UZamcolo

1. Ubufakazi bukaZamcolo

Ngokuvamile uZamcolo uye wabhekwa njengenganekwane nje. Ikakhulukazi labo bantu, abakholelwa emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abakholelwa ukuthi uZamcolo wake waba khona. Bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi amanzi ake amboza umhlaba wonke. 

   Kodwa ingabe uZamcolo wenzeka ngempela? Uma sibheka umhlabathi, izinsalela namasiko abantu, kubhekisela kuZamcolo. Bakhombisa ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kwake kwenzeka eMhlabeni. Ngokulandelayo, sizohlola ngendlela efana nohlu ubufakazi obusikisela le nhlekelele enkulu.

Inqwaba yamathuna ezilwane

• Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezilwane ezinomgogodla zamathambo ezibalelwa ku-800 billion ezingcwatshwe esifundeni sase-Karroo eNingizimu Afrika (isihloko sikaRobert Broom kwezeSayensi, ngoJanuwari 1959). Ubukhulu bale ndawo yokungcwaba buphakamisa ukuthi kwenzeke isigameko esingesona esasemvelo. Izilwane kumelwe ukuba zangcwatshwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lwesenzakalo lungachazwa kangcono ngokubhujiswa okukhulu okunjengoZamcolo, okungase kunqwabele ngokushesha izingqimba zomhlaba phezu kwezilwane.

• I-permafrost yase-Alaska neSiberia iqukethe izigidi zamathani amathambo ezilwane. Ngokuphawulekayo, eziningana zalezi zilwane kwakuyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezazingenakukwazi ukuphila emakhazeni futhi ezazingakwazi ukuzingcwaba. Incazelo evela encwadini ethi Maailman Luonto isitshela ngakho. Kubonisa ukuthi lezi zilwane ezinkulu zazitholakala kanjani ekujuleni komhlaba kanye nezimila ezihlukahlukene:

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu lapha ukuthi i-permafrost e-Alaska naseSiberia ingafaka inani elibonakalayo lamathambo nenyama, kanye nezimila ezibolile ingxenye kanye nezinye izinsalela zomhlaba wezinto eziphilayo. Kwezinye izindawo, lezi zinezela engxenyeni ephawulekayo yenhlabathi. Ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinsalela ivela ezilwaneni ezinkulu, njengobhejane abanoboya, amabhubesi amakhulu, amabhiva, izinyathi, ama-musk, izinkabi, ama-mammoth, nezindlovu ezinoboya, esezishabalele… Yingakho kusobala ukuthi isimo sezulu sase-Alaska ukufudumala kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba iqhwa.

• Ubufakazi bamathuna amakhulu izinsalela zobhejane, amakamela, izingulube zasendle nezinye izilwane ezingenakubalwa ezitholakala e-Agate Spring, eNebraska. Ngokwezibalo zongoti, kunezinsalela zezilwane ezinkulu ezingaphezu kuka-9 000 kule ndawo.

• Ngo-1845, kwambiwa izinsalela zezilwane eduze kwase-Odessa eRussia, okwakuhlanganisa amathambo amabhere angaphezu kwekhulu, kanye namathambo amaningi amahhashi, amabhere, ama-mammoth, obhejane, inyathi, izimbongolo, izimpisi, izimpisi, izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, amagundane, ama-otters, ama-martens nezimpungushe. Lezi zazibheke phansi zixutshwe nezinsalela zezitshalo, izinyoni ngisho nezinhlanzi (!). Ukuba khona kwezinhlanzi phakathi kwezilwane zasemhlabeni kubonakala kuwukubhekisela ngokusobala kuZamcolo. Izinhlanzi zingaba kanjani esigabeni esifanayo nezilwane zasemhlabeni?

• Amagquma aqukethe inqwaba yamathambo imvubu atholwe ePalermo, e-Italy. Njengoba kukhona namathambo ezimvubu ezisencane phakathi kwezinto ezitholakele, zazingeke zife ngokwemvelo. Ukuba khona kwalezi zimvubu ezincane kubonisa ngokusobala kuZamcolo.

• Kutholwe emigedeni, ngokwesibonelo, eYorkshire eNgilandi, eChina, ogwini olusempumalanga ye-USA nase-Alaska, lapho amathambo enqwaba yezilwane ezidla uhlaza kanye nezidla izilwane atholakale emigedeni efanayo. EYorkshire, eNgilandi, kwatholakala amathambo endlovu, obhejane, imvubu, ihhashi, inyamazane, ingwe, ibhere, impisi, ihhashi, impungushe, unogwaja, unogwaja, kanye nezinyoni eziningi. komunye wemigede ye-stalactite. Njengomthetho, lezi zilwane ezidla zodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zizohlala zodwa.

• Elinye ithuna elikhulu litholakala eFrance, lapho kwatholakala khona izinsalela zamathambo amahhashi angaphezu kuka-10 000.

• Kutholwe emathuneni ama-dinosaur amakhulu nakho kuye kwenziwa. Amathambo amakhulu amaningana, ngisho nezinkulungwane, zama-dinosaurs amancane atholwe eBelgium endaweni yobumba engaba ngamamitha angu-300 ukujula. Amathambo ezibankwa zedada angaba ngu-10 000 atholakale endaweni encane e-Montana, e-U.S.A., futhi kuye kwatholakala amathuna amakhulu anamakhanda obhejane e-Alberta, eCanada. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amathuna amancane atholakele ahlobene nama-dinosaurs aye enziwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba. Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zilwane ziye zaba nesandla ekubhujisweni okufanayo okwehlele umhlaba ngasikhathi sinye.

   Esinye isibonelo sitholakala encwadini ethi The Age of Dinosaur kasosayensi owaziwayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo uBjörn Kurten. Ukhuluma ngendlela izinsalela ezimbalwa zama- dinosaur eziye zatholakala ngayo endaweni yokubhukuda namakhanda awo asontelwe emuva, njengokungathi emzabalazweni wokufa.

Izinsalela zeziqu zesihlahla, eziningi zazo ezixutshwayo futhi zibheke phansi . Ngaphambilini, kwashiwo ukuthi kuye kwatholakala kanjani izinsalela zeziqu zezihlahla ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ezitholakala ngaphakathi komhlaba futhi zinwebeka ngezigaba eziningana ezihlukene. Imvamisa, lezi ziqu nezingodo zimane ziyimfucumfucu eyodwa enkulu ehlanganiswe nodaka, amathambo nodaka. Izimpande zabo zingase zibheke phansi, okuwubufakazi besigameko esithile esibhubhisayo. Ukuze izinsalela zeziqu zesihlahla zizalwe futhi zilondolozwe, kufanele ukuthi zagqitshwa ezingqimbeni zenhlabathi ezizungezile ngokushesha - ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube khona izinsalela ezisele kuzo.

Umsuka wezinsalela . Izinsalela ezisemhlabathini ziwubufakazi obunamandla bukaZamcolo. Imvelaphi yezinsalela zomhlabathi ingachazwa kuphela ngokuthi ama-mudslides agqibe isitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo noma ezisanda kufa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukube lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngokushesha, izinsalela zamathambo zazingeke zenzeke, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho amagciwane nama-scavengers ayezowabola ngesikhathi esifushane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi namuhla izinsalela azisakheki. Umhloli wamazwe owaziwayo uNordenskiöld waphawula ukuthi kulula ukuthola izinsalela ezindala zezibankwa ezinkulu eSpitzbergen kunalezo zezimvu zamanzi ezisanda kungcwatshwa, nakuba kunezigidi zezimvu zamanzi kuleyo ndawo.

    Ngakho-ke, kuyinkinga enkulu ukuzama ukuchaza ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu ezinjenge-mammoth, izibankwakazi, obhejane, imvubu, amahhashi nezinye izilwane ezinkulu bezingagqitshwa kanjani ngaphansi kodaka nezingqimba zomhlaba uma umuntu engakholelwa kuZamcolo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zizodwa zilinganiselwa ezigidini ezinhlanu zabantu abangcwatshwe emhlabathini. Ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje, izilwane ezinjalo zazingeke zingcwatshwe emhlabathini, kodwa zaziyobola ngokushesha emhlabathini noma abadobi bazidle ngokushesha. Incazelo elandelayo (uJames D. Dana: "Manual of Geology", p. 141) ikhombisa ukuthi ukungcwatshwa ngokushesha kuyadingeka kanjani ukuze kutholakale izinsalela zamathambo:

Izilwane ezinamathambo, njengezinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo njll., ziyabola lapho izingxenye zazo ezithambile zisuswa. Kufanele zingcwatshwe ngokushesha ngemva kokufa ukuze zingaboli futhi zidliwe ezinye izilwane.

WAGCWATSHWA EPHILA . Izinsalela eziningana zinikeza ubufakazi obucacile beqiniso lokuthi zangcwatshwa ngokushesha.

    Ngaphandle kokungcwatshwa ngokushesha, kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi lezi zilwane bezisaphila ngesikhathi zingcwatshwa. Nazi izibonelo:

Izinsalela zezinhlanzi. Kutholwe inani elikhulu lezinsalela zezinhlanzi ezinezimpawu zokuthi zingcwatshwe ziphila futhi ngokushesha.

   Okokuqala, kuye kwatholakala izinsalela zezinhlanzi ebezidliwe: ziye zaba nenye inhlanzi encane emlonyeni wazo lapho zigqitshwa kungazelelwe ngaphansi kwenqwaba yenhlabathi. Ngamanye amazwi, uma inhlanzi idla ukudla kwayo, ayiboni ukufa okuvamile, kodwa isiphile impilo evamile yaze yathola ukungcwatshwa ngokushesha.

    Okwesibili, kutholwe inani elikhulu lezinsalela zezinhlanzi ezazinamazenga onke endaweni, umlomo wawuvulekile futhi wonke amaphiko asabalele. Noma nini lapho izimpawu ezinjalo zitholakala ezinhlanzini, zibonisa ukuthi kumelwe ukuba zazisaphila futhi zilwa nesiphetho sazo zize zingcwatshwe kungazelelwe. Esikhukhuleni, ukungcwatshwa ngokushesha kanjalo ngaphansi kodaka bekuyoba indlela engenzeka kakhulu yokuba izinhlanzi zife. Isibonelo, cishe u-9/10 wezinhlanzi zezikhali ezitholakala ezindaweni ezindala ze-sandstone ezibomvu zisesimweni esinjalo - ziphakamise izimpondo zazo ezimbili ngama-engeli angakwesokudla epuletini lethambo lekhanda labo njengophawu lwengozi - okubonisa ukuthi bahlangabezane ukungcwatshwa ngokushesha.

    Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsalela zezinhlanzi azikwazi ukwakheka nganoma iyiphi enye indlela - ngaphandle kwangendlela okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili - ngoba ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile izinhlanzi zibola ngokushesha kakhulu noma zidliwa ezinye izilwane. Nokho, ezindaweni zokungcwaba izinhlanzi izigidi zalezo zinsalela zezinhlanzi zingatholakala.

Izimbaza ze-Bivalve nama-oyster. Izimbaza ze-Bivalve nama-oyster zitholwe endaweni evaliwe, okubonisa ukuthi zangcwatshwa ziphila. Ngokuvamile, lapho lezi zilwane zifa umsipha obambe amagobolondo azo evaliwe uyaxega uvumela isihlabathi nobumba kungene ngaphakathi. Lezi zinsalela, nokho, ngokuvamile zitholakala zivaliwe ziqinile futhi asikho isihlabathi noma ubumba phakathi kwamagobolondo. Njengoba la magobolondo avalwe ngqi, kukhomba ukuthi lezi zilwane zigqitshwe zisaphila.

Ama-mammoths. Kanye nezinye izilwane eziningi, kuye kwatholwa ama-mammoth amakhulu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi zingaba yizigidi ezi-5 zama-mammoths ezingcwatshwe emhlabathini. Izinsalela zabo, ikakhulukazi amazinyo, ziye zagujwa phansi zaba amathani, futhi sezize zasetshenziswa njengendawo eluhlaza embonini yamazinyo endlovu, ngakho-ke ngeke sikhulume nganoma iyiphi imali encane etholakele.

    Okuphawulekayo ngalezi zilwane ezifuywayo ukuthi lezi zimpungushe zitholwe zigcinwe zisesimweni esihle kakhulu. Abanye babo batholakale bemile (!), Abanye basenokudla okungagayeki emlonyeni naseziswini zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye ziye zatholakala ziphelele futhi zingonakalisiwe.

    Lapho ukutholwa okunjalo kwenziwa ezindaweni ezinkulu, kubonisa ukuthi azibulawanga esikhukhuleni sasentwasahlobo sasendaweni, ngokufa kancane kancane ngenxa yendlala, nanoma yikuphi ukufa okuvamile njengoba kuye kwachazwa. Alikho inani le-uniformitarianism elingachaza ukufa ngesikhathi esisodwa nobudlova kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezilwane nokuthi zagqitshwa kanjani ongqimbeni lukadaka nomhlabathi. NgoZamcolo, lokho kungase kwenzeke.

IZIDALWA ZASOSOSHI NEINGXENYE ZAZO EZITHOLA EZINTABENI NASEMHLABENI WOMILE .

- ( Gen 7:19 ) Amanzi aba namandla kakhulu emhlabeni; zasitshekelwa zonke izintaba eziphakemeyo eziphansi kwezulu lonke.

(2 Petru 3:6) …

Mhlawumbe ubufakazi obungcono kakhulu bukaZamcolo wembulunga yonke yiqiniso lokuthi singathola izinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ezintabeni nasemhlabeni owomile. (Izibonelo ezifanayo zingatholakala ezinhlelweni zemvelo kuthelevishini.) Lezi zinsalela ngokuqinisekile bezingeke zibe khona ezindaweni ezikuyo manje ukube ulwandle belungazihlanganisanga lezi zindawo ngesinye isikhathi.

• Eminyakeni engu-500 ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhalenda lesimanje, uPythagoras wathola izinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ezintabeni. (p.11 IPlaneetta maa (“Planethi Yomhlaba”)).

• Ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu, isazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus sabhala ukuthi amagobolondo asolwandle ayeqoqwa ogwadule lwaseGibhithe. Uphethe ngokuthi ulwandle kumele ngabe lwafinyelela ogwadule (ikhasi 11 elithi “Planeetta maa”). Izinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu ziye zatholakala ogwadule olukhulu lwesihlabathi e-Afrika.

• I-Xenofanes yathola izinsalela zasolwandle ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe ezikude nolwandle cishe ngo-500 BC Wathola nezinsalela zezinhlanzi inkwali eSyracuse eSicily, naseMalta nasezweni lase-Italy. Uphethe ngokuthi lezi zindawo bezike zambozwa ulwandle (ikhasi 17 Nils Edelman - Viisaita ja veijareita geologian maailmassa).

• UCharles Darwin naye wagijimela ezinsalela zasolwandle lapho ethola uhlaka lwamathambo omkhomo ezindaweni ezinezintaba zasePeru.

• U-Albaro Alonzo Barba, owayengumqondisi wezimayini ePetos, ukhuluma encwadini yakhe eyabhalwa ngo-1640, ukuthi wayethole amagobolondo angavamile emadwaleni phakathi kwePotos ne-Oroneste eBolivia, amamitha angu-3,000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle (ikhasi 54 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja i-veijareita geological maailmassa )

• U-PS Pallas waseJalimane ngeminyaka yawo-1700s wathola ama-limestone anezingqimba nobumba ezintabeni zase-Ural nase-Altai - zombili eRussia - ezaziphethe izinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle nezitshalo (ikhasi 125 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita geologian maailmassa).

• Izilwane eziningi zasolwandle njengezimbaza, ama-ammonite, ama-belemnite, (ama-ammonites nama-belemnite ayephila ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-dinosaurs) , izinhlanzi zamathambo, iminduze yasolwandle, izinsalela zamakhorali nama-plankton kanye nezihlobo zama-sea urchin zamanje kanye ne-starfishes zatholakala kumakhilomitha amaningi ngaphezu kolwandle. izinga e-Himalayas. Incwadi ethi Maapallo Ihmeiden Planeetta ( ikhasi 55) ichaza lezi zinsalela ngale ndlela elandelayo:

U-Harutaka Sakai wase-Japan University e-Kyushu useneminyaka eminingi ecwaninga ngalezi zinsalela zasolwandle eziNtabeni ze-Himalaya. Yena neqembu lakhe babhale i-aquarium yonke kusukela esikhathini se-Mesozoic. Iminduze yasolwandle entekenteke, izihlobo zama-sea urchin kanye ne-starfishes, zitholakala ezindongeni zamadwala ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu ngaphezu kolwandle. Ama-Amoni, ama-belemnite, amakhorali namapulangwe atholakala njengezinsalela emadwaleni ezintaba (…)

   Ekuphakameni okungamakhilomitha amabili, izazi zokuma komhlaba zathola umkhondo owawushiywe ngasolwandle ngokwalo. Idwala layo elifana negagasi lihambisana namafomu ahlala esihlabathini asuka kumaza anamanzi aphansi. Ngisho naphezulu kwe-Everest, kutholakala imicu ephuzi ye-limestone, eyavela ngaphansi kwamanzi ezinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ezingenakubalwa.

• Ngaphezu kwezintaba ze-Himalaya, kuye kwatholakala okuningi e-Alps, e-Andes nase-Rocky Mountains. Lokhu okutholakele kuhlanganisa izimbaza, ama-crustaceans, ama-ammonite, kanye nama-streaks nama-clay shale deposit aqukethe izinsalela zasolwandle. Okunye okutholakele kusezingeni elingamakhilomitha amaningana. Incazelo elandelayo ye-Alps ikhombisa ukuba khona kwezinsalela zasolwandle:

Kunesizathu sokubhekisisa ubunjalo bangempela bamadwala ezingodini zezintaba. Ibonakala kahle kakhulu e-Alps, e-Alps ye-lime enyakatho, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Helvetian zone. I-Limestone yiyona nto eyinhloko yetshe. Uma sibheka idwala lapha emithambekeni ewumqansa noma esiqongweni sentaba - ukube besinamandla okukhuphukela lapho - sizogcina sithole izinsalela zezilwane, izinsalela zezilwane. Zivame ukonakala kakhulu kodwa kungenzeka ukuthola izingcezu ezibonakalayo. Zonke lezo zinsalela zingamagobolondo omcako noma amathambo ezidalwa zasolwandle. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-ammonite anemicu evunguzayo, futhi ikakhulukazi ama-clams anamagobolondo amaningi. (…) Umfundi angase azibuze manje ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi ukhahlamba lwezintaba lubamba inhlabathi eningi kangaka, engatholakala futhi iminyene ekujuleni kolwandle.(ikhasi 236,237, Pentti Eskola, Muuttuva maa)

• I-limestone ehlanganisa cishe ingxenye yesine ye-China ihlanganisa izinsalela zamakhorali aphuma olwandle (ikhasi 97,100-106 “Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta”). Kukhona izindawo ezifanayo futhi eYugoslavia nase-Alps.

• Endaweni yokumbiwa phansi eziNtabeni ze-Snowdon eNgilandi, kunezingqimba ezinkulu zamatshe nesihlabathi ezigcwele amagobolondo ezimbaza zasogwini ezingaba amafidi angu-1,400 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

• Izibankwa zezinhlanzi noma i-Ichthyosaur, ezingakhula zibe amamitha ambalwa ubude, zitholwe eNgilandi naseJalimane zigqitshwe zibe izingqimba zobumba ngamathambo nezikhumba zazo. Omunye wamathambo, agcinwe eqoqweni le-Helsinki University Geological Institute, watholakala etsheni lobumba e-Holzmaden yaseWurttenberg. Ingamamitha angu-2.5 ubude futhi ilondolozwe kahle kakhulu. (ikhasi 371 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Enkabeni yeFrance (eSaint-Laon, eVienne), kuye kwatholakala amagobolondo ama-ammonite kuleli litye. (ikhasi 365 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Indawo ye-limestone e-Solnhofen yase-Bavaria inezinsalela ezimbili ze-bird lizard (Archaeopteryx). Kusukela endaweni efanayo ye-limestone, ezinye izinsalela ezigcinwe kahle, njengezinambuzane, i-medusas, ama-crayfishes, i-belemnites, nezinhlanzi nazo zitholakele. (ikhasi 372, "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Kunezindawo ezithile eLondon, eParis, naseVienna ezaziyi-sea bed. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izindawo ze-limestone eParis zakhiwa ngokuyinhloko amagobolondo e-mollusk avela olwandle olushisayo. (ikhasi 377 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Eduze kwaseBerlin, izingqimba ze-silt eziwugqinsi ngamamitha ambalwa zihlanganisa amagobolondo e-gastropod engasekho ( Paludina diluviana ), kanye nezinsalela zama-pikes. (ikhasi 410 "muuttuva maa, Pentti Eskola)

• Izindawo ezinjengeSiriya, i-Arabia, i-Israel yamanje ne-Egypt bezilokhu ziyimibhede yasolwandle. (p.401, 402 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Izinsalela ze-oyster ezindala ziye zatholakala eTunisia, eduze nedolobha laseTozeur. (ikhasi 90 Björn Kurten, Kuinka Mammutti pakastetaan )

• Ogwadule lwaseFaijum amakhilomitha angama-60 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCairo, izinsalela zemikhomo namabhubesi olwandle zitholwe emithambekeni yomfula ophakeme we-Djebel Qatran. (ikhasi 23 Björn Kurten, Jääkausi, [The Ice Age])

• Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezihlukene zomhlaba, kuye kwatholakala izingqimba zezinsalela zezinhlanzi eziqukethe amakhulu ezinkulungwane noma izigidi zezinhlanzi. Isibonelo, ku-Herring fossil layers eCalifornia, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlanzi eziyibhiliyoni endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele ayishumi. Izindawo ezisuka eJalimane kuye oLwandle iCaspian, e-Italy, eScotland, eDenmark (eweni likaSteven's Klint ) kanye naseNingizimu yeSpain (amagquma aseCaravaca) zihlanganisa izingqimba zezigidi zezinsalela zezinhlanzi. Zonke lezi zindawo ezisemhlabeni owomile kumele ngabe zimbozwe ulwandle noma lokhu okutholakele kwezinhlanzi bekungeke kwenzeke.

• Izingqimba zobumba ezaziwayo eBurgess, ezitholakala ezintabeni zaseRocky ngonyaka ka-1909, zihlanganisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinsalela ezivela olwandle lwasendulo, namuhla endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-2,000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

• Kusukela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Australia (ikhasi 96 Maapallo ihmeiden planetta) naseNew Guinea, amakhorali nezinsalela zezinhlanzi zingatholakala.

• Kusukela ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika, izinsalela zemikhomo zatholakala kude kakhulu nolwandle. Lokhu okutholakele kwenziwe ngokwesibonelo e-Ontario Lake, eVermont, eQuebec, naseSt. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindawo kufanele ukuthi zazimbozwe ulwandle esikhathini esithile esidlule.

• Izindawo eziningi eziphakeme emhlabeni wonke - i-Himalaya nezinye izintaba eziphakeme - zibonisa izimpawu zogu lwasendulo kanye nesenzo samagagasi. Lokhu okutholakele kwenziwe naseNew Guinea, Italy, Sicily, England, Ireland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Novaja-Semlja, Land of Franz Joseph, Greenland, ezindaweni ezibanzi eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, Algeria, Spain ... njalo njalo. (Ulwazi luvela ikakhulukazi ku- Maanpinnan muodot ja niiden synty , p. 99,100 / by Iivari Leiviskä ).      

   Kuye kwatholakala nogu lwasendulo eFinland nasezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Esinye isibonelo iPyhätunturi, lapho kunamatshe anezimpawu zamagagasi. Izimpawu zogu lwasendulo zingatholakala nasemithambekeni yamagquma amaningi. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yeFinland, izindawo ezinjalo yiKorppoo, Jurmo, Kaunissaari ePyhtää naseVirttaankangas eSäkylä, kanye nokuqhubekela phambili enyakatho, isibonelo iLauhanvuori, Rokua ne-Aavasaksa. (Kusuka encwadini ethi Jokamiehen geologia , p. 96 / by Kalle Taipale, Jouko.T. Parviainen)

• I-lava itholakale ezintabeni zase-Ararati endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-4,500 ngaphezu kolwandle, futhi ingaba umkhiqizo wokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi (Molen, M., Vårt ursprung?, 1991, p. 246)

• Olunye uphawu lukaZamcolo amadwala asolwandle. Zivame kakhulu ukwedlula noma yimaphi amanye amatshe e-sedimentary ehlangene. UJames Hutton, othathwa njengoyise wesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ubhekisele kulokhu kuphawulwa kakade eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule:

Kufanele siphethe ngokuthi zonke izingqimba zomhlaba (...) zakhiwe yisihlabathi namatshe anqwabelene olwandle, amagobolondo e-crustacean kanye ne-coral matter, inhlabathi nobumba. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Emazwekazini, amatshe e-sedimentary olwandle avame kakhulu futhi asakazeke kakhulu kunawo wonke amanye amatshe e-sedimentary ehlangene. Leli elinye lalawo maqiniso alula adinga ukuchazwa, ukuba senhliziyweni yakho konke okuhlobene nemizamo eqhubekayo yomuntu yokuqonda ukuguquguquka kokuma kwendawo yesikhathi esidlule sokuma komhlaba.

UNYAZI LWENDABUKO KANYE NOKHUKHULA . Akudingekile ukuba sifune ukwaziswa ngoZamcolo ngokwemvelo kuphela; sithola ubufakazi bakho emasikweni ezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe zingamakhulu amahlanu zalezi zindaba ezixoxwa amasiko emhlabeni jikelele. Eziningi zalezi zindaba ziye zashintsha (ngokwemvelo) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa zonke zifana nokukhuluma ngamanzi njengembangela yomonakalo. Eziningi zalezi zindaba ziphinde zikhulume ngezikhathi ezimnandi zangaphambili, Ukuwa komuntu kanye nokudideka kwezilimi okwenzeka eBabele (iBhabhiloni) - zonke izehlakalo iBhayibheli elizibalula.

   Lezi zindaba zitholakala kubantu abahluke kakhulu: abaseBhabhiloni, abomdabu base-Australia, abantu baseMiao baseShayina, ama-African Efe dwarfs, amaNdiya aseMelika angamaHopi esizweni samaPadago aseNyakatho Melika, kanye nezinye izizwe eziningi. Ukulandisa kwezindaba zikaZamcolo endaweni yonke kuphakamisa ukuba mlando kwalesi senzakalo: 

Cishe amasiko angama-500 - okuhlanganisa abantu bomdabu baseGreece, eChina, ePeru naseNyakatho Melika - aziwa emhlabeni lapho izinganekwane nezinsumansumane zichaza indaba ebambekayo kazamcolo omkhulu owashintsha umlando wesizwe. Ezindabeni eziningi, bambalwa abantu abasinda kuzamcolo, njengasendabeni kaNowa. Izizwe eziningi zazibheka uzamcolo njengobangelwa onkulunkulu abathi, ngasizathu simbe, baba nesithukuthezi ngohlobo lwesintu. Mhlawumbe abantu babekhohlakele, njengasezikhathini zikaNowa nasenganekwaneni yesizwe samaHopi oMdabu waseMelika eNyakatho Melika, noma mhlawumbe kwakunabantu abaningi kakhulu nabanomsindo omkhulu, njengasencwadini yomlando kaGilgamesh. (2)

U-Lenormant uthi encwadini yakhe ethi "Beginning of History":

"Sinethuba lokufakazela ukuthi indaba kaZamcolo iyisiko lendawo yonke kuwo wonke amagatsha omndeni wesintu, futhi isiko elinjalo nelifanayo elinjengaleli alinakubhekwa njengenganekwane ecatshangelwayo. Kumelwe kube inkumbulo yeqiniso nelilodwa eliyiqiniso nelifanayo. isenzakalo esesabisayo, isenzakalo esaba nethonya elinamandla ezingqondweni zabazali bokuqala bomkhaya wesintu kangangokuthi ngisho nenzalo yabo yayingenakusikhohlwa.

Abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene banezindaba zamagugu ezihlukene mayelana nenhlekelele enkulukazi yezikhukhula. AmaGreki aye axoxa indaba ngoZamcolo, futhi igxile kumlingiswa okuthiwa uDeukayoni; ngisho nangesikhathi eside ngaphambi kukaColumbus, abomdabu bezwekazi laseMelika babe nezindaba ezazigcine inkumbulo kazamcolo iphila. Izinganekwane eziphathelene nozamcolo ziye zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kuze kube yilolu suku nase-Australia, eNdiya, ePolynesia, eTibet, eKašmir naseLithuania. Ingabe zonke ziyizinganekwane nezindaba nje? Ingabe zonke zenziwe? Kucatshangwa ukuthi zonke zichaza inhlekelele enkulu efanayo. (4)

Uma uZamcolo womhlaba wonke wawungewona owangempela, ezinye izizwe zaziyochaza ukuthi ukuqhuma okwesabekayo kwentaba-mlilo, iziphepho ezinkulu zeqhwa, isomiso (...) zibhubhise okhokho bazo ababi. Ngakho-ke, indawo yonke yendaba kaZamcolo ingenye yezingxenye ezinhle kakhulu zobufakazi bokuba yiqiniso kwayo. Singachitha noma iyiphi yalezi zinganekwane njengezinganekwane ezingazodwana futhi sicabange ukuthi bekuwumcabango nje, kodwa uma sihlangene, ngokombono womhlaba wonke, cishe azinakuphikiswa. (Umhlaba)

Okulandelayo, izinkomba eziningi esihlokweni esifanayo. Izazi-mlando zesikhathi esidlule ziye zakhuluma ngoZamcolo njengesenzakalo sangempela esingokomlando. Ukubhalwa kabusha kwanamuhla komlando kunalokho kuzama ukuguqula umlando wesintu odlule ngokuphika le nhlekelele enkulu kazamcolo futhi kwenezele amakhulu ezinkulungwane nezigidi zeminyaka emlandweni okungekho bufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda ngawo.

• Isazi-mlando uJosephus noBerosus waseBabiloni baye bakhuluma ngezinsalela zomkhumbi kaNowa

• Isazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus siye sabhekisela kumaSkithe engxenyeni yesihlanu yoMlando waso. Ubabiza njengenzalo kaJafete (indodana kaNowa) ( Gen 10:1, 2 : NW : Manje lezi ziyizizukulwane zamadodana kaNowa, uShemi, uHamu, noJafete: bazalelwa khona ngemva kukazamcolo. noJafete, noGomere, noMagogi, noMadayi, noJavan, noThubali, noMesheke, noTirasi.)

• Endabeni kaGilgamesh, u-Utnapisthim wayalwa ukuba akhe umkhumbi: “O muntu waseShuruppak, indodana ka-Ubar-Tutu. bhidliza indlu yakho wakhe umkhumbi, ulahle ingcebo, ufune ukuphila kwangemva kokufa, udelele ingcebo, usindise impilo yakho. Thatha imbewu yabo bonke abaphilayo uye emkhunjini owakhayo. Linganisa kahle izilinganiso zalo.”

• Ku-akhawunti kazamcolo wase-Asiriya kukhona incazelo yokwakhiwa komkhumbi:

Yenza umkhumbi ngokwalokhu - -

- - Ngizobhubhisa isoni nokuphila.

- - Vumela imbewu yokuphila ingene, konke,

kuze kube phakathi komkhumbi, emkhunjini owenzayo.

ubude bayo buyizingalo ezingamakhulu ayisithupha

nezingalo ezingamashumi ayisithupha ububanzi nokuphakama kwayo.

- - Makujule. -

Ngawemukela umyalo futhi ngathi kuHea, Nkosi yami:

Uma ngiqeda

ukwakha umkhumbi ongitshele ukuthi ngikwenze,

abancane nabadala bayangiklolodela. (5)

• Ama-Aztec abhekisele kuZamcolo:

Lapho umhlaba usuneminyaka engu-1716, kwafika uZamcolo: “Bonke abantu banyamalala futhi baminza,

baqaphela ukuthi sebephenduke izinhlanzi. Konke kwanyamalala ngosuku olulodwa”. Kwasindiswa uNata nomkakhe uNana kuphela, ngoba unkulunkulu waseTitlachauan wayebatshele ukuba bakhe isikebhe ngesihlahla somsayiphuresi. (6)

• Kwatholakala isibhebhe sobumba edolobheni laseBabiloni, iNippur, phakathi nawo-1890, futhi lesi sibhebhe sasindala kune- Epic of Gilgamesh . Ithebhulethi yobumba ihlehlela okungenani ku-2100 BC, njengoba indawo lapho yatholakala khona, umtapo wolwazi womphakathi, yacekelwa phansi ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukuvezwa kwayo kufana ncamashí nalokho okusencwadini kaGenesise. Ikhuluma ngokuza kukaZamcolo futhi yeluleka ukuba kwakhiwe umkhumbi omkhulu ukuze kuvikelwe abasindayo. Umbhalo osesibhebheni wahunyushwa isazi sesayensi ye-Asiriya uHerman Hilprecht. Amagama akubakaki abayisikwele awatholakali embhalweni, kodwa u-Hilprecht uwafake ngokusekelwe kumongo:

(2) … [imingcele yezulu nomhlaba ngiyayisusa]

(3) … [Ngiyoletha uzamcolo, futhi] uyokhukhula bonke abantu ngesikhathi esisodwa;

(4) … [kepha funa ukuphila ungakafiki uzamcolo;

(5)……[Ngokuba phezu kwakho konke okuphilayo], konke okukhona, ngiyakuchitha, nokubhujiswa, nokubhubhisa.

(6) …Yakha umkhumbi omkhulu futhi

(7) ...ubude bubonke mabube isakhiwo sayo

(8) …makube yisikebhe esithwala abasindile.

(9) …enesembozo sesivalo esiqinile (sona).

(10) … [Emkhunjini] owenzayo

(11) … [lethe khona izilwane zomhlaba, nezinyoni zezulu,

(12) … [nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo emhlabeni, ngazimbili zazo] esikhundleni sesixuku;

(13) …kanye nomndeni… (7)

• Ngokuqondene nokulandelana kwezikhathi kweGibhithe, kungase kuphele amakhulu eminyaka. AbaseGibhithe babengenalo uhlu lwababusi ezinsukwini zokuqala, kodwa bahlanganiswa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva (c. 270 BC) ngumpristi waseGibhithe uManetho. Elinye lamaphutha ezinhlwini zakhe kube wukuthi uManethon ubecabanga ukuthi kukhona amakhosi abusa elandelana, yize kutholakale ukuthi abusa ngesikhathi esisodwa.

    Naphezu kwakho konke, uManetho uqinisekisa ubuqiniso bukaGenesise. “Wabhala ukuthi ‘ngemva kukazamcolo’ kuHamu, indodana kaNowa, kwazalwa ‘iGibhithe, noma iMisraim’, owayengowokuqala ukuhlala endaweni yaseGibhithe lanamuhla ngesikhathi izizwe ziqala ukuhlakazeka”. (8)

IZIMPAWU ZEZINCWADI . NgokweBhayibheli, lapho uNowa engena eMkhunjini kwakunabanye abantu abayisikhombisa kuphela; sebebonke kwakungabantu abayisishiyagalombili eMkhunjini (Gen 7:7 and 1 Peter 3:20).

   Nokho, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inombolo efanayo yesishiyagalombili kanye nokubhekisela okucacile kuZamcolo kubonakala ngisho nasezimpawu zezinhlamvu, ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lokubhala lwesiShayina. Ohlelweni lokubhala lwesiShayina, uphawu lomkhumbi yisikebhe esinabantu abayisishiyagalombili phakathi, inani elifanayo neloMphongolo kaNowa! Uphawu lwegama elithi “uzamcolo” nalo linenombolo yesishiyagalombili! Akunakwenzeka nje kwaqondana ukuthi inombolo efanayo, isishiyagalombili, ihlotshaniswa nezimpawu zomkhumbi noZamcolo. Lokhu kuhlobana ngokuqinisekile kubangelwa iqiniso lokuthi amaShayina nawo anesiko elilondoloziwe likaZamcolo wembulunga yonke njengezinye izizwe. Baye bakholelwa futhi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ukuthi kunoNkulunkulu oyedwa kuphela, osezulwini.

Isibonelo sesibili. Uphawu lwesiShayina lomkhumbi isikebhe esinabantu abayisishiyagalombili phakathi. Abantu abayisishiyagalombili? Umkhumbi kaNowa wawunabantu abayisishiyagalombili ncamashi kuwo.

   (…) Bonke abacwaningi abanawo umbono ofanayo ngencazelo eqondile yalo lonke uphawu. Kunoma yikuphi, amaShayina ngokwawo (njengamaJapane amaningi, okuthi - uma sikhuluma - anesimiso sokubhala esifanayo) anesithakazelo ekuchazeni izithunywa zevangeli ezethulele wona. Nakuba le mibono yayingalungile, ukukhuluma ngayo nje kungase kwanele ukubonisa iqiniso elingokomoya kwabangakholwa.

   Mina ngokwami ​​ngiye ngaphawula ukuthi abashumayeli abaningi baseShayina nabaseJapane bacabanga ukuthi lezi zimpawu ezihlukene zakha indlela enhle yokungena emicabangweni yabantu babo. (Don Richardson, Iphakade Ezinhliziyweni zabo)

Igama elithi ukulunga . Ohlelweni lokubhala lwesiShayina, kukhona nolunye uphawu olungajwayelekile: igama elithi “olungile”. Uphawu lokulunga lwakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene: ingxenye engenhla isho iwundlu futhi ngaphansi kwayo isabizwana somuntu siqu I . Ngakho-ke, kube nombono wokuthi abantu ngeke balunge ngokwabo. Balungile kuphela lapho bengaphansi kwewundlu. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokubhala lwesiShayina lufundisa imiyalezo efanayo neTestamente Elisha. Kufanele sibe ngaphansi kweWundlu esilinikwe nguNkulunkulu (uJesu Kristu), ukuze senziwe abalungileyo. Lokhu kubhekiselwa kukho emavesini eBhayibheli alandelayo:

- ( Johane 1:29 ) Ngakusasa uJohane wabona uJesu eza kuye, wathi: “ Bheka, iWundlu likaNkulunkulu elisusa isono sezwe.

- (1 Korinte 1:30) Kodwa ngaye nikuKristu Jesu, owenziwe kithi ukuhlakanipha okuvela kuNkulunkulu, nokulunga , nokungcweliswa, nokuhlengwa.

2. Ukuzalwa kwekhabhoni namafutha

IKHABONI NAMAFUTHA . Ngokuvamile sifundiswa ukuthi ikhabhoni namafutha kwakhiwe ngenqubo ehamba kancane edinga izigidi zeminyaka. Abantu bakhuluma ngesikhathi sekhabhoni, lapho inani elikhulu kakhulu lekhabhoni ngabe lakhiwe. Kodwa kunjani? Ingabe lezi zinto zavela emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule futhi ziye zathatha izigidi zeminyaka ukuze zakheke? Uma sikubheka ngokwala maqiniso alandelayo, kunalokho abonisa ukuthi akhiwa ngokushesha futhi ngempela 'esikhathini esidlule', ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa nje zeminyaka edlule futhi ngokusobala kumongo kazamcolo okukhulunywa ngawo eBhayibhelini.

Ubudala be-carbon deposits nemithombo kawoyela. Iphuzu lokuqala liwukuthi ubufakazi beminyaka ye-carbon namafutha e-deposit ayibhekiseli ezikhathini ezinkulu. Sikhulume ngalokhu ngaphambili futhi amaphuzu amabili alandelayo afakazela lokhu:

• Ukucindezela kwemithombo kawoyela kuphezulu kakhulu (kujwayelekile ukuthi uwoyela ungangena emoyeni usuka emgodini obhojwe phansi), awukwazi ukuba ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10,000 ubudala. (Izahluko 12-13 ze- Prehistory kanye nezibonelo zomhlaba ngu-Melvin A. Cook, uMax Parrish kanye nenkampani, i-1966). Ukube le mithombo kawoyela inezigidi zeminyaka ikhona, ukucindezela bekuyophela kudala.

• Izinyathelo zabantu zitholwe kuzingqimba zekhabhoni ezichazwe "njengeminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-250–300" ezindaweni eziningi (Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, New Mexico, naseKentucky, phakathi kwezinye). Izinto zomuntu kanye nezinsalela zomuntu (!) zitholwe kulezi zingqimba ezifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abantu babehlala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-300 edlule, noma ukuthi lezo zingqimba zekhabhoni zineminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nje ubudala. (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt , Hänssler, 1980, ss. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men – Fact or Fallacy? Sovereign Publications, 1981; Barnes, FA, The Case of the Bones in Stone, Desert/February, 1975, k. 36-39). Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi enye indlela yokugcina iyiqiniso, ngoba ngisho nososayensi abakholelwa ukuthi abantu babehlala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-300 edlule:

"Uma umuntu (...) nganoma yiluphi uhlobo wayekhona ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Iron Carbon, yonke isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba inephutha ngokuphelele kangangokuthi zonke izazi zokuma komhlaba kufanele zishiye phansi imisebenzi yazo futhi zibe abashayeli bamaloli. Ngakho, okungenani okwamanje, isayensi iyenqaba enye indlela ehehayo yokuthi umuntu oshiye leyo mikhondo." ( The Carboniferous Mystery , Scientific Monthly, vol. 162, Jan.1940, p.14)

• Isizathu sesithathu sokungabheki idiphozithi yamalahle namafutha njengezigidi zeminyaka ubudala i-radiocarbon equkethwe. Uma isigamu sempilo ye-radiocarbon siyiminyaka engama-5730 kuphela, akufanele kube khona enye esele kumadiphozithi eyizigidi noma amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1969 incwadi ethi Radiocarbon yakhuluma ngendlela amasampula e-radiocarbon anikeza ngayo amasampula athathwe emalahleni, kuwoyela negesi yemvelo iminyaka engaphansi kwe-50,000.

Ijubane lokwakheka. Mayelana nokwakhiwa kwamafutha kanye nekhabhoni akudingeki kuthathe isikhathi eside. Okunye ukusekela lo mbono kutholakala eqinisweni lokuthi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II uwoyela wenziwa ngamalahle ne-lignite eJalimane, futhi ngempumelelo. Akuzange kuthathe eons, kodwa kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile muva nje, umgqomo wamafutha wakhiqizwa emaminithini angu-20 kusuka kuthani elilodwa lemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo (Umklamo womshini, 14 May 1970 ).

   Kuye kwenzeka futhi ukuguqula izinkuni kanye ne-cellulose zibe izinto ze-carbon noma ezifana ne-carbon ngamahora ambalwa nje. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uma izimo zilungile, uwoyela nekhabhoni kungakheka ngokushesha. Akudingi izigidi zeminyaka ukuthi zakhiwe. Izinkolelo-mbono eziphathelene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphela ezidinga izigidi zeminyaka. Isibonelo esilandelayo sifakazela ukuthi amalahle amaminerali angakhiwa ngesikhathi esifushane, emasontweni ambalwa kuphela. Umbhali ufakazela ukuthi izenzakalo ezinjalo zazingenzeka ngokushesha, ngokuphathelene noZamcolo.

Ososayensi e-Argonne National Laboratory (e-US) bakufakazele ukuthi ikhabhoni emnyama esezingeni eliphezulu ingatholakala kusetshenziswa le ndlela elandelayo: thatha i-lignin (isithako esibalulekile okhunini) bese uyixuba nobumba olune-asidi namanzi. Shisisa ingxube esitsheni sequartz esivaliwe esingenawo umoya-mpilo ku-150 ºC ngaphandle kokunyusa umfutho. Lokhu akulona izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokombono we-geological - empeleni, akukho okuhlukile noma "okungezona ezemvelo" mayelana nezithako, noma. Futhi inqubo ayithathi izigidi zeminyaka - ithatha amasonto ama-4-36 kuphela!

   (...) Isazi sokuma komhlaba esidumile sase-Australia uSir Edgeworth David esichazwe embikweni wakhe wango-1907 esamile iziqu zezihlahla ezishile ezatholwa phakathi kwezingqimba zekhabhoni emnyama eNewcastle (Australia). Izingxenye ezingezansi zeziqu zazigqitshwe ekujuleni kwe-carbon stratum, kwase kuthi iziqu zedlula ngqo esiqeshini esingenhla, ekugcineni zaphelela kuyi-carbon stratum phezulu!

 Cabanga ukuthi abantu bazama ukuchaza lezi zinto ngokwezinqubo ezihamba kancane ezenzeka emaxhaphozini amabili ahlukene anezikhathi ezinkulu phakathi kwawo. Lapho ukwenzelela bekulokhu "kuthuthuka kancane kancane", kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu kuye kwavimbela incazelo esobala kakhulu yemvelaphi yamalahle, okungukuthi isiphithiphithi esikhulu semvelo esidalwe ngamanzi siye sagqiba ngokushesha izitshalo ezidatshuliwe.

    Amanzi anyakazayo angabangela ngokushesha inani elikhulu lezinguquko ze-geological, ikakhulukazi uma kunamanzi amaningi. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lezi zinguquko kufanele zithathe izigidi zeminyaka. (…)

    Ezinye izazi zokuma komhlaba (kuhlanganise nabaningi balabo abakholelwa ezinqubweni “zezigidi zeminyaka”) manje zithi iGrand Canyon yakhiwa ngendlela efanayo, ngendlela eyinhlekelele, nokuthi ayizange idalwe ukuguguleka okuhamba kancane koMfula iColorado ngaphezu kwezigidigidi zoMfula iColorado. iminyaka.

    UZamcolo wathatha unyaka owodwa, wamboza izintaba, wabangela isiphithiphithi emhlabeni wonke futhi wacekela phansi ungqimba lomhlaba lapho amanzi (futhi nakanjani nawo magma) egobhoza izinyanga (“imithombo yotwa olukhulu yabhodloka”, Gen 7:11). Inhlekelele ethusayo enjalo ingadala inani elimangalisayo lezinguquko zokuma kwezwe. (9)

Ubufakazi obusekela ukwakheka kwesikhashana. Amaphuzu alandelayo awusekela ngokuqinile umbono wokuthi ikhabhoni namafutha kwadalwa ngokushesha phakathi noZamcolo, hhayi kancane kancane phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka:

• Izinsalela zeziqu zezihlahla ezingena ngezingqimba ezihlukahlukene zingatholakala phakathi kwezingqimba zekhabhoni. Isithombe esidala semayini yamalahle eFrance sibonisa indlela iziqu zezihlahla ezinhlanu ezingena ngayo cishe ezingqimbeni eziyishumi. Lezi zinsalela zazingeke zenzeke noma zivele uma izingqimba zekhabhoni zakhiwe phakathi nenkathi yezigidi zeminyaka.

• Okunye okuthakazelisayo okutholakele ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi ze-carbon deposits emhlabeni, kutholakala inani elikhulu le-marine crustal deposits kanye nezinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle ("Inothi mayelana nokuvela kwezilwane zasolwandle zisala ebholeni lamalahle lase-Lancashire", umagazini we-Geological, 118:307 , 1981 kanye no-Weir, J. "Izifundo zakamuva zegobolondo lezinyathelo zamalahle ", Inqubekela phambili yeSayensi, 38:445, 1950).   Futhi, izitshalo ezingakhuli ngisho nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ziye zatholakala kulezi zingqimba zekhabhoni. Lokhu okutholakele kukhomba ngokusobala kuZamcolo, owawungathutha izilwane zasolwandle nezinye izinto eziphilayo phakathi kwezitshalo ezitholakala emhlabathini owomile.

UProf. Price wethula izimo lapho izingqimba zamalahle ezingama-50–100 zingaphezulu kwesinye futhi phakathi kwazo kukhona izingqimba ezihlanganisa nezinsalela zamathambo asuka ekujuleni kolwandle. Ubona lobu bufakazi buqinile futhi bukholisa kangangokuthi akakaze azame ukuchaza la maqiniso ngezizathu zethiyori kaLyell yokufana. (Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma , p. 198)

• Ikhabhoni namafutha akwenziwa ngokwemvelo namuhla. Yingakho zibizwa ngemithombo yemvelo engavuseleleki. Akwakhiwa ngokwemvelo ngisho nasemazweni ashisayo, nakuba izimo kulawo mazwe kufanele zifaneleke. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izitshalo zakhona zibola ngokushesha futhi awekho amafutha noma i-carbon eyenziwa.

   Okuwukuphela kwendlela okungenzeka ngayo ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle inhlekelele engokwemvelo evala ngokuzuma imfucumfucu yezitshalo ngaphansi kobuningi benhlabathi, iwushiye ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu futhi usesimweni esingenawo umoya-mpilo, lapho umoya-mpilo ungenakuwonakalisa khona. Umfutho ophezulu kanye nemodi engenawo umoya-mpilo kubhekwe njengebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amalahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagciwane awakwazi ukubola imfucuza yezitshalo endaweni engenawo umoya-mpilo. UZamcolo, owanqwabelanisa udaka nomhlaba phezu komunye, ungasichaza kangcono isenzakalo esinjalo. Ukucaphuna okulandelayo kwencwadi ethi "Muuttuva maa" (ikhasi 114) yesazi sokuma komhlaba saseFinnish uPenti Eskola, sibhekisela entweni efanayo. Kubonisa ukuthi, mayelana nemithungo yamalahle, kukhona amatshe obumba ahlukaniswe emanzini. Le ngcaphuno ibhekisela ngokucacile kuZamcolo njengoba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule:

"Ngaphansi nangaphezulu kwemithungo yamalahle kukhona, njengoba sekushiwo, izingqimba ezivamile zamatshe obumba, futhi kusukela esakhiweni sazo siyabona ukuthi ziye zahlukaniswa emanzini."

3. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezibankwakazi

Abantu ngokuvamile bakholelwa ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwezibankwakazi kwenzeka ezigidini zeminyaka edlule phakathi nesigaba sokugcina seNkathi Ye-Cretaceous, futhi kucekela phansi ama-ammonite, ama-belemnite, nezinye izinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo nezilwane. Ukucekelwa phansi kukholakala ukuthi kushanele izilwane eziningi zenkathi yaseCretaceous.

   Ingabe leyo nkolelo iyiqiniso? Ingabe ama-dinosaurs abhujiswa ngempela phakathi nesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-Cretaceous ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, noma ingabe abhujiswa ngoZamcolo? Ngokulandelayo, sizohlola lolu daba ngenkathi sicubungula izinkolelo-mbono ezivame kakhulu eziye zabekwa phambili:

Ingabe ama-dinosaurs abhujiswa ubhubhane, igciwane, noma abaphangi bamaqanda ? Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi izibankwakazi zabhujiswa umqedazwe noma igciwane. Abanye bathi ezinye izilwane zaqala ngokuzumayo ukudla amaqanda ama-dinosaur.  

   Nokho, kunenkinga enkulu ngayo yomibili imibono: akuchazi ukuthi ezinye izitshalo nezilwane -- plesiosaur, ichthyosaur, pterosaur, izitshalo, herbivores ammonites, kanye belemnites -- bezingafa kanjani ngesikhathi esifanayo. (Ama-Amoni nama-belemnite ayizilwane zasolwandle ezimathambo azo atholakale emithambekeni ye-Alps nase-Himalayas, phakathi kwezinye izindawo.) Kungani lezi ezinye izinhlobo zafa ngesikhathi esifanayo? Amagciwane angeke abe umbulali; amagciwane angazibhubhisa kanjani izinhlobo ezihlukene, izilwane zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni, ngisho nezitshalo? Amagciwane anjalo awaziwa.

   Ngokuqondene nabadla amaqanda, nabo abakwazi ukuchaza ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobo eziningana ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, ingasaphathwa eyezitshalo. Abakwazanga ukubangela ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu nokushabalala kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kufanele kube nencazelo engcono yalokhu.

Ingabe i-meteorite yayiyimbangela yomonakalo? Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi i-meteorite yaphakamisa ifu elikhulu lothuli, nokuthi leli fu lothuli lavala iLanga isikhathi eside kangangokuthi zonke izitshalo zafa futhi izilwane ezidla uhlaza zabulawa indlala.

   Nokho, kukhona inkinga eyodwa ngalo mbono wokushintsha kancane kwesimo sezulu. Lo mbono, noma imibono eshiwo ngenhla, ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuthi izinsalela zama-dinosaurs zingatholakala kanjani ngaphakathi kwamadwala nezintaba ezindaweni ezinkulu zomhlaba. Zingatholakala emhlabeni wonke ngaphakathi kwe-hard rock, okuyinqaba ngempela. Kuyaxaka ngoba noma yisiphi isilwane esikhulu - mhlawumbe esingamamitha angu-20 ubude - asikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kwetshe eliqinile. Isikhathi asisizi futhi. Ngisho noma singalinda izigidi zeminyaka ukuze lezi zilwane zigqitshwe emhlabathini futhi zishintshe zibe izinsalela, zaziyobola ngaphambi kokuba zidle noma ezinye izilwane. Empeleni, noma nini lapho sibona izinsalela ze-dinosaur noma ezinye izinsalela, kumelwe ukuba zagqitshwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kodaka nodaka. Abakwazi ukuzalwa nganoma iyiphi enye indlela:

Kusobala ukuthi uma ukwakheka kwama-deposit kwenzeka ngesivinini esinjalo, akukho mathambo angeke akhiqizwa, ngoba ayengeke angcwatshwe ezinhlakeni, kodwa ngaphambi kwawo ayezobola ngaphansi kwethonya lama-acids emanzini, noma zibhujiswe futhi ziphihlizwe zibe yizicucu njengoba zazihlikihla futhi zishaya phansi kolwandle olungajulile. Zingambozwa yinhlabathi engozini, lapho zingcwatshwa khona ngokuzumayo. ( Geochronology or the Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)

Isiphetho siwukuthi lawa ma-dinosaur, atholakala emhlabeni wonke, kumelwe ukuba angcwatshwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kodaka kanye nediphozithi ye-slime. Udaka oluthambile luye lwafika luwazungezile, lwabe lwaqina kanzima ngendlela efanayo nosimende. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho kungachazwa khona ukwakheka kwezinsalela zama-dinosaurs, ama-mammoth nezinye izilwane. NgoZamcolo, into enjalo yayingenzeka ngempela. Sibheka incazelo, enikeza umbono olungile wendaba. Kubonisa ukutholakala kwama-dinosaur ngaphakathi kwamadwala aqinile, okubonisa ukuthi kumelwe ukuba ambozwe udaka oluthambile. Udaka bese luqinile nxazonke zabo. KuZamcolo kuphela, kodwa hhayi emjikelezweni ovamile wemvelo, esasingalindela ukuba kwenzeke into enjalo (kukhona nereferensi embhalweni yokuthi ama-vortices amanzi angase anqwabelene kanjani amathambo ezibankwakazi).

Waya ezingwadule zaseNingizimu Dakota, lapho kukhona izindonga namatshe amatshe anombala ogqamile obomvu, ophuzi nowolintshi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa wathola amathambo odongeni lwamadwala , awalinganisela ukuthi ayewuhlobo ayezimisele ukulithola. Lapho emba idwala ezungeze amathambo , wathola ukuthi amathambo ayelandelana nesakhiwo sesilwane. Babengekho enqwabeni njengoba ngokuvamile amathambo e-dinosaur. Izinqwaba ezinjalo zazinjengokungathi zenziwe isivunguvungu samanzi esinamandla.

   Manje la mathambo ayesesihlabathini esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, esiqinile kakhulu . Itshe lesanti kwadingeka likhishwe nge-grader futhi lisuswe ngokuqhunyiswa. UBrown kanye nabadlali bakhe abaseceleni benza umgodi ocishe ube ngamamitha ayisikhombisa nesigamu ukujula ukuze bakhiphe amathambo. Ukususa uhlaka lwamathambo amakhulu kwabathatha amahlobo amabili. Abazange nakancane bawasuse amathambo etsheni. Bathutha amatshe ngamatshe ngesitimela bewayisa emnyuziyamu, lapho ososayensi bakwazi khona ukuqopha izinto zamatshe futhi bamisa uhlaka lwamathambo. Lesi sibankwa esingumashiqela manje simi ehholo lombukiso lesigcinamagugu. (ikhasi 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler noHarold G. Coffin)

REFERENCES:

1. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated

2. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78

3. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen?, p. 5

4. Werner Keller: Raamattu on oikeassa, p. 29

5. Arno C. Gaebelein: Kristillisyys vaiko uskonto?, p. 48

6. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 165

7. siteeraus: Luominen 17, p. 39

8. J. Ashton: Evolution Impossible, Master Books, Green Forest AZ, 2012, p. 115, lainaa viitettä 1, p. 7

9. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 12-14