukuthi utwa luyimpunga. 33 Emhlabeni akukho okufana naye, owenziwe wangesabi. 34 Ubona zonke izinto eziphakemeyo: uyinkosi phezu kwabo bonke abantwana bokuziqhenya .
Kuthiwani ngezincazelo zeBhayibheli zamadrako? IBhayibheli ligcwele izingathekiso ezifanekisa amajuba, izimpisi ezihahayo, izinyoka ezinobuqili, izimvu nezimbuzi, okuyizilwane ezitholakala emvelweni namuhla. Kungani udrako, okukhulunywa ngaye izikhathi eziningana eTestamenteni Elidala neLisha, nasezincwadini ezindala, kungaba okuhlukile? Lapho uGenesise 1:21 isitshela ukuthi uNkulunkulu wadala kanjani izilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu, izilo zasolwandle (inguqulo ebuyekeziwe) (Gen 1:21 ) Futhi uNkulunkulu wadala imikhomo emikhulu nazo zonke izilwane eziphilayo ezihambayo, amanzi aziveza ngokuchichimayo emva kwazo. nomusa, nazo zonke izinyoni ezinamaphiko ngezinhlobo zazo: futhi uNkulunkulu wabona ukuthi kuhle.) , ulimi lokuqala lisebenzisa igama elifanayo elithi “tannin”, elifana nelikadrako kwenye indawo eBhayibhelini. Lawa mavesi alandelayo, ngokwesibonelo, abhekisele kumadragoni:
- ( Jobe 30:29 ) Ngingumfowabo kadrako nomngane wezikhova.
- ( IHu 44:19 ) Nakuba usiphulile kabuhlungu endaweni yamadragoni , wasimboza ngethunzi lokufa.
- ( Isaya 35:7 ) Indawo eyomileyo iyoba yichibi, izwe elomile libe yimithombo yamanzi ;
- ( Isaya 43:20 ) Isilo sasendle siyakungidumisa, amakhanka nezikhova, ngokuba ngiyonika amanzi ehlane, nemifula ehlane ukuba ngiphuzise abantu bami, abakhethiweyo bami.
- ( Jer 14:6 ) Izimbongolo zasendle zazimi ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, zihogela umoya njengamadragoni ; amehlo azo afiphele, ngokuba kwakungekho tshani.
- ( Jeremiya 49:33 ) Futhi iHazori liyoba yindawo yokuhlala yamakhanka nencithakalo kuze kube phakade;
- ( Mika 1:8 ) Ngakho-ke ngizobangalasa ngihhewule, ngiyohamba nginqunu futhi nginqunu: ngiyokwenza ukulila njengezimpungushe , ngilile njengezikhova.
- ( Mal 1:3 ) Futhi ngamzonda u-Esawu, ngenza izintaba zakhe nefa lakhe laba yincithakalo ngenxa yezimpungushe zasehlane .
- ( IHu 104:26 ) Lapho kuhamba imikhumbi, kukhona noLeviyathani omenzile ukuba adlale kulo.
- ( Jobe 7:12 ) Ingabe ngiwulwandle, noma umkhomo , ukuthi ungibekele umlindi? (inguqulo ebuyekeziwe: isilwane sasolwandle, ngesiHeberu i-tannin, okusho ukuthi udrako)
- ( Jobe 26:12, 13 ) Uyahlukanisa ulwandle ngamandla akhe, nangokuqonda kwakhe ushaya abazidlayo. 13 Ngomoya wakhe uhlobise amazulu; isandla sakhe sakha inyoka eyisigwegwe.
- ( IHu. 74:13, 14 ) Nguwe owahlukanisa ulwandle ngamandla akho, wena waphula amakhanda amadragoni emanzini . 14 Nguwe owaphula amakhanda kaLeviyathani waba yizicucu, wamnika abe ngukudla kwabantu abakhe ehlane.
- ( IHu 91:13 ) Uyonyathela phezu kwengonyama nenyoka ;
(Isaya 30:6) Umthwalo wezilwane zaseningizimu: ezweni losizi nobuhlungu, lapho kuphuma khona ibhubesi elincane nexhegu, ibululu nenyoka endizayo evuthayo, bayothwala ingcebo yabo emahlombe amaphuphu . izimbongolo, nengcebo yabo phezu kwezixha zamakamela, kubantu abangayi kubasiza lutho.
- ( Dut 32:32, 33 ) Ngokuba umvini wabo ungowomvini waseSodoma nasemasimini aseGomora; 33 Iwayini labo liwubuthi bamakhanka , nesihlungu esibuhlungu sezinyoka.
( Nehemiya 2:13 ) Ngaphuma ebusuku ngeSango Lesigodi, ngaphambi komthombo kadrako , naseSangweni Lomquba, ngabuka izingange zaseJerusalema ezazibhidliziwe, namasango alo ayeqediwe. ngomlilo.
- ( Isaya 51:9 ) Vuka, vuka, gqoka amandla, wena ngalo kaJehova; vuka, njengasezinsukwini zasendulo, ezizukulwaneni zasendulo. Akusuwe yini onqume uRahabi, walimaza udrako, na?
- ( Isaya 27:1 ) Ngalolo suku uJehova uyojezisa ngenkemba yakhe embi nenkulu nenamandla uLeviyathani inyoka ebhodlayo, uLeviyathani inyoka egwegwile; futhi iyobulala udrako osolwandle.
( Jer 51:34 ) UNebukadinesari inkosi yaseBhabhiloni ungidlile, wangichoboza, wangenza isitsha esingenalutho, wangigwinya njengodrako , wagcwalisa isisu sakhe ngezibiliboco zami, waphonsa. ngiphume.
I-Apocrypha yeTestamente Elidala namadragoni . Kuthiwani nge-Apocrypha yeTestamente Elidala? Nazo futhi, ziqukethe izinkulumo ezimbalwa ngodrako, ezazibonwa njengezilwane zangempela, kunezidalwa eziqanjiwe. Umbhali weNcwadi kaSirakhi ubhala ukuthi angancamela kanjani ukuhlala nengonyama nodrako, kunokuhlala nomkakhe omubi. Izengezo eNcwadini ka-Esteri zilandisa ngephupho likaMoridekayi (uMoridekayi waseBhayibhelini), lapho ebona amadragoni amabili amakhulu. UDaniyeli naye wayebhekene nodrako omkhulu, owayekhulekelwa abaseBabiloni. Lokhu kubonisa indlela lezi zilwane okungenzeka ukuthi zikhule ngayo zaba zikhulu kakhulu.
- ( Sirach 25:16 ) Kungcono ngihlale nengonyama nodrako kunokuba ngihlale nowesifazane omubi .
- ( Ukuhlakanipha KukaSolomoni 16:10 ) Kodwa amadodana akho awanqobanga wona kanye amazinyo amadragoni anesihlungu, ngokuba umusa wakho wawukuwo njalo, wabaphulukisa.
- ( Sirach 43:25 ) Ngoba kuyo kube khona imisebenzi eyinqaba nezimangaliso, izinhlobonhlobo zazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nemikhomo.
- ( Ukwengeza ku-Esteri 1:1, 4, 5, 6 ) UMoridekayi, umJuda wesizwe sakwaBenjamini, wathunjwa kanye noJehoyakini inkosi yakwaJuda, lapho inkosi yaseBabiloni uNebukadinesari ithumba iJerusalema. UMoridekayi wayeyindodana kaJayire, indodana kaKishi noShimeyi. 4 Waphupha kunomsindo omkhulu, nesiphithiphithi, nokuduma okukhulu, nokuzamazama komhlaba, nesiyaluyalu esisabekayo emhlabeni. 5 Kwase kuqhamuka amadragoni amabili amakhulu, elungele ukulwa wodwa . 6 Babanga umsindo owesabekayo , futhi zonke izizwe zazilungiselela ukulwa nesizwe sikaNkulunkulu sabantu abalungile.
- (Ukwengeza kuDaniyeli, uBeli kanye Nodrako 1:23-30) Futhi kuleyo ndawo kwakukhona udrako omkhulu , ababemkhulekela baseBhabhiloni. 24 Inkosi yasisithi kuDaniyeli: Uyakutsho lawe ukuthi lokhu ngowethusi? bheka, uyaphila, uyadla, uyaphuza ; ungesho ukuthi akasiye unkulunkulu ophilayo; 25 Wayesethi uDaniyeli enkosini: "Ngiyakukhuleka kuJehova uNkulunkulu wami, ngokuba unguNkulunkulu ophilayo." 26 Kodwa ngivumele, O nkosi, futhi ngizombulala lo drako ngaphandle kwenkemba noma udondolo. Inkosi yasisithi: Ngiyakuyekela. 27 UDaniyeli wayesethatha ithoshi, namafutha, nezinwele, wakuhlanganisa, wenza izigaxa ngakho, wakubeka emlonyeni kadrako, udrako wabhodloka phakathi; uDaniyeli wathi: “Bheka, laba bangonkulunkulu nina. ukukhonza. 28 Kwathi abaseBabele bekuzwa lokho, bathukuthela kakhulu, benza uzungu ngenkosi, bathi: "Inkosi isibe ngumJuda, imchithile uBeli, ibulele udrako, yabulala abapristi." 29 Base befika enkosini, bathi: "Sinike uDaniyeli, funa sikubhubhise wena nendlu yakho." 30 Kwathi inkosi ibona ukuthi bamcindezela kakhulu, becindezelwa, yamnikela uDaniyeli kubo.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Izigidi zeminyaka / ama-dinosaurs /
ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu? |
